Conservative democracy

Turkish political term to describe Islamic democracy

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Conservative democracy (Turkish: muhafazakâr demokrasi) is a label coined by the ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP) of Turkey to describe Islamic democracy.[1][2][3][4][5] Forming as a modernist breakaway party from former Islamist movements, the AKP's conservative democratic ideology has been described as a departure from or moderation of Islamic democracy and the endorsement of more secular and democratic values. The electoral success and the neo-Ottoman foreign policy of the AKP that aims to broaden Turkey's regional influence has led to the party's conservative democratic ideals to be mirrored in other countries, such as by the Justice and Development Party in Morocco and the Ennahda Movement in Tunisia.[6][7][8]

In its broadest sense, the term conservative democracy highlights the compatibility of Islam with democracy, a Western-oriented foreign policy, neoliberal economics and secularism within government.[7][9] Since the view has been reflected in several economic, foreign, domestic and social policy initiatives, the term conservative democracy has been referred to as a floating signifier that encompasses a broad coalition of ideas.[10] In contrast, and because of its broad definition, the term has also been accused of being a red herring designed to conceal a hidden Islamist agenda but maintain public support.[11]

The main ideals of conservative democracy are best identified when they are compared to the Islamist ideology advocated by the AKP's preceding parties.[12] A substantial contrast between the two exist, for example, on their position regarding the European Union, Israel, the United States, economic policy, and to a lesser extent social policy.

## Political development

[edit]

Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, who coined the term 'conservative democracy'

The AKP was formed in 2001 after moderate politicians abandoned the Islamist Virtue Party in order to establish a modernist political party instead. These included the former Mayor of Istanbul, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and Kayseri MP Abdullah Gül. Earning the support of many members from the Virtue Party, the AKP also took away much of the support from other centre-right economically liberal parties such as the True Path Party and the Motherland Party in the 2002 general election. The party has thus been described as a "broad right-wing coalition of Islamists, reformist Islamists, conservatives, nationalists, centre-right, and pro-business groups.[13]

Since secularism is enshrined in the constitution of Turkey, various openly Islamist political parties, such as the National Order Party, the National Salvation Party, the Welfare Party and eventually the Virtue Party were closed down by the Constitutional Court for anti-secular activities. That contributed to the subsequent abandonment of an openly Islamist ideology in favour of a reformed, pro-secular conservative democratic ideal that would be accepted by the state. A closure case against the AKP in 2008 on the grounds that the party violated secularism thereby failed, but the party was stripped of 50% of its state funding.

### Hidden agenda

[edit]

The term 'conservative democracy' has seldom been defined by AKP politicians. The party's origins from Islamist organisations has raised speculation as to whether the party in fact harbours a hidden Islamist political agenda and uses the term 'conservative democracy' to conceal such intentions.[1] Members of the opposition Republican People's Party (CHP) and opposition journalists have put forward the view that the party has gradually brought about Islamist-oriented social changes, such as limiting alcohol consumption as well as beginning a crackdown against mixed-sex student accommodation in late 2013.[14][2] Other reforms, such as the lifting of the headscarf ban in the civil service, have been labelled as human rights issues by supporters and as open attacks on secularism by rivals.[15]

A substantial rise in electoral fraud allegations during the AKP government, most prevalently during the 2014 local elections, as well as numerous government corruption scandals, has raised speculation that the AKP harbours not an Islamist but an authoritarian hidden agenda, which aims to a gradual eliminatation of democratic checks and balances.[16][17][18][19] Judicial reforms by the government in 2014 that were criticised as an attempt to politicise the courts, a heavy-handed police crackdown following anti-government protests in 2013 and increasing media censorship have also furthered that claim.[20][21]

## Values

[edit]

Former minister Hüseyin Çelik claimed the AKP's conservative democracy as being limited to social and moral issues, rejecting the 'moderate Islam' and the 'Muslim democrat' labels, which have been used to describe the party.[22] Although politicians who have identified themselves as conservative democrats have usually endorsed secularism, disputes have long remained between them and hardline laicists, who advocate a ban on religious activities in the public sphere.

## Gradualism

[edit]

### Alcohol

[edit]

This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (August 2021)

|

The high tax on the alcoholic beverages, called special consumption tax (Turkish: Özel Tüketim Vergisi ÖTV), established first in 2002 and dramatically increased in 2010 by the government of Justice and Development Party (AKP), whose leadership is known for their aversion to alcohol,[23][24] led to a significant rise in smuggling and fraud involving the alcoholic beverages in the country.[25] Bootlegging is blamed for the 2011 Turkish Riviera mass alcohol poisoning.

In 2013, new laws banned all forms of advertising and promotion for alcoholic beverages, including "promotions, sponsored activities, festivals and free giveaways."[26] Beverage companies ran ads criticising the ban.[27][28]

In 2013 the government passed laws limiting retail licenses from 10 pm to 6 am[29] and banning "student dormitories, health institutions, sports clubs, all sorts of education institutions and gas stations" from selling alcohol.[26] 185,000 kiosks with alcohol licenses could be affected.[30]

The law also included a requirement to blur depictions of alcoholic beverages on television and in films, as was already done for cigarettes,[29] and for bottles to carry health warnings similar to tobacco packaging warning messages.[26]

### Headscarf

[edit]

Main article: Headscarf controversy in Turkey

In 2013, the headscarf ban in public institutions was lifted through a decree, even though the ban officially stands through court decisions.[31] The ban on wearing hijab in high schools was lifted in 2014.[32]

### Evolution in schools

[edit]

In 2017, the Turkish Education Ministry announced the removal of evolution from the secondary school curriculum.[33][34][35][36]

### Adultery

[edit]

In 2018, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan said that Turkey should again consider criminalizing adultery and that Turkey made a mistake by not criminalizing adultery to join EU in 2004.[37][38]

## Criticism

[edit]

Besides the accusations of being a red herring, the term 'conservative democracy' has come under fire from a founding AKP politician, Ertuğrul Yalçınbayır, who claimed that the AKP's party programme was not initially written on a conservative democratic basis but instead focussed simply on protecting democracy. He argued that by identifying itself as conservative democrat, the AKP has pressured the electorate into endorsing conservative values, which has been detrimental to social unity and freedom of thought. He argued that the term 'conservative democrat' was, in fact, coined by Deputy Prime Minister Yalçın Akdoğan, in a book entitled 'AK Party and Conservative Democracy' in 2004. Yalçınbayır also claimed that disagreements over the term contributed to another Deputy Prime Minister Abdüllatif Şener leaving the AKP and establish the Turkey Party in 2009.[39]

## See also

[edit]

* Conservatism in Turkey
* Guided democracy
* Sovereign democracy
* Illiberal democracy
* Islamic democracy
* Liberal democracy
* Popular democracy
* Democratic globalization

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b Taheri, Amir (4 July 2007). "AKP's hidden agenda for Turkey". Gulf News. Archived from the original on 31 January 2018.
2. ^ a b "AKP Wages Jihad Against Alcohol in Turkey". 23 May 2013. Archived from the original on 5 September 2017.
3. ^ Dağı, İhsan (3 June 2012). "What is wrong with the AK Party?". Today's Zaman. Archived from the original on 2 September 2013. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
4. ^ "Muhafazakar Demokrat". 140journos (in Turkish). 20 August 2017. Archived from the original on 19 June 2020. Retrieved 24 October 2018.
5. ^ Bulaç, Ali (2007). "Ak Parti ve Muhafazakar Demokrasi". www.koprudergisi.com (in Turkish). Köprü Dergisi. Archived from the original on 25 October 2018. Retrieved 24 October 2018.
6. ^ "Islamists in Morocco election claim 'historic' vote breakthrough". 26 November 2011. Archived from the original on 25 July 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
7. ^ a b "Erdogan tells Tunisians that Islam and democracy can work - The National". 16 September 2011. Archived from the original on 7 June 2017. Retrieved 1 March 2015.
8. ^ "AK Party Model for Islamists - Articles". Archived from the original on 6 May 2016. Retrieved 1 March 2015.
9. ^ Pınar Bilgin (January 2003). "Securing Turkey through western-oriented foreign policy". New perspectives on Turkey. 40: 103–123. doi:10.1017/S0896634600005239.
10. ^ "AKP's 'Conservative Democracy' as an Empty Signifier in Turkish Polit…". Archived from the original on 1 March 2015.
11. ^ Drechselova, Lucie (7 April 2011). "Turkey: AKP's Hidden Agenda or a Different Vision of Secularism?". Archived from the original on 8 December 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2015.
12. ^ Yavuz, M. Hakan; Öztürk, Ahmet Erdi (18 February 2019). "Turkish secularism and Islam under the reign of Erdoğan". Southeast European and Black Sea Studies. 19: 1–9. doi:10.1080/14683857.2019.1580828. ISSN 1468-3857.
13. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 1 March 2015.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
14. ^ Schleifer, Yigal (4 June 2012). "Turkey: What's Behind the AKP's New Anti-Abortion Agenda?". Archived from the original on 21 July 2015. Retrieved 1 March 2015 - via EurasiaNet.
15. ^ "Is the AKP a threat to the Turkish model of secularisation?" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 1 March 2015.
16. ^ Erik (6 April 2014). "Trouble in Turkey's Elections". Archived from the original on 15 November 2019. Retrieved 16 July 2016.
17. ^ "Election protests in Turkey as opposition cries foul". Reuters. 1 April 2014. Archived from the original on 2 December 2018. Retrieved 2 July 2017.
18. ^ Dombey, Daniel (3 April 2014). "Turkey election fraud claims emerge as Twitter ban is dropped". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 4 June 2016. Retrieved 1 March 2015.
19. ^ Peker, Joe Parkinson And Emre (1 April 2014). "Erdogan Foes Cry Fraud Amid Crackdown". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 14 April 2017. Retrieved 6 March 2017.
20. ^ "ZAMAN". Archived from the original on 19 March 2015. Retrieved 1 March 2015.
21. ^ "LOCAL - AKP local official resigns, slamming brutal police crackdown over protests". 8 June 2013. Archived from the original on 7 August 2016. Retrieved 1 March 2015.
22. ^ "TURKEY - AKP explains charter changes, slams foreign descriptions". Archived from the original on 16 July 2016. Retrieved 1 March 2015.
23. ^ "AKP, alcohol, and government-engineered social change in Turkey". Hürriyet Daily News & Economic Review. 10 May 2010. Archived from the original on 9 August 2010. Retrieved 5 June 2011.
24. ^ "Turkish consumers dazed by another alcohol tax increase". Hürriyet Daily News & Economic Review. 29 October 2010. Archived from the original on 31 October 2010. Retrieved 5 June 2011.
25. ^ "High alcohol, cigarette taxes in Turkey promote smuggling, fraud". Hürriyet Daily News & Economic Review. 5 May 2011. Archived from the original on 19 June 2020. Retrieved 5 June 2011.
26. ^ a b c Hurriyet Daily News, 24 May 2013, Turkish Parliament adopts alcohol restrictions, bans sale between 10 pm and 6 am Archived 2017-09-01 at the Wayback Machine
27. ^ Bloomberg, 12 June 2013, Diageo Facing Raki Trouble in Turkey After Booze-Ad Ban Archived 2014-08-13 at the Wayback Machine
28. ^ adage.com 1 June 2013, Alcohol Marketers Say Farewell to Ads In Turkey--With Ads Archived 2013-09-25 at the Wayback Machine
29. ^ a b Constanze Letsch, The Guardian, 31 May 2013, Turkey alcohol laws could pull the plug on Istanbul nightlife Archived 2020-04-05 at the Wayback Machine
30. ^ Hacaoglu, Selcan (28 May 2013). "Erdogan Denies Turkey's New Alcohol Curbs Encroach on Lifestyle". Bloomberg BusinessWeek. Archived from the original on 8 June 2013. Retrieved 2 June 2013.
31. ^ Euronews (08.10.2013) Archived 2020-11-14 at the Wayback Machine The headscarf ban in public institutions in Turkey was officially lifted
32. ^ "Turkey-lifts-ban-on-headscarves-at-high-schools". News24.com. Archived from the original on 16 May 2020. Retrieved 26 December 2016.
33. ^ Kingsley, Patrick (23 June 2017). "Turkey Drops Evolution From Curriculum, Angering Secularists". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 19 July 2019. Retrieved 22 July 2022.
34. ^ "Evolution theory to be scrapped from Turkish schoolbooks | DW | 23.06.2017". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 22 July 2022. Retrieved 22 July 2022.
35. ^ "Turkish schools to stop teaching evolution, official says". TheGuardian.com. 23 June 2017. Archived from the original on 22 July 2022. Retrieved 22 July 2022.
36. ^ "Turkey to stop teaching evolution theory in high schools: Education board". Reuters. 23 June 2017. Archived from the original on 22 July 2022. Retrieved 22 July 2022.
37. ^ "Turkey should again consider criminalizing adultery, Erdogan says". Reuters. 20 February 2018. Archived from the original on 2 December 2018. Retrieved 27 February 2018.
38. ^ "Turkey made a mistake by not criminalizing adultery to join EU: Erdoğan - Turkey News". 20 February 2018. Archived from the original on 21 November 2019. Retrieved 27 February 2018.
39. ^ "Yalçınbayır: AK Parti'yi 'Muhafazakar demokrat' olarak kurmadık". 8 November 2013. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 1 March 2015.

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Conservatism

Schools
by region|

| International|

* Authoritarian
* Corporatist
* Cultural
* Fiscal
* Green
* Liberal
* Moderate
* National
* Paternalistic
* Populist
* Pragmatic
* Progressive
* Reactionary
* Religious
* Social
* Traditionalist
* Ultra

|

Asia|

| China|

* Chiangism
* Confucianism
* Neo
* New
* Neoauthoritarianism

|

Iran|

* Khomeinism
* Monarchist
* Principlist

Israel|

* Fundamentalist
* Jewish
* Kahanism
* Zionism
* Neo
* Religious
* Revisionist

Japan|

* Minzoku
* Neo
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* Shōwa Statism
* State Shinto

South Korea|

* Ilminism
* New Right

Turkey|

* Democratic
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* Neo-Ottomanism

Other|

* Bangladesh
* Hong Kong
* India
* Malaysia
* Pakistan
* Ziaism
* Singapore
* Taiwan
* Chiangism

Europe|

| France|

* Action Française
* Bonapartism
* Gaullism
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* Ultra-royalism

|

Germany|

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Italy|

* Berlusconism
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Poland|

* Golden Liberty
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Russia|

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Spain|

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United
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Latin America|

| Argentina|

* Federal Peronism
* Maurrasismo
* Menemism
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|

Brazil|

* Bolsonarism
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Chile|

* Gremialismo
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Other|

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Oceania|

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Philosophy|

| Principles|

* Ancestral worship
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* Cultural values
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* Discipline
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* Elitism
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|

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* Ancien régime
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* Agrarianism
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* Conservatism portal
* Politics portal

* v
* t
* e

Recep Tayyip Erdoğan

* 12th President of Turkey (2014–present)
* 25th Prime Minister of Turkey (2003–2014)
* Member of the 23rd and 24th Parliament Istanbul 1st electoral district (2007–2011; 2011–2015)
* Member of the 22nd Parliament Siirt electoral district (2002–2007)
* 1st and 4th Leader of the Justice and Development Party (2001–2014; 2017–present)
* 28th Mayor of Istanbul (1994–1998)

Presidency|

* Inauguration
* Cabinets
* 66th
* 67th
* Presidential trips
* University diploma controversy
* Böhmermann affair
* Erdowie, Erdowo, Erdogan
* 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt
* 2016–present purges
* 2017 constitutional referendum
* Iran poem controversy
* 2018–present Economic crisis

Premiership|

* Cabinets
* 59th
* 60th
* 61st
* Prime ministerial trips
* Foreign policy
* Democratic initiative
* Solution process
* 2005 Diyarbakır speech
* 2007 Turkish constitutional referendum
* 2010 Turkish constitutional referendum
* Vision 2023
* Gezi Park protests
* Civil–military relations

Electoral history|

| Istanbul Mayoral|

* 1994

|

Local|

* 2003
* 2004
* 2009
* 2014
* 2019
* 2024

General|

* 2002
* 2007
* 2011

Presidential|

* 2014
* campaign
* 2018
* campaign
* 2023
* campaign

Works|

* This Song Doesn't End Here (1999 album)
* A Fairer World Is Possible (2021 book)

Family|

* Emine Erdoğan (wife)
* Ahmet Burak Erdoğan (son)
* Necmettin Bilal Erdoğan (son)
* Esra Erdoğan Albayrak (daughter)
* Sümeyye Erdoğan Bayraktar (daughter)
* Berat Albayrak (son-in-law)
* Selçuk Bayraktar (son-in-law)

Related|

* Early life and career
* Kasımpaşa, Beyoğlu
* Public image
* Honorary doctorates
* Erdoğanism
* Conservative democracy
* Turkish model
* The world is bigger than five
* Assassination threats
* Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Stadium
* Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University
* Erdoğan Hospital
* Turkey: Empire of Erdogan
* Erdoğan–Gollum comparison trials

Category:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan

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Islamism

| Outline|

* Islamism
* Qutbism
* Khomeinism
* Salafism
* Salafi jihadism
* Shia Islamism

|

Concepts|

* Emirate
* Islamic governance
* Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists
* Islamic democracy
* Islamic feminism
* Islamic socialism
* Islamic state
* Islamic monarchy
* Islamic republic
* Islamistan
* Islamization
* of knowledge
* Pan-Islamism
* Post-Islamism
* Sharia
* Shura
* Turkish model
* Two-nation theory
* Ummah

Movements|

| Socio-political|

* Deobandi
* Hizb ut-Tahrir
* in Britain
* in Central Asia
* Islamic Defenders Front
* Jamaat-e-Islami
* Millî Görüş
* Muslim Brotherhood
* in Egypt
* in Syria

|

Political parties|

* Freedom and Justice Party
* Green Algeria Alliance
* Ennahda
* Hadas
* Hezbollah
* Islamic Salvation Front
* Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami
* Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan
* Jamiat-e Islami
* Justice and Construction Party
* Justice and Development Party (Morocco)
* Justice and Development Party (Turkey)
* National Congress
* National Iraqi Alliance
* Malaysian Islamic Party
* Prosperous Justice Party
* Al Wefaq
* Welfare Party
* Fatah Alliance
* State of Law Coalition
* Islamic Action Front
* United Arab List

Related|

* Ansar Allah
* Taliban
* Islamic modernism

Political leaders

* Muhammad Abduh
* Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī
* Qazi Hussain Ahmad
* Hibatullah Akhundzada
* Muhammad Asad
* Hassan al-Banna
* Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
* Necmettin Erbakan
* Muammar Gaddafi
* Rached Ghannouchi
* Safwat Hegazi
* Muhammad Iqbal
* Alija Izetbegović
* Ali Khamenei
* Ruhollah Khomeini
* Abul A'la Maududi
* Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi
* Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani
* Mullah Omar
* Yusuf al-Qaradawi
* Sayyid Qutb
* Tariq Ramadan
* Ata Abu Rashta
* Rashid Rida
* Navvab Safavi
* Omar Bongo
* Ali Shariati
* Haji Shariatullah
* Hassan al-Turabi
* Malcolm X
* Ahmed Yassin
* Zia-ul-Haq
* Rizieq Shihab

Salafi movement

| Movements|

| Scholastic|

* Ahl-i Hadith
* Madkhalism
* Sahwa movement
* Wahhabism

|

Political|

* Al Asalah
* Authenticity Party
* Al-Islah
* Al-Nour Party
* Islamist Bloc
* People Party
* Young Kashgar Party

Major figures|

* Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab
* Al-Albani
* Ibn Baz
* Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i
* Safar al-Hawali
* Rabee al-Madkhali
* Muhammad Al-Munajjid
* Zakir Naik
* Salman al-Ouda
* Ali al-Tamimi
* Al-Uthaymin

Related|

* International propagation of Salafism
* Islamic religious police
* Petro-Islam
* Salafi–Sufi relations

Militant Islamism/Jihadism

| Ideology|

* Qutbism
* Salafi jihadism

|

Movements|

* Militant Islamism based in
* MENA region
* Egyptian Islamic Jihad
* Fatah al-Islam
* Hamas
* Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
* South Asia
* Taliban
* Lashkar-e-Taiba
* Southeast Asia
* Abu Sayyaf
* Sub-Saharan Africa
* Boko Haram
* al-Shabaab
* al-Qaeda
* in the Arabian Peninsula
* in Iraq
* in North Africa

Major figures|

* Hibatullah Akhundzada
* Anwar al-Awlaki
* Abdullah Yusuf Azzam
* Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi
* Osama bin Laden
* Akhtar Mansour
* Mullah Omar
* Juhayman al-Otaybi
* Omar Abdel-Rahman
* Ayman al-Zawahiri

Related|

* Islam and violence
* Islamic extremism
* Islamic terrorism
* Jihad
* Mujahideen
* Slavery
* Talibanization

Other topics

| Texts|

* Reconstruction (Iqbal, 1930s)
* Forty Hadith (Khomeini, 1940)
* Principles (Asad, 1961)
* Milestones (Qutb, 1964)
* Islamic Government (Khomeini, 1970)
* Islamic Declaration (Izetbegović, 1969-1970)
* The Green Book (Gaddafi, 1975)

|

Historical
events|

* Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization
* Iranian revolution
* Grand Mosque seizure
* Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
* Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam
* Popular Arab and Islamic Congress
* Algerian Civil War
* Faith Campaign
* September 11 attacks
* War on terror
* Arab Spring
* Arab Winter

Influences|

* Anti-imperialism
* Anti-Zionism
* Contemporary Islamic philosophy
* Islamic response to modernity
* Islamic revival

by region|

* Balkans
* Gaza Strip
* Sudan
* United Kingdom

Related topics|

* Criticism
* Political aspects of Islam
* Political Islam

* Islam in South Asia
* North Africa

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