Constitution of Vietnam

Supreme law of Vietnam

Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam

Front page of the Constitution on the Official Gazette, released on December 29, 2013

Overview
Original title| Hiến pháp nước Cộng hòa Xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam
Jurisdiction| Vietnam
Ratified| November 28, 2013
Date effective| January 1, 2014
System|  One-party unitary socialist republic
Government structure
Branches| 3 (executive, legislative and judiciary)
Head of state| President of Vietnam
Chambers|  National Assembly (unicameral)
Executive|  Prime Minister
Judiciary|  Supreme People's Court
Federalism| No
Electoral college| No
History
Amendments| 1
Citation| The Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (PDF), December 29, 2013The+Constitution+of+the+Socialist+Republic+of+Vietnam&rft.date=2013-12-29&rft_id=https://vbpl.vn/FileData/TW/Lists/vbpq/Attachments/32801/VanBanGoc_Hien%20phap%202013.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Constitution+of+Vietnam" class="Z3988">
Supersedes| 1992 Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam
Full text
Constitution of Vietnam (2013) at Wikisource

Politics of Vietnam

Ideology

* Concepts

Collective leadership
Marxism–Leninism
Ho Chi Minh Thought
* Organizations

Commission for Information and Education
Central Theoretical Council
Nhân Dân

Constitution

* History

* 1946
* 1959
* 1980
* 1992
* 2013

Communist Party

* National Party Congress (13th)
* Central Committee (13th)
* General Secretary
* Tô Lâm
* Politburo (13th)
* Secretariat (13th)
* Permanent Member
* Trần Cẩm Tú
* Military Commission (2020–25)
* Secretary
* Tô Lâm
* Deputy Secretary
* Phan Văn Giang
* Inspection Commission (13th)
* Chairman
* Nguyễn Duy Ngọc

Legislative

* National Assembly (14th)
* Standing Committee
* Chairman
* Trần Thanh Mẫn

* * *

* Provincial People's Councils

Presidency

* President (list)
* Lương Cường
* Vice President
* Võ Thị Ánh Xuân

Executive

* Prime Minister (list):
* Phạm Minh Chính
* Deputy Prime Ministers:
* Nguyễn Hòa Bình
* Trần Hồng Hà
* Lê Thành Long
* Hồ Đức Phớc
* Bùi Thanh Sơn
* Nguyễn Chí Dũng
* Mai Văn Chính
* Ministries
* Governor of the State Bank
* Committee for Ethnic Minority Affairs

Fatherland Front

* Central Committee

Chairman: Đỗ Văn Chiến
Gen. Secretary: Nguyễn Thị Thu Hà
* Ho Chi Minh Communist Youth Union

Central Committee
First Secretary

Bùi Quang Huy
* Vietnam General Confederation of Labour
* Viet Nam Farmer's Union
* Vietnam Women’s Union

Military

* Central Military Commission

Secretary: Tô Lâm
Deputy Secretary: Phan Văn Giang
* Commander-in-Chief

President: Lương Cường
* Army
* Ground Force
* Navy
* Air Defense-Air Force
* Coast Guard
* Border Guard
* Public Security
* Security forces
* Police forces
* Civil Defence Force
* National Defense and Security Council

Chairman: President Lương Cường
Vice-chairman: Prime Minister Phạm Minh Chính

* Judiciary
* Law

* National Assembly
* Justice Committee
* President
* Steering Committee of the Central Judicial Reform

Director: Tô Lâm
* Supreme People's Court

Chief Justice: Lê Minh Trí
* Supreme People's Procuracy

Procurator-General: Nguyễn Huy Tiến

Foreign relations

* Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Minister: Bùi Thanh Sơn

* * *

* Diplomatic missions of / in Vietnam
* Bamboo diplomacy

* * *

* Passport
* Visa requirements
* Visa policy

* * *

* Foreign aid
* Vietnam and the World Bank

See also

* Elections
* Administrative divisions
* Human rights

Vietnam portal

Politics portal

* Other countries

* v
* t
* e

The Vietnamese Constitution or the Constitution of Vietnam (Vietnamese: Hiến pháp Việt Nam), fully the Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (Vietnamese: Hiến pháp nước Cộng hòa xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam), is the fundamental and supreme law of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. The current constitution was adopted on November 28, 2013, by the Thirteenth National Assembly and took effect on January 1, 2014, being the third constitution adopted by the Vietnamese state since the political reunification of the country in 1976. It was amended in 2025.[1]

## Current constitution

[edit]

The current constitution, known as the 2013 Constitution, contains a preamble and 11 chapters:

* Chapter I: Political System
* Chapter II: Human Rights, Basic Civil Rights and Civic Duties
* Chapter III: The Economy, Society, Culture, Education, Science, Technology, and the Environment
* Chapter IV: Defence of the Homeland
* Chapter V: The National Assembly
* Chapter VI: President of the Republic
* Chapter VII: The Government
* Chapter VIII: The People's Court and the People's Procuracy
* Chapter IX: Local Government
* Chapter X: The National Electoral Council and the State Audit Office
* Chapter XI: The Effect of the Constitution and Amending the Constitution

## Previous constitutions

[edit]

The Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) had two constitutions:

* 1946 Constitution of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, adopted on November 9, 1946.
* 1959 Constitution of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, adopted on December 31, 1959.

The former Republic of Vietnam also had two constitutions, adopted in 1956 and 1967. Neither of these constitutional documents is in force, as the 1967 Constitution was abrogated when the government of the Republic of Vietnam collapsed in 1975.

Upon political reunification of the country in 1976, the 1960 Constitution of the Democratic Republic became the constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. Since then, the Vietnamese government adopted two constitutions before the 2013 Constitution:

* 1980 Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, adopted on December 19, 1980.
* 1992 Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, adopted on April 25, 1992, and amended in 2001.

### 1946 Constitution

[edit]

The 1946 constitution adopted a semi-presidential system similar to the French constitution; it allowed for multiple parties to participate in elections.

According to the 1946 constitution, the president of the republic, was the head of government, rather than a ceremonial head of state. The president also had significantly more power than the current office of president. The later 1959 constitution turned the president into a ceremonial head, while giving de facto power to the party leader.

Despite the changes in later constitution, the current Vietnamese government still heavily praises it, calling it "one of the world's most democratic constitution[s] at the time."[2]

### 1959 Constitution

[edit]

While the 1946 constitution was a superficially liberal democratic document, its 1959 successor was a fully communist document. Its preamble defined the DRV as a "people's democratic state led by the working class", thus codifying the actual state of affairs that had prevailed since 1945. The document provided for a nominal separation of powers among legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government. On paper, the legislative function was carried out by the National Assembly. The assembly was empowered to make laws and to elect the chief officials of the state, such as the president (who was largely a symbolic head of state), the vice president, and cabinet ministers. Together those elected (including the president and vice president) formed a Council of Ministers, which constitutionally (but not in practice) was subject to supervision by the Standing Committee of the National Assembly. Headed by a prime minister, the council was the highest executive organ of state authority. Besides overseeing the Council of Ministers, the assembly's Standing Committee nominally supervised the Supreme People's Court, the chief organ of the judiciary. The assembly's executive side nominally decided on national economic plans, approved state budgets, and acted on questions of war or peace. In reality, however, the final authority on all matters rested with the Political Bureau.[3]

### 1980 Constitution

[edit]

The 1959 document had been adopted during the tenure of Ho Chi Minh and demonstrated a certain independence from the Soviet model of state organization. The 1980 Constitution was drafted when Vietnam faced a serious threat from China, and political and economic dependence on the Soviet Union had increased. Perhaps, as a result, the completed document resembles the 1977 Soviet Constitution,[3] which is evident in the principle of dictatorship of the proletariat, the exclusive leadership of the Communist Party, the centrally planned economy, the citizen's duties and statist rights, and the Leninist constitutional structure consisting of the supreme National Assembly, the collective presidency called the Council of State, the subordinate government called Council of Ministers, the procuracies, and the courts.[4][5]

The reunification of North and South Vietnam (the former Republic of Vietnam) in 1976 provided the primary motivation for revising the 1959 constitution. Revisions were made along ideological lines set forth at the Fourth National Congress of the Vietnamese Communist Party (VCP) in 1976, emphasizing popular sovereignty and promising success in undertaking "revolutions" in production, science and technology, culture, and ideology. In keeping with the underlying theme of a new beginning associated with reunification, the constitution also stressed the need to develop a new political system, a new economy, a new culture, and a new socialist person.[3]

The 1980 Vietnamese Constitution concentrates power in a newly established Council of State, much like the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, endowing it nominally with both legislative and executive powers. Many functions of the legislature remain the same as under the 1959 document, but others have been transferred to the executive branch or assigned to both branches concurrently. The executive branch appears strengthened overall, having gained a second major executive body, the Council of State, and the importance of the National Assembly appears to have been reduced accordingly. The role of the Council of Ministers, while appearing on paper to have been subordinated to the new Council of State, in practice retained its former primacy.[3]

Among the innovative features of the 1980 document is the concept of "collective mastery" of society, a frequently used expression attributed to the late party secretary Le Duan (1907 - 1986). The concept is a Vietnamese version of popular sovereignty, which advocates an active role for the people so that they may become their own masters as well as masters of society, nature, and the nation. It states that the people's collective mastery in all fields is assured by the state and is implemented by permitting the participation in state affairs of mass organizations. On paper, these organizations, to which almost all citizens belong, play an active role in government and have the right to introduce bills before the National Assembly.[3]

Another feature is the concept of socialist legality, which dictates that "the state manage society according to law and constantly strengthen the socialist legal system." The concept, introduced at the Third National Party Congress in 1960, calls for achieving socialist legality through the state, its organizations, and its people. Law, in effect, is made subject to the decisions and directives of the party.[3]

The 1980 Constitution comprises 147 articles, in 12 chapters, dealing with numerous subjects, including the basic rights and duties of citizens. Article 67 guarantees the citizens' rights to freedom of speech, the press, assembly, association, and the freedom to demonstrate. These rights, however, were subject to a caveat stating that, "no one may misuse democratic freedoms to violate the interests of the state and the people." In practice, the party and the government had considerable latitude to determine what was in "the interests of the state and the people."[3]

### 1992 Constitution

[edit]

In light of the Đổi Mới market reforms adopted by Vietnam beginning on 18 December 1986 and the collapse of the Eastern Bloc, Vietnam adopted a new constitution in April 1992. The 1992 constitution adopted the socialist-oriented market economy, which allowed the development of private economic sectors, but it largely retained the previous constitutional structure.[6][5]

The 1992 constitution established a right to healthcare for all citizens.[7]: 81

## See also

[edit]

* Law enforcement in Vietnam

## References

[edit]

1. ^ https://constitutionnet.org/news/voices/vietnams-2025-constitutional-reform-reconstructing-local-governments [bare URL]
2. ^ "Hiến pháp 1946 Việt Nam Dân Chủ Cộng Hòa".
3. ^ a b c d e f g This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Ronald J. Cima (December 1987). Ronald J. Cima (ed.). Vietnam: A Country Study. Federal Research Division. Constitutional Evolution.
4. ^ William J. Duiker, "The Constitutional System of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam", in Constitutional Systems in Late Twentieth Century Asia (Lawrence W. Beer ed., 1992)
5. ^ a b Son, Bui Ngoc. "The Law of China and Vietnam in Comparative Law." Fordham Int'l LJ 41 (2017): 135.
6. ^ Khng, Russell Heng Hiang. "The 1992 Revised Constitution of Vietnam: Background and Scope of Changes." Contemporary Southeast Asia (1992): 221-230.
7. ^ Mesa-Lago, Carmelo (2025). Comparing Socialist Approaches: Economics and Social Security in Cuba, China, and Vietnam. Pitt Latin American Series. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press. ISBN 9780822948476.

## Further reading

[edit]

### General reading and the 1992 Constitution and 2001 amendments

[edit]

* Russell H K Heng, "The 1992 Revised Constitution of Vietnam: Background and Scope of Changes", 4:3 Contemporary Southeast Asia 221 (1992).
* Pip Nicholson, "Vietnamese Legal Institutions in Comparative Perspective: Constitutions and Courts Considered", in K Jayasuriya (ed.), Law, Capitalism and Power in Asia: The Rule of Law and Legal Institutions, London: Routledge, 1999.
* Mark Sidel, "Analytical Models for Understanding Constitutions and Constitutional Dialogue in Socialist Transitional States: Re-Interpreting Constitutional Dialogue in Vietnam", 6 Singapore Journal of International and Comparative Law 42-89 (2002).
* Mark Sidel, Law and Society in Vietnam, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
* Mark Sidel, The Constitution of Vietnam: A Contextual Analysis, Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2009.
* To Van-Hoa, Judicial Independence, Lund: Jurisförlaget i Lund, 2006.

### The 1980 Constitution

[edit]

* Nguyen Phuong-Khanh, "Introduction to the 1980 Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam", 7(3) Review of Socialist Law 347 (1981) (including the text of the 1980 Constitution).

### The 1959 Constitution

[edit]

* Bernard Fall, "North Viet-Nam's New Draft Constitution", 32:2 Pacific Affairs 178 (1959).
* Bernard Fall, "North Viet-Nam's Constitution and Government", 33:3 Pacific Affairs 282 (1960).
* Bernard Fall, "Constitution-Writing in a Communist State – The New Constitution of North Vietnam", 6 Howard Law Journal 157 (1960).

## External links

[edit]

English Wikisource has original text related to this article:

Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam

### English language

[edit]

* 2013 Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam Archived 2014-11-13 at the Wayback Machine
* 1992 Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam as amended 25 December 2001
* 1992 Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam as adopted in 1992 (without 2001 amendments)
* 1959 Constitution of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam

### Vietnamese language

[edit]

* (in Vietnamese) Resolution on amending and supplementing a number of articles of the Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam in 1992 (2001 constitutional amendments)
* (in Vietnamese) Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (1946, 1959, 1980 and 1992 constitutions)
* "Trung ương". vbpl.vn.

* v
* t
* e

Constitutions of Asia

Sovereign states|

* Afghanistan
* Armenia
* Azerbaijan
* Bahrain
* Bangladesh
* Bhutan
* Brunei
* Cambodia
* China
* Cyprus
* Egypt
* Georgia
* India
* Indonesia
* Iran
* Iraq
* Israel
* Japan
* Jordan
* Kazakhstan
* North Korea
* South Korea
* Kuwait
* Kyrgyzstan
* Laos
* Lebanon
* Malaysia
* Maldives
* Mongolia
* Myanmar
* Nepal
* Oman
* Pakistan
* Philippines
* Qatar
* Russia
* Saudi Arabia
* Singapore
* Sri Lanka
* Syria
* Tajikistan
* Thailand
* Timor-Leste (East Timor)
* Turkey
* Turkmenistan
* United Arab Emirates
* Uzbekistan
* Vietnam
* Yemen

States with
limited recognition|

* Abkhazia
* Northern Cyprus
* Palestine
* South Ossetia
* Taiwan

Dependencies and
other territories|

* British Indian Ocean Territory
* Christmas Island
* Cocos (Keeling) Islands
* Hong Kong
* Macau

* Category
* Asia portal

* v
* t
* e

Vietnam articles

History|

* Capitals
* Dynasties
* Economic
* Military
* Monarchs
* Names
* Naval

| Timeline|

* Prehistoric
* Ancient
* Chinese dominated
* Monarchical
* French colonial
* Modern
* North Vietnam
* State of Vietnam
* South Vietnam
* PRG

|

Geography|

* Borders
* Climate
* Climate change
* Ecoregions
* Environmental issues
* Protected areas
* National parks
* Wildlife
* Mammals
* Birds
* Molluscs
* Endangered species
* World Heritage Sites

| Divisions|

* Provinces
* Municipalities
* Cities
* District-level
* Commune-level
* Electoral units

|

Regions|

* Northern
* Red River Delta
* Northeast
* Northwest
* Central
* North Central
* South Central
* Central Highlands
* Southern
* Southeast
* Mekong Delta

Politics|

* Censorship
* Constitution
* Fatherland Front
* Foreign relations
* Human rights
* LGBT
* Law
* Law enforcement

| Communist Party|

* Central Committee
* General Secretary
* Permanent Member of the Secretariat
* History of central officeholders
* National Congress
* Politburo
* Central Secretariat
* Central Inspection Commission
* Central Military Commission

|

Executive|

* President
* Vice President
* Government
* Prime Minister
* Deputy Prime Ministers
* Ministers

Legislative|

* National Assembly
* Standing Committee
* Chairman
* Elections

Judiciary|

* Supreme People's Court
* Chief Justice
* Supreme People's Procuracy
* Procurator-General
* Military Courts

Military|

* Central Military Commission
* National Defense and Security Council
* Defense industry

| Armed forces|

* Army
* Navy
* Air Force
* Border Guard
* Coast Guard

|

Security
and militia|

* Public Security
* Militia and Self-Defence Force

Economy|

* Agriculture
* Banking
* Đổi Mới ("Renovation")
* Đồng (currency)
* Energy
* Renewable energy
* Nuclear power
* Power stations
* Foreign aid
* Foreign trade
* Five-Year Plans
* Manufacturing
* Standards
* Automotive
* Poverty
* Science and Technology
* Traditional medicine
* Measurement
* Inventions
* Telecommunications
* Internet
* Censorship
* Tourism
* Visa policy
* Water supply

Transport|

* Air transport
* Airports
* Rail transport
* Expressways

Society|

* Education
* Universities
* Health
* HIV/AIDS
* COVID-19
* Crime
* Gambling
* Prostitution
* Sex trafficking
* Human trafficking
* Corruption
* Public holidays
* Time
* Women

| Demographics|

* People
* Eunuchs
* Overseas community
* Language
* Alphabet
* Phonology
* Language and computers
* Ethnic groups
* Name
* Racism
* Religion
* Folk religions
* Buddhism
* Taoism
* Christianity
* Islam

|

Culture|

* Anthem
* Architecture
* Art
* Awards
* Cinema
* Animation
* Clothing
* Cuisine
* Dishes
* Ingredients
* Dance
* Emblem
* Festivals
* Flag
* Literature
* Poetry
* Mass media
* Television
* News Agency
* Voice
* Newspapers
* Music
* V-pop
* Traditional musical instruments
* Philosophy
* Anarchism
* Communism
* Nationalism
* Socialism
* Trotskyism
* Ho Chi Minh Thought
* Person Dignity Theory
* Sports
* Traditional games
* Martial arts
* Symbols
* Theater
* Vietnamese studies

* Outline
* Index

* Category
* Portal

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template