Cork encoding

Latin script character encoding used by LaTeX

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The Cork (also known as T1 or EC) encoding is a character encoding used for encoding glyphs in fonts.[1] It is named after the city of Cork in Ireland, where during a TeX Users Group (TUG) conference in 1990 a new encoding was introduced for LaTeX.[1] It contains 256 characters supporting most west- and east-European languages with the Latin alphabet.[2]

## Details

[edit]

In 8-bit TeX engines the font encoding has to match the encoding of hyphenation patterns where this encoding is most commonly used.[3] In LaTeX one can switch to this encoding with `\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}`, while in ConTeXt MkII this is the default encoding already. In modern engines such as XeTeX and LuaTeX Unicode is fully supported and the 8-bit font encodings are obsolete.

## Character set

[edit]

Cork encoding  | 0  | 1  | 2  | 3  | 4  | 5  | 6  | 7  | 8  | 9  | A  | B  | C  | D  | E  | F

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0x  | `
0060 | ´
00B4 | ˆ
02C6 | ˜
02DC | ¨
00A8 | ˝
02DD | ˚
02DA | ˇ
02C7 | ˘
02D8 | ¯
00AF | ˙
02D9 | ¸
00B8 | ˛
02DB | ‚
201A | ‹
2039 | ›
203A
1x  | “
201C | ”
201D | „
201E | «
00AB | »
00BB | –
2013 | —
2014 | ZWSP[a]
200B | ₀[b]
2080 | ı[c]
0131 | ȷ[c]
0237 | ﬀ
FB00 | ﬁ
FB01 | ﬂ
FB02 | ﬃ
FB03 | ﬄ
FB04
2x  |  SP | ! | " | # | $ | % | & | ’
2019 | ( | ) | * | + | , | - | . | /
3x  | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | : | ; | < | = | > | ?
4x  | @ | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O
5x  | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | [ | \ | ] | ^ | _
6x  | ‘
2018 | a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | i | j | k | l | m | n | o
7x  | p | q | r | s | t | u | v | w | x | y | z | { | | | } | ~ | SHY[d]
8x  | Ă
0102 | Ą
0104 | Ć
0106 | Č
010C | Ď
010E | Ě
011A | Ę
0118 | Ğ
011E | Ĺ
0139 | Ľ
013D | Ł
0141 | Ń
0143 | Ň
0147 | Ŋ
014A | Ő
0150 | Ŕ
0154
9x  | Ř
0158 | Ś
015A | Š
0160 | Ş
015E | Ť
0164 | Ţ
0162 | Ű
0170 | Ů
016E | Ÿ
0178 | Ź
0179 | Ž
017D | Ż
017B | Ĳ
0132 | İ
0130 | đ
0111 | §
00A7
Ax  | ă
0103 | ą
0105 | ć
0107 | č
010D | ď
010F | ě
011B | ę
0119 | ğ
011F | ĺ
013A | ľ
013E | ł
0142 | ń
0144 | ň
0148 | ŋ
014B | ő
0151 | ŕ
0155
Bx  | ř
0159 | ś
015B | š
0161 | ş
015F | ť
0165 | ţ
0163 | ű
0171 | ů
016F | ÿ
00FF | ź
017A | ž
017E | ż
017C | ĳ
0133 | ¡
00A1 | ¿
00BF | £
00A3
Cx  | À | Á | Â | Ã | Ä | Å | Æ | Ç | È | É | Ê | Ë | Ì | Í | Î | Ï
Dx  | Ð[e] | Ñ | Ò | Ó | Ô | Õ | Ö | Œ
0152 | Ø | Ù | Ú | Û | Ü | Ý | Þ | SS[f]
1E9E
Ex  | à | á | â | ã | ä | å | æ | ç | è | é | ê | ë | ì | í | î | ï
Fx  | ð | ñ | ò | ó | ô | õ | ö | œ
0153 | ø | ù | ú | û | ü | ý | þ | ß
00DF

## Notes

[edit]

* Hexadecimal values under the characters in the table are the Unicode character codes.
* The first 12 characters are often used as combining characters.

1. ^ 0x17 is dubbed a “compound word mark” (CWM) in the Cork encoding, and is an innovation of this standard. It is an invisible character that separates compounds in a complex word, for instance in German, in order to disallow esthetic ligatures at compound boundaries.[2] It is mapped to the Unicode “zero-width space” (ZWSP, U+200B), defined at about the same time, whose purpose is similar, if not identical.
2. ^ 0x18 is a “small o”, used to compose ‰ or ‱ (or arbitrary smaller quantities) out of percent sign (%).[2]
3. ^ a b Dotless i and dotless j may be used to compose accented variants like i with macron (ī).
4. ^ 0x7F is the hyphenation character, not really a soft hyphen (SHY) as defined by Unicode.
5. ^ 0xD0 is used both as Eth (Ð, U+00D0) and as D with stroke (Đ, U+0110) which might be a problem at some occasions (like copying text from PDF, hyphenation, ...)
6. ^ 0xDF contains SS (two letters S). It allows TeX to automatically convert the German lowercase ß into the uppercase form.

## Supported languages

[edit]

The encoding supports most European languages written in Latin alphabet. Notable exceptions are:

* Esperanto and Maltese language (using IL3)
* Latvian language and Lithuanian language (using L7X)
* Welsh language

Languages with slightly suboptimal support include:

* Galician language, Portuguese language and Spanish language – due to the lack of characters ª and º, which are not superscript versions of lowercase "a" and "o" (superscripts are thinner) and they are often underlined
* Croatian language, Bosnian language, Serbian language – due to the shared use of the slot for Đ
* Turkish language – due to dotless i having different uppercase and lowercase combinations than in other languages

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b Petrlik, Lukas (1996-06-19). "The Czech and Slovak Character Encoding Mess Explained". cs-encodings-faq. 1.10. Archived from the original on 2016-06-21. Retrieved 2016-06-21.
2. ^ a b c Ferguson, Michael (1990), "Report on Multilingual Activities" (PDF), TUGboat, 11 (4): 514–516
3. ^ TeX hyphenation patterns

## External links

[edit]

* Encoding file
* Overview of encodings in LaTeX

* v
* t
* e

Character encodings

Early telecommunications|

* Telegraph code
* Needle
* Morse
* Non-Latin
* Wabun/Kana
* Chinese
* Cyrillic
* Baudot and Murray
* Fieldata
* ASCII
* ISO/IEC 646
* BCDIC
* Teletex and Videotex/Teletext
* T.51/ISO/IEC 6937
* ITU T.61
* ITU T.101
* World System Teletext
* background
* sets
* Transcode

ISO/IEC 8859|

* Approved parts
* -1 (Western Europe)
* -2 (Central Europe)
* -3 (Maltese/Esperanto)
* -4 (North Europe)
* -5 (Cyrillic)
* -6 (Arabic)
* -7 (Greek)
* -8 (Hebrew)
* -9 (Turkish)
* -10 (Nordic)
* -11 (Thai)
* -13 (Baltic)
* -14 (Celtic)
* -15 (New Western Europe)
* -16 (Romanian)
* Abandoned parts
* -12 (Devanagari)
* Proposed but not approved
* KOI-8 Cyrillic
* Sámi
* Adaptations
* Welsh
* Estonian
* Ukrainian Cyrillic

Bibliographic use|

* MARC-8
* ANSEL
* CCCII/EACC
* ISO 5426
* 5426-2
* 5427
* 5428
* 6438
* 6862

National standards|

* ArmSCII
* Big5
* BraSCII
* BSCII
* CNS 11643
* DIN 66003
* ELOT 927
* GOST 10859
* GB 2312
* GB 12345
* GB 12052
* GB 18030
* HKSCS
* ISCII
* JIS X 0201
* JIS X 0208
* JIS X 0212
* JIS X 0213
* KOI-7
* KPS 9566
* KS X 1001
* KS X 1002
* LST 1564
* LST 1590-4
* PASCII
* Shift JIS
* SI 960
* TIS-620
* TSCII
* VISCII
* VSCII
* YUSCII

ISO/IEC 2022|

* ISO/IEC 8859
* ISO/IEC 10367
* Extended Unix Code / EUC

Mac OS Code pages
("scripts")|

* Armenian
* Arabic
* Barents Cyrillic
* Celtic
* Central European
* Croatian
* Cyrillic
* Devanagari
* Farsi (Persian)
* Font X (Kermit)
* Gaelic
* Georgian
* Greek
* Gujarati
* Gurmukhi
* Hebrew
* Iceland
* Inuit
* Keyboard
* Latin (Kermit)
* Maltese/Esperanto
* Ogham
* Roman
* Romanian
* Sámi
* Turkish
* Turkic Cyrillic
* Ukrainian
* VT100

DOS code pages|

* 437
* 737
* 850
* 858
* 861
* 862
* 863
* 864
* 865
* 866
* 867
* 868
* 869
* 899
* 904
* 932
* 936
* 942
* 949
* 950
* 951
* 1040
* 1043
* 1046
* 1098
* 1115
* 1116
* 1117
* 1118
* 1127
* ABICOMP
* CS Indic
* CSX Indic
* CSX+ Indic
* CWI-2
* Iran System
* Kamenický
* Mazovia
* MIK

IBM AIX code pages|

* 895
* 896
* 912
* 915
* 921
* 922
* 1006
* 1008
* 1009
* 1010
* 1012
* 1013
* 1014
* 1015
* 1016
* 1017
* 1018
* 1019
* 1046
* 1133

Windows code pages|

* CER-GS
* 932
* 936 (GBK)
* 950
* Extended Latin-8
* 1250
* 1251
* 1252
* 1253
* 1254
* 1255
* 1256
* 1257
* 1258
* 1270
* Cyrillic + French
* Cyrillic + German
* Polytonic Greek

EBCDIC code pages|

* Japanese language in EBCDIC
* DKOI

DEC terminals (VTx)|

* Multinational (MCS)
* National Replacement (NRCS)
* French Canadian
* Swiss
* Spanish
* United Kingdom
* Dutch
* Finnish
* French
* Norwegian and Danish
* Swedish
* Norwegian and Danish (alternative)
* 8-bit Greek
* 8-bit Turkish
* SI 960
* Hebrew
* Special Graphics
* Technical (TCS)

Platform specific|

* 1052
* 1053
* 1054
* 1055
* 1058
* Acorn RISC OS
* Amstrad CPC
* Apple II
* ATASCII
* Atari ST
* BICS
* Casio calculators
* CDC
* Compucolor 8001
* Compucolor II
* CP/M+
* DEC RADIX 50
* DEC MCS/NRCS
* DG International
* Galaksija
* GEM
* GSM 03.38
* HP Roman
* HP FOCAL
* HP RPL
* SQUOZE
* LICS
* LMBCS
* MSX
* NEC APC
* NeXT
* PETSCII
* PostScript Standard
* PostScript Latin 1
* SAM Coupé
* Sega SC-3000
* Sharp calculators
* Sharp MZ
* Sinclair QL
* Teletext
* TI calculators
* TRS-80
* Ventura International
* WISCII
* XCCS
* ZX80
* ZX81
* ZX Spectrum

Unicode / ISO/IEC 10646|

* UTF-1
* UTF-7
* UTF-8
* UTF-16
* UTF-32
* UTF-EBCDIC
* GB 18030
* DIN 91379
* BOCU-1
* CESU-8
* SCSU
* TACE16
* Comparison of Unicode encodings

TeX typesetting system|

* Cork
* LY1
* OML
* OMS
* OT1

Miscellaneous code pages|

* ABICOMP
* ASMO 449
* Digital encoding of APL symbols
* ISO-IR-68
* ARIB STD-B24
* Fieldata
* HZ
* IEC-P27-1
* INIS
* 7-bit
* 8-bit
* ISO-IR-169
* ISO 2033
* KOI
* KOI8-R
* KOI8-RU
* KOI8-U
* Mojikyō
* SEASCII
* Stanford/ITS
* Symbol
* TRON
* Unified Hangul Code

Control character|

* Morse prosigns
* C0 and C1 control codes
* ISO/IEC 6429
* JIS X 0211
* Unicode control, format and separator characters
* Whitespace characters

Related topics|

* CCSID
* Character encodings in HTML
* Charset detection
* Han unification
* Hardware code page
* MICR code
* Mojibake
* Variable-length encoding

Character sets
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