Costa Rican nationality law

Costa Rican nationality law is regulated by the Options and Naturalizations Act (Spanish: Ley de Opciones y Naturalizaciones), which was originally named the Immigration and Naturalization Act and established under the 1949 Constitution.[1] These laws determine who is, or is eligible to be, a citizen of Costa Rica. The legal means to acquire nationality and formal membership in a nation differ from the relationship of rights and obligations between a national and the nation, known as citizenship.[2][3][4] Costa Rican nationality is typically obtained either on the principle of jus soli, i.e. by birth in Costa Rica; or under the rules of jus sanguinis, i.e. by birth abroad to at least one parent with Costa Rican nationality. It can also be granted to a permanent resident who has lived in Costa Rica for a given period of time through naturalization.[5]

## Acquiring Costa Rican nationality

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Costa Rican nationality may be acquired by birth or naturalization.[6] To qualify for naturalization, one must be an adult of good conduct and have established a domicile in Costa Rica according to the terms of Article 14 of the Constitution. It is required that applicants have a profession or sufficient sources of income to be self-sufficient and support their family, have neither been sentenced for a felony nor committed repeat offenses while living in Costa Rica, and have sufficient knowledge of Spanish to read, write and speak the language and understand the country's history and culture.[7]

### By birthright

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Under the terms of Article 13 of the Constitution and Article 1 of the Options and Naturalizations Act, those who are eligible for birthright nationality include:[6]

* Persons born in Costa Rica to Costa Rican parents;[6]
* Persons born abroad, whose birth was recorded in the Civil Registry by the parent when a minor or by themselves before their 25th birthday, to a parent who was a birthright national of Costa Rica;[6]
* Persons born in Costa Rica, whose birth was recorded in the Civil Registry by the parent when a minor or by themselves before their 25th birthday, to foreign parents; or[6]
* Foundlings of unknown parentage.[6]

### By naturalization

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Article 14 of the Constitution and Article 2 of the Options and Naturalizations Act, specify those who can be naturalized.[6] They include:

* Persons who have acquired nationality under previous legislation;[6]
* Nationals of origin from Central America, Spain, or other Latin American countries, who have established a five year domicile in Costa Rica and meet general requirements;[6]
* Nationals who were naturalized in Central America, Spain, or other Latin American countries, who have established a seven year domicile in Costa Rica and meet general requirements;[6]
* Foreign women who have lost their nationality by marrying a Costa Rican;[6]
* Foreign spouses of Costa Ricans who choose to acquire nationality in the country after two years of marriage and residence in Costa Rica; or[6]
* Persons granted honorary nationality from the Legislative Assembly.[6]

## Loss of Costa Rican nationality

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* Law N° 7514, which amended Article 16 of the Constitution in 1995 provides that Costa Rican nationality is an inalienable right and cannot be renounced.[8] However, the Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice interpreted, in its ruling 8268-03, that the prohibition to renounce the Costa Rican nationality is not absolute, and that Costa Ricans can renounce their nationality if they wish to change it for another, provided that the person is not left stateless.[9]

## Dual nationality

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Members of the indigenous Guaymí or Ngäbe people were recognized as birthright nationals in 1990, despite non-compliance with registration requirements for birthright nationals of Costa Rica.[10][11] The Constitutional Court ruled that they were not naturalized foreigners, as they had formerly been treated under Law No. 7024 of 1986, because of different circumstances concerning indigenous peoples.[10][12] Dual nationality has been permitted in Costa Rica since the passage of Law N° 7514 in 1995.[13]

## History

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Costa Rica declared independence from Spain on 15 September 1821 in conjunction with the other provinces which had been part of the Captaincy General of Guatemala. The first provisional constitution of the country, known as the Pact of Concord established that citizens were free men born in the country or those from neighboring nations who had lived in Costa Rica for five years and were pledged to support independence from Spain. Between 1824 and 1838, the country was part of the Federal Republic of Central America, whose constituent states had similar nationality laws.[14] The federal constitution for the Republic of Central America drafted in 1824 provided that nationals were born in the territories or to nationals of the constituent states. It also provided for naturalization of foreign spouses of nationals.[15] Under terms of the General Code of the State (Spanish: El Código General del Estado), which regulated civil matters and was passed in 1841, married women were required to follow the nationality status of their spouse.[16] The second national constitution adopted in 1844 distinguished between natives, those born in the nation or who had been in the nation at the time of independence, and those who could naturalize. Naturalization was open to citizens of Central America, foreigners who lived in the country for 3 years if they had a family and 5 years if single, and others who had useful occupations or economic capital. Eligibility also depended upon age, gender, and economic self-sufficiency restrictions. Subsequently, Costa Rica adopted new constitutions in 1847, 1848, 1859, 1869, 1871, and 1917, which did not substantially change the scheme of nationality laid out in the 1844 Constitution.[17] The 1847 Constitution provided for naturalization by marriage to a Costa Rican spouse.[18]

According to the Costa Rican Constitution of 1871 a child born in Costa Rica, who did not have foreign nationality derived from either of its parents, was a national.[19] If a legitimate, legitimized, or legally recognized but illegitimate child was born to a Costa Rican father, either within the territory or abroad, a declaration of choosing Costa Rican nationality filed during the child's minority, or a declaration filed by the child after reaching majority conveyed nationality upon it. A child born to a Costa Rican mother received similar derivative nationality only if it was illegitimate and unrecognized by the father. If the father was a foreigner who later did recognize the child, Costa Rican nationality was lost, unless a declaration of choice was made by the parent during the child's minority or by the child when it reached majority.[20] Between 1882 and 1885, Costa Rica developed a civil code modeled on the Chilean Civil Code of 1857, the Napoleonic Code of 1804, and the Spanish Civil Code of 1851.[1] The 1885 Civil Code required married women to submit to the marital authority of their spouse, including wherever he chose to reside.[21] A mother could only provide nationality or have authority over illegitimate children under the 1885 Civil Code.[22]

Provisions of the Law of Alienship and Naturalization, adopted 13 May 1889, included that a Costa Rican woman married to a foreigner lost her nationality if her husband's nation granted her derivative nationality. It also provided that a foreign woman who married a Costa Rican national automatically derived the nationality of her husband.[23] A foreign wife could not be independently naturalized without her husband; however, a Costa Rican woman could have individual nationality differing from her husband. A woman who had lost her nationality by marriage could repatriate if the marriage terminated. Requirements were that she returned to Costa Rica and declared to officials her intent to reside in the country, renouncing her former nationality. A woman who had gained Costa Rican nationality through marriage could relinquish it if the marriage terminated and she acquired nationality elsewhere.[24] Under the Naturalization Law of 1889, minor children of a foreign father who naturalized, or chose to relinquish Costa Rican nationality, automatically derived his new nationality. Nationality lost in this manner could be regained under the provisions for choosing Costa Rican nationality. A mother was unable to change the nationality of her legitimate children during her marriage.[25]

The Immigration Law of 1942, specifically barred as immigrants to the nation people of African and Asian descent, specifying that Arabs, Armenians, Syrians and Turks were forbidden, as were nomadic people and coolies.[26] In 1949, Costa Rica developed a new constitution which recognized women as eligible for citizenship for the first time.[1] The following year the Options and Naturalizations Act (Spanish: Ley de Opciones y Naturalizaciones) was passed to harmonize domestic law with obligations in conventions and international treaties that Costa Rica had ratified.[27] These changes equalized the provisions for derived citizenship of children from either of their parents. The legislation gave preferential treatment in residency requirements to nationals of the Central American countries, Latin America, and Spain. It had provisions for spouses of Costa Ricans who lost nationality because of marriage to gain Costa Rican nationality[28] and established that nationality could not be changed except by choice.[29] Costa Rica became a signatory to the Inter-American Convention on the Nationality of Women in 1954 and in 1995, adopted Law 7514 (Spanish: Ley N° 7514), which made nationality an inalienable right.[30][29]

## References

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### Citations

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1. ^ a b c Alvarado Quesada 2015, p. 3.
2. ^ Boll 2007, p. 66-67.
3. ^ Honohan & Rougier 2018, p. 338.
4. ^ Guerry & Rundell 2016, p. 73.
5. ^ Alvarado Quesada 2015, pp. 7–9.
6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Alvarado Quesada 2015, p. 7.
7. ^ Alvarado Quesada 2015, p. 8.
8. ^ Alvarado Quesada 2015, pp. 9–10.
9. ^ Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice of Costa Rica 2003.
10. ^ a b Alvarado Quesada 2015, p. 11.
11. ^ Chacón Castro 2001, p. 195.
12. ^ Chacón Castro 2001, p. 191.
13. ^ Alvarado Quesada 2015, p. 9.
14. ^ Alvarado Quesada 2015, p. 2.
15. ^ Hoyo 2016, p. 4.
16. ^ Vindas Matamoros & Escobar Vega 2008, pp. 40–41.
17. ^ Alvarado Quesada 2015, pp. 2–3.
18. ^ Vetancourt Aristeguieta 1960, p. 74.
19. ^ Stevens 1933, p. 16, Part II.
20. ^ Stevens 1933, pp. 16–17, Part II.
21. ^ Vindas Matamoros & Escobar Vega 2008, p. 43.
22. ^ Vindas Matamoros & Escobar Vega 2008, p. 44.
23. ^ Stevens 1933, p. 17, Part II.
24. ^ Stevens 1933, p. 18, Part II.
25. ^ Stevens 1933, p. 19, Part II.
26. ^ Schwarz 2012, p. 58.
27. ^ Alvarado Quesada 2015, p. 4.
28. ^ Alvarado Quesada 2015, p. 6.
29. ^ a b Tribunal Supremo de Elecciones 2019, p. 4.
30. ^ Alvarado Quesada 2015, p. 5.

### Bibliography

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* Alvarado Quesada, Paola (December 2015). "Report on Citizenship Law: Costa Rica" (PDF). cadmus.eui.eu (Translation of the original ed.). Badia Fiesolana: European University Institute. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 January 2021. Retrieved 1 January 2021.
* Boll, Alfred Michael (2007). Multiple Nationality And International Law. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. ISBN 978-90-04-14838-3.
* Chacón Castro, Rubén (2001). Pueblos indígenas de Costa Rica : 10 años de jurisprudencia constitucional (1989-1999) [Indigenous Peoples of Costa Rica: 10 Years of Constitutional Jurisprudence (1989-1999)] (PDF) (in Spanish). San José, Costa Rica: Oficina Internacional del Trabajo (OIT). ISBN 9968-863-04-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 May 2019.
* Guerry, Linda; Rundell, Ethan (2016). "Married Women's Nationality in the International Context (1918–1935)". Clio. 43 (1: Gender and the Citizen). Paris: Éditions Belin: 73–94\. ISSN 2554-3822. JSTOR 26242543. OCLC 7788119453. Retrieved December 19, 2020.73-94&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info:oclcnum/7788119453&rft.issn=2554-3822&rft_id=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26242543#id-name=JSTOR&rft.aulast=Guerry&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft.au=Rundell,+Ethan&rft_id=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26242543&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Costa+Rican+nationality+law" class="Z3988">
* Honohan, Iseult; Rougier, Nathalie (October 2018). "Global Birthright Citizenship Laws: How Inclusive?". Netherlands International Law Review. 65 (3). The Hague, Netherlands: Springer Science+Business Media, T.M.C. Asser Press: 337–357\. doi:10.1007/s40802-018-0115-8. ISSN 1741-6191. OCLC 1189243655. Retrieved 16 March 2021.337-357&rft.date=2018-10&rft_id=info:oclcnum/1189243655&rft.issn=1741-6191&rft_id=info:doi/10.1007/s40802-018-0115-8&rft.aulast=Honohan&rft.aufirst=Iseult&rft.au=Rougier,+Nathalie&rft_id=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329367793&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Costa+Rican+nationality+law" class="Z3988">
* Hoyo, Henio (April 2016). "Report on Citizenship Law: Honduras" (PDF). cadmus.eui.eu. Badia Fiesolana: European University Institute. Archived from the original on 1 November 2018. Retrieved 14 January 2021.
* Schwarz, Tobias (2012). "Políticas de inmigración en América Latina: el extranjero indeseable en las normas nacionales, de la Independencia hasta los años de 1930" [Immigration Policies in Latin America: The Undesirable Foreigner in National Norms, from Independence to the 1930s] (PDF). Procesos (in Spanish). 36. Quito: Universidad Andina Simón Bolívar: 39–72\. ISSN 1390-0099. OCLC 8056258725. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 February 2021. Retrieved 12 February 2021.39-72&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info:oclcnum/8056258725&rft.issn=1390-0099&rft.aulast=Schwarz&rft.aufirst=Tobias&rft_id=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/4544586.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Costa+Rican+nationality+law" class="Z3988">
* Stevens, Doris (28 November 1933). Report on the Nationality of Women (PDF). 7th Conference of American Republics, Montevideo, December 1933. Washington, D.C.: Inter-American Commission of Women - via Alexander Street Press: Women and Social Movements.
* Vetancourt Aristeguieta, Francisco (1960). "Nacionalidad, naturalización y ciudadania en Hispano-América: Cuba, Costa Rica" [Nationality, Naturalization and Citizenship in Hispanic America: Cuba, Costa Rica] (PDF). Boletin de la Academia de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales (in Spanish) (18). Caracas: Academia de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales: 70–88\. ISSN 0798-1457. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 27 February 2021.70-88&rft.date=1960&rft.issn=0798-1457&rft.aulast=Vetancourt+Aristeguieta&rft.aufirst=Francisco&rft_id=http://acienpol.msinfo.info/bases/biblo/texto/boletin/1960/BolACPS_1960_18_70-88.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Costa+Rican+nationality+law" class="Z3988">
* Vindas Matamoros, Jacqueline; Escobar Vega, Johanna (2008). "La razonabilidad y proporcionalidad de la limitación matrimonial impuesta a la mujer costarricense en el artículo 16 inciso 2) del Código de Familia, desde el derecho fundamental de Igualdad y la perspectiva de género" [The Reasonableness and Proportionality of the Marital Limitation Imposed on Costa Rican Women in Article 16, Paragraph 2) of the Family Code, from the Fundamental Right of Equality and the Gender Perspective] (PDF) (in Spanish). San José, Costa Rica: Universidad Estatal a Distancia. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 February 2021. Retrieved 28 February 2021.
* "Ley de opciones y naturalizaciones: Ley n.º 1155" [Options and Naturalizations Law: Law No. 1155] (PDF). Tribunal Supremo de Elecciones de Costa Rica (in Spanish). San José, Costa Rica: Government of Costa Rica. 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 December 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2021.
* Res:2003-08268 (Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice of Costa Rica August 6, 2003) ("Para este Tribunal la condición de irrenunciable del artículo 16 debe interpretarse, en armonía con los textos de Derechos Humanos mencionados, como una prohibición absoluta para evitar que una persona quede sin patria. En otras palabras, no es aceptable ninguna renuncia si como resultado de ella la persona se convierte en un apátrida. Esta prohibición tiene sentido porque los derechos humanos son irrenunciables y el derecho a ostentar una nacionalidad, como derecho humano, no puede renunciarse. El artículo 16 de la Constitución Política así interpretado, resulta no solo plenamente compatible con los instrumentos citados, sino que va más allá de ellos al suprimir la posibilidad de que, por coacción o engaño, el Estado deje sin patria a una persona, obligándola a renunciar de la nacionalidad. No es aceptable la renuncia, ni siquiera expresa, a la nacionalidad costarricense si como consecuencia la persona se convierte en apátrida, lo cual no significa que le esté vedado cambiar de nacionalidad, tal como está garantizado en el inciso 3 del artículo 20 de la Convención Americana de Derechos Humanos. Esta última solicitud deber ser siempre, dada la rigurosidad del artículo 16 constitucional, expresa. (...) Por tanto: Se declara con lugar el recurso. Deberá el Registro Civil cancelar la nacionalidad costarricense al recurrente y desinscribirlo del padrón electoral. Se condena al Estado al pago de las costas daños y perjuicios causados con los hechos que sirven de base a esta declaratoria los que se liquidarán en ejecución de sentencia de lo contencioso administrativo."), Text.

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