Country music

Music genre

This article is about the music genre. For other uses, see Country music (disambiguation).

"Modern Country" and "Country song" redirect here. For the Kai Winding album, see Modern Country (album). For specific songs with the name "Country Song", see Country song (disambiguation).

This article may be too long to read and navigate comfortably. When this tag was added, its readable prose size was 10,220 words. Consider splitting content into sub-articles, condensing it, or adding subheadings. Please discuss this issue on the article's talk page. (July 2025)

|

Country music

Other names|

* Country
* Country and western

Stylistic origins|

* American folk and western
* appalachian
* cajun
* creole
* hawaiian
* red dirt
* tejano
* blues
* southern gospel
* old-time

Cultural origins| 1920s, United States
Typical instruments|

* acoustic guitar
* electric guitar
* pedal steel guitar
* lap steel guitar
* bass guitar
* upright bass
* banjo
* fiddle
* harmonica
* vocals
* piano

Derivative forms|

* bluegrass
* cowboy pop
* dansband
* zydeco

Subgenres

* alternative
* christian
* honky-tonk
* neo-traditional
* outlaw
* progressive
* truck-driving
* western swing

(complete list)
Fusion genres

* country folk
* country rap
* country rock
* country pop
* bro-country
* cowpunk
* gulf and western
* rockabilly
* gothabilly
* psychobilly
* southern soul
* southern rock
* swamp rock

Regional scenes

* AUS
* CAN
* MEX
* IRL
* NGA
* PHL

Local scenes

* Bakersfield
* Atlanta
* Nashville
* Texas

Other topics

* country music by year
* country musicians
* classic country
* singing cowboy

2025 in country music

Country music, also known as country and western or simply country, is a music genre, known for its ballads and dance tunes, identifiable by both folk lyrics and harmonies accompanied by banjos, fiddles, harmonicas, and many types of guitar; either acoustic, electric, steel, or resonator guitars.[1]

Country music likely originated in the Southern United States, and spread throughout the Piedmont area of United States, from Louisiana along the Appalachian Mountains to New York.[2][3] The music is believed to be derived from British folk music, brought to the United States during early waves of immigration.[4] Rooted in American folk music, such as old-time and Southern Appalachian music,[2][4] many other traditions – particularly African-American traditional folk songs and hymns – blended to become the genre known as country music.[5] Once called hillbilly music, the term country music was popularized in the 1940s.[3]

Mexican, Irish, and Hawaiian music have had a formative influence on the genre,[6] as well as blues modes from blues music, which have shaped the evolution of country music.[7]

Country music has remained an integral part of the American music scene, with a recent revitalization in interest since the early 2020s.[4] In 2023, 45% of Americans reported listening to country music, an uptick in the genre's popularity.[8]

## Origins

[edit]

The main components of the modern country music style date back to music traditions throughout the Southern United States and Southwestern United States, while its place in American popular music was established in the 1920s during the early days of music recording.[9] According to country historian Bill C. Malone, country music was "introduced to the world as a Southern phenomenon."[3]

Migration into the southern Appalachian Mountains, of the Southeastern United States, brought the folk music and instruments of Europe and the Mediterranean Basin along with it for nearly 300 years, which developed into Appalachian music.[citation needed] As the country expanded westward, the Mississippi River and Louisiana became a crossroads for country music, giving rise to Cajun music. In the Southwestern United States, it was the Rocky Mountains, American frontier, and Rio Grande that acted as a similar backdrop for Native American, Mexican, and cowboy ballads, which resulted in New Mexico music and the development of western music, and it is directly related to Red Dirt, Texas country, and Tejano music styles. In the Asia-Pacific, the steel guitar sound of country music has its provenance in the music of Hawaii.[10][11]

### Role of East Tennessee

[edit]

Main article: Music of East Tennessee

The U.S. Congress has formally recognized Bristol, Tennessee, as the "Birthplace of Country Music", based on the historic Bristol recording sessions of 1927.[12][13] Historians have also noted the influence of the less-known Johnson City sessions of 1928 and 1929,[14][15] and the Knoxville sessions of 1929 and 1930.[16] In addition, the Mountain City Fiddlers Convention, held in 1925, helped to inspire modern country music. Before these, pioneer settlers, in the Great Smoky Mountains region, had developed a rich musical heritage.[17]

## Generations

[edit]

### First generation (1920s)

[edit]

Country music, still known as hillbilly music at the time, gained an increase audience with the invention of the radio in the 1920s.[5] The largest country music radio show was the Grand Ole Opry, aired starting in 1925 by WSM in Nashville and continuing to present day.[18]

James Gideon "Gid" Tanner, an American old-time fiddler, was one of country music's earliest stars. With his string band, the Skillet Lickers, in the 1920s and 1930s, many early country songs were written and performed.[19] Okeh Records, a New York City record label began issuing hillbilly records in 1923, eventually followed by Columbia Records in 1924, and RCA Victor Records in 1927.[20] Many hillbilly musicians recorded blues songs throughout the 1920s.[21] Outside of New York, Atlanta's country music scene was also important launching many early recording artist's career.[citation needed]

### Second generation (1930s-1940s)

[edit]

Country music grew as radio became a popular source of entertainment. Barn dance shows featuring country music began in the Southern United States, although they spread north to Chicago and west to California.[citation needed] Cowboy songs and other derivatives from western music, although recorded in the 1920s, were popularized in early Hollywood movies. Actors such as Gene Autry, who was known as king of the "singing cowboys," along with Hank Williams.[citation needed] Bob Wills was another country musician from the Lower Great Plains who became popular as the frontman of a hot string band, as well as appearing in several Hollywood westerns. His mix of country and jazz, which started out as dance hall music, would become known as western swing. Wills was one of the first country musicians known to have added an electric guitar to his band, in 1938.[22] Country musicians began recording boogie in 1939, shortly after it had been played at Carnegie Hall, when Johnny Barfield recorded Boogie Woogie.[citation needed]

### Third generation (1950s-1960s)

[edit]

The third generation of country music led to the evolution of the genre into many sub-disciplines as it became popular across America and merged, from its early origins as folk music, into a number of subgenres; particularly bluegrass, rockabilly, and country rock.

At the end of World War II, mountaineer string band music known as bluegrass, which emerged when Bill Monroe, along with Lester Flatt and Earl Scruggs, were introduced by Roy Acuff at the Grand Ole Opry. At the same time, Native American, Hispano, and American frontier music of the Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico, became popular among poor communities in New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas; the basic ensemble consisted of classical guitar, bass guitar, dobro or steel guitar, though some larger ensembles featured electric guitars, trumpets, keyboards (especially the honky-tonk piano, a type of tack piano), banjos, and drums.

By the early 1950s, rock and roll's mainstream success blended with country, with musicians Elvis Presley, Buddy Holly, Jerry Lee Lewis, Ritchie Valens, Carl Perkins, Roy Orbison, and Johnny Cash emerging as enduring representatives of a new style – rockability.

During this era, in terms of commercial success, the Nashville sound turned country music into a multimillion-dollar industry centered in Nashville, Tennessee. Patsy Cline and Jim Reeves were leading voices at the time. In the mid-1960s, country music blended with western music, in the style of Marty Robbins. The late 1960s in American music produced a unique blend of influences from the British Invasion resulting in a crossbred genre known as country rock.

### Fourth generation (1970s–1980s)

[edit]

By the fourth generation, outlaw country with roots in the Bakersfield sound, and country pop with roots in the Nashville sound were the main sounds of country. Less popular, although notable for its distinctive sound were both folk music and soft rock. Between 1972 and 1975 singer and guitarist John Denver released a series of successful songs both with country and folk-rock musical styles. By the mid-1970s, Texas country and Tejano music gained popularity with performers like Freddie Fender.

During the early 1980s country artists continued to see their records perform well on the pop charts, despite some pushback from some more established artists in the industry.[23] In 1980 a much smaller offshoot of country, neocountry disco music, evolved from the advent of disco and the rise of popularity in country pop.[citation needed] Many artists moved to produce country pop, a sound that had more intensive production and received radio airtime, in favor of more traditional or acoustic productions.[citation needed]

### Fifth generation (1990s–present)

[edit]

In the 1990s, neotraditionalists and stadium country acts were most popular. From the early 2000s, country has diversified. The influence of rock music in country has become more overt during the late 2000s and early 2010s.Hip hop also made its mark on country music with the emergence of country rap.[24][25]

In addition to the emergence of a number of fusion genres and the continual growth in the country pop sound and country subgenres crossed into rock, alternative and folk, the themes discussed in country music broadened. While many artists still discussed the traditional and conservative values of rural life, working class issues steered towards urban and service work, with acts such as Dougie Poole.[26][27] Female acts in country music also grew rapidly, with a broadening of thematic topics, such as women's rights, being discussed by major stars, such as Kacey Musgraves.[28]

## History

[edit]

### First generation (1920s)

[edit]

The first commercial recordings of what was considered instrumental music in the traditional country style were "Arkansas Traveler" and "Turkey in the Straw" by fiddlers Henry Gilliland & A.C. (Eck) Robertson on June 30, 1922, for Victor Records and released in April 1923.[29][30] Columbia Records began issuing records with "hillbilly" music (series 15000D "Old Familiar Tunes") as early as 1924.[20]

The Carter Family are a dynasty of country music and began with (left to right) A.P. Carter, wife Sara Carter and Maybelle Carter.

The first commercial recording of what is widely considered to be the first country song featuring vocals and lyrics was Fiddlin' John Carson with "Little Log Cabin in the Lane" for Okeh Records on June 14, 1923.[31][32]

Vernon Dalhart was considered the first country singer to have a nationwide hit in May 1924 with "Wreck of the Old 97."[33] The flip side of the record was "Lonesome Road Blues", was also popularized.[34] In April 1924, "Aunt" Samantha Bumgarner and Eva Davis became the first female musicians to record and release country songs.[35] The record 129-D produced by Columbia features Samantha playing fiddle and singing Big-Eyed Rabbit while Eva Davis plays banjo. Many of the early country musicians, such as the yodeler Cliff Carlisle, recorded blues songs into the 1930s.[36][37] The steel guitar entered country music as early as 1922, when Jimmie Tarlton met famed Hawaiian guitarist Frank Ferera on the West Coast.[38]

Jimmie Rodgers and the Carter Family are widely considered to be important early country musicians.[citation needed] From Scott County, Virginia, the Carters had learned sight reading of hymnals and sheet music using solfege.[39] Their songs were first captured at a historic recording session in Bristol, Tennessee, on August 1, 1927, where Ralph Peer was the talent scout and sound recordist.[40][41] A scene in the movie O Brother, Where Art Thou? depicts a similar occurrence in the same timeframe.

Rodgers fused hillbilly country, gospel, jazz, blues, pop, cowboy, and folk, and many of his best songs were his compositions, including "Blue Yodel",[42] which sold over a million records and established Rodgers as the premier singer of early country music.[43][44] Beginning in 1927, and for the next 17 years, the Carters recorded some 300 old-time ballads, traditional tunes, country songs and gospel hymns, all representative of America's southeastern folklore and heritage.[45]

### Second generation (1930s–1940s)

[edit]

See also: 1940s country music

Record sales declined during the Great Depression. However, radio became a popular source of entertainment, and "barn dance" shows featuring country music were popularized by the radio. The most important was the Grand Ole Opry, aired starting in 1925 by WSM in Nashville and continuing to the present day.[46] Some of the early stars on the Opry were Uncle Dave Macon, Roy Acuff and African American harmonica player DeFord Bailey.

An image from National Barn Dance in 1940

#### Changing instrumentation

[edit]

Drums were looked down on by early country musicians as being too loud and not pure for the country sound. By 1935, Bob Wills added drums to his western swing band, Texas Playboys, despite opposition by the country music venue, the Grand Ole Opry. In contrast, Louisiana Hayride, a less conservative country music venue, kept a house drummer backstage as late as 1956.[citation needed] In the 1960s, however, it was rare for a country band not to have a drummer.[47]

Instruments from Bob Willis and other country musicians at the Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum, 2018

Bob Wills was one of the first country musicians known to have added an electric guitar to his band, in 1938.[22] A decade later (1948) Arthur Smith recorded Guitar Boogie, which crossed over to the US pop charts, introducing many people to the potential of the electric guitar. For several decades Nashville session players preferred the warm tones of the Gibson and Gretsch archtop electrics, but a "hot" Fender style, using guitars which became available beginning in the early 1950s, eventually prevailed as the signature guitar sound of country.[47][48]

#### Sub-genres

[edit]

##### Singing cowboys and western swing

[edit]

In the 1930s and 1940s, cowboy songs, or western music, which had been recorded since the 1920s, were popularized by films made in Hollywood. Some of the popular singing cowboys from the era were Gene Autry, the Sons of the Pioneers, and Roy Rogers.[49] Country music and western music were frequently played together on the same radio stations, hence the term country and western music, despite country and western being two distinct genres.

Cowgirls contributed to the sound in various family groups. Patsy Montana opened the door for female artists with her history-making song "I Want To Be a Cowboy's Sweetheart". This would begin a movement toward opportunities for women to have successful solo careers. Bob Wills, another country music artist, developed the subgenre western swing, bringing in more instruments and players.[50] At its height, western swing rivaled the popularity of big band swing music.

##### Hillbilly boogie

[edit]

Country musicians began recording boogie in 1939, shortly after it had been played at Carnegie Hall, when Johnny Barfield recorded "Boogie Woogie". The trickle of what was initially called hillbilly boogie, or okie boogie, became a flood beginning in late 1945. One notable release from this period was the Delmore Brothers' Freight Train Boogie, considered to be part of the combined evolution of country music and blues towards rockabilly.[51] The hillbilly boogie period lasted into the 1950s and remains one of many subgenres of country into the 21st century.[citation needed]

##### Bluegrass, folk and gospel

[edit]

Main article: Bluegrass music

By the end of World War II, "mountaineer" string band music known as bluegrass had emerged when Bill Monroe joined with Lester Flatt and Earl Scruggs, introduced by Roy Acuff at the Grand Ole Opry. That was the ordination of bluegrass music and how Bill Monroe came to be known as the "Father of Bluegrass." Gospel music, too, remained a popular component of bluegrass and other sorts of country music. Red Foley, one of the biggest country star following World War II, had one of the first million-selling gospel hits ("Peace in the Valley") and also sang boogie, blues and rockabilly. In the post-war period, country music was called "folk" in the trades, and "hillbilly" within the industry.[52] In 1944, Billboard replaced the term "hillbilly" with "folk songs and blues," and switched to "country and western" in 1949.[53][54]

##### Honky tonk

[edit]

Hank Williams

Another type of stripped-down and raw music with a variety of moods and a basic ensemble of guitar, bass, dobro or steel guitar (and later) drums became popular, especially among rural residents in the three states of Texhomex, those being Texas, Oklahoma, and New Mexico.[55] It became known as honky tonk and had its roots in western swing and the ranchera music of Mexico and the border states, particularly New Mexico and Texas,[56] together with the blues of the American South. Bob Wills and His Texas Playboys personified this music which has been described as:

> "a little bit of this, and a little bit of that, a little bit of black and a little bit of white... just loud enough to keep you from thinking too much and to go right on ordering the whiskey."[57]

These honky tonk songs were associated with bar rooms.[58] The music of these artists who began in this type would later be referred to as traditional country. Webb Pierce, a honky-tonk singer, was the top-charting country artist of the 1950s, with 13 of his singles spending 113 weeks at number one.

### Third generation (1950s–1960s)

[edit]

See also: 1950s and 1960s music

By the early 1950s, a blend of western swing, country boogie, and honky tonk was played by most country bands, a mixture which followed in the footsteps of Gene Autry, Lydia Mendoza, Roy Rogers, and Patsy Montana. During this era, the first all-country radio station was established in Lubbock, Texas in 1953.[59] The Country Music Association was also founded during this era, in 1958.

The 1960s were a decade of transition in country music. Traditional country was still king, but more and more game-changing acts were starting to filter in. Loretta Lynn brought a controversial feminist lens to the genre; Johnny Cash played notorious live concerts at both Folsom Prison and San Quentin Detention Center. For every album of classic country standards released in the 1960s, there was an album that was starting to urge the genre in newer, bigger directions. The combination of the two means that some of country's most beloved and enduring albums were produced during the decade.[60]

Also during this time, western music continued to influence country music's evolution.[61] Western music, in turn, was also influenced by the cowboy ballads, New Mexico, Texas country and Tejano music rhythms of the Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico. This influence largely kept the music of the folk revival and folk rock from influencing the country music genre much, despite the similarity in instrumentation and origins (see, for instance, the Byrds' negative reception during their appearance on the Grand Ole Opry). The main concern was largely political: most folk revival was largely driven by progressive activists, a stark contrast to the culturally conservative audiences of country music.[citation needed]

#### The Nashville sound

[edit]

Main article: Nashville sound

Beginning in the mid-1950s, and reaching its peak during the early 1960s, the Nashville sound turned country music into a multimillion-dollar industry centered in Nashville, Tennessee. Under the direction of producers such as Chet Atkins, Bill Porter, Paul Cohen, Owen Bradley, Bob Ferguson, and later Billy Sherrill, the sound brought country music to a diverse audience and helped revive country as it emerged from a commercially fallow period.

This subgenre was notable for borrowing from 1950s pop stylings: a prominent and smooth vocal, backed by a string section and vocal chorus. Instrumental soloing was de-emphasized in favor of trademark "licks".[62] The "slip note" piano style of session musician Floyd Cramer was an important component of this style.[63] The Nashville Sound collapsed in mainstream popularity in 1964, due to the rising popularity of rock and roll and the deaths of two main stars, Reeves and Cline, in separate airplane crashes. By the mid-1960s, the genre had developed into countrypolitan, aimed straight at mainstream markets, selling well through the1960s into the early 1970s.[64]

#### Country soul

[edit]

Main article: Country soul

In 1962, Ray Charles surprised the pop world by turning his attention to country and western music, topping the charts and rating number three for the year on Billboard's pop chart[65] with the "I Can't Stop Loving You" single, and recording the landmark album Modern Sounds in Country and Western Music.[66]

#### Rockabilly

[edit]

Main article: Rockabilly

Country music gained national television exposure through Ozark Jubilee on ABC-TV and radio from 1955 to 1960 from Springfield, Missouri. The program showcased top stars including several rockabilly artists, some from the Ozarks. Rockabilly was most popular with country fans in the 1950s; one of the first rock and roll superstars was former western yodeler Bill Haley, who repurposed his Four Aces of Western Swing into a rock and roll band in the early 1950s and renamed it the Comets. Bill Haley & His Comets are credited with two of the first successful rock and roll records, "Crazy Man, Crazy" of 1953 and "Rock Around the Clock" in 1954.[67]

1956 could be called the year of rockabilly in country music. Rockabilly was an early form of rock and roll, an upbeat combination of blues and country music.[68] The number two, three and four songs on Billboard's charts for that year were Elvis Presley, "Heartbreak Hotel"; Johnny Cash, "I Walk the Line"; and Carl Perkins, "Blue Suede Shoes."[69] Presley acknowledged the influence of rhythm and blues artists and his style, saying

> "The colored folk been singin' and playin' it just the way I'm doin' it now, man for more years than I know."

#### The Bakersfield sound

[edit]

Merle Haggard in a 1975 publicity photo for Capitol Records

Another subgenre of country music grew out of hardcore honky tonk with elements of western swing and originated 112 miles (180 km) north-northwest of Los Angeles in Bakersfield, California, where many "Okies" and other Dust Bowl migrants had settled. Influenced by one-time West Coast residents Bob Wills and Lefty Frizzell, by 1966 it was known as the Bakersfield sound. It relied on electric instruments and amplification, in particular the Telecaster electric guitar, more than other subgenres of the country music of the era, and it can be described as having a sharp, hard, driving, no-frills, edgy flavor—hard guitars and honky-tonk harmonies.[59] Leading practitioners of this style were Buck Owens, Merle Haggard, Tommy Collins, Dwight Yoakam, Gary Allan, and Wynn Stewart, each of whom had his own style.[70][71]

Ken Nelson, who had produced Owens and Haggard and Rose Maddox became interested in the trucking song subgenre following the success of Six Days on the Road and asked Red Simpson to record an album of trucking songs. Haggard's White Line Fever was also part of the trucking subgenre.[59]

### Western music merges with country

[edit]

See also: Western music (North America)

The country music scene of the 1940s until the 1970s was largely dominated by western music influences, so much so that the genre began to be called "country and western".[72] Even today, cowboy and frontier values continue to play a role in the larger country music, with western wear, cowboy boots, and cowboy hats continues to be in fashion for country artists.[73] West of the Mississippi River, country western genres continued flourish, including the Red Dirt of Oklahoma,[74] New Mexico music of New Mexico,[75] as well as country music and Tejano music of Texas.[76][77] During the 1950s until the early 1970s, the latter part of the western heyday in country music, many of these genres featured popular artists that continue to influence both their distinctive genres and larger country music.

* Cowboy hat and cowboy boots, associated with country music artists

* Western wear shirt design, with snap fasteners

* Painting of a cowboy singing by Thomas Eakins (1890)

* Freddy Fender performing Tejano music in Nashville, Tennessee (1977)

Originating in the bars, fiestas, and honky-tonks of Oklahoma, New Mexico, and Texas, outlaw song writing style supplemented the country's singer-songwriter tradition as well as 21st-century rock-inspired alternative country and hip hop-inspired country rap artists.[78]

### Fourth generation (1970s–1980s)

[edit]

See also: 1970s and 1980s country music

#### Outlaw country

[edit]

Main article: Outlaw country

Outlaw country was derived from the traditional western, with lyrics that verbalize feelings of anger or alienation, as individuals who faced interpersonal or economic issues.[citation needed] Songs such as the 1963 Johnny Cash popularized "Ring of Fire," an example of outlaw country, with roots in Tejano music and blues. Outlaw country is traditionally associated with Willie Nelson, Jerry Jeff Walker,[79] Hank Williams, Jr., Merle Haggard, Waylon Jennings and Joe Ely.[80] Starting in the early 1970s, this collection of musicians had an influence on mainstream country music.[81]

> "After I left Nashville (the early 70s), I wanted to relax and play the music that I wanted to play, and just stay around Texas, maybe Oklahoma. Waylon and I had that outlaw image going, and when it caught on at colleges and we started selling records, we were O.K. The whole outlaw thing, it had nothing to do with the music, it was something that got written in an article, and the young people said, 'Well, that's pretty cool.' And started listening." - Willie Nelson[82]

#### Country pop

[edit]

Main article: Country pop

Country pop or soft pop, with roots in the countrypolitan sound, folk music, and soft rock, is a subgenre that first emerged in the 1970s. Although the term first referred to country music songs and artists that crossed over to top 40 radio, country pop acts are now more likely to cross over to adult contemporary music.

It started with pop music singers like Glen Campbell, Bobbie Gentry, John Denver, Olivia Newton-John, Anne Murray, B. J. Thomas, the Bellamy Brothers, and Linda Ronstadt having hits on the country charts. Between 1972 and 1975, singer/guitarist John Denver released a series of hugely successful songs blending country and folk-rock musical styles,[83] and was named Country Music Entertainer of the Year in 1975.[citation needed]

Dolly Parton

During the mid-1970s, Dolly Parton, a successful mainstream country artist since the late 1960s, mounted a high-profile campaign to cross over to pop music, culminating in her 1977 hit "Here You Come Again", which topped the U.S. country singles chart, and also reached No. 3 on the pop singles charts. Parton's male counterpart, Kenny Rogers, came from the opposite direction, aiming his music at the country charts, after a successful career in pop, rock and folk music with the First Edition. He achieved success with Lucille, topping reaching No. 5 on the U.S. pop singles charts, and No. 1 on the British all-genre chart, as well as the country class, The Gambler.[84] In 1975, author Paul Hemphill stated in the Saturday Evening Post,

> "Country music isn't really country anymore; it is a hybrid of nearly every form of popular music in America."[85]

During the early 1980s, country artists continued to see their records perform well on the pop charts. Willie Nelson and Juice Newton each had two songs in the top 5 of the Billboard Hot 100 in the early eighties.[86][87] The move of country music toward neotraditional styles led to a marked decline in country-pop crossovers in the late 1980s.

#### Country rock

[edit]

Main articles: Country rock and cowpunk

Described by AllMusic as the "father of country-rock",[88] Gram Parsons' work in the early 1970s was acclaimed for its purity and for his appreciation for aspects of traditional country music.[89] Subsequent to the initial blending of the two polar opposite genres, other offspring soon resulted, including Southern rock, heartland rock and in more recent years, alternative country.[90]

#### Neo-country

[edit]

In 1980, a style of "neocountry disco music" was popularized by the film Urban Cowboy.[91] It was during this time that a glut of pop-country crossover artists began appearing on the country charts.[92] Sales in record stores rocketed to $250 million in 1981; by 1984, 900 radio stations began programming country or neocountry pop full-time. As with most sudden trends, however, by 1984 sales had dropped below 1979 figures.[91]

#### Truck-driving country

[edit]

Main article: Truck-driving country

The music of the 1960s and 1970s targeted the American working class, and truckers in particular. A fusion of honky-tonk, country rock and the Bakersfield sound, [93] truck driving music has the tempo of country rock and the emotion of honky-tonk, and its lyrics focus on a truck driver's lifestyle.[94][93] As country radio became more popular, trucking songs like the 1963 hit song Six Days on the Road by Dave Dudley rose in popularity.[95] The song was written by actual truckers and contained numerous references to the trucker culture of the time like "ICC" for Interstate Commerce Commission and "little white pills" as a reference to amphetamines.

George Strait in 2014

#### Neo-traditionalist movement

[edit]

Main article: Neotraditionalist country

During the mid-1980s, a group of new artists began to emerge who rejected the more polished country-pop sound that had been prominent on radio and the charts, in favor of more, traditional, "back-to-basics" production. Many of the artists during the latter half of the 1980s drew on traditional honky-tonk, bluegrass, folk and western swing.[96]

### Fifth generation (1990s-present)

[edit]

See also: 1990s, 2000s, and 2010s country music

This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

|

#### The role of radio in rising popularity

[edit]

Country music was aided by the U.S. Federal Communications Commission's (FCC) Docket 80–90, which led to a significant expansion of FM radio in the 1980s by adding numerous higher-fidelity FM signals to rural and suburban areas. At this point, country music was mainly heard on rural AM radio stations; the expansion of FM was particularly helpful to country music, which migrated to FM from the AM band as AM became overcome by talk radio (the country music stations that stayed on AM developed the classic country format for the AM audience).[citation needed] At the same time, beautiful music stations already in rural areas began abandoning the format (leading to its effective demise) to adopt country music as well. This wider availability of country music led to producers seeking to polish their product for a wider audience.

In 1990, Billboard, which had published a country music chart since the 1940s, changed the methodology it used to compile the chart: singles sales were removed from the methodology, and only airplay on country radio determined a song's place on the chart.[97]

#### Internationalization of country music

[edit]

In the 1990s, country music became a worldwide phenomenon thanks to Garth Brooks,[98][99][100] who enjoyed one of the most successful careers in popular music history, breaking records for both sales and concert attendance throughout the decade. He attracted fans with his fusion of neotraditionalist country and stadium rock. George Strait, whose career began in the 1980s, also continued to have widespread success in this decade and beyond. Toby Keith began his career as a more pop-oriented country singer in the 1990s, evolving into an outlaw persona in the early 2000s with Pull My Chain and its follow-up, Unleashed.[101][102]

#### Success of female artists

[edit]

Shania Twain performing during her Up! Tour in 2004

Female artists such as Reba McEntire, Patty Loveless, Faith Hill, Martina McBride, Deana Carter, LeAnn Rimes, Mindy McCready, Pam Tillis, Lorrie Morgan, Shania Twain, and Mary Chapin Carpenter all released platinum-selling albums in the 1990s. The Dixie Chicks became one of the most popular country bands in the 1990s and early 2000s. Their 1998 debut album Wide Open Spaces went on to become certified 12 times platinum while their 1999 album Fly went on to become 10 times platinum.

Canadian artist Shania Twain became the best selling female country artist of 1990s. Her 1997 album, Come On Over, became a worldwide phenomenon one of the world's best selling albums for three years (1998, 1999 and 2000). Twain has been credited with breaking international boundaries for country music, as well as inspiring many country artists to incorporate different genres into their music in order to attract a wider audience.

#### Music sub-genres

[edit]

##### Line dancing revival

[edit]

In the early-mid-1990s, country western music was influenced by the popularity of line dancing. This influence was so great that Chet Atkins was quoted as saying, "The music has gotten pretty bad, I think. It's all that damn line dancing."[103] By the end of the decade, however, at least one line dance choreographer complained that good country line dance music was no longer being released. In contrast, artists such as Don Williams and George Jones who had more or less had consistent chart success through the 1970s and 1980s suddenly had their fortunes fall rapidly around 1991 when the new chart rules took effect.

##### Alternative country

[edit]

Main articles: Alt country and cowpunk

Country influences combined with Punk rock and alternative rock to forge the "cowpunk" scene in Southern California during the 1980s, which included bands such as the Long Ryders, Lone Justice and the Beat Farmers, as well as the established punk group X, whose music had begun to include country and rockabilly influences.[104] Simultaneously, a generation of diverse country artists outside of California emerged that rejected the perceived cultural and musical conservatism associated with Nashville's mainstream country musicians in favor of more countercultural outlaw country and the folk singer-songwriter traditions of artists such as Woody Guthrie, Gram Parsons and Bob Dylan.[105] Earle, in particular, had both country and college rock audiences. In 1986, he opened for both country singer Dwight Yoakam and alt-rock band, the Replacements.[106] Yoakam also cultivated a fanbase spanning multiple genres through his stripped-down honky-tonk influenced sound and performances at Los Angeles punk rock clubs.[107]

These early styles merged around 1990, when Uncle Tupelo released an influential debut album No Depression.[108] The album is widely credited as being the first alt-country album, and inspired the name of No Depression magazine, which principally covered the new genre.[108][109]

In the 2010s, the alt-country genre saw an increase in its critical and commercial popularity, owing to the success of artists such as the Civil Wars, Chris Stapleton, Sturgill Simpson, Jason Isbell, Lydia Loveless and Margo Price. In 2019, Kacey Musgraves – a country artist who had gained a following with indie rock fans – won the Grammy Award for Album of the Year for her album Golden Hour.[110]

##### Bluegrass and Americana

[edit]

Main articles: Americana (music) and Bluegrass music

Bluegrass is a genre that contain songs about going through hard times, country loving, and telling stories. Its history can be traced back to the 1600s.[citation needed] During this time, many people were coming to America from Ireland, Scotland and England.[111] Bill Monroe, known as the father of bluegrass, was popularized much earlier than the fifth generation, although he served as an inspiration for newer artists.[112][113]

Americana music started to re-emerge in the mainstream, although the roots of the genre are traced to Hank Williams in the 1950s.[114] Americana music incorporates elements of country music, bluegrass, folk, blues, gospel, rhythm and blues, roots rock and southern soul. As a result of an increasingly pop-leaning mainstream, many more traditional-sounding artists such as Tyler Childers, Zach Bryan and Old Crow Medicine Show began to associate themselves more with Americana and the alternative country scene where their sound was more celebrated.

Luke Bryan

##### Country rock

[edit]

Darius Rucker, frontman for the 1990s pop-rock band Hootie & the Blowfish, began a country solo career in the late 2000s, one that to date has produced five albums and several hits on both the country charts and the Billboard Hot 100. Singer-songwriter Unknown Hinson became famous for his appearance in the Charlotte television show Wild, Wild, South, after which Hinson started his own band and toured in southern states. Other rock stars who featured a country song on their albums were Don Henley (who released Cass County in 2015) and Poison.

##### Country pop

[edit]

One of the most commercially successful country artists of the late 2000s and early 2010s has been singer-songwriter Taylor Swift. Swift first became widely known in 2006 when her debut single, "Tim McGraw," later releasing her self-titled debut studio album, which spent 275 weeks on Billboard 200, one of the longest runs of any album on that chart. At the 2010 Grammys, Swift won Album of the Year for Fearless. Most recently, she has focused on a country sound, in her recent folk-inspired releases, Folklore (2020) and Evermore (2020).

Before Swift, in 2005, country singer Carrie Underwood rose to fame as the winner of the fourth season of American Idol; now holding seven Grammy Awards.[115] With her first single, "Inside Your Heaven", Underwood became the only solo country artist to have a number 1 hit on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in the 2000–2009 decade and also broke Billboard chart history as the first country music artist ever to debut at No. 1 on the Hot 100. In 2007, Underwood won the Grammy Award for Best New Artist, becoming the second country artist to win the award.

Another key voice of this generation is singer, Kacey Musgraves, released Golden Hour, winning the 61st Annual Grammy Awards, Academy of Country Music Awards, Country Music Association Awards,[116] although the album has received criticism from some traditional country music fans.[117]

In 2010, the group Lady Antebellum won five Grammys, including the coveted Song of the Year and Record of the Year for "Need You Now".[118] A large number of duos and vocal groups emerged on the charts in the 2010s, many of which feature close harmony in the lead vocals. In addition to Lady A, groups such as Little Big Town, the Band Perry, Gloriana, Thompson Square, Eli Young Band, Zac Brown Band and British duo the Shires have emerged to occupy a large share of mainstream success alongside solo singers such as Kacey Musgraves and Miranda Lambert.

In the mid to late 2010s, country and pop music fused more closely,[119] gaining in popularity with mainstream audiences.[120] The singers who are part of this country movement are also defined as "Nashville's new generation of country".[121][119][122] In a broadening of the rhetorical style and coverage of themes in country music some of these artists have explored feminism, and racism and religion.[123] Some touched on more controversial issues, such as acceptance of the LGBT community, safe sex, recreational marijuana use, and questioning religious sentiment.[123][124] In 2024, Beyonce released a country album, Country Carter, to popular acclaim, featuring original songs such as Texas Hold 'Em and a cover of Dolly Parton's Jolene.[125] The genre continues to evolve and attract new influences.

##### Country rap

[edit]

Main article: Country Rap

The country rap sound was brought into the mainstream by southern rappers, with a trap style of production, and country music artists. Nelly and Tim McGraw's Over and Over debuted in 2004, in 2003, BubbaSparxxx's debut album that was self described as southern trap. This style of music features rap lyrics over country instrumentation, as well as hip hop production elements.

Lil Nas X song "Old Town Road" spent 19 weeks atop the US Billboard Hot 100 chart, becoming the longest-running number-one song since the chart debuted in 1958, winning Billboard Music Awards, MTV Video Music Awards and Grammy Award.[126] Sam Hunt "Leave the Night On" peaked concurrently on the Hot Country Songs and Country Airplay charts, making Hunt the first country artist in 22 years, since Billy Ray Cyrus, to reach the top of three country charts simultaneously in the Nielsen SoundScan-era.[127] With the fusion genre of "country trap"—a fusion of country/western themes to a hip hop beat, but usually with fully sung lyrics—emerging in the late 2010s, line dancing country had a minor revival, examples of the phenomenon include "The Git Up" by Blanco Brown.[128] Blanco Brown has gone on to make more traditional country soul songs such as "I Need Love" and a rendition of "Don't Take the Girl" with Tim McGraw, and collaborations like "Just the Way" with Parmalee.[129] Another country trap artist known as Breland has seen success with "My Truck, "Throw It Back" with Keith Urban, and "Praise the Lord" featuring Thomas Rhett.[130]

Emo rap musician Sueco, released a cowpunk song in collaboration is country musician Warren Zeiders titled "Ride It Hard".[131]

##### Bro country

[edit]

Main article: Bro-country

In the early 2010s, "bro-country", a genre noted primarily for its themes on drinking and partying, girls, and pickup trucks became particularly popular.[132][133][134] Notable artists associated with this genre are Luke Bryan, Jason Aldean, Blake Shelton, Jake Owen and Florida Georgia Line whose song "Cruise" became the best-selling country song of all time.[135][136] Research in the mid-2010s suggested that about 45 percent of country's best-selling songs could be considered bro-country, with the top two artists being Luke Bryan and Florida Georgia Line.[137] Albums by bro-country singers also sold very well—in 2013, Luke Bryan's Crash My Party was the third best-selling of all albums in the United States, with Florida Georgia Line's Here's to the Good Times at sixth, and Blake Shelton's Based on a True Story at ninth.[138] It is also thought that the popularity of bro-country helped country music to surpass classic rock as the most popular genre in the American country in 2012.[138]

The genre however is controversial as it has been criticized by other country musicians and commentators over its themes and depiction of women,[139][140][141] opening up a divide between the older generation of country singers and the younger bro country singers that was described as "civil war" by musicians, critics, and journalists."[142] In 2014, Maddie & Tae's "Girl in a Country Song", addressing many of the controversial bro-country themes, peaked at number one on the Billboard Country Airplay chart.

##### Other contemporary sub-genres

[edit]

In the latter part of the 2010s, an increasing number of mainstream country acts collaborated with pop and R&B artists, many of these songs achieved commercial success. Examples include a collaboration between Kane Brown and Marshmello[143] and Maren Morris and Zedd, the latter of both duos being electronic music artists.[144] Maren Morris success collaboration "The Middle" with EDM producer Zedd is considered one of the representations of the fusion of electro-pop with country music.[145]

## International genres of country music

[edit]

### International reception of US country music

[edit]

Tom Roland, from Country Music Association International, explains country music's global popularity:

> "Country Music listeners around the globe have something in common with those in the United States. In Germany, for instance, Rohrbach identifies three general groups that gravitate to the genre: people intrigued with the US cowboy icon, middle-aged fans who seek an alternative to harder rock music and younger listeners drawn to the pop-influenced sound that underscores many current Country hits."[146]

One of the first US people to perform country music abroad was George Hamilton IV. He was the first country musician to perform in the Soviet Union. He was deemed the "International Ambassador of Country Music" for his contributions to the globalization of country music.[147] Johnny Cash, Emmylou Harris, Keith Urban, and Dwight Yoakam have also made numerous international tours.[146] The Country Music Association undertakes various initiatives to promote country music internationally.[146]

### Africa

[edit]

Country music has risen in popularity in a number of African countries. In a series running from 2021 on NTS Radio, researcher and broadcaster Jamal Khadar's Reimagining Country documents less well-known connections between modern country music and both African and Caribbean song writing, instruments and general influence across genres.[148] Khadar also argues that modern country music has benefited from traditional or classical African music genres.[149]

Specific country examples include western African, where Nigerian country music has continued to grow within the large music industry there.[150] In eastern Africa, the roots of country can be traced back even earlier. Eswatini has a number of popular singers who blend country music with local and traditional styles of guitar, beginning in the 1970s.[151] In the 1950s in Zambia, the opening of a number of copper mines in northern Zambia's Copperbelt region brought similar stories of industrialization and movement to the people in this area.[152] Guitar was integrated into local music, as a result of Zambians returning from WWII and a cross-cultural interactions with international mining staff, developing a unique country folk music from the region.[153]

### Asia

[edit]

In Japan, country and western music first developed a following before World War II, but many Japanese became exposed to it after the war due to the Far East Network.[154][155] One of the first Japanese western acts was Biji Kuroda & The Chuck Wagon Boys, other artists include Jimmie Tokita and His Mountain Playboys, The Blue Rangers, Wagon Aces, and Tomi Fujiyama.[154] While the majority of these musicians sung in English, a few of them sang in the Japanese language.[154] The genre continues to have a dedicated following in Japan, thanks to Charlie Nagatani, Katsuoshi Suga, J.T. Kanehira, Dicky Kitano, and Manami Sekiya.[154] Country and western venues in Japan include the former annual Country Gold concert, organized by Charlie Nagatani, and the modern honky tonks at Little Texas in Tokyo and Armadillo in Nagoya.[156][157][158]

In India, there is an annual concert festival called "Blazing Guitars"[159] held in Chennai brings together Anglo-Indian musicians from all over the country (including some who have emigrated to places like Australia). The year 2003 brought home-grown Indian, Bobby Cash to the forefront of the country music culture in India when he became India's first international country music artist to chart singles in Australia.

The Philippines, a US Commonwealth from 1900 to 1946, was introduced to country music during this time.[citation needed] Today, in the Philippines, country music has become a part of the expression of the Cordilleran way of life. Country music from this area often compares the Igorot lifestyle to that of American cowboys.

Baguio City has an FM station that caters to country music, DZWR 99.9 Country, which is part of the Catholic Media Network. Bombo Radyo Baguio has a segment on its Sunday slot for Igorot, Ilocano and country music. And as of recently, DWUB occasionally plays country music. Many country music musicians tour the Philippines. Original Pinoy Music has influences from country.

### Australia

[edit]

Main articles: Australian country music and Australian folk music

Olivia Newton-John singing in Sydney in 2008

Australian country music influenced by US country music has developed a distinct style, where guitar, banjo, fiddle and harmonica are used. shaped by British and Irish folk ballads and Australian bush balladeers like Henry Lawson and Banjo Paterson. The aboriginal population in Australia were both artists and audience members.[160] Auriel Andrew was the first aboriginal woman to sing country music in Australia, and was an important part of the genre's rising popularity.[161]

Folk songs sung in Australia between the 1780s and 1920s, based around such themes as the struggle against government tyranny, or the lives of bushrangers, swagmen, drovers, stockmen and shearers, continue to influence the genre. This strain of Australian country, with lyrics focusing on Australian subjects, is generally known as "bush music" or "bush band music". "Waltzing Matilda", is often regarded as Australia's unofficial national anthem.[162] Later themes which endure to the present include the experiences of war, of droughts and flooding rains, of Aboriginality and of the railways and trucking routes which link Australia's vast distances.[163][164]

Pioneers of a more Americanised country music in Australia included Tex Morton, beginning in the 1930s. Other early stars included Buddy Williams, Shirley Thoms and Smoky Dawson. Williams was the first Australian-born to record country music in Australia in the late 1930s and began writing bush ballads, later popularized by the likes of Slim Dusty. Dusty sang Waltzing Matilda in the closing ceremony of the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games.

Reg Lindsay was one of the first Australians to perform at Nashville's Grand Ole Opry in 1974.[165] Eric Bogle's 1972 folk lament to the Gallipoli Campaign "And the Band Played Waltzing Matilda" recalled the British and Irish origins of Australian folk-country. Singer-songwriter Paul Kelly, whose music style straddles folk, rock and country, is often described as the poet laureate of Australian music.[166]

There have been a number of Australian country musicians who have reached global success. This includes Olivia Newton-John, Sherrié Austin and Keith Urban. Newton-John became the first (and to date only) non-US winner of the Country Music Association Award for Female Vocalist of the Year.[167]

Keith Urban in 2007

By the 1990s, country music had attained crossover success in the pop charts, with artists like James Blundell and James Reyne singing Way Out West, and country star Kasey Chambers winning the ARIA Award for Best Female Artist in three years (2000, 2002 and 2004), tying with pop stars Wendy Matthews and Sia for the most wins in that category. Chambers has gone on to win nine ARIA Awards for Best Country Album and, in 2018, became the youngest artist to ever be inducted into the ARIA Hall of Fame. The crossover influence of Australian country is also evident in the music of successful contemporary bands the Waifs and the John Butler Trio. Nick Cave has been heavily influenced by the country artist Johnny Cash.

Country music has been a particularly popular form of musical expression among Indigenous Australians. Troy Cassar-Daley is among Australia's successful contemporary indigenous performers, and Kev Carmody and Archie Roach employ a combination of folk-rock and country music to sing about Aboriginal rights issues.[168]

### Canada

[edit]

Main article: Canadian country music

Mainstream country music is popular in the prairie provinces, the British Columbia Interior, Northern Ontario, and in Atlantic Canada.[169] The origins of Canadian country music are believed to be Celtic traditional music, developed in Atlantic Canada in the form of Scottish, Acadian and Irish folk music popular among immigrants to Canada's Atlantic Provinces.[169] This music is sometimes described as "sea shanty." While country music is popular in the Prairies, the area never developed a distinct country musical style, and instead has borrowed from US country. Given the mix of European settlers, polkas and western music were popularized.

Don Messer's Jubilee was a Halifax, Nova Scotia-based country and folk variety television show broadcast in Canada from1957 to 1969. With a guest performance slot, the show gave national exposure to numerous Canadian folk musicians, including Stompin' Tom Connors and Catherine McKinnon, as well as maritime performers Hank Snow, Wilf Carter, and Anne Murray.

Canadian country pop star Shania Twain is the best-selling female country artist of all time and one of the best-selling artists of all time in any genre.[170][171] Ian & Sylvia, a country duo who produced Four Strong Winds, later received the nomination for Canada's Greatest song of all time by the Canadian Music Hall of Fame.[172]

### Continental Europe

[edit]

Vanha Isäntä performs at the Helsinki Festival's open-air concert in Kaivopuisto in 1974. Seppo Sillanpää (left), Olli Haavisto (right).

In Sweden, Rednex rose to stardom combining country music with electro-pop in the 1990s. In 1994, the group had a worldwide hit with their version of the traditional Southern tune "Cotton-Eyed Joe". Artists popularizing more traditional country music in Sweden have been Ann-Louise Hanson, Hasse Andersson, Kikki Danielsson, Elisabeth Andreassen and Jill Johnson.

In Poland an international country music festival, known as Piknik Country, in the city of Mrągowo has run since 1983.

In the Netherlands, there are a number of artists performing country music, mainly in English including Waylon, Danny Vera, Ilse DeLange, Douwe Bob and Henk Wijngaard.

Norway had a significant country scene from the late 1970s to the late 2000s,[173] although the popularity of country today is decreasing. Notable artists include Hellbillies, Bjøro Håland, Terje Tysland, Vassendgutane, and Øystein Sunde. The songs occasionally used inspirations from rock music, Norwegian folk music, and polka.

### Ireland

[edit]

In Ireland, Country and Irish is a music genre that combines traditional Irish folk music with US country music. Television channel TG4 began a quest for Ireland's next country star called Glór Tíre, translated as "Country Voice". James Kilbane, a country and gospel singer, has produced popular Christian and traditional country influenced albums. Other Irish singers who have produced country music include Daniel O'Donnell, Crystal Swing, and CMAT.[174]

### Mexico and Latin America

[edit]

Main article: Music of Latin America

Country music artists from the U.S. have seen crossover with Latin American audiences, particularly in Mexico. Country music artists from throughout the U.S. have recorded renditions of Mexican folk songs, including "El Rey" which was performed on George Strait's Twang album and during Al Hurricane's tribute concert. American Latin pop crossover musicians, like Lorenzo Antonio's "Ranchera Jam" have also combined Mexican songs with country songs in a New Mexico music style.[citation needed]

While Tejano and New Mexico music is typically thought of as being Spanish language, the genres have also had charting musicians focused on English language music.[175] During the 1970s, singer-songwriter Freddy Fender had two #1 country music singles, that were popular throughout North America, with "Before the Next Teardrop Falls" and "Wasted Days and Wasted Nights".[176] Notable songs which have been influenced by Hispanic and Latin culture as performed by US country music artists include Marty Robbins' "El Paso" trilogy, Willie Nelson and Merle Haggard covering the Townes Van Zandt song "Pancho and Lefty", "Toes" by Zac Brown Band, and "Sangria" by Blake Shelton.[177]

Patricia Vonne performing live

Regional Mexican is a radio format featuring many of Mexico's versions of country music. It includes a number of different styles, usually named after their region of origin. One specific song style, the Canción Ranchera, or simply Ranchera, literally meaning "ranch song", found its origins in the Mexican countryside and was first popularized with Mariachi. It has since also become popular with Grupero, Banda, Norteño, Tierra Caliente, Duranguense and other regional Mexican styles. The Corrido, a different song style with a similar history, is also performed in many other regional styles, and is most related to the western style of the United States and Canada. Other song styles performed in regional Mexican music include Ballads, Cumbias, Boleros, among others. Country en Español is also popular in Mexico. A Country en Español popularity boom also reached the central regions of Mexico during the 1990s. For most of its history, Country en Español mainly resembled Neotraditional country. However, in more modern times, some artists have incorporated influences from other subgenres.

In Argentina, on the last weekend of September, the yearly San Pedro Country Music Festival[178][better source needed] takes place in the town of San Pedro, Buenos Aires. The festival features bands from different places in Argentina, as well as international artists from Brazil, Uruguay, Chile, Peru and the U.S.

### The Middle East

[edit]

According to Melody Music Magazine, the pioneer of country music in Iran is the English-speaking country music band Dream Rovers, whose founder, singer and songwriter is Erfan Rezayatbakhsh (elf).[179] The band was formed in 2007 in Tehran,[180] and have released two studio albums.[181] Musician Toby Keith performed alongside Saudi Arabian folk musician Rabeh Sager in 2017.[182][183] This concert was similar to the performances of Jazz ambassadors that performed distinctively American style music internationally.[184]

### United Kingdom

[edit]

The most successful British country music act of the 21st century are Ward Thomas and the Shires. In 2015, the Shires' album Brave, became the first UK country act ever to chart in the Top 10 of the UK Albums Chart and they became the first UK country act to receive an award from the American Country Music Association.[185] In 2016, Ward Thomas then became the first UK country act to hit number 1 in the UK Albums Chart with their album Cartwheels.[186] Other notable acts include Engelbert Humperdinck, while reached the U.S. country top 40 with his song, "After the Lovin'." He also achieved recognition for a number of covers of Nashville country ballads. Welsh singer Bonnie Tyler started her career making country records, and in 1978 her single "It's a Heartache" reached number four on the UK Singles Chart. The songwriting tandem of Roger Cook and Roger Greenaway wrote a number of country hits. Cook is the only Briton to be inducted into the Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame.

A niche country subgenre popular in the West Country is Scrumpy and Western, which consists mostly of novelty songs and comedy music recorded in the UK. In 1975, comedian Billy Connolly topped the UK Singles Chart with "D.I.V.O.R.C.E.", a parody of the Tammy Wynette song "D-I-V-O-R-C-E".[187]

## Performances and broadcasts

[edit]

### Cable television broadcasts

[edit]

This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

|

Main article: Country Music Television

Several US television networks are at least partly devoted to the genre: Country Music Television (CMT) (the first channel devoted to country music) and CMT Music (both owned by Paramount Global), RFD-TV (owned by Rural Media Group), The Cowboy Channel (owned by Teton Ridge), Heartland (owned by Get After It Media), Circle Country (a joint venture of the Grand Ole Opry and Gray Television), The Country Network (owned by TCN Country, LLC), and Country Music Channel (the country-oriented sister channel of California Music Channel).

The Nashville Network (TNN) was launched in 1983 as a channel devoted to country music, and later added sports and outdoor lifestyle programming. It actually launched just two days after CMT. In 2000, after TNN and CMT fell under the same corporate ownership, TNN was rebranded as a non-country television channel, eventually becoming Paramount Network in 2018. TNN was later revived from 2012 to 2013 after Jim Owens Entertainment, acquired the trademark and licensed it to Luken Communications; that channel renamed itself Heartland after Luken was embroiled in an unrelated dispute that left the company bankrupt.

Great American Country (GAC) was launched in 1995, also as a country music-oriented channel that would later add lifestyle programming pertaining to the American Heartland and South. In 2021, GAC Media relaunched Great American Country as GAC Family, a family-oriented general entertainment network, while Ride TV was relaunched as GAC Living, a network devoted to programming pertaining to lifestyles of the American South. The GAC acronym which once stood for "Great American Country" now stands for "Great American Channels".

Singing shows have had a number of country music singers compete and win. American Idol launched the careers of Carrie Underwood, Kellie Pickler, Josh Gracin, Bucky Covington, Kristy Lee Cook, Danny Gokey, Lauren Alaina and Scotty McCreery. The series Nashville Star, while not nearly as successful as Idol, did manage to bring Miranda Lambert, Kacey Musgraves and Chris Young to mainstream success, also launching the careers of lower-profile musicians such as Buddy Jewell, Sean Patrick McGraw, and Canadian musician George Canyon. Can You Duet? produced the duos Steel Magnolia and Joey + Rory.

Teen sitcoms also have influenced modern country music; in 2008, actress Jennette McCurdy, best known as the sidekick Sam on the teen sitcom iCarly, released her first single and second singles, "So Close" and "Generation Love" in 2011. Another teen sitcom star, Miley Cyrus, of Disney Channel's Hannah Montana, started her career in country with the 2000s single, "The Climb." Cyrus released a duet with her father and country musician, Billy Ray Cyrus, "Ready, Set, Don't Go." Jana Kramer, an actress in the teen drama One Tree Hill, released a country album in 2012 that has produced two hit singles as of 2013. Actresses Hayden Panettiere and Connie Britton began recording country songs as part of their roles in the TV show Nashville, and Pretty Little Liars star Lucy Hale released her debut album Road Between in 2014.

In Canada, CMT broadcasts country music. In the past, the current-day Cottage Life network saw some country focus as Country Canada and later, CBC Country Canada before that network drifted into an alternate network for overflow CBC content as Bold. In earlier decades, CBC Television had country music programming including the show Don Messer's Jubilee. Gordie Tapp's Country Hoedown and its successor, The Tommy Hunter Show, ran for a combined 36 years on the CBC, from 1956 to 1992; in its last nine years on air, the U.S. cable network TNN carried Hunter's show.

In Australia, the Country Music Channel played country music, but ceased operations in June 2020 and was replaced by CMT (owned by Network 10 parent company Paramount Networks UK & Australia).[188] Country HQ showcases new talent on the rise in the country music scene down under. Today, CMC (the Country Music Channel), a 24‑hour music channel dedicated to non-stop country music, can be viewed on pay TV and features once a year the Golden Guitar Awards, CMAs and CCMAs alongside international shows such as The Wilkinsons, The Road Hammers, and Country Music Across America.

In Britain, there is a music video channel is dedicated to country music, Music & Memories, owned by Canis Media.[189]

### Radio

[edit]

In the United States, there are a significant number of local and regional radio broadcasts for country music. There are also satellite radio stations, including The Highway on Sirius XM.[190] In Canada, Stingray Music continues maintains several country music audio-only channels. In the UK, BBC Radio does not offer a full-time country station (BBC Radio 2 Country, a "pop-up" station, operated four days each year between 2015 and 2017).[191]

### Music festivals

[edit]

Main article: List of country music festivals

In the US, one of the largest country music festivals is Stagecoach, held in Palms Spring, California after the annual Coachella festival.[192] In the United States, there are a number of regional country music festivals, some hosted by local radio stations, and others by promoters. Country music artists regularly tour throughout the United States.

Beginning in 1973, Australia hosts the Tamworth Country Music Festival attracting upwards of 100,000 visitors annually. During the festival the CMAA holds the Country Music Awards of Australia ceremony awarding the Golden Guitar trophies. Other significant country music festivals include the Whittlesea Country Music Festival near Melbourne and the Mildura Country Music Festival, hosting independent performers , and the Canberra Country Music Festival held in the national capital during November.

In the UK, There is the C2C: Country to Country festival held every year, and for many years there was a festival at Wembley Arena. Britain's largest music festival Glastonbury has featured major US country acts in recent years, such as Kenny Rogers in 2013 and Dolly Parton in 2014.[193] The British Country Music Festival is an annual three-day festival held in Blackpool, England. It promotes artists from the UK and Ireland. Past headline artists have included Amy Wadge, Ward Thomas, Tom Odell, Nathan Carter, Lisa McHugh, Catherine McGrath, Wildwood Kin, and Henry Priestman.[194]

### Performers

[edit]

Main article: List of country music performers

## Culture

[edit]

### Political messaging

[edit]

Country music, during the 1960s and 1970s, served as a foil to the counterculture folk and rock music of the time, supporting traditional and often conservative beliefs.[195] From its inception, virtually all country music, known as hillbilly music, lacked specific political alignment, and was instead focused on everyday problems and angst of the working class.[196] Merle Haggard's 1969 album Okie from Muskogee brought a staunchly political, conservative take on country music, which proved popular. Republican president Richard Nixon further cemented this conservative musical association during his years in office, by frequently hosting country musicians, declaring October 1970 to be country music month, and by politically pandering to audiences where country music was popular.[197]

Thematically, modern country music has continue to promote cultural and political ideologies such as patriotism, with a focus on the military and conservative values.[198][199] More recently, particularly after the September 11 attacks and the Great Recession, nationalism and economic issues into the mainstream and subsequently in country music. Lee Greenwood's God Bless the USA[200] was revived in popularity following the attacks of September 11, reaching the top of Billboard Hot 100.[201] Many country artists, such as Alan Jackson with his ballad on terrorist attacks, Where Were You (When the World Stopped Turning), wrote songs that celebrated the military, highlighted the gospel, and emphasized home and family values over wealth. Toby Keith's Courtesy of the Red, White and Blue (The Angry American) threatened to put "a boot in" the posterior of the enemy, while Charlie Daniels's This Ain't No Rag, It's a Flag promised to "hunt" the perpetrators "down like a mad dog hound." Darryl Worley recorded Have You Forgotten is another example of a modern, patriotic country song. Country music surged back into popular culture as a result of songs such as these which focused on national identity and patriotism.[202]

In contrast, after The Chicks released their third album Home, in 2003, they fell into controversy because the lead singer commented she did not wish to be from the state as then-President George W. Bush. This comment, at the on-set of the Iraq War, was seen as contradictory to the strong patriotism demonstrated among other country artists.[citation needed] The comments caused a rift between the band and the country music scene, and the band's fourth album, 2006's Taking the Long Way, was commercially successful among non-country audiences but largely ignored among country audiences.

With the revival of country music's popularity in the US during the 2020s, some country music has become affiliated with current ideological beliefs.[203] Notably, Jason Aldean's 2023 single Try that in a small town was released with a music video depicted images of violence in American cities, such as vandalism in urban settings and encounters between police and protestors.[204] Aldean dismissed the claims that it had a political message, and stated the song is about the "unspoken rule...that [w]e all have each other's backs and we look out for each other."[205] In response, Tennessee state representative Justin Jones referred to the song as a "heinous vile racist song" which attempts to normalize "racist, violence, vigilantism and white nationalism."[206] Others understood the lyrics to be supportive of lynchings and sundown towns.[207][208] The song did receive support among prominent Republican politicians, such as Nikki Haley, after its release, and ensuing criticism.[209][210]

### Race in modern country music

[edit]

Mickey Guyton has been praised for breaking barriers as a Black woman.

The history of country music is complex, and the genre draws from influences from both African and European musical traditions.[211] Despite this multicultural origin, country music is today largely associated with white Americans. This has been attributed to the efforts to segregate the music industry by record labels, beginning in the 1920s.[212] However, because country music is a wide genre, sub-genres including Indian and Hispanic country, have existed since the early 1970s.[213][214][215] Furthermore, one of the first artists to perform at the Grand Ole Opry, a famous country music show, was DeFord Bailey, who was African-American.[196] African-American rapper Lil Nas X, whose breakout song Old Town Road, a mixture of country and rap, has achieved widespread success. His aforementioned song topped the Billboard Hot Country Songs list, before controversially being removed, sparking a debate around whether the removal was racially motivated. Billboard denied these allegations, stating that the decision was purely based on musical composition.[216]

Black country-music artist Mickey Guyton had been included among the nominees for the 2021 award.[citation needed] Guyton has expressed bewilderment that, despite substantial coverage by online platforms like Spotify and Apple Music, her music, like that of Valerie June,[citation needed] another black musician who embraces aspects of country in her Appalachian- and Gospel-tinged work and who has been embraced by international music audiences, is still effectively ignored by American broadcast country-music radio.[217] Guyton's 2021 album Remember Her Name in part references the case of black health-care professional Breonna Taylor,[218] who was killed in her home by police.[219]

In 2024, Beyoncé published her country music-inspired eighth studio album Cowboy Carter, a project conceptualized as a journey through a reinvention of Americana, spotlighting the overlooked contributions of Black pioneers to American musical and cultural history.[220][221] The album had a cultural and commercial impact on black country artists, being praised by critics and artists belonging to the music genre.[222][223][224][225][226][227]

## See also

[edit]

* Music portal

* American Country Countdown Awards
* CMT Music Awards
* Country (identity)
* Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum
* Culture of the Southern United States
* Music genre
* List of country music performers
* List of RPM number-one country singles
* Music of the United States
* Western Music Association

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "Country music – Definition". Dictionary.com. Archived from the original on August 7, 2020. Retrieved October 30, 2011.
2. ^ a b Duncan, Dayton; Burns, Ken; Steisel, Susanna; Shumaker, Susan; Baucom, Pam Tubridy; Mosher, Emily; Hinders, Maggie (2019). Country music. New York. ISBN 978-0-525-52054-2. OCLC 1057241126.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
3. ^ a b c Cohen, Ronald D. (2014). "Bill Malone, Alan Lomax, and the Origins of Country Music". Journal of American Folklore. 127 (504): 126–139\. doi:10.5406/jamerfolk.127.504.0126. ISSN 1535-1882.
4. ^ a b c Stimeling, Travis D., ed. (2017-06-06). "Country Music and Fan Culture". The Oxford Handbook of Country Music. pp. 479–494\. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190248178.013.10. ISBN 978-0-19-024817-8.
5. ^ a b "Country Music". Encyclopedia of Arkansas. Retrieved 2025-07-16.
6. ^ Egge, Sara (March 19, 2017). "The Origins of Country Music". Centre College's Norton Center For The Arts. Archived from the original on December 3, 2022. Retrieved December 3, 2022.
7. ^ Ripani, Richard J. (August 1, 2006). The New Blue Music: Changes in Rhythm & Blues, 1950–1999. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 22\. ISBN 978-1-57806-861-6.
8. ^ "Thanks to Morgan Wallen, country music's popularity has surged". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 2025-07-15.
9. ^ Peterson, Richard A. (December 15, 1999). Creating Country Music: Fabricating Authenticity. University of Chicago Press. p. 9\. ISBN 978-0-226-66285-5.
10. ^ "How Hawaiian Music Influenced Country Music". Tiki with Ray. February 22, 2018. Retrieved November 29, 2022.
11. ^ Shah, Haleema (April 25, 2019). "How the Hawaiian Steel Guitar Changed American Music". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved December 3, 2022.
12. ^ "The Birthplace of Country Music". Archived from the original on July 29, 2020. Retrieved July 14, 2020 - via National Geographic.
13. ^ "Dolly Parton, Vince Gill, Marty Stuart, and more, to appear on Orthophonic Joy: The 1927 Bristol Sessions Revisited". Birthplace of Country Music Museum. April 30, 2015. Archived from the original on May 20, 2015. Retrieved September 7, 2016.
14. ^ "Old-Time Music Heritage" Archived January 31, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, Johnson's Depot
15. ^ Wayne Erbsen, "Walter Davis: Fist and Skull Banjo," Bluegrass Unlimited: March 1981, 22–26
16. ^ Simmons, Morgan (April 11, 2016). "Museum of East Tennessee History showcases St. James recording sessions of 1929-30". Knox News. Retrieved February 15, 2022.
17. ^ "CD of Old-Time Smokies Music Nominated for Grammy". Great Smoky Mountains National Park (U.S. National Park Service). December 6, 2012.
18. ^ Opry. "History | Opry". www.opry.com. Retrieved 2025-07-16.
19. ^ Other notable members of the band include Clayton McMichen (fiddle and vocal), Dan Hornsby (vocals), Riley Puckett (guitar and vocal) and Robert Lee Sweat (guitar).
20. ^ a b 78discography.com Archived September 17, 2010, at the Wayback Machine The Online Discography Project.
21. ^ Russell, Tony (November 15, 2007). Country Music Originals: The Legends and the Lost. Oxford University Press, USA. pp. 14, 15, 25, 31, 45, 59, 73, 107, 157, 161, 165, 167, 225. ISBN 978-0-19-532509-6.
22. ^ a b Takecountryback.com, Merle Haggard – Bob Wills Archived May 13, 2008, at the Wayback Machine \- not credible citation.
23. ^ Peterson, Richard A. (1978). "The Production of Cultural Change: The Case of Contemporary Country Music". Social Research. 45 (2): 292–314\. ISSN 0037-783X. JSTOR 40970334.
24. ^ "Despite Hits, No Radio Love Yet For Country Rap". Billboard. Associated Press. July 5, 2014. Retrieved February 15, 2023.
25. ^ Hight, Jewly (2018-03-20). "How The Sound Of Country Music Changed". NPR. Retrieved 2025-07-17.
26. ^ "Dougie Poole – The EARL". The EARL - Music, Booze, and Food in East Atlanta Village. Retrieved 2025-07-17.
27. ^ "Why Country Music is Topping Charts and Filling Arenas | Berklee". www.berklee.edu. Retrieved 2025-07-17.
28. ^ Mossman, Kate (2019-04-20). "Kacey Musgraves: from liberal misfit to country's biggest star". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2025-07-17.
29. ^ Russell, Tony (October 7, 2004). Country Music Records: A Discography, 1921–1942. Oxford University Press on Demand. ISBN 978-0-19-513989-1.
30. ^ "Encyclopedic Dictionary of Victor Recordings". Victor.library.ucsb.edu. Retrieved May 13, 2014.
31. ^ Dicaire, David (July 5, 2007). The First Generation of Country Music Stars: Biographies of 50 Artists Born Before 1940. McFarland. ISBN 9780786485581 - via Google Books.
32. ^ "Our Georgia History". Our Georgia History. Archived from the original on November 21, 2008. Retrieved February 1, 2011.
33. ^ "Blue Ridge Institute & Museum". Blueridgeinstitute.org. Archived from the original on December 6, 2010. Retrieved February 1, 2011.
34. ^ Cohn, Lawrence; Aldin, Mary Katherine; Bastin, Bruce (September 1993). Nothing but the Blues: The Music and the Musicians. Abbeville Press. p. 238. ISBN 978-1-55859-271-1.
35. ^ "Samantha Bumgarner was a musical pioneer". The Sylva Herald. May 9, 2006. Archived from the original on May 9, 2006. Retrieved February 15, 2022.
36. ^ Russell, Tony (November 15, 2007). Country Music Originals: The Legends and the Lost. Oxford University Press, USA. pp. 165, 167, 225. ISBN 978-0-19-532509-6.
37. ^ Footnote: Other important early recording artists were Riley Puckett, Don Richardson, Fiddlin' John Carson, Uncle Dave Macon, Al Hopkins, Ernest V. Stoneman, Blind Alfred Reed, Charlie Poole and the North Carolina Ramblers and the Skillet Lickers.
38. ^ Cohn, Lawrence: "Nothing But the Blues" chapter titles "A Lighter Shade of Blue – White Country Blues" by Charles Wolfe page 247, 1993
39. ^ "Carter Family". Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum. Retrieved 2025-05-03.
40. ^ Russell, Tony (November 15, 2007). Country Music Originals: The Legends and the Lost. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 68. ISBN 978-0-19-532509-6.
41. ^ Weisbard, Eric (2004). This is Pop: In Search of the Elusive at Experience Music Project. Harvard University Press. pp. 155–172. ISBN 978-0-674-01321-6.
42. ^ "JIMMIE RODGERS SINGLES". LPdiscography.com. Archived from the original on January 25, 2010. Retrieved February 1, 2011.
43. ^ "Alamhof.org". Archived from the original on May 23, 2008.
44. ^ Nothing But the Blues 1993, White Country Blues by Charles Wolfe page 233 - needs improvement in the citation, ISBN?
45. ^ Southernmusic.net Archived February 7, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, the Carter Family.
46. ^ Smith, David. "The Grand Ole Opry history started on the 28th of November 1925, with George D. Hay, who was its first director". Grand Ole Opry. Retrieved July 27, 2019.
47. ^ a b "Instruments | Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum|Nashville, Tennessee". Archived from the original on July 23, 2008.
48. ^ Empsfm.org , exhibitions – online features Archived December 3, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
49. ^ "Roughstock's History of Country Music – Cowboy Music". Roughstock.com. Archived from the original on February 16, 2004. Retrieved February 1, 2011.
50. ^ Cliff Bruner, Moon Mullican, Milton Brown and Adolph Hofner were other early western swing pioneers. Spade Cooley and Tex Williams also had very popular bands and appeared in films.
51. ^ Other country boogie artists included Moon Mullican, Merrill Moore and Tennessee Ernie Ford.
52. ^ Wolfe, Charles K.; James Edward Akenson (2005). Country Music Goes to War. University Press of Kentucky. p. 55\. ISBN 978-0-8131-7188-3.
53. ^ Cohen, Norm (April 17, 2000). Long Steel Rail: The Railroad in American Folksong (2d ed.). University of Illinois Press. p. 31\. ISBN 978-0-252-06881-2.
54. ^ Cohen, Norm (2000). Long Steel Rail: The Railroad in American Folksong. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-06881-2. Retrieved February 1, 2011.
55. ^ Country Music Magazine (Périodique) (1994). The Comprehensive Country Music Encyclopedia. A country music magazine press book. Times Books. p. 39\. ISBN 978-0-8129-2247-9. Retrieved June 16, 2021.
56. ^ Ingman, J. (1997). A.O.K.: Record Labels of West Texas & New Mexico. Ingman Music Research. Retrieved June 16, 2021.
57. ^ Haslam, Gerald W.; Haslam, Alexandra Russell; Chon, Richard (April 1, 1999). Workin' Man Blues: Country Music in California. University of California Press. p. 135. ISBN 978-0-520-21800-0.
58. ^ East Texan Al Dexter had a hit with "Honky Tonk Blues", and seven years later "Pistol Packin' Mama". Others include Ernest Tubb, Kitty Wells (the first major female country solo singer), Ted Daffan, Floyd Tillman, the Maddox Brothers and Rose, Lefty Frizzell and Hank Williams
59. ^ a b c Hamilton, Shane (2008). "Agrarian Trucking Culture and Deregulatory Capitalism, 1960–80". Trucking Country: The Road to America's Wal-Mart Economy. Princeton University Press. pp. 187–232\. ISBN 9780691135823. JSTOR j.ctt7t2vg.12.
60. ^ Konc, Riane KoncRiane (2018-07-27). "Top 10 Country Albums of the 1960s". The Boot. Retrieved 2025-07-18.
61. ^ Western musicians like Michael Martin Murphey, New Mexico music artists Al Hurricane and Antonia Apodaca, Tejano music performer Little Joe, and even folk revivalist John Denver, all first rose to prominence during this time.
62. ^ Leading artists in this genre included Jim Reeves, Skeeter Davis, Connie Smith, the Browns,Gilliland 1969, shows 10–11 Patsy Cline, and Eddy Arnold.
63. ^ "Rockhall.com". Rockhall.com. Retrieved February 1, 2011.
64. ^ Top artists included Tammy Wynette, Lynn Anderson and Charlie Rich, as well as such former "hard country" artists as Ray Price and Marty Robbins.
65. ^ "Billboard Hot 100 1962". Billboard. Archived from the original on January 9, 2010. Retrieved February 1, 2011.
66. ^ Gilliland 1969, show 16.
67. ^ Bill Haley's biography Archived May 27, 2010, at the Wayback Machine at the Rockabilly Hall of Fame. Retrieved June 20, 2020.
68. ^ Gilliland 1969, shows 7–8.
69. ^ "Hot Country Songs 1956". Billboard. Archived from the original on October 20, 2006. Retrieved February 1, 2011.
70. ^ "Merle Haggard: Biography". CMT. April 6, 1937. Archived from the original on April 6, 2010. Retrieved February 1, 2011.
71. ^ Buckowens.com, Buck Owen's Crystal Palace: About Buck Archived December 13, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
72. ^ June-Friesen, Katy (September 7, 2011). "The Cowboy in Country Music". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved February 5, 2020.
73. ^ "The Best and Worst Country Fashion Trends in History". Wide Open Country. August 9, 2018. Retrieved February 5, 2020.
74. ^ "What is Red Dirt?". Radio Texas, LIVE!. April 11, 2018. Retrieved February 5, 2020.
75. ^ "The 10 Best Songs of New Mexico Music, America's Forgotten Folk Genre". Latino USA. November 8, 2017. Retrieved February 5, 2020.
76. ^ Dansby, Andrew (October 15, 2006). "Freddy Fender, 'giant of Texas music,' dies at 69". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved February 5, 2020.
77. ^ "Little Joe's Big Life". Texas Highways. December 16, 2016. Retrieved February 5, 2020.
78. ^ Beaujohn, Andrew (November 18, 2007). "Alt-Country Finds Red Dirt Under Its Nails". The New York Times. Retrieved September 5, 2018.
79. ^ [1][dead link]
80. ^ Sixthman. "Joe Ely Band".
81. ^ "Giley, Rodriguez, Spread Fame Of Texas Country Music Heritage". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. September 7, 1974.
82. ^ "The Roots of Country Music" Collectors Edition by Life, September 1, 1994, page 72
83. ^ Songs included: "Rocky Mountain High", "Sunshine on My Shoulders", "Annie's Song", "Thank God I'm a Country Boy", and "I'm Sorry"
84. ^ Christina Maxouris and Alta Spells (March 21, 2020). "Legendary country singer Kenny Rogers dies at 81". CNN. Retrieved November 1, 2021.
85. ^ Hemphill, Paul (1975). "Nashville—Where It All Started". Saturday Evening Post. 247 (3): 44–86.
86. ^ These included: Nelson charted "Always on My Mind" (#5, 1982) and "To All the Girls I've Loved Before" (#5, 1984, a duet with Julio Iglesias), and Newton achieved success with "Queen of Hearts" (#2, 1981) and "Angel of the Morning" (#4, 1981).
87. ^ Four country songs topped the Billboard Hot 100 in the 1980s: "Lady" by Kenny Rogers, from the late fall of 1980; "9 to 5" by Dolly Parton, "I Love a Rainy Night" by Eddie Rabbitt (these two back-to-back at the top in early 1981); and "Islands in the Stream", a duet by Dolly Parton and Kenny Rogers in 1983, a pop-country crossover.
88. ^ Allmusic.com, Gram Parsons: Overview
89. ^ "Gram Parsons". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on April 29, 2009.
90. ^ In the decades that followed, artists such as Juice Newton, Alabama, Hank Williams, Jr. (and, to an even greater extent, Hank Williams III), Gary Allan, Shania Twain, Brooks & Dunn, Faith Hill, Garth Brooks, Dwight Yoakam, Steve Earle, Dolly Parton, Rosanne Cash and Linda Ronstadt moved country further towards rock influence.
91. ^ a b Haslam, Gerald W.; Haslam, Alexandra Russell; Chon, Richard (April 1, 1999). Workin' Man Blues: Country Music in California. University of California Press. p. 259. ISBN 978-0-520-21800-0.
92. ^ Former pop stars Bill Medley (of the Righteous Brothers), "England Dan" Seals (of England Dan and John Ford Coley), Tom Jones, and Merrill Osmond (both alone and with some of his brothers; his younger sister Marie Osmond was already an established country star) all recorded significant country hits in the early 1980s.
93. ^ a b "Truck Driving Country Music". All Media Guide LLC. Archived from the original on June 4, 2012. Retrieved February 24, 2009.
94. ^ "Dave Dudley: Albums, Songs, Bios, Photos". Amazon. Retrieved February 24, 2009.
95. ^ Other notable acts include Dave Dudley, Red Sovine, Dick Curless, Red Simpson, Del Reeves, the Willis Brothers and Jerry Reed, with C. W. McCall and Cledus Maggard (pseudonyms of Bill Fries and Jay Huguely, respectively) being more humorous entries in the subgenre.
96. ^ Artists include Travis Tritt, Reba McEntire, George Strait, Keith Whitley, Alan Jackson, John Anderson, Patty Loveless, Kathy Mattea, Randy Travis, Dwight Yoakam, Clint Black, Ricky Skaggs, and the Judds.
97. ^ "R&B Enjoying Rare Dominance Over Rap". Billboard. April 24, 2004. p. 68. Retrieved April 25, 2018.
98. ^ "Country is No. 1 musical style". Reading Eagle. August 19, 1992. Retrieved July 26, 2010.
99. ^ "Country music reflects the time". Herald-Journal. September 27, 1992. Retrieved July 26, 2010.
100. ^ Hurst, Jack (November 25, 1993). "Country music is making waves across the seas". thestar.com. Archived from the original on May 6, 2011. Retrieved July 26, 2010.
101. ^ Neal, Jocelyn R. "Country Music". Oxford music online.
102. ^ Other popular artists at the time include: Clint Black, John Michael Montgomery, Tracy Lawrence, Tim McGraw, Kenny Chesney, Travis Tritt, Alan Jackson and the newly formed duo of Brooks & Dunn. Other artists such as Brooks and Dunn ("Boot Scootin' Boogie") also combined conventional country with slick, rock elements, while Lorrie Morgan, Mary Chapin Carpenter, and Kathy Mattea updated neotraditionalist styles
103. ^ The Roots of Country Music" Collectors Edition by Life, September 1, 1994
104. ^ W. C. Malone, Country Music, U.S.A. (Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 2nd edn., 2002), ISBN 0-292-75262-8, p. 451.
105. ^ Artists from outside California who were associated with early alternative country included singer-songwriters such as Lucinda Williams, Lyle Lovett and Steve Earle, the Nashville country rock band Jason and the Scorchers, the Providence "cowboy pop" band Rubber Rodeo, and the British post-punk band the Mekons.
106. ^ Deming, Mark. "Guitar Town – Steve Earle". AllMusic. Retrieved October 31, 2016.
107. ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Dwight Yoakam | Biography & History". AllMusic. Retrieved August 7, 2019.
108. ^ a b C. Smith, 101 Albums That Changed Popular Music (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), ISBN 0-19-537371-5, pp. 204–9.
109. ^ Other acts who became prominent in the alt-country genre included the Bottle Rockets, the Handsome Family, Blue Mountain, Robbie Fulks, Blood Oranges, Bright Eyes, Drive-By Truckers, Old 97's, Old Crow Medicine Show, Nickel Creek, Neko Case, and Whiskeytown. Alt-country, in various iterations overlapped with other genres, including Red Dirt country music (Cross Canadian Ragweed), jam bands (My Morning Jacket and the String Cheese Incident), and indie folk (the Avett Brothers). Note that following Uncle Tupelo's disbanding in 1994, its members formed two significant bands in the genre: Wilco and Son Volt. Although Wilco's sound had moved away from country and towards indie rock by the time they released their critically acclaimed album Yankee Hotel Foxtrot in 2002, they have continued to be an influence on later alt-country artists.
110. ^ Moss, Marissa R. (February 12, 2019). "How Kacey Musgraves' Grammy Wins Give Country Radio a Choice to Make". Rolling Stone. Retrieved April 22, 2019.
111. ^ "Bluegrass, Roots, Americana, and Folk Music | San Diego Troubadour". sandiegotroubadour.com. February 1, 2014. Retrieved March 4, 2024.
112. ^ Rosenberg, Neil V. (2001). Bluegrass music. Oxford Music Online. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.03309.
113. ^ Newer artists like Billy Strings, the Grascals, Molly Tuttle, Tyler Childers and the Infamous Stringdusters have been increasing the popularity of this genre, alongside some of the genres more established stars who still remain popular including Rhonda Vincent, Alison Krauss and Union Station, Ricky Skaggs and Del McCoury. Other artists include New South (band), Doc Watson, Osborne Brothers, and many others.
114. ^ Chilton, Martin (May 2, 2023). "Americana: How Country And Roots Music Found A "Brand New Dance"". uDiscover Music. Retrieved March 4, 2024.
115. ^ "Readers' Poll: 10 Best Carrie Underwood Songs". Rolling Stone. March 10, 2015. Retrieved February 15, 2022.
116. ^ Mercuri, Monica. "Kacey Musgraves Reclaims Top Country Albums No. 1 Following Grammy Success". Forbes. Retrieved April 21, 2021.
117. ^ "Kacey Musgraves' Golden Year: After dominating the year with her own brand of cosmic country, the singer looks ahead to 2019 and the Grammys". Rolling Stone. December 21, 2018.
118. ^ Richards, Chris (February 14, 2011). "Esperanza Spalding, Arcade Fire top a night of upsets at 2011 Grammys". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 13, 2011.
119. ^ a b "As Gen Z Matures, Country Music Moves Into a New Age With Huge Potential". Billboard. Retrieved February 15, 2022.
120. ^ Moss, Marissa R. (December 18, 2019). "20 Country Songs by Women That Should Have Been Hits". Rolling Stone. Retrieved April 21, 2021.
121. ^ Hight, Jewly (August 9, 2018). "In the Write: The Evolution of Country Music in Nashville". Vulture. Retrieved April 21, 2021.
122. ^ Supporting this movement is the new generation of contemporary pop-country, including Taylor Swift, Miranda Lambert, Carrie Underwood, Kacey Musgraves, Miley Cyrus, Billy Ray Cyrus, Sam Hunt, Chris Young.
123. ^ a b Nugent, Addison (11 June 2020). "The story of queer country music – and its message of hope". BBC. Retrieved April 21, 2021.
124. ^ Hight, Jewly (March 20, 2021). "How The Sound Of Country Music Changed". NPR. Retrieved April 21, 2021.
125. ^ Caramanica, Jon (2025-04-29). "Beyoncé's Cowboy Carter Tour Remixes American History, and Her Own". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2025-07-15.
126. ^ "Lil Nas X hit 'Old Town Road' makes Billboard charts history". Associated Press. August 13, 2019. Retrieved April 21, 2021.
127. ^ "Sam Hunt Scores Country Charts Feat Last Achieved 22 Years Ago". Billboard. Retrieved February 15, 2022.
128. ^ Chow, Andrew R. (July 27, 2019). "Blanco Brown Talks 'The Git Up' and the Fusion of Country and Rap". Time. Retrieved December 11, 2022.
129. ^ "Industry Ink: Parmalee & Blanco Brown, Visionary Media Group, PLA Media". MusicRow.com. June 22, 2021. Retrieved December 11, 2022.
130. ^ Zisman, Erica (March 8, 2022). "Who Is Breland? The Story Behind His Journey to Country Music". CS. Retrieved December 11, 2022.
131. ^ "DISClaimer Single Reviews: Jordan Davis Gives 'The Sound Of A Superstar In Training'". MusicRow.com. November 17, 2022. Retrieved December 11, 2022.
132. ^ Crouch, Ian (July 24, 2014). "Taking Country Music back from the Bros". The New Yorker.
133. ^ Krill, Patrick R. (August 21, 2014). "Country Music and the Rise of the Binge-Drinking Bro". HuffPost. Retrieved February 15, 2022.
134. ^ Kanuch, Nathan (March 5, 2018). "Re-visiting Bro-Country". Medium. Retrieved June 12, 2022.
135. ^ Jessen, Wade (January 6, 2014). "Florida Georgia Line's 'Cruise' Sets All-Time Country Sales Record". Billboard. Retrieved February 15, 2022.
136. ^ Eldridge, David (January 6, 2014). "COUNTRY TIMES: 'Bro-country' vs. traditional: Bring on the fight". The Washington Times.
137. ^ Parton, Chris (February 26, 2015). "Bro Country Mashup Guy Confronts Radio Programmers: What Does the Future of Country Radio Hold?". CMT. Archived from the original on February 27, 2015.
138. ^ a b Bogursky, Sasha (June 12, 2014). "Country music is not dead: Give bro' country a chance". Fox News. Retrieved February 15, 2022.
139. ^ Smith, Grady (October 1, 2013). "How country music went crazy: A comprehensive timeline of the genre's identity crisis". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved February 15, 2022.
140. ^ McCarthy, Amy (June 18, 2014). "Bro Country's Sexism Is Ruining Country Music". Dallas Observer. Archived from the original on February 14, 2015. Retrieved February 15, 2022.
141. ^ Whitaker, Sterling (November 15, 2014). "Kenny Chesney Covers Billboard, Speaks Out on Country Songs That 'Objectify' Women". Taste of Country.
142. ^ Carlson, Adam (October 14, 2014). "'Bro Country' Is Still Thriving, Even If Everyone Hates It". Time.
143. ^ "Kane Brown Joins Taylor Swift, Luke Bryan With Latest RIAA Milestone". September 29, 2020. Archived from the original on October 30, 2020. Retrieved April 3, 2021.
144. ^ "Songs That Defined the Decade: Zedd, Grey and Maren Morris' 'The Middle'". Billboard. November 21, 2019. Retrieved February 15, 2022.
145. ^ McKenna, Brittney (January 23, 2018). "Hear Maren Morris Sing on Vibrant New Zedd Song 'The Middle'". Rolling Stone. Retrieved April 21, 2021.
146. ^ a b c "CMAworld.com". Archived from the original on September 23, 2010.
147. ^ Lib.unc.edu Archived July 29, 2013, at the Wayback Machine "Country Music Figures Donate Papers, Give Concert"
148. ^ Radio, N. T. S. "Reimagining Country w/ Jamal Khadar". NTS Radio. Retrieved 2025-07-15.
149. ^ Khadar, Jamal (2022-08-10). "The devil went down to Gambia! The surprising history of African country music". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2025-07-15.
150. ^ Popoola, Tayo (November 10, 2017). "Jim - We Love You Because..., an episode of BBC podcast: Why is country music a hit in Nigeria?". BBC Radio 4. Whistledown Production (by BBC Radio 4). Retrieved July 15, 2025.
151. ^ Khadar, Jamaal (April 26, 2025). "Reimagining Country: The Country Kingdom of Eswatini". nts.live (Audio). NTS Radio. Retrieved July 15, 2025.
152. ^ "8 African Country Musicians You Should Check Out | OkayAfrica". www.okayafrica.com. Retrieved 2025-07-18.
153. ^ Teinert, Dieter. "Various - The Origins Of Congo & Zambia Guitar music 1957-1958 - ND023". deejay.de (in German). Retrieved 2025-07-18.
154. ^ a b c d Kitazawa, Yosuke (September 11, 2019). "Y'All Come: Japan's Country Music Scene". PBS SoCal. Retrieved October 13, 2022.
155. ^ "Honky-Tonk Tokyo". AFAR Media. July 7, 2020. Retrieved October 13, 2022.
156. ^ Nerozzi, Timothy (January 16, 2020). "Clocking up the years with Charlie Nagatani, Japan's country king". The Japan Times. Retrieved October 14, 2022.
157. ^ "See inside the Little Texas Bar and Grille in Tokyo". KPRC. August 8, 2021. Retrieved October 14, 2022.
158. ^ "赤坂カントリーミュージック ライブハウス". 赤坂カントリーミュージック ライブハウス (in Japanese). Retrieved October 14, 2022.
159. ^ "Country Roads". The Hindu. Archived from the original on July 7, 2011. Retrieved July 19, 2011.
160. ^ Buried Country, the story of Aboriginal country music. Accessed July 15, 2025. This review gives an introduction to the film, produced by the Australia National Interest Program https://www.nfsa.gov.au/sites/default/files/05-2017/buried_country_tn.pdf
161. ^ "Tribute to Auriel Andrew". 3CR Community Radio. 2025-03-07. Retrieved 2025-07-15.
162. ^ "A national identity | National Library of Australia (NLA)". www.library.gov.au. Retrieved 2025-07-15.
163. ^ "Bush songs and music – Australia's Culture Portal". Cultureandrecreation.gov.au. Archived from the original on April 6, 2011. Retrieved February 1, 2011.
164. ^ "Australian country music – Australia's Culture Portal". Cultureandrecreation.gov.au. November 24, 2006. Archived from the original on February 17, 2011. Retrieved February 1, 2011.
165. ^ Duncan, Jamie (August 6, 2008). "Reg Lindsay, country great, takes final bow – Local News – News – General". The Canberra Times. Archived from the original on August 7, 2008. Retrieved February 1, 2011.
166. ^ "Civics | Paul Kelly (1955–)". Civicsandcitizenship.edu.au. June 14, 2005. Archived from the original on June 2, 2011. Retrieved February 1, 2011.
167. ^ Liebig, Lorie (2022-08-08). "Remembering Olivia Newton-John's 10 Best Country Hits". Taste of Country. Retrieved 2025-07-15.
168. ^ "Australian folk music – Australia's Culture Portal". Cultureandrecreation.gov.au. Archived from the original on February 17, 2011. Retrieved February 1, 2011.
169. ^ a b Wolfe, Charles K.; James Edward Akenson (2003). The Women of Country Music. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 162=163.
170. ^ Martin, Annie (April 14, 2017). "Shania Twain joins 'The Voice' as key adviser". United Press International. Archived from the original on August 18, 2017. Retrieved August 18, 2017.
171. ^ Gordinier, Jeff (November 8, 2002). "Shania Twain Does Not Believe in Tears". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on September 25, 2011. Retrieved March 4, 2011.
172. ^ "Ian & Sylvia". Canadian Music Hall Of Fame. Retrieved 2025-07-15.
173. ^ "Country-musikken har gjort ei klassereise i Noreg" (in Norwegian Nynorsk). Forskning.no. November 19, 2023. Retrieved December 28, 2023.
174. ^ "CMAT details forthcoming third album, EURO-COUNTRY". The Line of Best Fit. Retrieved 2025-06-20.
175. ^ Escamilla, Maria (October 7, 2022). "Tejano And Country Music: Six Key Figures". Yahoo. Archived from the original on October 24, 2022. Retrieved January 7, 2023.
176. ^ Lamitschka, Christian (October 23, 2021). "Freddy Fender. 15 Years Gone But Never Forgotten". Country Music News International. Retrieved October 13, 2022.
177. ^ "Marty Robbins, 'El Paso'". Rolling Stone Australia. 2024-05-26. Retrieved 2024-11-14.
178. ^ "Country2.com". Retrieved February 1, 2011.
179. ^ "گزارشی از فعالیت‌های جدید گروه موسیقی کنتریِ "دریم رووِرز" مجله موسیقی ملودی". Archived from the original on July 28, 2012. Retrieved August 14, 2012.
180. ^ "Dream Rovers – Biography". Retrieved August 14, 2012.
181. ^ "آلبوم فلاش‌بک از گروه موسیقی دریم روورز مجله موسیقی ملودی". Archived from the original on October 31, 2012. Retrieved August 14, 2012.
182. ^ "How Did Toby Keith Get To Do A Concert In Saudi Arabia?". NPR. May 22, 2017. Retrieved October 13, 2022.
183. ^ "Women and whisky: country star Toby Keith to sing during Trump Saudi Arabia visit". the Guardian. Agence France-Presse. May 19, 2017. Retrieved October 13, 2022.
184. ^ Plis, Ivan (May 18, 2017). "Sending Toby Keith to Saudi Arabia Is a Genius Move". The National Interest. Retrieved October 13, 2022.
185. ^ Stassen, Murray (March 9, 2015). "The Shires become first UK country act to reach Albums Chart Top 10". Music Week. Retrieved March 9, 2015.
186. ^ Sexton, Paul (September 9, 2016). "Ward Thomas Is First Homegrown Country Act to Score No. 1 Album on U.K. Charts". Billboard. Retrieved May 24, 2023.
187. ^ Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 320\. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
188. ^ Carr, Debbie (2020-05-04). "Foxtel music channels [V], MAX and CMC to be axed". NME. Retrieved 2025-01-07.
189. ^ "Country music for the masses? Keep It Country has confirmed it will be expanding its Freeview coverage". a516digital. Archived from the original on 2019-01-14.
190. ^ "The Highway: Today's Country Music". SiriusXM. Retrieved 2025-07-17.
191. ^ "BBC reveals 2025 country programming highlights ahead of C2C Festival". www.musicweek.com. Retrieved 2025-07-15.
192. ^ "Stagecoach Country Music Festival 2024 in Palm Springs, CA". www.visitgreaterpalmsprings.com. Retrieved 2025-07-17.
193. ^ "Why Britain is taking country music to its achy-breaky heart". The Guardian. Retrieved May 24, 2023.
194. ^ "Live Review: The British Country Music Festival – maverick-country.com". September 13, 2022. Retrieved September 19, 2022.
195. ^ "Brandy Clark: Country Music as an Avenue for Social Change". www.brandeis.edu. Retrieved 2025-07-15.
196. ^ a b "Country Music Doesn't Deserve Its Conservative Reputation". jacobin.com. Retrieved January 17, 2024.
197. ^ Debbie, Elliott (February 18, 2007). "The Conservative Evolution of Country Music". NPR. Retrieved January 17, 2024.
198. ^ "10 America Songs You Should Be Listening Right Now". Country Thang Daily. January 28, 2021. Retrieved October 13, 2022.
199. ^ Moore, Bobby (July 4, 2022). "20 Most Patriotic Country Songs". Wide Open Country. Retrieved October 13, 2022.
200. ^ Mendez, Katy (October 15, 2020). "Lee Greenwood, 'God Bless the USA' singer, to perform at Trump rally in Central Texas". www.kwtx.com. Retrieved October 13, 2022.
201. ^ tolsen (2013-01-02). "Billboard Hot 100™". Billboard. Retrieved 2025-07-15.
202. ^ Neal, Jocelyn. "Country Music". Oxford Music Online. Oxford University Press. Retrieved February 21, 2015.
203. ^ "A Country Divided on Country | Writing about Music USEM Spring 2023". sites.nd.edu. Retrieved 2025-07-15.
204. ^ Beaumont-Thomas, Ben (2023-07-19). "'There's nothing American about promoting violence': country star Jason Aldean criticised for anti-protest song". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2025-07-15.
205. ^ Olson, Emily (2023-07-20). "How Jason Aldean's 'Try That in a Small Town' became a political controversy". NPR. Retrieved 2025-07-15.
206. ^ Kaufman, Gil (July 20, 2023). "Jason Aldean's 'Try That in a Small Town' Condemned as 'Vile Racist Song' By Tennessee State Rep. Justin Jones". Billboard. Retrieved August 2, 2023.
207. ^ Skipworth, William (July 18, 2023). "Jason Aldean Sees Backlash For Music Video About Guns And Police Protesters". Forbes. Retrieved August 2, 2023.
208. ^ Power, Shannon (July 17, 2023). "Jason Aldean's New Song Sparks Outrage Over Guns—'Very Scary Lyrics'". Newsweek. Retrieved August 2, 2023.
209. ^ "Jason Aldean's 'Try This in a Small Town' is shameful. Naturally, it's the right's song of the summer". Los Angeles Times. 2023-07-20. Retrieved 2025-07-15.
210. ^ "Haley and Ramaswamy play Jason Aldean song 'Try That In A Small Town' at campaign events". NBC News. 2023-07-21. Retrieved 2025-07-15.
211. ^ "On the Complicated Legacy of American Country Music". Literary Hub. November 14, 2018. Retrieved January 17, 2024.
212. ^ "Why Is Country Music Considered So White?". HuffPost. July 17, 2019. Retrieved January 17, 2024.
213. ^ Romero, Simon; Zehbrauskas, Adriana (November 30, 2019). "Navajo Country Music Shatters 'Cowboys and Indians' Stereotypes". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 17, 2024.
214. ^ "Hispanic American country music artists spotlight the genre's next evolution". The Tennessean. Retrieved January 17, 2024.
215. ^ Sapiens (July 23, 2019). "Why Navajos Love Their Country Music". SAPIENS. Retrieved January 17, 2024.
216. ^ "Billboard removes rapper Lil Nas X from country chart". AP News. March 29, 2019. Retrieved January 17, 2024.
217. ^ McKenna, Lyndsey (August 3, 2021). "Mickey Guyton, 'Remember Her Name'". NPR.
218. ^ "On Debut Album, Mickey Guyton Remembers Her Name". NPR. September 24, 2021. Retrieved December 28, 2023.
219. ^ Booker, Brakkton; Treisman, Rachel (March 13, 2021). "A Year After Breonna Taylor's Killing, Family Says There's 'No Accountability'". NPR.
220. ^ Porter, Britney (April 1, 2024). "The Impact Of Beyoncé's 'Cowboy Carter' Album Cover—Its Symbolic Disruption Of Social And Historical Inaccuracies". Forbes. Retrieved September 10, 2024.
221. ^ Aniftos, Rania (June 21, 2024). "Beyonce Talks 'Breaking Down Barriers' With 'Cowboy Carter,' Thanks Fans Who 'Trusted Me' Throughout the Process". Billboard. Retrieved September 10, 2024.
222. ^ Crumpton, Taylor (September 10, 2024). "The Beyoncé CMA Snub and Country Music's Dangerous Hierarchy". Time. Retrieved September 10, 2024.
223. ^ "The "Cowboy Carter Effect" — Increasing young Black listeners' engagement with country music". Nielsen. June 30, 2024. Retrieved September 10, 2024.
224. ^ Fekadu, Mesfin (June 20, 2024). "How 'Cowboy Carter' Changed My Life: Shaboozey, Brittney Spencer and Tiera Kennedy on Seminal Beyoncé Album". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved September 10, 2024.
225. ^ Dyck, John (2021). "The aesthetics of country music". Philosophy Compass. 16 (5) e12729. doi:10.1111/phc3.12729. ISSN 1747-9991.
226. ^ Pecknold, Diane (2007). The Selling Sound. Duke University Press. doi:10.1215/9780822390305. ISBN 978-0-8223-4059-1.
227. ^ Mackay, Jock (1994). "Bill C. MALONE, Singing Cowboys and Musical Mountaineers : Southern Culture and the Roots of Country Music (Athens and London, University of Georgia Press, 1993, pp. x+158, foreword, preface, introduction, notes, index, ISBN 0-8203-1483- 8, U.S. $24.95 cloth)". Ethnologies. 16 (2): 154. doi:10.7202/1083383ar. ISSN 1481-5974.

[1]

## Further reading

[edit]

* Biracree, Tom (1993). The country music almanac: Tom Biracree. Macmillan General Reference. ISBN 978-0-671-79761-4.
* Dawidoff, Nicholas (April 28, 1998). In the Country of Country: A Journey to the Roots of American Music. Vintage. ISBN 978-0-375-70082-8.
* Doggett, Peter (2000). Are You Ready for the Country: Elvis, Dylan, Parsons and the Roots of Country Rock. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-026108-0.
* Escott, Colin (August 1, 2002). Roadkill on the Three-Chord Highway: Art and Trash in American Popular Music. New York : Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-93783-2.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)
* Gilliland, John (1969). "Tennessee Firebird: American country music before and after Elvis" (audio). Pop Chronicles. University of North Texas Libraries.
* Harris, Stacy (October 1, 1993). The Best of Country: The Essential Cd Guide. Collins Pub San Francisco. ISBN 978-0-00-255335-3.
* Thomas S. Johnson (1981) "That Ain't Country: The Distinctiveness of Commercial Western Music" JEMF Quarterly. Vol. 17, No. 62. Summer, 1981. pp 75–84.
* Keevil, Sabine (February 1, 2002). Guitars & Cadillacs. Sabine Keevil. ISBN 978-0-9689973-0-7.
* Peter La Chapelle (April 15, 2007). Proud to Be an Okie: Cultural Politics, Country Music, And Migration to Southern California. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-24889-2.
* Bill Legere (1977). Record Collectors Guide of Country LPs. Limited ed. Mississauga, Ont.: W.J. Legere. 269, 25, 29, 2 p., thrice perforated and looseleaf. Without ISBN
* Bill Legere ([1977]). E[lectrical] T[anscription]s: Transcription Library of Bill Legere. Mississauga, Ont.: B. Legere. 3 vols., each of which is thrice perforated and looseleaf. N.B.: Vol. 1–2, Country Artists—vol. 2, Pop Artists. Without ISBN
* Malone, Bill C. (1985). Country music, U.S.A.. University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-71096-2.
* Malone, Bill C. (2001). Don't Get Above Your Raisin': Country Music and the Southern Working Class. University of Illinois Press. pp. 151–152. ISBN 0-252-02678-0.
* Diane Pecknold (ed.) Hidden in the Mix: The African American Presence in Country Music. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2013.
* Peterson, Richard A. (December 15, 1999). Creating Country Music: Fabricating Authenticity. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-66285-5.
* Stamper, Pete (1999). It All Happened In Renfro Valley. University of Kentucky Press. ISBN 978-0-8131-0975-6.

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Country music.

Wikiquote has quotations related to Country music.

* The Country Music Association – Nashville, Tennessee(CMA)
* Western Music Association (WMA) Archived October 17, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
* Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum – Nashville, Tennessee
* Grand Ole Opry – Nashville, Tennessee
* Irish country music Archived February 23, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
* Country Music Festivals Ontario Website
* Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame Foundation
* TIME Archive of country music's progression
* Xroad.virginia.edu, alt country from American Studies at the University of Virginia
* Largest collection of online Country music radio stations
* Kingwood Kowboy's History Of Country Music
* A Treasure Trove for Country Music Collectors. The British Archive of Country Music Records, BACM, is dedicated to the preservation of traditional country music

* v
* t
* e

Country music genres

Genres|

* Bluegrass
* Progressive
* Traditional
* Christian country music
* Country en Español
* Country and Irish
* Country pop
* Bro-country
* Cowboy pop
* Country rap
* Country rock
* Alternative country
* Americana
* Cowpunk
* Gothic country
* Gothic Western
* Rockabilly
* Gothabilly
* Psychobilly
* Roots rock
* Heartland rock
* Southern rock
* Swamp rock
* Honky-tonk
* Neotraditional country
* Norteño
* Outlaw country
* Progressive country
* Sertanejo music
* Southern soul
* Talking blues
* Traditional country music
* Truck-driving country
* Western music
* New Mexico music
* Red dirt
* Tejano
* Texas country music
* Western swing

Regional scenes|

* Atlantan
* Australian
* Bush band
* Bakersfield sound
* Canadian
* Canadian fiddle
* Cape Breton fiddle
* Métis fiddle
* Quebec fiddle
* Newfoundland & Labrador
* Lubbock sound
* Nashville sound
* Nigerian
* UK
* West Country / Scrumpy and Western

Related|

* Appalachian music
* Cajun music
* Classic country
* Country radio
* Rock and roll

* v
* t
* e

Rock music

Components|

* Backbeat
* Distortion
* Rock band
* Electric guitar
* Electric bass
* Rhythm section
* Drum kit

Genres by
decade of origin
(sub-subgenres
not included)|

| 1950s|

* Instrumental rock
* Latin rock
* Pop rock
* Rock and roll
* British
* Rockabilly
* Surf music

|

1960s|

* Anatolian rock
* Art rock
* Baroque rock
* Beat music
* Big-beat
* Blues rock
* Boogie rock
* Chamber pop
* Christian rock
* Comedy rock
* Country rock
* Electronic rock
* Experimental rock
* Flamenco rock
* Folk rock
* Garage rock
* Hard rock
* Heavy metal
* Jam
* Jazz rock
* Krautrock
* Noise rock
* Occult rock
* Progressive rock
* Psychedelic rock
* Raga rock
* Roots rock
* Samba rock
* Soft rock
* Southern rock
* Space rock
* Swamp rock

1970s|

* Arena rock
* Cello rock
* Cock rock
* Dance-rock
* Funk rock
* Glam rock
* Heartland rock
* Industrial rock
* New wave
* Post-progressive
* Post-punk
* Power pop
* Pub rock (Australia)
* Pub rock (United Kingdom)
* Punk rock
* Shock rock
* Soft rock
* Visual kei
* Yacht rock

1980s|

* Alternative rock
* Deathrock
* Dream pop
* Gothic rock
* Grebo
* Grunge
* Indie rock
* Jangle pop
* Rap rock
* Rock kapak
* Shoegaze
* Slacker rock
* Trop rock

1990s|

* Britpop
* Emo
* Math rock
* Post-grunge
* Post-rock
* Stoner rock
* Sufi rock
* Viking rock

Regional scenes|

| North America|

* American
* Palm Desert Scene
* Canadian
* Costa Rican
* Cuban
* Dominican
* Haitian
* Mexican
* Chicano rock
* Puerto Rican

|

South America|

* Argentine
* Brazilian
* Brazilian thrash metal
* Samba rock
* Tropicália
* Chilean
* Colombian
* Ecuadorian
* Peruvian
* Uruguayan
* Venezuelan

Europe|

* Albanian
* Belarusian
* Belgian
* Bosnian
* British
* British rock and roll
* Britpop
* Post-Britpop
* Croatian
* Danish
* Dutch
* Indorock
* Nederbeat
* Ultra
* Estonian
* Finnish
* French
* German
* Greek
* Hungarian
* Icelandic
* Irish
* Italian
* Latvian
* Lithuanian
* Macedonian
* Norwegian
* Polish
* Portuguese
* Romanian
* Russian
* Serbian
* Slovenian
* Spanish
* Swedish
* Swiss
* Ukrainian
* Yugoslavian
* Art rock
* Hard rock and heavy metal
* Extreme metal
* Neo-rockabilly
* New wave
* Post-punk
* Punk

Asia|

* Armenian
* Azerbaijani
* Bangladeshi
* Cambodian (1959–1975)
* Chinese
* Filipino
* Bisrock
* Indian
* Bengali
* Raga
* Indonesian
* Iranian
* Israeli
* Japanese
* Visual kei
* Korean
* Malaysian
* Rock kapak
* Nepalese
* Pakistani
* Sufi
* Russian
* Taiwanese
* Thai
* Turkish

Africa|

* Angolan
* Sahara desert region
* Zambian

Oceania|

* Australian
* New Zealand

Radio formats|

* Active rock
* Adult album alternative
* Album-oriented rock
* Classic rock
* Mainstream rock
* Modern rock
* Progressive rock (radio format)

* History
* Culture

* British Invasion
* List of years in rock music
* Origins of rock and roll
* Country music
* Jazz
* Rhythm and blues
* Electronics in rock music
* Social effects
* Rock Against Communism
* Rock Against Racism
* Rock Against Sexism
* Rock music and the fall of communism
* Rockism and poptimism
* Women in rock

Related|

* Beatlesque
* List of rock genres
* Motorik
* Outlaw country
* Progressive music
* Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
* Rock concert
* Rock festival
* Rock musical
* Rock opera
* Wagnerian rock
* Wall of Sound

* Category
* Portal

* v
* t
* e

American folk music

* Appalachian
* Old-time
* Cajun
* Swamp pop
* Folk revival (1950s–60s)
* Native American
* New Mexico
* Red dirt
* Tejano
* Western

African-American music|

* Blues
* Jazz
* Dixieland
* Creole
* Zydeco
* Jug
* Ragtime
* Spirituals
* Gospel

Country music|

* Americana
* Roots rock
* Bluegrass
* Honky-tonk
* Rockabilly
* Western swing

* v
* t
* e

Banjo

Technique|

* Roll
* Clawhammer
* Drone
* G run
* Keith style
* Scruggs style

Family instruments|

* Banjo
* Banjo guitar
* Banjo ukulele
* Mandolin-banjo
* Bass banjo
* Banjeaurine

Genres|

* African-American
* Bluegrass
* Country
* Folk
* Jazz
* Minstrel
* Old-time
* Traditional Irish

People|

* Four-String Banjo Hall of Fame Members
* Allison Brown
* J.D. Crowe
* Béla Fleck
* Rhiannon Giddens
* Bill Keith
* Steve Martin
* Don Reno
* Earl Scruggs
* Pete Seeger
* Ralph Stanley
* Emily Strayer
* Tony Trischka
* Molly Tuttle
* Abigail Washburn

Manufacturers|

* Clifford Essex
* Deering Banjo Company
* Framus
* Favilla Guitars
* Gibson
* Gretsch
* Ibanez
* Slingerland

International variants|

* Cümbüş

Authority control databases

National|

* Germany
* United States
* France
* BnF data
* Czech Republic
* Israel

Other|

* Yale LUX

1. ^ "Canuck Cowboys: A Look at Country Music Fans in Canada". Nielsen. Retrieved 2025-05-03.

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template