Courland Pocket

Encirclement of Axis forces in the Baltic region

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|

Battles of the Courland Bridgehead

Part of the Eastern Front of World War II

Soviet advances from 1 September 1943 – 31 December 1944, the Courland Pocket is the white area west of the Gulf of Riga
| Date| 9 October 1944 – 10 May 1945

|

Location|

Courland Peninsula, Latvia

57°0′0″N 22°0′0″E
Result|

Soviet victory

* German forces surrender two days after the German Instrument of Surrender

Belligerents
Germany|

Soviet Union
Free Germany[1][2][3]

* * *

Kurelis group [lt; lv; pl; ru]
Commanders and leaders
Ferdinand Schörner
Lothar Rendulic
Heinrich von Vietinghoff
Carl Hilpert
Walter Krüger|  Ivan Bagramyan
Andrey Yeryomenko
Leonid Govorov
Units involved
Army Group North (prior to 25/01/1945)
Army Group Courland (from 25/01/1945 onwards until surrender)|  1st Baltic Front
2nd Baltic Front
Casualties and losses
October 1944–8 May 1945
117,871 combat casualties
(39,537 in February–March 1945)[4]
189,112 captured on 9 May 1945[4]|  16 Feb – 8 May 1945
30,501 killed, 130,447 wounded or sick[5]
Total: 160,948

* v
* t
* e

Eastern Front

Naval warfare

* Baltic Sea
* Black Sea
* Arctic Ocean

1941

* Barbarossa
* Brest
* Białystok–Minsk
* 1st Baltic
* Brody
* Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
* 1st Smolensk
* Uman
* Odessa
* 1st Kiev
* Tallinn
* Leningrad
* Sea of Azov
* 1st Kharkov
* 1st Crimea
* Sevastopol
* Rostov
* Gorky
* Moscow
* Finland
* Kerch
* Chechnya
* Air war 1941

1942

* Lyuban
* Barvenkovo–Lozovaya
* Rzhev
* Toropets–Kholm
* Demyansk
* Kholm
* Bamberg
* 2nd Kharkov
* Case Blue
* Caucasus
* Rzhev–Sychyovka
* Sinyavino
* Stalingrad
* Velikiye Luki
* Mars
* Little Saturn

1943

* Iskra
* Ostrogozhsk–Rossosh
* Voronezh–Kharkov
* Polar Star
* 3rd Kharkov
* Gorky Blitz
* Kursk
* 1st Donbas
* Belgorod-Kharkov
* 2nd Donbas
* 2nd Smolensk
* Lenino
* Dnieper
* Nevel
* 2nd Kiev

1944

* Dnieper–Carpathian
* Leningrad–Novgorod
* Narva
* 2nd Crimea
* Romania
* 1st Jassy–Kishinev
* 2nd Jassy–Kishinev
* Turda
* Păuliș
* Carei
* Karelia
* Bagration
* Lvov–Sandomierz
* Doppelkopf
* Dukla Pass
* 2nd Baltic
* Belgrade
* Debrecen
* Petsamo–Kirkenes
* Courland
* Gumbinnen
* Budapest

1945

* Budapest
* Vistula–Oder
* Western Carpathian
* East Prussia
* Silesia
* Breslau
* Solstice
* East Pomerania
* Lake Balaton
* Moravia–Ostrava
* Vienna
* Bratislava–Brno
* Berlin
* Prague
* Prague uprising

* v
* t
* e

Leningrad and the Baltics 1941–44

1941

* June in Lithuania
* Summer War
* Strategic defensive
* Evacuation of Tallinn
* Leningrad
* Oranienbaum
* Tikhvin

1942

* Lyuban
* Toropets–Kholm
* Demyansk
* Kholm
* Sinyavino

1943

* Iskra
* Polar Star
* Krasny Bor
* Mga

1944

* Relief of Leningrad
* Narva
* Karelian Isthmus
* Vilnius
* Šiauliai
* Kaunas
* Tartu
* Riga
* Tallinn
* Moonsund Archipelago
* Memel
* Courland

Sinyavino

The Courland Pocket[a] was a pocket located on the Courland Peninsula in Latvia on the Eastern Front of World War II from 9 October 1944 to 10 May 1945.

Army Group North of the Wehrmacht were surrounded in western Latvia by the Red Army after the Baltic Offensive, when forces of the 1st Baltic Front reached the Baltic Sea near Memel (Klaipėda) after the collapse of Army Group Centre during Operation Bagration. Army Group North retreated to the Courland Pocket and was renamed Army Group Courland on 25 January, holding off six Red Army offensives until the German Instrument of Surrender was signed on 8 May 1945. Army Group Courland were in a communication "blackout" and did not get the official order until 10 May, becoming one of the last German groups to surrender in Europe.

## Background

[edit]

Further information: German occupation of the Baltic states during World War II

In June 1941, Nazi Germany launched Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union, with the goal of reaching the A–A line. The Wehrmacht's Army Group North swept through the Baltic states, which had been occupied by the Soviets since June 1940, en route to capture the city of Leningrad. Army Group North spent most of the next two years attempting to take Leningrad with little success, turning momentum of the war in the north against the Germans. In January 1944, the Soviets lifted the siege of Leningrad, prompting Army Group North to retreat to the Panther Line.

On 22 June 1944, the Red Army launched Operation Bagration with the goal of recapturing the Byelorussian SSR from German occupation. Operation Bagration was extremely successful, resulting in the almost complete destruction of Army Group Centre by late August. This exposed Army Group North at the Panther Line to the north and forced them to retreat back through the Baltic states. Soviet forces would strike deep towards the Baltic Sea coast in the Kaunas and Šiauliai Offensives, severing communications between the Army Group North and the remnants of Army Group Centre. After Operation Bagration ended, the Soviet forces continued the clearing of the Baltic coast, despite German attempts to restore the front in Operation Doppelkopf. The Red Army fought the Memel Offensive Operation with the goal of isolating Army Group North by capturing the city of Memel (Klaipėda).

## Battles of the Courland Bridgehead

[edit]

Front lines 1 May 1945 (pink = allied occupied territory; red = area of fighting. The Courland Pocket can be seen on the upper right of this map, cut off from the general fighting in central Germany Destroyed German equipment between Riga and Tukums

On 9 October 1944, the Red Army reached the Baltic Sea near Memel after overrunning the headquarters of the 3rd Panzer Army. As a result, Army Group North was trapped in western Latvia when the Soviets cut them off from East Prussia, and by extension the rest of the German forces. A pocket was formed from Tukums and Libau, with the Baltic Sea in the west, the Irbe Strait in the north, and the Gulf of Riga in the east. Adolf Hitler's military advisors — notably Heinz Guderian, the Chief of the German General Staff — urged an evacuation and utilisation of the troops in Courland to stabilise the front in Central Europe. However, Hitler refused, and ordered the German forces in Courland and the Estonian islands Hiiumaa (Dagö) and Saaremaa (Ösel) to hold out, believing them necessary to protect German submarine bases along the Baltic coast. Hitler still believed the war could be won, and hoped that Admiral Karl Dönitz's new Type XXI U-boat technology could bring victory to Germany in the Battle of the Atlantic, forcing the Allies out of Western Europe. This would allow German forces to focus on the Eastern Front, using the pocket as a bridgehead for a new offensive.[6] Hitler's refusal to evacuate the Army Group North resulted in the entrenchment of more than 200,000 German troops, largely of the 16th Army and 18th Army, in western Latvia. Thirty-three divisions of the Army Group North, commanded by Feldmarschall Ferdinand Schörner, were cut off from East Prussia and spread out along a front reaching from Riga to Liepāja, retreating to the more defensible position on the Courland Peninsula, abandoning Riga.[7]

Stamp used in Courland pocket (1945)

Soviet forces launched six major offensives against the German and Latvian forces entrenched in the Courland Pocket between 15 October 1944 and 4 April 1945.[citation needed] The German two-phase withdrawals during the execution of the second stage of the Soviet Baltic Offensive (14 September – 24 November 1944), subsequent to the pocket being formed in the Baltic Offensive's first stage, the Memel Offensive Operation.

### Timeline

[edit]

From 15 to 22 October 1944 – Soviets launched the Riga Offensive Operation on the 15th at 10:00 after conducting a heavy artillery barrage.[8][dubious - discuss] Hitler permitted Schörner to commence withdrawal from Riga on 11 October, and the city was taken by the 3rd Baltic Front on 13 October.[9] The front stabilised with the main remnant of Army Group North isolated in the peninsula.

From 27 October to 25 November – Soviets launched an offensive trying to break through the front toward Skrunda and Saldus including at one point initiating a simultaneous attack by 52 divisions.[8] Soviet forces also attacked southeast of Liepāja in an attempt to capture that port. 80 divisions assaulted the Germans from 1 to 15 November in a front 12 km wide.[citation needed] The Soviet breakthrough stalled after roughly 4 kilometers.[10][page needed]

The third phase of the fighting (also known as "the other Christmas Battle") started on 21 December with a Soviet attack on Germans near Saldus. The Soviet 2nd Baltic (northern sector) and 1st Baltic Fronts (southern sector) commenced a blockade, precipitating the German defence of the Courland perimeter during Soviet attempts to reduce it. In this battle, serving with the 2nd Baltic Front's 22nd Army, the Latvian 130th Rifle Corps faced their opposites in the Latvian 19th SS Division. The battle ended on 31 December and the front was stabilized.

On 25 January 1945, Army Group North was renamed Army Group Courland under Colonel-General Lothar Rendulic, while Schörner was transferred to Army Group Centre. In the middle of January, Guderian got Hitler's permission to withdraw 7 divisions from Courland, however, Hitler refused to consider a total withdrawal.[10][page needed] The 4th Panzer Division, 31st, 32nd, 93rd Infantry Divisions, 11th SS Division Nordland and the remnants of the battered 227th, 218th and 389th Infantry Divisions and 15th Latvian SS-Division were evacuated over the sea. On 23 January, Soviet forces launched an offensive trying to break through the front toward Liepāja and Saldus. They managed to take the bridgeheads on Bārta and Vārtāja rivers, but were once prevented from a break through by the Germans.[citation needed]

The fifth battle started on 12 February with a Soviet attack against the Germans towards Džūkste. Other attacks took place south of Liepāja where the Soviets massed 21 divisions, and south of Tukums where 11 divisions tried to break through the German front and take the town. On 16 February, the Soviets started an offensive against the 19th Division.

### Surrender

[edit]

German prisoners of war after the surrender, May 1945 German prisoners of the war captured in the pocket being marched through Riga, May 1945 Surrendering German troops hand over their weapons

On 8 May, the German Instrument of Surrender was signed, officially ending World War II in Europe. Dönitz, now the Head of State and President of Germany, ordered Colonel-General Carl Hilpert – the Army Group Courland's last commander – to surrender. However, German forces in the Courland Pocket had their communications severed, and the "blackout" meant they did not receive their orders until 10 May, two days after the war had ended. General Otto Friedrich Rauser succeeded in obtaining better surrender terms from the Soviet command.[11] Hilpert, his personal staff, and staffs of three Armies surrendered to Marshal Leonid Govorov, the commander of the Leningrad Front. At this time, the group still consisted of the remnants of 27 divisions and one brigade.[12] As a result, Army Group Courland became one of the final major German formations to surrender.

A Red Army officer accepts surrendered Sturmgeschütz IV assault guns.

On 9 May, the Soviet commission in Peilei started to interrogate the captive staff of Army Group Courland, and general collection of prisoners began.[citation needed]

By 12 May, approximately 135,000 German troops surrendered in the Courland Pocket. On 23 May, the Soviet collection of the German troops in the Courland Pocket was completed. A total of about 180,000 German troops were taken into captivity from the Baltic area. The bulk of the German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union were initially held at the Valdai Hills camps.[citation needed]

## German Order of Battle (March 1945)

[edit]

See also: Army Group Courland

Army Group North (to 25 January 1945)
Army Group Courland (25 January 1945 to 8 May 1945)[13]
Generaloberst Heinrich von Vietinghoff – from 10 March 1945 Generaloberst Lothar Rendulic – from 25 March 1945 Generaloberst Carl Hilpert

### German 16th Army

[edit]

General der Infanterie Carl Hilpert – from 10 March 1945 General der Infanterie Ernst-Anton von Krosigk (KIA) – from 16 March General der Gebirgstruppen Friedrich-Jobst Volckamer von Kirchensittenbach

* XVI. Armeekorps – Generalleutnant Ernst-Anton von Krosigk – from 10 March Generalleutnant Gottfried Weber
* 81\. Infanterie-Division – Generalleutnant Franz Eccard von Bentivegni
* 300\. Infanterie-Division z. b. V. – Generalmajor Anton Eberth
* 21\. Luftwaffen-Feld-Division – Generalleutnant Albert Henze, 16 February 1945 Generalmajor Otto Barth
* VI. SS-Armeekorps – SS-Obergruppenführer Walter Krüger
* 24\. Infanterie-Division – Generalmajor Harald Schultz
* 12\. Panzer-Division – Generalleutnant Erpo von Bodenhausen, from 14 April 1945 Generalmajor Horst von Usedom
* 19\. SS-Grenadier-Division – SS-Gruppenführer und Generalleutnant der Waffen-SS Bruno Streckenbach
* XXXVIII. Armeekorps – General der Artillerie Kurt Herzog
* 122\. Infanterie-Division – General der Infanterie Friedrich Fangohr, from 20 January 1945 Generalmajor Bruno Schatz
* 290\. Infanterie-Division – Generalmajor Hans-Joachim Baurmeister, from 25 April 1945 Generalmajor Carl Henke, from 27 April 1945 Generalleutnant Bruno Ortler
* 329\. Infanterie-Division – Generalleutnant Konrad Menkel, from 1 January 1945 Generalmajor Werner Schulze

### German 18th Army

[edit]

General der Infanterie Ehrenfried Boege

* I. Armeekorps – General der Infanterie Friedrich Fangohr, from 21 April 1945 Generalleutnant Christian Usinger
* 218\. Infanterie-Division – Generalleutnant Viktor Lang, from 25 December 1944 Generalmajor Ingo von Collani, from 1 May 1945 Generalleutnant Werner Ranck
* 132\. Infanterie-Division – Generalleutnant Herbert Wagner, from 8 January 1945 Generalmajor Rudolf Demme
* II. Armeekorps – General der Infanterie Johannes Mayer, from 1 April 1945 Generalleutnant Alfred Gause
* 263\. Infanterie-Division – Generalleutnant Alfred Hemmann
* 563\. Volksgrenadier-Division – Generalmajor Ferdinand Brühl, from 25 February 1945 Generalmajor Werner Neumann
* X. Armeekorps – General der Artillerie Siegfried Thomaschki
* 87\. Infanterie-Division – Generalmajor Helmuth Walter, from 16 January 1945 Generalleutnant Mauritz Freiherr von Strachwitz
* 126\. Infanterie-Division – Generalmajor/Generalleutnant Gotthard Fischer, from 5 January 1945 Oberst/Generalmajor Kurt Hähling
* 30\. Infanterie-Division – Generalmajor Otto Barth, from 30 January 1945 Generalleutnant Albert Henze
* L. Armeekorps – General der Gebirgstruppe Friedrich Jobst Volckamer von Kirchensittenbach, from 11 April 1945 Generalleutnant Erpo von Bodenhausen
* 205\. Infanterie-Division – Generalmajor Ernst Biehler, from 15 November 1944 Generalmajor Karl-Hans Giese
* 225\. Infanterie-Division – Generalleutnant Walter Risse
* 11\. Infanterie-Division – Generalleutnant Hellmuth Reymann, from 18 November 1944 Generalleutnant Gerhard Feyerabend
* 14\. Panzer-Division – Generalmajor Oskar Munzel, from 25 November 1944 Generalmajor Martin Unrein, from 19 February 1945 Oberst Friedrich-Wilhelm Jürgen, from 22 March 1945 Oberst Paul Lüneburg, from 25 March 1945 Oberst Karl-Max Gräßel

Security Divisions

* 52nd Security Division : Festung Libau – Generalleutnant Albrecht Digeon von Monteton
* 201st Security Division – Generalmajor Anton Eberth
* 207th Security Division – only Staff

Luftwaffe

* Jagdgeschwader 54 – Oberst Dietrich Hrabak

Marine

* 9\. Marine-Sicherungsdivision
* 1\. Minensuchflottille
* 3\. Minensuchflottille
* 25\. Minensuchflottille
* 31\. Minensuchflottille
* 1\. Räumbootsflottille – Kapitänleutnant Carl Hoff
* 17\. Räumbootsflottille
* 3\. Vorpostenflottille
* 9\. Vorpostenflottille
* 17\. Vorpostenflottille
* 3\. Sicherungsflottille
* 14\. Sicherungsflottille
* 13\. Landungsflottille
* 21\. Landungsflottille
* 24\. Landungsflottille
* 3\. U-Jagdflottille
* 11\. U-Jagdflottille
* 1\. Schnellboot-Schulflottille
* 2\. Schnellboot-Schulflottille
* 3\. Schnellboot-Schulflottille

## Soviet Order of Battle

[edit]

### Leningrad Front

[edit]

(Army General Leonid Govorov) 1 May 1945

* 51st Army (Army General Yakov Kreizer)
* 1st Guards Rifle Corps (53rd Guards, 204th, 267th Rifle Divisions)
* 10th Rifle Corps (91st, 279th, 347th Rifle Divisions),
* 63rd Rifle Corps (77th, 87th, 417th Rifle Divisions)
* 6th Guards Army (Colonel General Ivan Chistyakov)
* 2nd (9th Guards, 71st Guards, and 166th Rifle Divisions),
* 22nd (46th Guards Rifle, 16th Lithuanian, and 29th Rifle Divisions), and
* 30th Guards Rifle Corps (45th Guards, 63rd Guards, and 64th Guards Rifle Divisions)
* 4th Shock Army (Army General Pyotr Malyshev)
* 84 Corp (164, 270 infantry division)
* 92 Corp (156, 179, 257 infantry division),
* 32 infantry division
* 42nd Army (Lieutenant General Vladimir Petrovich Sviridov)
* 14 Rifle Corps (11, 288 infantry division),
* 122 Rifle Corps (56, 85 infantry division),
* 130th Latvian Rifle Corps (43 Guards,308 Latvian Rifle Division),
* 118 Fortified Region
* 1st Shock Army (Lieutenant General Vladimir N. Razuvaev)
* 1 Corp (306, 344, 357 infantry division)
* 8 Estonian. Corp (7, 249 Estonian infantry division)
* 119 Corp (201, 360, 374 infantry division)
* 123 Corp (21 guards, 376 infantry division)
* 6 Guards, 20 Breakthrough Artillery division
* 10th Guards Army (Lieutenant General Mikhail Kazakov)
* 7 Guards Corp (7, 8 и 119 Guards division),
* 15 Guards Corp (29, 30 и 85 Guards division),
* 19 Guards Corp (22, 56 и 65 Guards, 198 infantry division)
* 15th Air Army

### Front Reserves

[edit]

* 8 Guards Rocket Artillery Division (26, 27, 28 Guards Rocket Brigade)
* 21, 28 Artillery Divisions
* 3rd Guards Tank Corp

## Historiography

[edit]

### Soviet and Russian accounts

[edit]

Soviet tankists examine captured German tanks at Stende, May 1945

The First Courland Battle was intended to destroy German forces. After that failure, official Soviet accounts ignore Courland, stating only that the Soviet goal was to prevent the Germans from escaping.[14]

In this account, the Soviet actions in Courland were defensive blocking operations. Hostilities consisted of containing German breakout attempts, and the Red Army made no concerted effort to capture the Courland Pocket,[citation needed] which was of little strategic importance after the isolation of Army Group North, whereas the main offensive effort was required for the Vistula-Oder and Berlin Offensives. Soviet forces suffered correspondingly low casualties. The modern research of Grigoriy Krivosheev indicates a total of 160,948 Soviet casualties between 16 February and 8 May 1945": 30,501 "irrecoverable" and 130,447 "medical" losses.[5]

According to the Russian historian Aleksei Isaev, Courland was a peripheral front for both the Soviets and Germans. The Soviet goal was to prevent the German troops there from being transported by sea to reinforce the defense of Berlin. Soviet operations intended to further isolate and also destroy the enemy, but the strength of the attacking troops was too low to make any significant progress in the difficult terrain. The Soviet commanders worked competently and as a result the reported casualties were low.[15]

### Western sources

[edit]

Evacuation at Ventspils (Windau), 19 October 1944

Joseph Stalin had initially been intent on destroying the German forces in Courland, reporting in September 1944 that he was "mopping up" in the Baltics, and in November, that the Germans were "now being hammered to a finish."[14] As late as March 1945, Stalin was still making claims that German forces in Courland would soon be defeated.[14] This victory was necessary, in Stalin's eyes, to re-establish Soviet control over its 1941 frontiers following the annexation of the Baltic states.[16]

The Soviets launched six offensives to defeat Army Group Courland.[8][14] Throughout the campaign against the Courland pocket, Soviet forces did not advance more than 25 miles anywhere along the front, ending no more than a few kilometers forward of their original positions after seven months of conflict.[14] The Soviet operations were hampered by the difficult terrain and bad weather.[14]

Army Group Courland reported inflicting heavy losses on the Soviets.[14][17] However, in the absence of heavy weaponry and a near total lack of air support, total German casualties in Courland were heavy as well, and estimated to be over 150,000.[14]

According to Robert Forczyk, the Battle of Courland was very costly for the Soviets, who lost over 1,000 tanks there.[18]

The withdrawal of Soviet units starting from December 1944 indicates that the Soviet command did not consider Courland to be as important as other sectors of the Eastern Front. Destroying the German forces there was not worth the effort and the goal was now to keep them from breaking out. The next three offensives were most likely intended to prevent the evacuation of German troops by sea.[14] By the start of April 1945, the Soviets viewed the German forces in Courland as not much more than self-supporting prisoners.[14]

## Aftermath

[edit]

On 9 May 1945, General Ivan Bagramyan accepted the surrender of German forces at Ezere Manor in southwest Latvia.[citation needed] According to Russian records, 146,000 German and Latvian troops were taken prisoner, including 28 generals and 5,083 officers,[8] and taken to camps in the Soviet interior and imprisoned for years. Current scholarship puts the count of those surrendering at about 190,000:[14] 189,112 Germans including 42 generals — among them Hilpert, who was executed for war crimes after trial in Soviet captivity in 1947[14]—and approximately 14,000 Latvians.[19]

The Soviets detained all males between the ages of 16 and 60, and conducted widespread deforestation campaigns, burning tracts of forest to flush out resisters.[8]

## See also

[edit]

* Operation Hannibal

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Russian: блокада Курляндской группировки войск, lit. 'Blockade of the Courland Army Group', Kurland-Kessel/German: Kurland-Brückenkopf, lit. 'Courland Bridgehead', Latvian: Kurzemes katls, lit. 'Courland Cauldron' or Kurzemes cietoksnis, lit. Courland Fortress.

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Kai Schoenhals (1989). The Free Germany Movement: A Case of Patriotism Or Treason?. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 9780313263903.
2. ^ Wolfgang Benz; Walter H. Pehle, eds. (1997). Encyclopedia of German resistance to the Nazi movement. New York: Continuum. ISBN 0-8264-0945-8. OCLC 34745997.
3. ^ Willy Wolff (1976) [1973]. An der Seite der Roten Armee На стороне Красной армии.
4. ^ a b Frieser 2007, p. 661.
5. ^ a b Krivosheyev, Grigoriy F., ed. (2001). Россия и СССР в войнах XX века: Потери вооруженных сил. Статистическое исследование [Russia and the USSR in the Wars of the Twentieth Century: Losses of the Armed Forces. A Statistical Study] (in Russian). Moscow: OLMA-Press. ISBN 5-224-01515-4.
6. ^ Weinberg, Gerhard L. (1995). Germany, Hitler, and World War II: Essays in Modern German and World History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 290\. ISBN 0-521-56626-6.
7. ^ McAteer, Sean (2009). 500 Days: The War in Eastern Europe, 1944–1945. Pittsburgh: Dorrance Publishing Co. ISBN 978-1-4349-6159-4.
8. ^ a b c d e Švābe, Arveds, ed. (1950–55). Latvju Enciklopēdija (in Latvian). Stockholm: Trīs zvaigznes. p. 3\. OCLC 11845651.
9. ^ * Mitcham, Samuel W (2007). The German Defeat in the East, 1944–45. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. p. 152\. ISBN 978-0-8117-3371-7.
10. ^ a b Mangulis, V. Latvia in the Wars of the 20th Century. CHAPTER IX JULY 1941 TO MAY 8, 1945 Archived 14 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Historia.lv.
11. ^ Thorwald, Jürgen (1951). Wieck, Fred (ed.). Flight in the Winter: Russia Conquers, January to May 1945. New York: Pantheon. p. 64.
12. ^ Kozlov, M. M., ed. (1985). Velikaya Otechestvennaya Voina 1941–1945: Entsiklopediya [The Great Patriotic War, 1941–1945: An Encyclopaedia] (in Russian). Moscow: Soviet Encyclopedia. p. 442.
13. ^ "ordersofbattle.com article". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 1 November 2012.
14. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Grier, Howard D. (2007). Hitler, Dönitz, and the Baltic Sea: The Third Reich's Last Hope, 1944–1945. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. pp. 81–88\. ISBN 978-1-59-114-345-1.
15. ^ Isayev, Aleksey (28 December 2009). "Unknown Winter of 1945". Price of Victory (Interview) (in Russian). Interviewed by Dmitriy Zakharov. Moscow: Echo of Moscow. Retrieved 13 August 2012.
16. ^ Buttar, Prit (2012). Battleground Prussia: The Assault on Germany's Eastern Front 1944–45. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1849081900.
17. ^ Mercatante, Steven D.; Citino, Robert M. (2012). Why Germany Nearly Won: A New History of the Second World War in Europe. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-313-39592-5.
18. ^ Forczyk, Robert (2016). Tank Warfare on the Eastern Front 1943–1945: Red Steamroller. Osprey Publishing. p. 311\. ISBN 9781473880924.
19. ^ Haupt, Werner (2009). Heeresgruppe Nord: Der Kampf im Nordabschnitt der Ostfront 1941–1945 (in German). Dörfler Verlag GmbH. ISBN 978-3895555909.

## Literature

[edit]

* Dallas, Gregor., 1945: The War That Never Ended, Yale University Press, Yale, 2006 ISBN 0-300-10980-6
* Frieser, Karl-Heinz; Schmider, Klaus; Schönherr, Klaus; Schreiber, Gerhard; Ungváry, Kristián; Wegner, Bernd (2007). Die Ostfront 1943/44 – Der Krieg im Osten und an den Nebenfronten [The Eastern Front 1943–1944: The War in the East and on the Neighbouring Fronts]. Das Deutsche Reich und der Zweite Weltkrieg [Germany and the Second World War] (in German). Vol. VIII. München: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt. ISBN 978-3-421-06235-2.
* Richard P. Wade: "The Survivors of the Kurland Pocket 1944-1945". American Military University, Charlestown, West Virginia, 2015.

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