Craig Venter

American Scientist

John Craig Venter

Venter in 2007

Born|  (1946-10-14) October 14, 1946 (age 78)

Salt Lake City, Utah, U.S.

Alma mater| University of California, San Diego
Occupation| Biologist
Awards| Gairdner Award (2002)
Nierenberg Prize (2007)
Kistler Prize (2008)
ENI award (2008)
Medal of Science (2008)
Dickson Prize (2011)
Leeuwenhoek Medal
Edogawa NICHE Prize (2020)
Scientific career
Fields|

* DNA
* Human genome
* Metagenomics
* Synthetic genomics
* Shotgun approach to genome sequencing

Institutions|

* State University of New York at Buffalo
* National Institutes of Health
* J. Craig Venter Institute

Website| www.jcvi.org

John Craig Venter (born October 14, 1946) is an American scientist . He is known for leading one of the first draft sequences of the human genome[1][2] and led the first team to transfect a cell with a synthetic chromosome.[3][4] Venter founded Celera Genomics, the Institute for Genomic Research (TIGR) and the J. Craig Venter Institute (JCVI). He was the co-founder of Human Longevity Inc. and Synthetic Genomics. He was listed on Time magazine's 2007 and 2008 Time 100 list of the most influential people in the world. In 2010, the British magazine New Statesman listed Craig Venter at 14th in the list of "The World's 50 Most Influential Figures 2010".[5] In 2012, Venter was honored with Dan David Prize for his contribution to genome research.[6] He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 2013.[7] He is a member of the USA Science and Engineering Festival's advisory board.[8]

## Early life and education

[edit]

Venter was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, the son of Elisabeth and John Venter.[9][10]: 14 His family moved to Millbrae, California during his childhood.[11] In his youth, he did not take his education seriously, preferring to spend his time on the water in boats or surfing.[10]: 1–20 According to his biography, A Life Decoded, he was said never to be a terribly engaged student, having Cs and Ds on his eighth-grade report cards.[10]: 1–20 Venter considered that his behavior in his adolescence was indicative of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and later found ADHD-linked genetic variants in his own DNA.[12] He graduated from Mills High School. His father died suddenly at age 59 from cardiac arrest, giving him a lifelong awareness of his own mortality. He quotes a saying: "If you want immortality, do something meaningful with your life."[13]

Although he opposed the Vietnam War,[14] Venter was drafted and enlisted in the United States Navy where he worked as a hospital corpsman in the intensive-care ward of a field hospital.[15] He served from 1967 to 1968 at the Naval Support Activity Danang in Vietnam. While in Vietnam, he attempted suicide by swimming out to sea, but changed his mind more than a mile out.[16] Being confronted with severely injured and dying marines on a daily basis instilled in him a desire to study medicine,[17] although he later switched to biomedical research.

Venter began his college education in 1969 at a community college, College of San Mateo in California, and later transferred to the University of California, San Diego, where he studied under biochemist Nathan O. Kaplan. He received a Bachelor of Science in biochemistry in 1972 and a Doctor of Philosophy in physiology and pharmacology in 1975 from UCSD.[18][19]

## Career

[edit]

After working as an associate professor, and later as full professor, at the State University of New York at Buffalo, he joined the National Institutes of Health in 1984.

### EST controversy

[edit]

While an employee of the NIH, Venter learned how to identify mRNA and began to learn more about those expressed in the human brain. The short cDNA sequence fragments Venter discovered by automated DNA sequencing, he named expressed sequence tags, or ESTs. The NIH Office of Technology Transfer decided to file a patent on the ESTs discovered by Venter. patent the genes identified based on studies of mRNA expression in the human brain. When Venter disclosed the NIH strategy during a Congressional hearing, a firestorm of controversy erupted.[20] The NIH later stopped the effort and abandoned the patent applications it had filed, following public outcry.[21]

### Human Genome Project

[edit]

Main article: Human Genome Project

Venter was passionate about the power of genomics to transform healthcare radically. Venter believed that shotgun sequencing was the fastest and most effective way to get useful human genome data.[22] The method was rejected by the Human Genome Project however, since some geneticists felt it would not be accurate enough for a genome as complicated as that of humans, that it would be logistically more difficult, and that it would cost significantly more.[23][24]

Venter viewed the slow pace of progress in the Human Genome project as an opportunity to continue his interest in trying his shotgun sequencing method to speed up the human genome sequencing so when he was offered funding from a DNA sequencing company to start Celera Genomics.[25] The company planned to profit from their work by creating genomic data to which users could subscribe for a fee. The goal consequently put pressure on the public genome program and spurred several groups to redouble their efforts to produce the full sequence. Venter's effort won him renown as he and his team at Celera Corporation shared credit for sequencing the first draft human genome with the publicly funded Human Genome Project.[26]

In 2000, Venter and Francis Collins of the National Institutes of Health and U.S. Public Genome Project jointly made the announcement of the mapping of the human genome, a full three years ahead of the expected end of the Public Genome Program. The announcement was made along with U.S. President Bill Clinton, and UK Prime Minister Tony Blair.[27] Venter and Collins thus shared an award for "Biography of the Year" from A&E Network.[28] On February 15, 2001, the Human Genome Project consortium published the first Human Genome in the journal Nature, followed one day later by a Celera publication in Science.[29][30] Despite some claims that shotgun sequencing was in some ways less accurate than the clone-by-clone method chosen by the Human Genome Project,[31] the technique became widely accepted by the scientific community.

Venter was fired by Celera in early 2002.[32] According to his biography, Venter was fired because of a conflict with the main investor, Tony White, specifically barring him from attending the White House ceremony celebrating the achievement of sequencing the human genome.

### Global Ocean Sampling Expedition

[edit]

The Global Ocean Sampling Expedition (GOS) is an ocean exploration genome project with the goal of assessing the genetic diversity in marine microbial communities and to understand their role in nature's fundamental processes. Begun as a Sargasso Sea pilot sampling project in August 2003, the full Expedition was announced by Venter on March 4, 2004. The project, which used Venter's personal yacht, Sorcerer II, started in Halifax, Canada, circumnavigated the globe and returned to the U.S. in January 2006.[33]

### Synthetic Genomics

[edit]

J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, location

In June 2005, Venter co-founded Synthetic Genomics, a firm dedicated to using modified microorganisms to produce clean fuels and biochemicals. In July 2009, ExxonMobil announced a $600 million collaboration with Synthetic Genomics to research and develop next-generation biofuels.[34] Venter continues to work on the creation of engineered diatomic microalgae for the production of biofuels.[35][36][37]

Venter is seeking to patent the first partially synthetic species possibly to be named Mycoplasma laboratorium.[38] There is speculation that this line of research could lead to producing bacteria that have been engineered to perform specific reactions, for example, produce fuels, make medicines, combat global warming, and so on.[39]

In May 2010, a team of scientists led by Venter became the first to create successfully what was described as "synthetic life".[40][41] This was done by synthesizing a very long DNA molecule containing an entire bacterium genome, and introducing this into another cell, analogous to the accomplishment of Eckard Wimmer's group, who synthesized and ligated an RNA virus genome and "booted" it in cell lysate.[42] The single-celled organism contains four "watermarks"[43] written into its DNA to identify it as synthetic and to help trace its descendants. The watermarks include

1. Code table for entire alphabet with punctuations
2. Names of 46 contributing scientists
3. Three quotations
4. The secret email address for the cell.[44]

On March 25, 2016, Venter reported the creation of Syn 3.0, a synthetic genome having the fewest genes of any freely living organism (473 genes). Their aim was to strip away all nonessential genes, leaving only the minimal set necessary to support life. This stripped-down, fast reproducing cell is expected to be a valuable tool for researchers in the field.[45]

In August 2018, Venter retired as chairman of the board, saying he wanted to focus on his work at the J. Craig Venter Institute. He will remain as a scientific advisor to the board.[46]

### J. Craig Venter Institute

[edit]

In 2006 Venter founded the J. Craig Venter Institute (JCVI), a nonprofit which conducts research in synthetic biology. It has facilities in La Jolla and in Rockville, Maryland and employs over 200 people.

In April 2022 Venter sold the La Jolla JCVI facility to the University of California, San Diego for $25 million. Venter will continue to lead a separate nonprofit research group, also known as the J. Craig Venter Institute, and stressed that he is not retiring. The Venter Institute has out grown its current building with multiple new facility hires and will be moving into new space in 2025.[13]

### Individual human genome

[edit]

On September 4, 2007, a team led by Sam Levy published one of the first genomes of an individual human—Venter's own DNA sequence.[47] Some of the sequences in Venter's genome are associated with wet earwax,[48] increased risk of antisocial behavior, Alzheimer's and cardiovascular diseases.[10]

The Human Reference Genome Browser is a web application for the navigation and analysis of Venter's recently published genome. The HuRef database consists of approximately 32 million DNA reads sequenced using microfluidic Sanger sequencing, assembled into 4,528 scaffolds and 4.1 million DNA variations identified by genome analysis. These variants include single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), block substitutions, short and large indels, and structural variations like insertions, deletions, inversions and copy number changes.

The browser enables scientists to navigate the HuRef genome assembly and sequence variations, and to compare it with the NCBI human build 36 assembly in the context of the NCBI and Ensembl annotations. The browser provides a comparative view between NCBI and HuRef consensus sequences, the sequence multi-alignment of the HuRef assembly, Ensembl and dbSNP annotations, HuRef variants, and the underlying variant evidence and functional analysis. The interface also represents the haplotype blocks from which diploid genome sequence can be inferred and the relation of variants to gene annotations. The display of variants and gene annotations are linked to external public resources including dbSNP, Ensembl, Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) and Gene Ontology (GO).

Users can search the HuRef genome using HUGO gene names, Ensembl and dbSNP identifiers, HuRef contig or scaffold locations, or NCBI chromosome locations. Users can then easily and quickly browse any genomic region via the simple and intuitive pan and zoom controls; furthermore, data relevant to specific loci can be exported for further analysis.

### Human Longevity, Inc.

[edit]

On March 4, 2014, Venter and co-founders Peter Diamandis and Robert Hariri announced the formation of Human Longevity, Inc., a company focused on extending the healthy, "high performance" human lifespan.[49][50] At the time of the announcement the company had already raised $70 million in venture financing, which was expected to last 18 months.[49][50] Venter served as the chairman and chief executive officer (CEO) until May 2018, when he retired. The company said that it plans to sequence 40,000 genomes per year, with an initial focus on cancer genomes and the genomes of cancer patients.[49]

Human Longevity filed a lawsuit in 2018 against Venter, accusing him of stealing trade secrets. Allegations were made stating that Venter had departed with his company computer that contained valuable information that could be used to start a competing business.[51] The lawsuit was ultimately dismissed by a California judge on the basis that Human Longevity were unable to present a case that met the legal threshold required for a company, or individual, to sue when its trade secrets have been stolen.[52]

Human Longevity's mission is to extend healthy human lifespan by the use of high-resolution big data diagnostics from genomics, metabolomics, microbiomics, and proteomics, and the use of stem cell therapy.[53]

## Published books

[edit]

Venter is the author of three books, the first of which is an autobiography titled A Life Decoded.[10] In Venter's second book, Life at the Speed of Light, he announced his theory that this is the generation in which there appears to be a dovetailing of the two previously diverse fields of science represented by computer programming and the genetic programming of life by DNA sequencing.[54] He was applauded for his position on this by futurist Ray Kurzweil. Venter's most recent book, co-authored by David Ewing Duncan, The Voyage of Sorcerer II: The Expedition that Unlocked the Secrets of the Ocean’s Microbiome,[55] details the Global Ocean Sampling Expedition, spanning a 15-year period during which microbes from the world's oceans were collected and their DNA sequenced.

## Personal life

[edit]

After a 12-year marriage to Barbara Rae-Venter,[56][57] with whom he had a son, Christopher, he married Claire M. Fraser[58][19] remaining married to her until 2005.[59] In late 2008 he married Heather Kowalski.[60] They live in the La Jolla neighborhood of San Diego, CA.[60] Venter is an atheist.[61]

Venter was 75 when he sold his main research building to UCSD in 2022. The institute had out grown the space and will be moving to a new facility in 2025. The Venter Institute campus in Rockville MD also continues to expand. He said he has no intention of retiring.[13] He has a home in La Jolla and a ranch in Borrego Springs, California, as well as homes in two small towns in Maine. He indulges in two passions: sailing and flying a Cirrus 22T plane, which he calls "the ultimate freedom".[13]

## In popular culture

[edit]

Venter has been the subject of articles in several magazines, including Wired,[62] The Economist,[63] Australian science magazine Cosmos,[64][65] and The Atlantic.[66]

Venter appears in the two-hour 2001 NOVA special, "Cracking the code of life".[67][68]

On May 16, 2004, Venter gave the commencement speech at Boston University.[69]

On December 4, 2007, Venter gave the Dimbleby lecture for the BBC in London.[70]

Venter gave the Distinguished Public Lecture during the 2007 Michaelmas Term at the James Martin 21st Century School at Oxford University. Its title was "Genomics – From humans to the environment".[71][72]

Venter delivered the 2008 convocation speech for Faculty of Science honours and specialization students at the University of Alberta.[73]

In February 2008, he gave a speech about his current work at the TED conference.[74]

Venter was featured in Time magazine's "The Top 10 Everything of 2008" article. Number three in 2008's Top 10 Scientific Discoveries was a piece outlining his work stitching together the 582,000 base pairs necessary to invent the genetic information for a whole new bacterium.[75]

On May 20, 2010, Venter announced the creation of first self-replicating semi-synthetic bacterial cell.[76]

In the June 2011 issue of Men's Journal, Venter was featured as the "Survival Skills" celebrity of the month. He shared various anecdotes and advice, including stories of his time in Vietnam, as well as mentioning a bout with melanoma on his back, which subsequently resulted in his "giving a pound of flesh" to surgery.[77]

In May 2011, Venter was the commencement speaker at the 157th commencement of Syracuse University.[78][79]

In May 2017, Venter was the guest of honor and keynote speaker at the inauguration ceremony of the Center for Systems Biology Dresden.[80]

## Awards and nominations

[edit]

Dr. Craig Venter, being awarded the 2020 Edogawa NICHE Prize in Toronto

* 1996: Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement[81]
* 1999: Newcomb Cleveland Prize[82]
* 2000: Jacob Heskel Gabbay Award in Biotechnology and Medicine[83]
* 2001: Biotechnology Heritage Award with Francis Collins, from the Biotechnology Industry Organization (BIO) and the Chemical Heritage Foundation[84][85]
* 2002: Association for Molecular Pathology Award for Excellence in Molecular Diagnostics[86]
* 2007: On May 10, 2007, Venter was awarded an honorary doctorate from Arizona State University,[87] and on October 24 of the same year, he received an honorary doctorate from Imperial College London.[88]
* 2008: Double Helix Medal from Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory[89]
* 2008: Kistler Prize from Foundation For the Future for genome research[90]
* 2008: ENI award for Research & Environment[91]
* 2008: National Medal of Science from President Obama[92]
* 2010: On May 8, 2010, Venter received an honorary doctor of science degree from Clarkson University for his work on the human genome.[93]
* 2011: On April 21, 2011, Venter received the 2011 Benjamin Rush Medal from William & Mary School of Law.[94]
* 2011: Dickson Prize in Medicine[95]
* 2020: Edogawa NICHE Prize "2020 Edogawa NICHE Prize Awardee". for his contribution to research and development pertaining to the Human genome[96]

## Works

[edit]

Venter has authored over 200 publications in scientific journals.[97]

* Fleischmann, Robert D.; Adams, Mark D.; White, Owen; Clayton, Rebecca; ... Venter, J. Craig (July 28, 1995). "Whole-Genome Random Sequencing and Assembly of Haemophilus influenzae Rd". Science. 269 (5223): 496–512. Bibcode:1995Sci...269..496F. doi:10.1126/science.7542800. PMID 7542800. S2CID 10423613.
* Tomb, Jean-F.; White, Owen; Kerlavage, Anthony R.; Clayton, Rebecca A.; Sutton, Granger G.; Fleischmann, Robert D.; ... Venter, J. Craig (August 7, 1997). "The complete genome sequence of the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori". Nature. 388 (6642): 539–47. Bibcode:1997Natur.388..539T. doi:10.1038/41483. PMID 9252185.
* Adams, Mark D.; Celniker, Susan E.; Holt, Robert A.; Evans, Cheryl A.; Goccayne, Jeannine A.; Amanatides, Peter G.; ... Venter, J. Craig (March 24, 2000). "The genome sequence of Drosophila melanogaster" (PDF). Science. 287 (5461): 2185–95. Bibcode:2000Sci...287.2185.. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.549.8639. doi:10.1126/science.287.5461.2185. PMID 10731132. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 22, 2018. Retrieved October 24, 2017.
* Venter, J. C.; Adams, M.; Myers, E.; Li, P.; Mural, R.; Sutton, G.; Smith, H.; Yandell, M.; Evans, C.; Holt, R. A.; Gocayne, J. D.; Amanatides, P.; Ballew, R. M.; Huson, D. H.; Wortman, J. R.; Zhang, Q.; Kodira, C. D.; Zheng, X. H.; Chen, L.; Skupski, M.; Subramanian, G.; Thomas, P. D.; Zhang, J.; Gabor Miklos, G. L.; Nelson, C.; Broder, S.; Clark, A. G.; Nadeau, J.; McKusick, V. A.; et al. (2001). "The Sequence of the Human Genome". Science. 291 (5507): 1304–1351. Bibcode:2001Sci...291.1304V. doi:10.1126/science.1058040. PMID 11181995.
* Venter, J. C.; Remington, K.; Heidelberg, J.; Halpern, A.; Rusch, D.; Eisen, J.; Wu, D.; Paulsen, I.; Nelson, K.; Nelson, W.; Fouts, D. E.; Levy, S.; Knap, A. H.; Lomas, M. W.; Nealson, K.; White, O.; Peterson, J.; Hoffman, J.; Parsons, R.; Baden-Tillson, H.; Pfannkoch, C.; Rogers, Y. H.; Smith, H. O. (2004). "Environmental Genome Shotgun Sequencing of the Sargasso Sea". Science. 304 (5667): 66–74. Bibcode:2004Sci...304...66V. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.124.1840. doi:10.1126/science.1093857. PMID 15001713. S2CID 1454587.
* Rusch, Donald B.; Halpern, Aaron L.; Sutton, Granger; Heidelberg, Karla B.; Williamson, Shannon; Yooseph, Shibu; Wu, Dongying; ... Venter, J. Craig (March 13, 2007). "The Sorcerer II Global Ocean Sampling expedition: Northwest Atlantic through Eastern Tropical Pacific". PLOS Biology. 5 (3): 398–431. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0050077. PMC 1821060. PMID 17355176.
* Yooseph, Shibu; Sutton, Granger; Rusch, Donald B.; Halpern, Aaron L.; Williamson, Shannon; Remington, Karin; Eisen, Jonathan A.; ... Venter, J. Craig (March 13, 2007). "The Sorcerer II Global Ocean Sampling Expedition: Expanding the Universe of Protein Families". PLOS Biology. 5 (3): 432–466. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0050016. PMC 1821046. PMID 17355171.
* Venter, J. Craig (2007). A Life Decoded: My Genome: My Life. New York: Viking Adult. ISBN 978-0-670-06358-1. OCLC 165048736. editor Roger Highfield
* Venter, J. Craig (2013). Life at the Speed of Light: From the Double Helix to the Dawn of Digital Life. New York: Viking Adult. ISBN 978-0-670-02540-4. OCLC 834432832. editor Roger Highfield

## See also

[edit]

* Biography portal
* Evolutionary biology portal
* Biology portal
* Technology portal
* Marine life portal

* Artificial gene synthesis
* Full genome sequencing
* Genetic testing
* Genome: The Autobiography of a Species in 23 Chapters
* Personal genomics
* Pharmacogenomics
* Predictive medicine
* Synthetic Organism Designer

## References

[edit]

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42. ^ Wimmer, Eckard; Mueller, Steffen; Tumpey, Terrence M; Taubenberger, Jeffery K (December 2009). "Synthetic viruses: a new opportunity to understand and prevent viral disease". Nature Biotechnology. 27 (12): 1163–72. doi:10.1038/nbt.1593. PMC 2819212. PMID 20010599.
43. ^ "Using Arc to decode Venter's secret DNA watermark". Righto.com. Retrieved January 5, 2019.
44. ^ Sample, Ian (May 20, 2010). "Craig Venter creates synthetic life form". The Guardian. London.
45. ^ Service, Robert F. (March 25, 2016). "Synthetic microbe has fewest genes, but many mysteries". Science. 351 (6280): 1380–1381. Bibcode:2016Sci...351.1380S. doi:10.1126/science.351.6280.1380. PMID 27013708.
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54. ^ J. Craig Venter (2013). Life at the Speed of Light: From the Double Helix to the Dawn of Digital Life. New York: Viking Adult. ISBN 978-0-670-02540-4. OCLC 834432832.
55. ^ Venter, J. Craig (September 12, 2023). The Voyage of Sorcerer II: The Expedition that Unlocked the Secrets of the Ocean's Microbiome. United States and Canada: Belknap Press. p. 336\. ISBN 9780674246478. Retrieved November 8, 2023.
56. ^ Graham, Flora (August 30, 2018). "Thursday briefing: Barbara Rae-Venter is the hobbyist genealogical detective who tracked a serial killer". Nature. Nature. doi:10.1038/d41586-018-06137-2. Retrieved January 29, 2019.
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75. ^ "The Top 10 Everything Of 2008". Time. November 3, 2008. Archived from the original on December 11, 2008. Retrieved April 30, 2010.
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78. ^ "Commencement 2011". Syracuse University Magazine. Archived from the original on May 14, 2019. Retrieved May 14, 2019.
79. ^ "Remarks by J. Craig Venter at Syracuse University's 157th Commencement and the SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry's 114th Commencement". SU News. May 15, 2011. Retrieved May 14, 2019.
80. ^ "Official Inauguration – the Center is officially open". Archived from the original on November 7, 2022. Retrieved November 7, 2022.
81. ^ "Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement". www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement.
82. ^ "AAAS Awards: Newcomb Cleveland Prize Recipients". American Association for the Advancement of Science. Archived from the original on October 23, 2012. Retrieved February 28, 2010.
83. ^ "Past Winners – Gabbay Award – Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center – Brandeis University". Brandeis.edu. Retrieved January 5, 2019.
84. ^ "Biotechnology Heritage Award". Science History Institute. May 31, 2016. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
85. ^ Strickland, Debbie (June 13, 2001). "Genomic Leaders Receive 2001 Biotechnology Heritage Award". BIO. Retrieved February 5, 2014.
86. ^ "Past Recipients". Association for Molecular Pathology. Retrieved March 3, 2023.
87. ^ Aufrett, Sarah. "ASU Celebrates Spring Graduates", ASU Insight, May 11, 2007. Accessed June 7, 2007.
88. ^ "Honorary degrees awarded to Browne, Venter and Rausing", Imperial College, October 24, 2007. Accessed May 21, 2010.
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91. ^ "Eni Award 2008: the Winners are Announced". ENI. February 18, 2008. Archived from the original on February 22, 2014. Retrieved February 6, 2014.
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94. ^ Welch-Donahue, Jaime. "Benjamin Rush Scholars to Honor Dr. J. Craig Venter on April 21". Archived from the original on August 1, 2020. Retrieved April 21, 2011.
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96. ^ "Edogawa-Niche Prize". Archived from the original on October 26, 2018.
97. ^ "Venter, J. Craig". ISIHighlyCited.com. August 19, 2003. Retrieved October 17, 2009.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Ewing-Duncan, David (2006). Masterminds: Genius, DNA, and the Quest to Rewrite Life. New York: Harper Perennial. ISBN 978-0-00-716184-3.
* Shreeve, James (2004). The Genome War: How Craig Venter Tried to Capture the Code of Life and Save the World. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-375-40629-4.
* Sulston, John; Ferry, Georgina (2002). The Common Thread: A Story of Science, Politics, Ethics and the Human Genome. Washington, D.C.: Joseph Henry Press. ISBN 978-0-309-08409-3.

## External links

[edit]

Wikiquote has quotations related to Craig Venter.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Craig Venter.

* Human Longevity, Inc.
* HuRef Genome Browser
* J. Craig Venter Institute
* Sorcerer II Expedition
* Synthetic Genomics Archived December 21, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
* The Institute for Genomic Research (TIGR)

Media

* Craig Venter at TED
* Craig Venter on Charlie Rose
* Craig Venter collected news and commentary at The New York Times
* Cracking the code to life, The Guardian, October 8, 2007
* Craig Venter interview, Wired Science, December 2007 (video)
* Video of interview/discussion with Craig Venter by Carl Zimmer on Bloggingheads.tv
* Craig Venter: A voyage of DNA, genes and the sea on YouTube – TED (Technology Entertainment Design) conference (video)
* Webcast of Venter talk 'Genomics: From humans to the environment' at The James Martin 21st Century School
* The Richard Dimbleby Lecture 2007 – Dr. J. Craig Venter – A DNA Driven World
* A short course on synthetic genomics. Edge Master Class 2009
* "J. Craig Venter: Designing Life". 60 Minutes. November 21, 2010. CBS.

* v
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United States National Medal of Science laureates

Behavioral and social science

| 1960s|

1964
Neal Elgar Miller

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1980s|

1986
Herbert A. Simon
1987
Anne Anastasi
George J. Stigler
1988
Milton Friedman

1990s|

1990
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1991
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1992
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1994
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1995
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1996
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1997
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1998
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1999
Robert M. Solow

2000s|

2000
Gary Becker
2003
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2004
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2005
Gordon H. Bower
2008
Michael I. Posner
2009
Mortimer Mishkin

2010s|

2011
Anne Treisman
2014
Robert Axelrod
2015
Albert Bandura

Biological sciences

| 1960s|

1963
C. B. van Niel
1964
Theodosius Dobzhansky
Marshall W. Nirenberg
1965
Francis P. Rous
George G. Simpson
Donald D. Van Slyke
1966
Edward F. Knipling
Fritz Albert Lipmann
William C. Rose
Sewall Wright
1967
Kenneth S. Cole
Harry F. Harlow
Michael Heidelberger
Alfred H. Sturtevant
1968
Horace Barker
Bernard B. Brodie
Detlev W. Bronk
Jay Lush
Burrhus Frederic Skinner
1969
Robert Huebner
Ernst Mayr

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1970s|

1970
Barbara McClintock
Albert B. Sabin
1973
Daniel I. Arnon
Earl W. Sutherland Jr.
1974
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Erwin Chargaff
James V. Neel
James Augustine Shannon
1975
Hallowell Davis
Paul Gyorgy
Sterling B. Hendricks
Orville Alvin Vogel
1976
Roger Guillemin
Keith Roberts Porter
Efraim Racker
E. O. Wilson
1979
Robert H. Burris
Elizabeth C. Crosby
Arthur Kornberg
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Earl Reece Stadtman
George Ledyard Stebbins
Paul Alfred Weiss

1980s|

1981
Philip Handler
1982
Seymour Benzer
Glenn W. Burton
Mildred Cohn
1983
Howard L. Bachrach
Paul Berg
Wendell L. Roelofs
Berta Scharrer
1986
Stanley Cohen
Donald A. Henderson
Vernon B. Mountcastle
George Emil Palade
Joan A. Steitz
1987
Michael E. DeBakey
Theodor O. Diener
Harry Eagle
Har Gobind Khorana
Rita Levi-Montalcini
1988
Michael S. Brown
Stanley Norman Cohen
Joseph L. Goldstein
Maurice R. Hilleman
Eric R. Kandel
Rosalyn Sussman Yalow
1989
Katherine Esau
Viktor Hamburger
Philip Leder
Joshua Lederberg
Roger W. Sperry
Harland G. Wood

1990s|

1990
Baruj Benacerraf
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Daniel E. Koshland Jr.
Edward B. Lewis
David G. Nathan
E. Donnall Thomas
1991
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G. Evelyn Hutchinson
Elvin A. Kabat
Robert W. Kates
Salvador Luria
Paul A. Marks
Folke K. Skoog
Paul C. Zamecnik
1992
Maxine Singer
Howard Martin Temin
1993
Daniel Nathans
Salome G. Waelsch
1994
Thomas Eisner
Elizabeth F. Neufeld
1995
Alexander Rich
1996
Ruth Patrick
1997
James Watson
Robert A. Weinberg
1998
Bruce Ames
Janet Rowley
1999
David Baltimore
Jared Diamond
Lynn Margulis

2000s|

2000
Nancy C. Andreasen
Peter H. Raven
Carl Woese
2001
Francisco J. Ayala
George F. Bass
Mario R. Capecchi
Ann Graybiel
Gene E. Likens
Victor A. McKusick
Harold Varmus
2002
James E. Darnell
Evelyn M. Witkin
2003
J. Michael Bishop
Solomon H. Snyder
Charles Yanofsky
2004
Norman E. Borlaug
Phillip A. Sharp
Thomas E. Starzl
2005
Anthony Fauci
Torsten N. Wiesel
2006
Rita R. Colwell
Nina Fedoroff
Lubert Stryer
2007
Robert J. Lefkowitz
Bert W. O'Malley
2008
Francis S. Collins
Elaine Fuchs
J. Craig Venter
2009
Susan L. Lindquist
Stanley B. Prusiner

2010s|

2010
Ralph L. Brinster
Rudolf Jaenisch
2011
Lucy Shapiro
Leroy Hood
Sallie Chisholm
2012
May Berenbaum
Bruce Alberts
2013
Rakesh K. Jain
2014
Stanley Falkow
Mary-Claire King
Simon Levin

Chemistry

| 1960s|

1964
Roger Adams

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1980s|

1982
F. Albert Cotton
Gilbert Stork
1983
Roald Hoffmann
George C. Pimentel
Richard N. Zare
1986
Harry B. Gray
Yuan Tseh Lee
Carl S. Marvel
Frank H. Westheimer
1987
William S. Johnson
Walter H. Stockmayer
Max Tishler
1988
William O. Baker
Konrad E. Bloch
Elias J. Corey
1989
Richard B. Bernstein
Melvin Calvin
Rudolph A. Marcus
Harden M. McConnell

1990s|

1990
Elkan Blout
Karl Folkers
John D. Roberts
1991
Ronald Breslow
Gertrude B. Elion
Dudley R. Herschbach
Glenn T. Seaborg
1992
Howard E. Simmons Jr.
1993
Donald J. Cram
Norman Hackerman
1994
George S. Hammond
1995
Thomas Cech
Isabella L. Karle
1996
Norman Davidson
1997
Darleane C. Hoffman
Harold S. Johnston
1998
John W. Cahn
George M. Whitesides
1999
Stuart A. Rice
John Ross
Susan Solomon

2000s|

2000
John D. Baldeschwieler
Ralph F. Hirschmann
2001
Ernest R. Davidson
Gábor A. Somorjai
2002
John I. Brauman
2004
Stephen J. Lippard
2005
Tobin J. Marks
2006
Marvin H. Caruthers
Peter B. Dervan
2007
Mostafa A. El-Sayed
2008
Joanna Fowler
JoAnne Stubbe
2009
Stephen J. Benkovic
Marye Anne Fox

2010s|

2010
Jacqueline K. Barton
Peter J. Stang
2011
Allen J. Bard
M. Frederick Hawthorne
2012
Judith P. Klinman
Jerrold Meinwald
2013
Geraldine L. Richmond
2014
A. Paul Alivisatos

Engineering sciences

| 1960s|

1962
Theodore von Kármán
1963
Vannevar Bush
John Robinson Pierce
1964
Charles S. Draper
Othmar H. Ammann
1965
Hugh L. Dryden
Clarence L. Johnson
Warren K. Lewis
1966
Claude E. Shannon
1967
Edwin H. Land
Igor I. Sikorsky
1968
J. Presper Eckert
Nathan M. Newmark
1969
Jack St. Clair Kilby

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1970s|

1970
George E. Mueller
1973
Harold E. Edgerton
Richard T. Whitcomb
1974
Rudolf Kompfner
Ralph Brazelton Peck
Abel Wolman
1975
Manson Benedict
William Hayward Pickering
Frederick E. Terman
Wernher von Braun
1976
Morris Cohen
Peter C. Goldmark
Erwin Wilhelm Müller
1979
Emmett N. Leith
Raymond D. Mindlin
Robert N. Noyce
Earl R. Parker
Simon Ramo

1980s|

1982
Edward H. Heinemann
Donald L. Katz
1983
Bill Hewlett
George Low
John G. Trump
1986
Hans Wolfgang Liepmann
Tung-Yen Lin
Bernard M. Oliver
1987
Robert Byron Bird
H. Bolton Seed
Ernst Weber
1988
Daniel C. Drucker
Willis M. Hawkins
George W. Housner
1989
Harry George Drickamer
Herbert E. Grier

1990s|

1990
Mildred Dresselhaus
Nick Holonyak Jr.
1991
George H. Heilmeier
Luna B. Leopold
H. Guyford Stever
1992
Calvin F. Quate
John Roy Whinnery
1993
Alfred Y. Cho
1994
Ray W. Clough
1995
Hermann A. Haus
1996
James L. Flanagan
C. Kumar N. Patel
1998
Eli Ruckenstein
1999
Kenneth N. Stevens

2000s|

2000
Yuan-Cheng B. Fung
2001
Andreas Acrivos
2002
Leo Beranek
2003
John M. Prausnitz
2004
Edwin N. Lightfoot
2005
Jan D. Achenbach
2006
Robert S. Langer
2007
David J. Wineland
2008
Rudolf E. Kálmán
2009
Amnon Yariv

2010s|

2010
Shu Chien
2011
John B. Goodenough
2012
Thomas Kailath

Mathematical, statistical, and computer sciences

| 1960s|

1963
Norbert Wiener
1964
Solomon Lefschetz
H. Marston Morse
1965
Oscar Zariski
1966
John Milnor
1967
Paul Cohen
1968
Jerzy Neyman
1969
William Feller

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1970s|

1970
Richard Brauer
1973
John Tukey
1974
Kurt Gödel
1975
John W. Backus
Shiing-Shen Chern
George Dantzig
1976
Kurt Otto Friedrichs
Hassler Whitney
1979
Joseph L. Doob
Donald E. Knuth

1980s|

1982
Marshall H. Stone
1983
Herman Goldstine
Isadore Singer
1986
Peter Lax
Antoni Zygmund
1987
Raoul Bott
Michael Freedman
1988
Ralph E. Gomory
Joseph B. Keller
1989
Samuel Karlin
Saunders Mac Lane
Donald C. Spencer

1990s|

1990
George F. Carrier
Stephen Cole Kleene
John McCarthy
1991
Alberto Calderón
1992
Allen Newell
1993
Martin David Kruskal
1994
John Cocke
1995
Louis Nirenberg
1996
Richard Karp
Stephen Smale
1997
Shing-Tung Yau
1998
Cathleen Synge Morawetz
1999
Felix Browder
Ronald R. Coifman

2000s|

2000
John Griggs Thompson
Karen Uhlenbeck
2001
Calyampudi R. Rao
Elias M. Stein
2002
James G. Glimm
2003
Carl R. de Boor
2004
Dennis P. Sullivan
2005
Bradley Efron
2006
Hyman Bass
2007
Leonard Kleinrock
Andrew J. Viterbi
2009
David B. Mumford

2010s|

2010
Richard A. Tapia
S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan
2011
Solomon W. Golomb
Barry Mazur
2012
Alexandre Chorin
David Blackwell
2013
Michael Artin

Physical sciences

| 1960s|

1963
Luis W. Alvarez
1964
Julian Schwinger
Harold Urey
Robert Burns Woodward
1965
John Bardeen
Peter Debye
Leon M. Lederman
William Rubey
1966
Jacob Bjerknes
Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
Henry Eyring
John H. Van Vleck
Vladimir K. Zworykin
1967
Jesse Beams
Francis Birch
Gregory Breit
Louis Hammett
George Kistiakowsky
1968
Paul Bartlett
Herbert Friedman
Lars Onsager
Eugene Wigner
1969
Herbert C. Brown
Wolfgang Panofsky

|

1970s|

1970
Robert H. Dicke
Allan R. Sandage
John C. Slater
John A. Wheeler
Saul Winstein
1973
Carl Djerassi
Maurice Ewing
Arie Jan Haagen-Smit
Vladimir Haensel
Frederick Seitz
Robert Rathbun Wilson
1974
Nicolaas Bloembergen
Paul Flory
William Alfred Fowler
Linus Carl Pauling
Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer
1975
Hans A. Bethe
Joseph O. Hirschfelder
Lewis Sarett
Edgar Bright Wilson
Chien-Shiung Wu
1976
Samuel Goudsmit
Herbert S. Gutowsky
Frederick Rossini
Verner Suomi
Henry Taube
George Uhlenbeck
1979
Richard P. Feynman
Herman Mark
Edward M. Purcell
John Sinfelt
Lyman Spitzer
Victor F. Weisskopf

1980s|

1982
Philip W. Anderson
Yoichiro Nambu
Edward Teller
Charles H. Townes
1983
E. Margaret Burbidge
Maurice Goldhaber
Helmut Landsberg
Walter Munk
Frederick Reines
Bruno B. Rossi
J. Robert Schrieffer
1986
Solomon J. Buchsbaum
H. Richard Crane
Herman Feshbach
Robert Hofstadter
Chen-Ning Yang
1987
Philip Abelson
Walter Elsasser
Paul C. Lauterbur
George Pake
James A. Van Allen
1988
D. Allan Bromley
Paul Ching-Wu Chu
Walter Kohn
Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.
Jack Steinberger
1989
Arnold O. Beckman
Eugene Parker
Robert Sharp
Henry Stommel

1990s|

1990
Allan M. Cormack
Edwin M. McMillan
Robert Pound
Roger Revelle
1991
Arthur L. Schawlow
Ed Stone
Steven Weinberg
1992
Eugene M. Shoemaker
1993
Val Fitch
Vera Rubin
1994
Albert Overhauser
Frank Press
1995
Hans Dehmelt
Peter Goldreich
1996
Wallace S. Broecker
1997
Marshall Rosenbluth
Martin Schwarzschild
George Wetherill
1998
Don L. Anderson
John N. Bahcall
1999
James Cronin
Leo Kadanoff

2000s|

2000
Willis E. Lamb
Jeremiah P. Ostriker
Gilbert F. White
2001
Marvin L. Cohen
Raymond Davis Jr.
Charles Keeling
2002
Richard Garwin
W. Jason Morgan
Edward Witten
2003
G. Brent Dalrymple
Riccardo Giacconi
2004
Robert N. Clayton
2005
Ralph A. Alpher
Lonnie Thompson
2006
Daniel Kleppner
2007
Fay Ajzenberg-Selove
Charles P. Slichter
2008
Berni Alder
James E. Gunn
2009
Yakir Aharonov
Esther M. Conwell
Warren M. Washington

2010s|

2011
Sidney Drell
Sandra Faber
Sylvester James Gates
2012
Burton Richter
Sean C. Solomon
2014
Shirley Ann Jackson

* v
* t
* e

Laureates of the Prince or Princess of Asturias Award for Technical and Scientific Research

Prince of Asturias Award for Technical and Scientific Research

* 1981: Alberto Sols
* 1982: Manuel Ballester
* 1983: Luis Antonio Santaló Sors
* 1984: Antonio Garcia-Bellido
* 1985: David Vázquez Martínez and Emilio Rosenblueth
* 1986: Antonio González González
* 1987: Jacinto Convit and Pablo Rudomín
* 1988: Manuel Cardona and Marcos Moshinsky
* 1989: Guido Münch
* 1990: Santiago Grisolía and Salvador Moncada
* 1991: Francisco Bolívar Zapata
* 1992: Federico García Moliner
* 1993: Amable Liñán
* 1994: Manuel Patarroyo
* 1995: Manuel Losada Villasante and Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad of Costa Rica
* 1996: Valentín Fuster
* 1997: Atapuerca research team
* 1998: Emilio Méndez Pérez and Pedro Miguel Echenique Landiríbar
* 1999: Ricardo Miledi and Enrique Moreno González
* 2000: Robert Gallo and Luc Montagnier
* 2001: Craig Venter, John Sulston, Francis Collins, Hamilton Smith, and Jean Weissenbach
* 2002: Lawrence Roberts, Robert E. Kahn, Vinton Cerf, and Tim Berners-Lee
* 2003: Jane Goodall
* 2004: Judah Folkman, Tony Hunter, Joan Massagué, Bert Vogelstein, and Robert Weinberg
* 2005: Antonio Damasio
* 2006: Juan Ignacio Cirac
* 2007: Peter Lawrence and Ginés Morata
* 2008: Sumio Iijima, Shuji Nakamura, Robert Langer, George M. Whitesides, and Tobin Marks
* 2009: Martin Cooper and Raymond Tomlinson
* 2010: David Julius, Baruch Minke, and Linda Watkins
* 2011: Joseph Altman, Arturo Álvarez-Buylla, and Giacomo Rizzolatti
* 2012: Gregory Winter and Richard A. Lerner
* 2013: Peter Higgs, François Englert, and European Organization for Nuclear Research CERN
* 2014: Avelino Corma Canós, Mark E. Davis, and Galen D. Stucky

Princess of Asturias Award for Technical and Scientific Research

* 2015: Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna
* 2016: Hugh Herr
* 2017: Rainer Weiss, Kip S. Thorne, Barry C. Barish, and the LIGO Scientific Collaboration
* 2018: Svante Pääbo
* 2019: Joanne Chory and Sandra Myrna Díaz
* 2020: Yves Meyer, Ingrid Daubechies, Terence Tao, and Emmanuel Candès
* 2021: Katalin Karikó, Drew Weissman, Philip Felgner, Uğur Şahin, Özlem Türeci, Derrick Rossi, and Sarah Gilbert
* 2022: Geoffrey Hinton, Yann LeCun, Yoshua Bengio, and Demis Hassabis
* 2023: Jeffrey I. Gordon, Everett Peter Greenberg, and Bonnie Bassler
* 2024: Daniel J. Drucker, Jeffrey M. Friedman, Joel F. Habener, Jens Juul Holst, and Svetlana Mojsov

Authority control databases

International|

* ISNI
* VIAF
* FAST
* WorldCat

National|

* Germany
* United States
* France
* BnF data
* Japan
* Czech Republic
* Spain
* Netherlands
* Korea
* Sweden
* Poland
* Israel
* Catalonia

Academics|

* CiNii
* ORCID

People|

* DDB

Other|

* IdRef

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