Crime in India

Crime rate in India 2021 (crime per 100,000 population)[1]

Murder| 2.1
Rape| 4.8
Kidnapping| 7.4
Death by road accidents| 10.1
Dowry deaths| 1.0
Grievous hurt| 6.6
Sexual harassment| 2.6
Human trafficking| 0.1
Riots| 3.1
Theft| 42.9
Burglary| 7.2
Extortion| 0.8
Robbery| 2.1
Forgery, cheating & fraud| 11.1
Drugs trafficking| 2.4
Illegal arms| 3.3
Crimes against children| 33.6
Cyber crime| 3.9
Crimes against children rate is calculated per 100,000 children population

Crime in India has been recorded since the British Raj, with comprehensive statistics now compiled annually by the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB), under the Ministry of Home Affairs (India).

In 2021, a total of 60,96,310 crimes, comprising 36,63,360 Indian Penal Code (IPC) crimes and 24,32,950 Special and Local Laws (SLL) crimes were registered nationwide. It is a 7.65% annual decrease from 66,01,285 crimes in 2020; the crime rate (per 100,000 people) has decreased from 487.8 in 2020 to 445.9 in 2021, but still significantly higher from 385.5 in 2019.[2][3] In 2021, offences affecting the human body contributed 30%, offences against property contributed 20.8%, and miscellaneous IPC crimes contributed 29.7% of all cognizable IPC crimes.[2] Murder rate was 2.1 per 100,000, kidnapping rate was 7.4 per 100,000, and rape rate was 4.8 per 100,000 in 2021.[2] According to the UN, the homicide rate was 2.95 per 100,000 in 2020 with 40,651 recorded, down from a peak of 5.46 per 100,000 in 1992 and essentially unchanged since 2017, higher than most countries in Asia and Europe and lower than most in the Americas and Africa although numerically one of the highest due to the large population.[4]

Investigation rate is calculated as all cases disposed, quashed or withdrawn by police as a percentage of total cases available for investigation. The investigation rate of IPC crimes in India was 64.9% in 2021.[5] Charge-sheeting rate is calculated as all cases, where charges were framed against accused, as a percentage of total cases disposed after investigation. The charge-sheeting rate of IPC crimes in India was 72.3% in 2021.[2] Conviction rate is calculated as all cases, where accused was convicted by court after completion of a trial, as a percentage of total cases where trial was completed. The conviction rate of IPC crimes in India was 57.0% in 2021.[5] In 2021, 51,540 murders were under investigation by police, of which charges were framed in 26,382; and 46,127 rapes were under investigation by police, of which charges were framed in 26,164.[2] In 2021, 2,48,731 murders were under trial in courts, of which conviction was given in 4,304; and 1,85,836 rapes were under trial in courts, of which conviction was given in 3,368.[2] The murder conviction rate was 42.4 and the rape conviction rate was 28.6 in 2021.[2]

## Over time

[edit]

Incidence of cognizable crimes in India 1953–2007.[6]

A report published by the NCRB compared the crime rates of 1953 and 2006. The report noted that burglary (known as house-breaking[7] in India) declined over a period of 53 years by 79.84% (from 147,379, a rate of 39.3/100,000 in 1953 to 91,666, a rate of 7.9/100,000 in 2006), murder has increased by 7.39% (from 9,803, a rate of 2.61 in 1953 to 32,481, a rate of 2.81/100,000 in 2006).[8]

Kidnapping increased by 47.80% (from 5,261, a rate of 1.40/100,000 in 1953 to 23,991, a rate of 2.07/100,000 in 2006), robbery declined by 28.85% (from 8,407, rate of 2.24/100,000 in 1953 to 18,456, rate of 1.59/100,000 in 2006) and riots have declined by 10.58% (from 20,529, a rate of 5.47/100,000 in 1953 to 56,641, a rate of 4.90/100,000 in 2006).[8]

In 2006, 5,102,460 cognizable crimes were committed including 1,878,293 (IPC) crimes and 3,224,167 Special & Local Laws (SLL) crimes, with an increase of 1.5% over 2005 (50,26,337).[9] IPC crime rate in 2006 was 167.7 compared to 165.3 in 2005 showing an increase of 1.5% in 2006 over 2005.[9] SLL crime rate in 2006 was 287.9 compared to 290.5 in 2005 showing a decline of 0.9% in 2006 over 2005.[9]

Year[8] | Total cog. crimes under IPC, per 100,000  | Murder per 100,000  | Kidnapping per 100,000  | Robbery per 100,000  | Burglary (known as house-breaking in India) per 100,000

|
|
|
|
|

1953 | 160.5 | 2.61 | 1.40 | 2.24 | 39.3 |
2006 | 162.3 | 2.81 | 2.07 | 1.60 | 7.92 |
% Change in 2006 over 1953 | 1.1 | 7.39 | 47.80 | −28.85 | −79.84 |

SOURCE: National Crime Records Bureau[8]

## Crime by location

[edit]

Main article: List of states and union territories of India by crime rate

As of 2019, Delhi had the highest crime rate (incidence of crime per 100,000 population) among all States of India at 1586.1, rising steeply from 1342.5.[2][10] Delhi's crime rate was 4.1 times higher than the national average of 385.5 that year. States in Northeast India have consistently reported much lower crime rates, with 4 of the 5 states having the lowest crime in being from the region in 2018.

In terms of the absolute number of crimes in 2018, Uttar Pradesh reported the most (12.2% of nationally reported crime). Maharashtra, after topping the list over the previous 4-years, Kerala dropped to the third-position in absolute numbers, accounting for 10.1% of all crimes.

The violent crime rate (per 100,000 population) was highest in Assam (86.4), Tripura (62), Haryana (49.4), West Bengal (46.1) and Arunachal Pradesh (41.7). However, in terms of absolute number of cases, Uttar Pradesh reported the highest incidence of violent crimes accounting for 15.2% of total violent crimes in India (65,155 out of 428,134) followed by Maharashtra (10.7%), and Bihar and West Bengal each accounting for 10.4% of such cases.

Absolute number of reported crimes & crime rates across India  State/UT | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | Percentage share of state/UT (2019) | Crime rate in 2019 (IPC+SLL crimes)

|
|
|
|
|
|

India | 4831515 | 5007044 | 5074635 | 5156172 | 100.0 | 385.5
Andhra Pradesh | 129389 | 148002 | 144703 | 145751 | 2.8 | 278.6
Arunachal Pradesh | 2700 | 2746 | 2817 | 2877 | 0.1 | 190.9
Assam | 107014 | 109952 | 120572 | 123783 | 2.6 | 385.8
Bihar | 189696 | 236055 | 262815 | 269109 | 5.2 | 224.0
Chhattisgarh | 84192 | 90516 | 98233 | 96561 | 1.9 | 334.7
Goa | 3706 | 3943 | 3884 | 3727 | 0.1 | 241.5
Gujarat | 435422 | 334799 | 393194 | 431066 | 8.4 | 631.6
Haryana | 143111 | 224816 | 191229 | 166336 | 3.2 | 577.4
Himachal Pradesh | 17249 | 17796 | 19594 | 19924 | 0.4 | 272.4
Jammu and Kashmir | 26624 | 25608 | 27276 | 25408 | 0.5 | 187.8
Jharkhand | 47817 | 52664 | 55664 | 62206 | 1.2 | 165.5
Karnataka | 179479 | 184063 | 163416 | 163691 | 3.2 | 248.1
Kerala | 707870 | 653500 | 512167 | 453083 | 8.8 | 1287.7
Madhya Pradesh | 365154 | 379682 | 405129 | 395619 | 7.7 | 478.9
Maharashtra | 430866 | 467753 | 515674 | 509443 | 9.9 | 415.8
Manipur | 4098 | 4250 | 3781 | 3661 | 0.1 | 117.7
Meghalaya | 3582 | 3952 | 3482 | 3897 | 0.1 | 120.6
Mizoram | 2800 | 2738 | 2351 | 2880 | 0.1 | 241.0
Nagaland | 1908 | 1553 | 1775 | 1661 | 0.0 | 77.1
Odisha | 103565 | 103866 | 107408 | 121525 | 2.4 | 277.9
Punjab | 57739 | 70673 | 70318 | 72855 | 1.4 | 243.3
Rajasthan | 251147 | 245553 | 250546 | 304394 | 5.9 | 392.3
Sikkim | 1020 | 979 | 869 | 821 | 0.0 | 123.5
Tamil Nadu | 467369 | 420876 | 499188 | 455094 | 8.8 | 600.3
Telangana | 120273 | 133197 | 126858 | 131254 | 2.5 | 352.0
Tripura | 4081 | 4238 | 6078 | 5988 | 0.1 | 149.6
Uttar Pradesh | 494025 | 600082 | 585157 | 628578 | 12.2 | 278.2
Uttarakhand | 16074 | 28861 | 34715 | 28268 | 0.5 | 252.8
West Bengal | 204400 | 195537 | 188063 | ***** | 3.6 | 193.7
Andaman and Nicobar Islands | 2491 | 3014 | 3699 | 4034 | 0.1 | 1013.6
Chandigarh | 4256 | 5462 | 5967 | 4518 | 0.1 | 381.6
Dadra and Nagar Haveli | 256 | 309 | 315 | 290 | 0.0 | 52.2
Daman and Diu | 287 | 382 | 334 | 370 | 0.0 | 87.5
Delhi | 216920 | 244714 | 262612 | 316261 | 5.2 | 1586.1
Lakshadweep | 50 | 114 | 77 | 182 | 0.0 | 267.6
Puducherry | 4885 | 4799 | 4674 | 4004 | 0.1 | 264.3

* Due to non-receipt of data from West Bengal in time for 2019, data furnished for 2018 has been used

Sources :[2][3]

### Cities

[edit]

Among metropolitan cities, Kolkata (103.4 in 2021) was the safest city, however, the experts doubted the accuracy of the data. After Kolkata, Pune (256.8) and Hyderabad (259.9) had the lowest crime rates (per 1 lakh urban population) among the 19-cities with more than two million inhabitants in India.[11] While almost all major cities have historically had a crime rate higher than that of their domain states, since 2018, Kolkata[12] and Mumbai (309.9) have been the only mega cities to have a lower crime rate than their states, West Bengal and Maharashtra respectively. Among other metropolises, Kozhikode (523.2) and Pune were the only ones to have a lower crime rate than their states.[13] It is generally acknowledged that cities have a greater propensity to crime and that megacities have a higher crime rate than smaller cities.

Delhi (1906.8)[14] remained the most crime ridden urban area in India for the fourth-year as of 2019. Over 82% of the 290,000 crimes in Delhi were thefts which jumped by more than 25% in 2019. In sharp contrast, thefts accounted for just a little over 20% of the 3.2 million crimes registered nationwide. Crime in the capital city has incrementally expanded over the previous years and jumped from 2018 when the rime rate was 1385.1.[15] Despite significantly reducing in scale, the crime rate in Kochi remained the second-highest at 1711.2, mainly due to Kochi Police booking the highest number of rash driving cases in their jurisdiction, 10508 separate cases in 2019.[16] Jaipur (1392.5) had the third-highest crime rate for the second-year, with crimes against women rising fast. The city had the highest rape rate of 35.6 per 100,000 population.[2][17]

## Crimes against women

[edit]

Main article: Violence against women in India

Police records shows high incidence of crimes against women in India.[18] Sexual assault against women in India is increasingly common. Despite a large population, statistically sexual assault in India is not rampant.[18] According to the NCRB, as of 2018, the majority of crimes against women were registered under 'Cruelty by Husband or His Relatives' (31.9%) followed by 'Assault on Women with Intent to Outrage her Modesty' (27.6%), 'Kidnapping & Abduction of Women' (22.5%) and 'Rape' (10.3%). The crime rate per lakh women population was 58.8 in 2018, as compared to 57.9 in 2017.

### Rape

[edit]

Main article: Rape in India

Rape in India has been described by Radha Kumar as one of India's most common crimes against women.[19] Official sources show that rape cases in India have doubled between 1990 and 2008.[20] While already on an upward curve, rape cases suddenly spiked in 2013.[21] Disturbing incidents of rape on senior citizens[22] and infants[23] are increasingly common. The incidence of rape had gone up significantly during the COVID-19 pandemic in India.[24]

As of 2018, rape was the fourth most common crime against women with the number of registered rape cases rising from 32,559 in 2017 to 33,356. Of these, 31,320 cases (93.9%) had a culprit who was known to the victim. The states which saw the highest absolute number of rapes were Madhya Pradesh (5,433 or 16.3% of all cases),[25] Rajasthan (4,355 or 13%), Uttar Pradesh (3,946 or 11.8%), Maharashtra (2,142 or 6.4%) and Chhattisgarh (2,091 or 6%).

In 2018, the national average rape rate (per 1,00,000 population) was 5.2, same as the previous year. Tamil Nadu (0.9), Nagaland (1.0) and Bihar (1.1) had the lowest rape rates while Chhattisgarh (14.7) had the highest rape rate.

### Dowry

[edit]

Main article: Dowry system in India

Dowries are considered a major contributor towards the violence against women in India. Some of these offences include physical violence, emotional abuses, and murder of brides and girls.[26][27][28]

Most dowry deaths occur when the young woman, unable to bear the harassment and torture, commits suicide. Most of these suicides are by hanging, poisoning or by fire. Sometimes the woman is killed by setting her on fire – this is known as bride burning, and is sometimes disguised as suicide or accident.[29] In 2012, 8,233 dowry death cases were reported across India.[30] Dowry issues caused 1.4 deaths per year per 100,000 women in India.[31][32]

### Domestic violence

[edit]

Further information: Domestic violence in India

Domestic violence in India is endemic.[33] Around 70% of women in India are victims of domestic violence, according to Renuka Chowdhury, former Union minister for Women and Child Development.[34]

The National Crime Records Bureau reveals that a crime against a woman is committed every three minutes, a woman is raped every 29 minutes, a dowry death occurs every 77 minutes, and one case of cruelty committed by either the husband or relative of the husband occurs every nine minutes.[35] This occurs despite the fact that women in India are legally protected from domestic abuse under the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act.[35]

## Organized crime

[edit]

Further information: Organised crime in India

### Human trafficking

[edit]

Human trafficking in India is a serious issue. It usually comes in the form of offering employment to the poor and uneducated. Women are sold to brothels or families as maids, where they are usually raped, tortured and sexually assaulted. In 2021, India has passed a bill for fighting human trafficking.[36] According to National Crime Records Bureau, 2,189 cases of human trafficking were registered in 2021 as compared to 1,714 in 2020. Among states, Telangana (347) reported highest number of cases, followed by Maharashtra (320) and Assam (203). 1,21,351 children were missing as of 2021 data, many of them potential victims of human trafficking.[37]

### Illegal drug trade

[edit]

India is located between two major illicit opium producing centers in Asia – the Golden Crescent comprising Pakistan, Afghanistan and Iran and the Golden Triangle comprising Burma, Thailand and Laos.[38] Because of such geographical location, India experiences large amount of drug trafficking through the borders.[39] India is the world's largest producer of licit opium for the pharmaceutical trade.[40] But an undetermined quantity of opium is diverted to illicit international drug markets.[40]

India is a transshipment point for heroin from Southwest Asian countries like Afghanistan and Pakistan and from Southeast Asian countries like Burma, Laos, and Thailand.[41] Heroin is smuggled from Pakistan and Burma, with some quantities transshipped through Nepal.[41] Most heroin shipped from India are destined for Europe.[41] There have been reports of heroin smuggled from Mumbai to Nigeria for further export.[41]

In Maharashtra, Mumbai is an important center for distribution of drug.[42] The most commonly used drug in Mumbai is Indian heroin (called desi mal by the local population).[42] Both public transportation (road and rail transportation) and private transportation are used for this drug trade.[42]

Drug trafficking affects the country in many ways.

* Drug abuse: Cultivation of illicit narcotic substances and drug trafficking affects the health of the individuals and destroy the economic structure of the family and society.[43][44]
* Organised crime: Drug trafficking results in growth of organized crime which affects social security. Organized crime connects drug trafficking with corruption and money laundering.[44]
* Political instability: Drug trafficking also aggravates the political instability in Northwest and Northeast India.[45]

A survey conducted in 2003–2004 by Narcotics Control Bureau found that India has at least four million drug addicts.[46] The most common drugs used in India are cannabis, hashish, opium and heroin.[46] In 2006 alone, India's law enforcing agencies recovered 230 kg heroin and 203 kg of cocaine.[47] In an annual government report in 2007, the United States named India among 20 major hubs for trafficking of illegal drugs along with Pakistan, Afghanistan and Burma. However, studies reveal that most of the criminals caught in this crime are either Nigerian or US nationals.[48]

Several measures have been taken by the Government of India to combat drug trafficking in the country. India is a party of the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs (1961), the Convention on Psychotropic Substances (1971), the Protocol Amending the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs (1972) and the United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (1988).[49] An Indo-Pakistani committee was set up in 1986 to prevent trafficking in narcotic drugs.[50] India signed a convention with the United Arab Emirates in 1994 to control drug trafficking.[50] In 1995, India signed an agreement with Egypt for investigation of drug cases and exchange of information and a memorandum of understanding of the Prevention of Illicit Trafficking in Drugs with Iran.[50]

### Arms trafficking

[edit]

According to a joint report published by Oxfam, Amnesty International and the International Action Network on Small Arms (IANSA) in 2006, there are around 40 million illegal small arms in India out of approximately 75 million in worldwide circulation.[51] Majority of the illegal small arms make its way into the states of Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand, Orissa and Madhya Pradesh.[51] In UP, a used AK-47 costs $3,800 in black market.[52] Large amount of illegal small arms are manufactured in various illegal arms factories in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar and sold on the black market for as little as $5.08.[51]

Chinese pistols are in demand in the illegal small arms market in India because they are easily available and cheaper.[51] This trend poses a significant problem for the states of Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Orissa, Maharashtra, West Bengal, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh which have influence of Naxalism.[51] The porous Indo-Nepal border is an entry point for Chinese pistols, AK-47 and M-16 rifles into India as these arms are used by the Naxalites who have ties to Maoists in Nepal.[51]

In North-East India, there is a huge influx of small arms due to the insurgent groups operating there.[53] The small arms in North-East India come from insurgent groups in Burma, black markets in Southeast Asia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal and Sri Lanka, black market in Cambodia, the People's Republic of China, insurgent groups like the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, the Communist Party of India (Maoist), the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre), Indian states like Uttar Pradesh and pilferages from legal gun factories, criminal organizations operating in India and South Asian countries another international markets like Romania, Germany etc.[54] Illegal weaponry found in North-East India includes small arms such as the M14, M16, AK-47, AK-56, and the AK-74, but also light machine guns, Chinese hand grenades, mines, rocket-propelled grenade launchers and submachine guns etc.[55]

The Ministry of External Affairs and Ministry of Home Affairs drafted a joint proposal to the United Nations, seeking a global ban on small-arms sales to non-state users.[51]

## Poaching and wildlife trafficking

[edit]

Illegal wildlife trade in India has increased.[56][57]

According to a report published by the Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) in 2004, India is the chief target for the traders of wildlife skin.[58] Between 1994 and 2003, there have been 784 cases where the skins of tiger, leopard or otter have been seized.[58] Leopards, rhinoceros, reptiles, birds, insects, rare species of plants are being smuggled into the countries in Southeast Asia and the People's Republic of China.[56] Between 1994 and 2003, poaching and seizure of 698 otters have been documented in India.[58]

Kathmandu is a key staging point for illegal skins smuggled from India bound for Tibet and PRC.[58] The report by EIA noted there has been a lack of cross-border cooperation between India, Nepal and the People's Republic of China to coordinate enforcement operations and lack of political will to treat wildlife crime effectively.[58] The poaching of elephants is a significant problem in Southern India[59] and in the North-Eastern states of Nagaland and Mizoram.[60] In 2015-17, Operation Shikkar led to the arrest of 72 individuals and the seizure of 464 kg of ivory.

The majority of tiger poaching happen in Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Orissa, West Bengal, Assam and Arunachal Pradesh.[61] There was a famous leopard poaching case at Mankulam in Kerala in 2021.[62][63] Following is a comparison of reported cases of tiger and leopard poaching from 1998 to 2003:

Year  | 1998  | 1999  | 2000  | 2001  | 2002  | 2003

|
|
|
|
|
|

Reported cases of tiger poaching[64] | 14 | 38 | 39 | 35 | 47 | 8
Reported cases of leopard poaching[64] | 28 | 80 | 201 | 69 | 87 | 15

Samir Sinha, head of TRAFFIC India, the wildlife trade monitoring arm of the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) and the World Conservation Union (IUCN), told Reuters in an interview "The situation regarding the illegal trade in wildlife parts in India is very grim. It is a vast, a varied trade ranging from smuggling of rare medicinal plants to butterflies to peafowl to tigers and it is difficult to predict how big it is, but the threats and dimensions suggest that the trade is increasing".[56]

Project Tiger, a wildlife conservation project, was initiated in 1972 and was launched by Indira Gandhi on 1 April 1973.[65] With 23 tiger reserves, Project Tiger claimed to have succeeded.[65] But according to critics like conservationist Billy Arjan Singh, temporary increases in tiger population were caused by immigration due to destruction of habitat in Nepal, not because of the widely acclaimed success of wildlife policy in India.[65]

## Cyber crime

[edit]

The Information Technology Act 2000 was passed by the Parliament of India in May 2000, aiming to curb cyber crimes and provide a legal framework for e-commerce transactions.[66] However Pavan Duggal, lawyer of Supreme Court of India and cyber law expert, viewed "The IT Act, 2000, is primarily meant to be a legislation to promote e-commerce. It is not very effective in dealing with several emerging cyber crimes like cyber harassment, defamation, stalking and so on". Although cyber crime cells have been set up in major cities, Duggal noted the problem is that most cases remain unreported due to a lack of awareness.[67]

In 2001, India and United States had set up an India-US cyber security forum as part of a counter-terrorism dialogue.[68][69]

In 2021, according to NCRB data, 52,974 cyber crime cases were registered in India, a rise of 5% compared to 2020 (50,035) cases. Telangana reported highest number of cyber crimes in India with 10,303 cases, followed by Uttar Pradesh (8,829) and Karnataka (8,136) in the number of cyber crimes reported, while Karnataka registered highest number of cyber crimes against women.[70]

In 2021, the motive behind 60.8% of the cyber crimes was fraud, followed by sexual exploitation in 8.6% (4,555) cases and extortion in 5.4% (2,883) cases.[71]

India ranked second globally in terms of cyber crimes on health systems in 2021, according to a report by CloudSEK, a company which predicts cyber threats. The breached data included vaccination records, personally identifiable information, like name, address, email, contact number, and gender, and log in details of hospitals. Such attacks can also shut down equipment during surgery or in intensive care units.[72]

## Corruption and police misconduct

[edit]

Main article: Corruption in India

Corruption is widespread in India. It is prevalent within every section and every level of the society.[73] Corruption has taken the role of a pervasive aspect of Indian politics. In India, corruption takes the form of bribes, evasion of tax and exchange controls, embezzlement, etc.[74]

Despite state prohibitions against torture and custodial misconduct by the police, torture is widespread in police custody, which is a major reason behind deaths in custody.[75][76] The police often torture innocent people until a 'confession' is obtained to save influential and wealthy offenders.[77][74] G.P. Joshi, the programme coordinator of the Indian branch of the Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative in New Delhi comments that the main issue at hand concerning police violence is a lack of accountability of the police.[78]

In 2006, the Supreme Court of India in a judgment in the Prakash Singh vs. Union of India case, ordered central and state governments with seven directives to begin the process of police reform. The main objectives of this set of directives was twofold, providing tenure to and streamlining the appointment/transfer processes of policemen, and increasing the accountability of the police.[79]

In 2006, seven policemen were charge sheeted and eleven were convicted[9] for custodial misconduct. Jan Lokpal Bill is being planned to reduce the corruption.[80]

## Other crimes

[edit]

### Petty crime

[edit]

Petty crime, like pickpocketing, theft of valuables from luggage on trains and buses have been reported. Travelers who are not in groups become easy victims of pickpockets and purse snatchers. Purse snatchers work in crowded areas.[81]

### Confidence tricks

[edit]

Many scams are perpetrated against foreign travelers, especially in Jaipur, the capital of Rajasthan.[82] Scammers usually target younger foreign tourists and suggest to them that money can be made by privately transporting gems or gold, or by taking delivery abroad of expensive carpets, avoiding customs duties.[82]

Such incidents occupy the traveler for several days. The traveler is then passed to a new scam artist who offers to show the foreign traveler the sights. Scam artists also offer cheap lodgings and meals to foreign travelers so they can place him or her in the scam artist's physical custody and thus make the foreigner vulnerable to threats and physical coercion. In the process, the foreigner loses his passport.[82]

Besides these, there are also unofficial guides to watch out for. They can be found all over India such as at crowded transportation hubs and at tourist attractions. A common ruse at transportation hubs is to claim that there is no train to your destination or to claim that a place is closed. The aim is to get you to take their expensive private transport or to an expensive hotel where they get a cut. As for the guides at tourist attractions, these could be temples, mosques, or places such as the Varanasi Ghat. You will end up receiving unsolicited services and then asked to pay a big tip for them.[83]

### Taxi scam

[edit]

There are also taxi scams present in India, whereby a foreign traveler, who is not aware of the locations around Indian airports, is taken for a ride round the whole airport and charged for full-fare taxi ride while the terminal is only few hundred yards away.[81] Overseas Security Advisory Council in a report mentioned the process about how to avoid taxi-scam. This crime is known in other areas of the world as "long-hauling".[81]

## Preventing crimes

[edit]

Crime prevention is critical to maintain law and order in the country. Deterring criminals through deployment of more police is one of the major strategy practiced. However, their relationship is very complex. There are also other reasons such as unemployment, poverty, a lower per capita income which can affect the crime rates in India.[84]

## See also

[edit]

* India portal
* Law portal

* Law enforcement in India
* Crime and Criminal Tracking Network and Systems
* Indian Penal Code
* Organised crime in India
* List of scandals in India
* Kala Kachcha gang
* Mafia Raj
* Caste-related violence in India
* Religious violence in India
* Rape in India

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ "Crime in India 2021 - Statistics Volume 1" (PDF). National Crime Records Bureau.
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Crime in India 2021 : Volume 1" (PDF). ncrb.gov.in. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 March 2023. Retrieved 5 November 2022.
3. ^ a b "Crime in India 2018 : Volume 1" (PDF). ncrb.gov.in. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
4. ^ "UNODC". Retrieved 20 January 2022.
5. ^ a b "Crime Statistics 2021 Vol 3 - NCRB" (PDF).
6. ^ "Incidence of cognizable crimes (IPC) under different crime heads during 1953–2007" (PDF). National Crime Records Bureau. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 June 2009. Retrieved 8 November 2009.
7. ^ "Central Government Act Section 445 in The Indian Penal Code". Indiankanoon.org. Retrieved 16 July 2015.
8. ^ a b c d Snapshots (1953—2006)[permanent dead link] National Crime Records Bureau
9. ^ a b c d Snapshots – 2006[permanent dead link] National Crime Records Bureau
10. ^ "Three rapes, 126 vehicle thefts per day in Delhi in 2019: NCRB". Hindustan Times. 1 October 2020. Retrieved 5 October 2020.
11. ^ "NCRB Reports Says Kolkata Safest City in India; Experts Allege Suppression of Facts". The Wire. 31 August 2022.
12. ^ "Kolkata safest city, crime rate down 31% in 4 years". The Times of India. 23 October 2019. Retrieved 10 September 2020.
13. ^ "An analysis of crime in India's largest urban agglomerations".
14. ^ "Delhi crimes rose by over 20% against India's 3% in 2018–19, says NCRB data". Hindustan Times. 30 September 2020. Retrieved 5 October 2020.
15. ^ "Delhi crime rate is 4 times of other metros". The Times of India. 10 January 2020. Retrieved 10 September 2020.
16. ^ "Kochi, Surat and Pune have the highest amount of rash driving in India : NCRB 2019 Report". timesofindiacom. 1 October 2020. Retrieved 5 October 2020.
17. ^ "National Commission for Women raises red flag over rising crime against women in Jaipur". The Times of India. 4 October 2020. Retrieved 4 October 2020.
18. ^ a b Kalyani Menon-Sen, A. K. Shiva Kumar (2001). "Women in India: How Freely? How Equal?". United Nations. Archived from the original on 11 September 2006. Retrieved 24 December 2006.
19. ^ Kumar, Radha (1993). The History of Doing: An Account of Women's Rights and Feminism in India. Zubaan. p. 128\. ISBN 978-8185107769.
20. ^ "Indian student gang raped and thrown under bus". Agence France-Presse. 17 December 2012.
21. ^ "Sexual violence pandemic in India: Rape cases doubled in last 17 years". indiatoday.in. 13 December 2019. Retrieved 10 September 2020.
22. ^ "86-year-old woman raped in south west Delhi". The Times of India. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
23. ^ "Lucknow: 4-month-old baby dies after being raped by 30 yr old". The Times of India. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
24. ^ "Rape Cases Show No Signs of Stopping, Even As COVID-19 Cases Mount". shethepeople.tv. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
25. ^ "With 16% of entire nation's rape cases, Madhya Pradesh records highest number of rapes: NCRB report". timesnownews.com. 9 January 2020. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
26. ^ Srinivasan, Padma; Gary R. Lee (2004). "The Dowry System in Northern India: Women's Attitudes and Social Change". Journal of Marriage and Family. 66 (5): 1108–1117\. doi:10.1111/j.0022-2445.2004.00081.x.
27. ^ Teays, Wanda (1991). "The Burning Bride: The Dowry Problem in India". Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion. 7 (2): 29–52.
28. ^ Bloch, Francis; Vijayendra Rao (2002). "Terror as a Bargaining Instrument: A Case Study of Dowry Violence in Rural India" (PDF). The American Economic Review. 92 (4): 1029–1043\. doi:10.1257/00028280260344588. hdl:10986/21580. S2CID 67819029.
29. ^ Kumar, Virendra (February 2003). "Burnt wives". Burns. 29 (1): 31–36\. doi:10.1016/s0305-4179(02)00235-8. PMID 12543042.
30. ^ "National Crime Statistics (page 196)" (PDF). National Crime Records Bureau, India. 16 January 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 June 2014. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
31. ^ Provisional 2011 Census Data, Government of India (2011)
32. ^ Crime statistics in India Archived 29 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Government of India (2011)
33. ^ "India's Shame". thediplomat.com. Retrieved 25 April 2024.
34. ^ Chowdhury, Renuka (26 October 2006). "India tackles domestic violence". BBC.
35. ^ a b "India tackles domestic violence". BBC News. 27 October 2006. Retrieved 25 April 2012.
36. ^ Satyarthi, Kailash (28 July 2021). "Needed: an anti-trafficking law". The Hindu. Retrieved 31 August 2022.
37. ^ "As NCRB data suggests poor women and child safety records, experts raise concerns". The New Indian Express. 31 August 2022. Retrieved 31 August 2022.
38. ^ P. J. Alexander (2002). Policing India in the New Millennium. Allied Publishers. p. 658\. ISBN 81-7764-207-3.
39. ^ Caterina Gouvis Roman; Heather Ahn-Redding; Rita James Simon (2007). Illicit Drug Policies, Trafficking, and Use the World Over. Lexington Books. p. 183\. ISBN 978-0-7391-2088-0.
40. ^ a b "CIA World Factbook – India". The World Factbook. Retrieved 1 December 2007.
41. ^ a b c d "Comparative Criminology – Asia – India". Archived from the original on 1 March 2012. Retrieved 2 February 2008.
42. ^ a b c "Drug trade dynamics in India".
43. ^ "Life of Drug Addicts: Curtains Down". thishour.in. Archived from the original on 18 September 2016. Retrieved 20 October 2016.
44. ^ a b P. J. Alexander (2002). Policing India in the New Millennium. Allied Publishers. p. 659\. ISBN 81-7764-207-3.
45. ^ Alain Labrousse; Laurent Laniel (2002). The World Geopolitics of Drugs, 1998/1999. Springer. p. 53\. ISBN 1-4020-0140-1.
46. ^ a b "Mechanism in States".
47. ^ Airports get scanners to check drug trafficking
48. ^ "US names India among 20 major hubs for drug trafficking". Archived from the original on 17 March 2008.
49. ^ Daniel J. Koenig (2001). International Police Cooperation: A World Perspective. Lexington Books. p. 172\. ISBN 0-7391-0226-5.
50. ^ a b c Daniel J. Koenig (2001). International Police Cooperation: A World Perspective. Lexington Books. p. 173\. ISBN 0-7391-0226-5.
51. ^ a b c d e f g "DailyTimes – Your Right To Know". Daily Times. Pakistan. Archived from the original on 16 April 2013.
52. ^ "Small Arms Trafficking". Archived from the original on 28 January 2008. Retrieved 24 December 2007.
53. ^ Dasgupta, Anindita (January 2001). "Small Arms Proliferation in India's North-East: A Case Study of Assam". Economic and Political Weekly. 36 (1): 59–65\. JSTOR 4410143. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
54. ^ "5 sophisticated weapons famous among North-East India militant groups". The Northeast Today. 7 September 2020. Archived from the original on 19 April 2022. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
55. ^ "Assam Rifles seize three foreign made arms in Manipur". India Blooms. 2 May 2018. Archived from the original on 11 March 2023. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
56. ^ a b c "Illegal wildlife trade grows in India". Reuters. 17 August 2007.
57. ^ Rana, Ajay Kumar; Kumar, Nishant (1 April 2023). "Current wildlife crime (Indian scenario): major challenges and prevention approaches". Biodiversity and Conservation. 32 (5): 1473–1491\. doi:10.1007/s10531-023-02577-z. ISSN 1572-9710. PMC 10025790. PMID 37063172.
58. ^ a b c d e The Tiger Skin Trail Archived 12 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine
59. ^ R. Sukumar (1989). The Asian Elephant: Ecology and Management. Cambridge University Press. p. 210\. ISBN 0-521-43758-X.
60. ^ Charles Santiapillai; Peter Jackson (1990). The Asian Elephant: An Action Plan for Its Conservation. p. 30\. ISBN 2-88032-997-3.
61. ^ "The situation in India". Archived from the original on 12 May 2008. Retrieved 1 February 2008.
62. ^ "Kerala: Poachers planned to sell leopard's skin, teeth". The Times of India. 24 January 2021. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 30 January 2024.
63. ^ "Hunting lessons from YouTube, 15-day wait and a leopard dish: story of Mankulam poachers is stuff for a thriller". Onmanorama. Retrieved 30 January 2024.
64. ^ a b Poaching & Seizure Cases
65. ^ a b c "Rediff on the NeT Special: At least one tiger is killed by poachers every day".
66. ^ "India cyber law comes into force". BBC News.
67. ^ "Cyber crime scene in India".
68. ^ India-US to counter cyber crime
69. ^ "India-US cyber relations".
70. ^ Fathima, Azeefa (29 August 2022). "Most cybercrimes in 2021 reported from Telangana, NCRB data shows". The News Minute. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
71. ^ "Cybercrimes in India sees 5% hike in 2021, online fraud tops list, says govt data". Firstpost. 31 August 2022. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
72. ^ Barnagarwala, Tabassum (4 September 2022). "India ranks second globally in cyber attacks on health systems – as government pushes digitisation". Scroll.in. Retrieved 4 September 2022.
73. ^ Where will corruption take India? Archived 25 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine People's Union for Civil Liberties
74. ^ a b Dr., Vidyadevi Patil (2015). Social Problems in India. Maharashtra: Laxmi Book Publication. p. 29.
75. ^ Torture main reason of death in police custody The Tribune
76. ^ Custodial deaths in West Bengal and India's refusal to ratify the Convention against Torture Asian Human Rights Commission 26 February 2004
77. ^ Custodial deaths and torture in India Asian Legal Resource Centre
78. ^ "Police Accountability in India: Policing Contaminated by Politics". Archived from the original on 24 December 2010. Retrieved 2 February 2008.
79. ^ The Supreme Court takes the lead on police reform: Prakash Singh vs. Union of India Archived 25 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine, CHRI
80. ^ "Mumbai to join Hazare's fast today for Jan Lokpal". 5 April 2011.
81. ^ a b c "Crime & Safety Report: Chennai".
82. ^ a b c "India 2007 Crime & Safety Report: New Delhi".
83. ^ "42 Tourist targeted scams in India". Travelscams.org. Archived from the original on 4 June 2019. Retrieved 4 June 2019.
84. ^ https://bprd.nic.in/WriteReadData/userfiles/file/202001020542373723554IndianPoliceJournal.pdf |page=15

## Further reading

[edit]

* Edwardes, S. M. (2007), Crime in India, READ BOOKS, ISBN 978-1-4067-6126-9.
* Broadhurst, Roderic G.; Grabosky, Peter N. (2005), Cyber-Crime: The Challenge in Asia, Hong Kong University Press, ISBN 962-209-724-3.
* Menon, Vivek (1996), Under Siege: Poaching and Protection of Greater One-Horned Rhinoceroses in India, TRAFFIC International, ISBN 1-85850-102-4.
* Vittal, N. (2003), Corruption in India: The Roadblock to National Prosperity, Academic Foundation, ISBN 81-7188-287-0.
* Gupta, K. N. (2001), Corruption in India, Anmol Publications Pvt Ltd, ISBN 81-261-0973-4.

## External links

[edit]

* National Crime Records Bureau Archived 20 June 2014 at the Wayback Machine
* Helpline numbers by Crime in Delhi Archived 2 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine
* http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/ncrb-data-uttar-pradesh-crime-rate-up-police-3033360/
* Crime in India – 2010 statistics
* Crime rates in India State Wise
* New trends in drug trafficking
* India becoming hot bed for drug trafficking: Expert
* Mumbai mafia is using more sophisticated weapons than police Archived 16 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine
* People Not Poaching: The Communities and IWT Learning Platform

* v
* t
* e

Law enforcement in India

Law of India|

| Constitution|

* Amendments
* Basic structure
* Directive Principles
* Fundamental Duties
* Fundamental Rights
* Judicial Review

|

Criminal|

* Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita
* Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita
* Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam
* Capital Punishment
* Cognisable offence

Civil and Personal|

* Code of Civil Procedure
* Modern Hindu law
* Christian Personal law
* Muslim Personal Law
* Uniform Civil Code

Historic|

* Code of Criminal Procedure
* Hindu Personal Law
* History of Indian law
* Indian Penal Code

Judiciary|

* Supreme Court
* Chief Justice
* Judges
* High Courts
* Chief Justices
* Judges
* District Courts
* Chief Judicial Magistrate Court
* District Munsiff Court
* Subordinate Courts
* Gram Nyayalayas
* Lok Adalat
* Tribunals
* Judicial activism
* Pendency of court cases

Ministries & departments|

| Central|

* Law Commission
* Ministry of Home Affairs
* Ministry of Law and Justice

|

States|

* Bihar
* Kerala
* Maharashtra
* Tamil Nadu
* Uttar Pradesh
* West Bengal

Police|

* Police ranks
* Commissioner
* Director general
* National Police Memorial
* Police brutality
* Police Complaints Authority

Crimes|

* Against children
* Against women
* Caste related
* Corruption
* Human rights
* Mass surveillance
* Rape
* Suicide
* Organised
* Drugs
* Black money
* Hawala
* Paid media
* Scandals
* Terrorism

Bar|

* Bar Council
* Attorney General
* Solicitor General
* Additional Solicitor General
* Advocate General

Law enforcement agencies of India

* v
* t
* e

Indian Intelligence Agencies

National Security Council|

* National Security Council
* National Security Advisor
* Joint Intelligence Committee
* National Technical Research Organisation

Internal security|

* Intelligence Bureau
* Central Bureau of Investigation
* National Investigation Agency
* All India Radio Monitoring Service
* Narcotics Control Bureau

External intelligence|

* Research and Analysis Wing
* Aviation Research Centre
* Radio Research Centre
* Electronics and Technical Services

Defence intelligence|

* Defence Intelligence Agency
* Directorate of Military Intelligence
* Directorate of Naval Intelligence
* Directorate of Air Intelligence
* Image Processing and Analysis Centre
* Directorate of Signals Intelligence
* Joint Cipher Bureau
* Information Management and Analysis Centre

Economic intelligence|

* Economic Intelligence Council
* Central Economic Intelligence Bureau
* Directorate of Revenue Intelligence
* Directorate General of Income Tax Investigation
* Directorate General of Economic Enforcement

Intelligence Co-ordination|

* Multi Agency Centre (MAC)
* Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C)

* v
* t
* e

Indian Penal Code

Chapters|

* Chapter I
* Chapter II
* Chapter III
* Chapter IV
* Chapter V
* Chapter VA
* Chapter VI
* Chapter VII
* Chapter VIII
* Chapter IX
* Chapter IXA
* Chapter X
* Chapter XI
* Chapter XII
* Chapter XIII
* Chapter XIV
* Chapter XV
* Chapter XVI
* Chapter XVII
* Chapter XVIII
* Chapter XIX
* Chapter XX
* Chapter XXA
* Chapter XXI
* Chapter XXII
* Chapter XXIII

Capital offence sections|

* 120B (criminal conspiracy)
* 121 (waging war against India)
* 122 (mutiny)
* 194 (false evidence to procure conviction for a capital offence)
* 302, 303 (murder)
* 305 (abetting suicide)
* 364A (kidnapping for ransom)
* 364A (dacoity with murder)
* 376A (rape with murder or resulting in persistent vegetative state of the victim)

Other sections|

* 1
* 2
* 3
* 4
* 5
* 20 (court of law)
* 124A (sedition)
* 144 (unlawful assembly)
* 153A (hate speech)
* 228A (privacy of rape victim)
* 294 (obscenity)
* 295A (blasphemy)
* 299 (culpable homicide)
* 304 (culpable homicide not amounting to murder)
* 320 (grievous hurt)
* 326A (acid attack)
* 326B (attempted acid attack)
* 377 (unnatural sex offences)
* 420 (fraud)

Defunct|

* 309 (attempted suicide)
* 497 (adultery)

* v
* t
* e

Criminal procedure (investigation)

Criminal investigation|

* Arguido
* Arrest
* Arrest warrant
* Consent search
* Detention
* Exigent circumstance
* Knock-and-announce
* Miranda warning
* Pretextual stop
* Probable cause
* Reasonable suspicion
* Right to silence
* Search and seizure
* Search of persons
* Search warrant
* Suspect
* Terry stop

* Law portal

Criminal prosecution|

* Adversarial system
* Bail
* Bill of attainder
* Criminal jurisdiction
* Diversion program
* Deferred prosecution agreement
* Ex post facto law
* Extradition
* Grand jury
* Habeas corpus
* Indictment
* Inquisitorial system
* Nolle prosequi
* Precognition
* Preliminary hearing
* Statute of limitations

Charges and pleas|

* Alford plea
* Arraignment
* Indictment
* Information
* Nolo contendere
* Peremptory plea
* Plea
* Plea bargain
* Presentence investigation
* Suspended sentence

Related areas|

* Criminal defenses
* Criminal law
* Evidence
* Evidence law in the United States
* Legal abuse

* Wiktionary
* Wikibooks
* Wikiquote
* WikiSource
* Wikimedia Commons
* Wikinews
* Wikiversity

* v
* t
* e

Law

Core subjects|

* Administrative law
* Civil law
* Constitutional law
* Contract
* Criminal law
* Crime
* Deed
* Doctrine
* Equity
* Evidence
* International law
* Law of obligations
* Private law
* Procedure
* Civil
* Criminal
* Property law
* Public law
* Punishment
* Corporal
* Restitution and unjust enrichment
* Statutory law
* Tort

Disciplines|

* Abortion law
* Agricultural law
* Animal law
* Aviation law
* Amnesty law
* Banking law
* Bankruptcy
* Commercial law
* Competition law
* Conflict of laws
* Construction law
* Consumer protection
* Corporate law
* Cyberlaw
* Drugs law
* Election law
* Energy law
* Entertainment law (Media law)
* Environmental law
* Family law
* Financial law
* Financial regulation
* Health law
* Immigration law
* Intellectual property
* International criminal law
* International labour law
* International human rights
* International slavery laws
* International trade law
* Jurimetrics
* Labour
* Landlord–tenant law
* Law of war
* Legal archaeology
* Legal fiction
* Maritime law
* Marriage law
* Military law
* Music law
* Nationality law
* Probate
* Estate
* Will and testament
* Product liability
* Public international law
* Refugee law
* Space law
* Sports law
* State of emergency
* Tax law
* Transport law
* Trust law
* Unenforced law

Sources of law|

* Charter
* Legal code / Statutory law
* Constitution
* Custom
* Divine law
* Divine right
* Human rights
* Legitimacy
* Letters patent
* Man-made law
* Natural law
* Natural and legal rights
* Case law
* Precedent
* Law reports
* Legal treatise
* Regulations

Law making|

* Ballot measure
* Codification
* Decree
* Edict
* Executive order
* Proclamation
* Legislation
* Delegated legislation
* Regulation
* Rulemaking
* Promulgation
* Ratification
* Repeal
* Treaty
* Concordat
* Statutory law
* Statute
* Act of parliament
* Act of Congress
* Basic structure doctrine

Legal systems|

* Civil law
* Common law
* Chinese law
* Legal pluralism
* Religious law
* Canon law
* Catholic canon law
* Hindu law
* Jain law
* Jewish law
* Parsi law
* Sharia
* Roman law
* Byzantine law
* Socialist law
* Statutory law
* Xeer
* Yassa

Legal theory|

* Anarchist
* Contract theory
* Comparative law
* Expressive function
* Feminist
* Law and economics
* Legal ethics
* Legal formalism
* History
* Libertarian
* International legal theory
* Principle of legality
* Principle of typicality
* Pseudolaw
* Rule of law
* Rule of man
* Sociology

Jurisprudence|

* Adjudication
* Administration of justice
* Admission to practice law
* Constitutionalism
* Criminal justice
* Court-martial
* Disbarment
* Dispute resolution
* Fiqh
* Lawsuit/Litigation
* Legal opinion
* Legal remedy
* Damages
* Deterrence (penology)
* Proportionality
* Reparations
* Legal status
* Judge
* Justice of the peace
* Magistrate
* Judgment
* Judicial activism
* Judicial interpretation
* Judicial misconduct
* Kangaroo court
* Judicial review
* Jurisdiction
* Jury
* Justice
* Practice of law
* Attorney
* Barrister
* Counsel
* Lawyer
* Legal representation
* Prosecutor
* Solicitor
* Question of fact
* Question of law
* Trial
* Trial advocacy
* Trier of fact
* Ultra vires
* Verdict

Legal institutions|

* Barristers' chambers
* Bureaucracy
* The bar
* The bench
* Civil society
* Court
* Ecclesiastical
* Court of equity
* Election commission
* Executive
* Judiciary
* Law enforcement
* Agency
* Legal education
* Law school
* Legal industry by country
* Legislature
* Military
* Police
* Political party
* Tribunal

History|

* History of the legal profession
* History of the American legal profession
* Women in law

* Law portal
* Category
* Index
* Outline

* v
* t
* e

Law enforcement in Asia

Sovereign states|

* Afghanistan
* Armenia
* Azerbaijan
* Bahrain
* Bangladesh
* Bhutan
* Brunei
* Cambodia
* China
* Cyprus
* Egypt
* Georgia
* India
* Indonesia
* Iran
* Iraq
* Israel
* Japan
* Jordan
* Kazakhstan
* North Korea
* South Korea
* Kuwait
* Kyrgyzstan
* Laos
* Lebanon
* Malaysia
* Maldives
* Mongolia
* Myanmar
* Nepal
* Oman
* Pakistan
* Philippines
* Qatar
* Russia
* Saudi Arabia
* Singapore
* Sri Lanka
* Syria
* Tajikistan
* Thailand
* Timor-Leste (East Timor)
* Turkey
* Turkmenistan
* United Arab Emirates
* Uzbekistan
* Vietnam
* Yemen

States with
limited recognition|

* Abkhazia
* Northern Cyprus
* Palestine
* South Ossetia
* Taiwan

Dependencies and
other territories|

* British Indian Ocean Territory
* Christmas Island
* Cocos (Keeling) Islands
* Hong Kong
* Macau

* Category
* Asia portal

* v
* t
* e

Mass surveillance in Asia

Sovereign states|

* Afghanistan
* Armenia
* Azerbaijan
* Bahrain
* Bangladesh
* Bhutan
* Brunei
* Cambodia
* China
* Cyprus
* Egypt
* Georgia
* India
* Indonesia
* Iran
* Iraq
* Israel
* Japan
* Jordan
* Kazakhstan
* North Korea
* South Korea
* Kuwait
* Kyrgyzstan
* Laos
* Lebanon
* Malaysia
* Maldives
* Mongolia
* Myanmar
* Nepal
* Oman
* Pakistan
* Philippines
* Qatar
* Russia
* Saudi Arabia
* Singapore
* Sri Lanka
* Syria
* Tajikistan
* Thailand
* Timor-Leste (East Timor)
* Turkey
* Turkmenistan
* United Arab Emirates
* Uzbekistan
* Vietnam
* Yemen

States with
limited recognition|

* Abkhazia
* Northern Cyprus
* Palestine
* South Ossetia
* Taiwan

Dependencies and
other territories|

* British Indian Ocean Territory
* Christmas Island
* Cocos (Keeling) Islands
* Hong Kong
* Macau

* Category
* Asia portal

* v
* t
* e

Crime in Asia

Sovereign states|

* Afghanistan
* Armenia
* Azerbaijan
* Bahrain
* Bangladesh
* Bhutan
* Brunei
* Cambodia
* China
* Cyprus
* Egypt
* Georgia
* India
* Indonesia
* Iran
* Iraq
* Israel
* Japan
* Jordan
* Kazakhstan
* North Korea
* South Korea
* Kuwait
* Kyrgyzstan
* Laos
* Lebanon
* Malaysia
* Maldives
* Mongolia
* Myanmar
* Nepal
* Oman
* Pakistan
* Philippines
* Qatar
* Russia
* Saudi Arabia
* Singapore
* Sri Lanka
* Syria
* Tajikistan
* Thailand
* Timor-Leste (East Timor)
* Turkey
* Turkmenistan
* United Arab Emirates
* Uzbekistan
* Vietnam
* Yemen

States with
limited recognition|

* Abkhazia
* Northern Cyprus
* Palestine
* South Ossetia
* Taiwan

Dependencies and
other territories|

* British Indian Ocean Territory
* Christmas Island
* Cocos (Keeling) Islands
* Hong Kong
* Macau

* Category
* Asia portal

* v
* t
* e

Social issues in India

Economy|

* Communications
* Famine
* Farmers' suicides
* Labour
* Land reforms
* Debt bondage
* National Pension System
* Poverty
* BPL
* Public distribution system
* Remittances
* Slums
* Clearance
* Standard of living
* Street vendors
* Transport
* Universal basic income
* Urbanisation
* Unemployment
* Widening income gap

Education|

* Literacy
* Ragging

Environment|

* Conservation
* Climate change
* Manual scavenging
* Natural disasters
* Water supply and sanitation
* Water disputes

Family|

* Cohabitation
* Domestic violence
* Dowry system
* Family planning
* Joint family
* Infertility
* Nuclear family
* Polyandry
* Polygyny

Children|

* Abortion
* Child labour
* Child marriage
* Child prostitution
* Child trafficking
* Female foeticide
* Female infanticide
* Street children

Women|

* Acid attack
* Bride burning
* Devadasi
* Dowry death
* Eve teasing
* Women's health
* Feminism
* Menstrual taboo
* Prostitution
* Rape
* Sati
* Sexism

Caste system|

* Caste politics
* Caste-related violence
* Dalit
* Reservation

Communalism|

* Proposed states and territories
* Ethnic relations
* Religious violence
* Secularism
* Separatist movements

Crime|

* Corruption
* Groom kidnapping
* Human trafficking
* Illegal housing
* Illegal immigration
* Illegal mining
* Organised crime
* Terrorism
* Vigilantism
* Cybercrime

Health|

* Diabetes
* Epidemics
* HIV/AIDS
* Leprosy
* Malnutrition
* Obesity
* Suicide
* Tuberculosis

Media|

* Censorship
* Internet
* Films about social issues
* Freedom of expression
* Social impact of Indian television drama
* Fake news

Other issues|

* Colourism
* Feudalism
* Gambling
* Sexuality
* LGBT
* Homosexuality
* Hijra
* Human rights
* Prohibition
* Superstitions
* Disability
* Police brutality

* v
* t
* e

India topics

History

| Overviews|

* Timeline
* Years

* Astronomy
* Clothing
* Coinage
* Economics
* LGBTQ
* Linguistics
* Maritime
* Mathematics
* Metallurgy
* Military
* Paper currency
* Postal
* Science and technology

|

Ancient |

* Stone Age
* Indus Valley Civilisation
* Vedic period
* Mahajanapadas
* Mauryas
* Indo-Greek Kingdom
* Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley
* Indo-Parthian kingdom
* Kushan Empire
* Alchon Huns
* Seleucid–Mauryan war

Middle Kingdoms|

* Middle kingdoms
* Chola

Middle Ages|

* Medieval India
* Hoysala
* Pala
* Kakatiya
* Delhi Sultanate
* Vijayanagara

Early Modern|

* Mughals
* Marathas
* European trade
* Bengal War

Late modern|

* Colonial
* Princely state
* East India Company
* Plassey
* 1857 rebellion
* British Raj
* Railways
* Economy
* Army
* Commander-in-Chief
* Zamindari
* Bengal Renaissance
* Political reforms
* Partition of Bengal
* Independence movement
* 1943 famine
* World War II
* Partition

Republic|

* Integration
* Non-Aligned Movement
* Five-Year Plans
* Sino-Indian War
* Indo-Pakistani wars
* Green Revolution
* White Revolution
* Naxal Insurgency
* Smiling Buddha
* Space programme
* The Emergency
* Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF)

Contemporary|

* History of India (1947–present)
* Economic liberalisation
* Pokhran-II
* COVID-19 pandemic

Geography

| Geology|

* Fossil Parks
* Geology of India
* Indian Plate

|

Heritage|

* National Geological Monuments of India
* Sacred groves of India
* Sacred mountains of India
* Sacred rivers of India
* Stones of India

Environment|

* Biogeographic classification
* Biosphere reserves
* Climate
* Climate change
* Earthquakes
* Ecoregions
* Environmental issues
* Fauna
* Forests
* Flora
* Geology
* National parks
* Protected areas
* Wildlife
* sanctuaries

Landforms|

* Beaches
* Canals
* Coasts
* Desert
* ECZ
* Extreme points
* Glaciers
* Highest point by states
* Islands
* Lakes
* Mountains
* Mountain passes
* Plains
* Indo-Gangetic
* Eastern coastal
* Western coastal
* Rivers
* Valleys
* Volcanoes
* Waterfalls

Regions|

* Central
* East
* North
* Northwest
* Northeast
* South
* Southwest
* Southeast
* West

Subdivisions|

* Autonomous administrative divisions
* Borders
* Towns
* Cities
* Districts
* Municipalities
* States and union territories

See also|

* National monuments of India
* National parks of India
* Nature worship in Indian-origin religions
* World Heritage Sites in India
* Culture of India
* History of India
* Tourism in India

Politics

| Government|

* Agencies
* Energy policy
* Foreign relations
* Parliament
* Lok Sabha
* Rajya Sabha
* President
* Vice President
* Prime Minister
* Union Council of Ministers
* Civil Services
* Cabinet Secretary
* State governments
* State legislative assemblies
* State legislative councils
* Governors, Lieutenant Governors and Administrators
* Chief Ministers
* Chief Secretaries

|

Law|

* Constitution
* Penal Code
* Fundamental rights, principles and duties
* Human rights
* Supreme Court
* Chief Justice
* High Courts
* District Courts

Enforcement|

| Federal|

* Border Security Force (BSF)
* Central Industrial Security Force (CISF)
* Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF)
* Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP)
* National Security Guard (NSG)
* Railway Protection Force (RPF)
* Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB)
* Special Protection Group (SPG)

|

Intelligence|

* Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPR&D)
* Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI)
* Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI)
* Enforcement Directorate (ED)
* Intelligence Bureau (IB)
* Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC)
* Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB)
* National Investigation Agency (NIA)
* Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW)

Military|

* Army
* Navy
* Air Force

Politics|

* Censorship
* Citizenship
* Elections
* Democracy
* Nationalism
* Political parties
* Reservations
* Scandals
* Scheduled groups
* Secularism
* Women in politics

Economy

| Companies|

* BSE SENSEX
* NIFTY 50
* NIFTY Next 50
* NIFTY 500
* GIFT Nifty

|

Governance|

* Ministry of Finance
* Finance ministers
* Ministry of Commerce and Industry
* Finance Commission
* Economic Advisory Council
* Central Statistical Office
* Securities and Exchange Board of India
* Enforcement Directorate
* External debt
* Foreign trade
* Foreign direct investment
* Foreign exchange reserves
* Remittances
* Taxation
* Subsidies
* Industrial licensing
* Voluntary guidelines
* NITI Aayog
* Make in India
* Atmanirbhar Bharat

Currency|

* Indian rupee
* Sign
* History
* Historical Forex
* Digital rupee
* Coinage
* Paisa
* Reserve Bank of India
* Governor
* Mint
* Inflation

Financial services|

* Banking
* Insurance
* Multi Commodity Exchange
* Bullion
* BSE
* NSE
* India INX

History|

* COVID-19 impact
* Economic development
* Liberalisation
* Licence Raj
* Green revolution
* Government initiatives
* Numbering system

People|

* By net worth
* Demography
* Income
* Poverty
* Labour law
* Pensions
* EPFO
* NPS
* PPF

States|

* Andhra Pradesh
* Assam
* Bihar
* Delhi
* Goa
* Gujarat
* Haryana
* Himachal Pradesh
* Jammu and Kashmir
* Jharkhand
* Karnataka
* Kerala
* Ladakh
* Madhya Pradesh
* Maharashtra
* Mizoram
* Odisha
* Punjab
* Rajasthan
* Tamil Nadu
* Telangana
* Uttarakhand
* Uttar Pradesh
* West Bengal

Sectors|

* Agriculture
* Livestock
* Fishing
* Automotive
* Chemical
* Construction
* Defence
* Education
* Energy
* Electricity
* Nuclear
* Oil and gas
* Solar
* Wind
* Electronics and semiconductor
* Entertainment
* Forestry
* Gambling
* Healthcare
* Hospitals
* Information technology
* Media
* Cinema
* FM Radio
* Television
* Printing
* Mining
* Coal
* Iron and Steel
* Pharmaceuticals
* Pulp and paper
* Retail
* Science and technology
* Biotechnology
* Space
* Telecommunications
* Textiles
* Tourism
* Transport
* Aviation
* Civil
* Ports
* Rail
* Roads
* Electricity
* Water
* Power

Regulator|

* IRDAI
* RBI
* SEBI
* IBBI
* PFRDA

Other|

* NCLT
* NCLAT
* BIFR
* IBBI
* IBC
* SARFESI Act
* Income Tax Act
* Companies Act
* Banking Act
* Insurance Act
* FEMA
* Mumbai Consensus

* Society and culture

| Society|

* Caste system
* Corruption
* Crime
* Demographics
* Indians
* Education
* Universities in India
* Medical colleges in India
* Law colleges in India
* Engineering colleges in India
* Ethnic relations
* Health
* Languages
* Life expectancy
* Literacy
* Poverty
* Prisons
* Religion
* Socio-economic issues
* Standard of living
* Water supply and sanitation
* Women
* Sexuality
* Youth

|

Culture|

* Arts and entertainment
* Architecture
* Blogging
* Cinema
* Comics
* Webcomics
* Cuisine
* wine
* Dance
* Dress
* Folklore
* Festivals
* Literature
* Media
* television
* Martial arts
* Music
* Painting
* Physical culture
* Public holidays
* Sculpture
* tallest
* Sport
* Traditional

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template