Crimean Tatar language

Turkic language spoken in Crimea

Crimean Tatar

Crimean
qırımtatar tili, къырымтатар тили, قریم تاتار تلی qırım tili, къырым тили, قریم تلی

Crimean Tatar in Latin, Cyrillic, and Perso-Arabic scripts.

Native to| Ukraine, Turkey, Uzbekistan, Russia, Kyrgyzstan, Bulgaria
Region| Eastern Europe
Ethnicity| Crimean Tatars

Native speakers

| 60,000 (2020)[1]

Language family

Turkic

* Common Turkic
* Kipchak
* Kipchak–Cuman
* Crimean Tatar

Standard forms

* Crimean Tatar
* Crimean Tatar (Romania)

Dialects|

* Northern
* Central
* Southern
* † Northeastern

Writing system

| Crimean Tatar alphabet (Latin and Cyrillic; previously Arabic)
Official status

Official language in

| Republic of Crimea (Russia)[a][2]
Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Ukraine)[a][3]

Recognised minority
language in

Romania[4]
Ukraine[5]

Language codes
ISO 639-2| `crh`
ISO 639-3| `crh`
Glottolog| `crim1257`
ELP| Crimean Tatar

Crimean Tatar-speaking world

Crimean Tatar is classified as Severely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger

[6]

This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.
Text in Crimean Tatar Part of a series on

Crimean Tatars
By region or country

* Bulgaria
* Romania
* Turkey
* United States
* Uzbekistan

Religion

* None
* Sunni Islam (Hanafi)

Language

* Crimean Tatar (alphabet)
* Dobrujan Tatar (alphabet)
* Dialects

Culture

* Cuisine
* Literature

History

* Western Steppe Herders
* Khanate (1441-1783)
* Taurida Oblast (1783-1796)
* Taurida Governorate (1802-1917)
* People's Republic (1917-1918)
* Crimean ASSR (1921-1945)
* Sürgün (1944)
* Crimean Oblast (1945-1991)
* Autonomous Republic (1991-)
* Republic of Crimea (2014-)

People and groups

* List
* Biographies
* Khans
* Mejlis
* Milliy Firqa
* UDTTMR

* v
* t
* e

"Welcome to Crimea" (Qırımğa hoş keldiñiz!) written in Crimean Tatar Cyrillic, airport bus, Simferopol International Airport Crimean Tatar Latin script on a plate in Bakhchysarai in 2009, along with Ukrainian Crimean Tatar Latin script sign in Saky Raion in 2021, along with Russian and Ukrainian An example of Crimean Tatar Arabic script

Crimean Tatar (qırımtatar tili, къырымтатар тили, قریم تاتار تلی), also called Crimean (qırım tili, къырым тили, قریم تلی),[1] is a Turkic language spoken in Crimea and the Crimean Tatar diasporas of Uzbekistan, Romania, Turkey and Bulgaria, as well as small communities in the United States and Canada. It should not be confused with Tatar, spoken in Tatarstan and adjacent regions in Russia; Crimean Tatar has been extensively influenced by nearby Oghuz languages and is mutually intelligible with them to varying degrees.

A long-term ban on the study of the Crimean Tatar language following the deportation of the Crimean Tatars by the Soviet government has led to the fact that at the moment UNESCO ranks the Crimean Tatar language among the languages under serious threat of extinction (severely endangered).[7][8] However, according to the Institute of Oriental Studies, due to negative situations, the real degree of the threat has elevated to critically endangered in recent years, which are highly likely to face extinction in the coming generations.[9]

Crimean language is one of the official languages of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea[10][11][a] (Ukraine), along with Ukrainian and Russian. It is also one of the state languages of the Republic of Crimea (Russian occupation, considered "temporarily occupied territories" by the Ukrainian government), the other ones being Ukrainian and Russian.[12][13][a] In Romania the Crimean Tatar language is officially recognised as a minority language.

## Number of speakers

[edit]

Today, more than 260,000 Crimean Tatars live in Crimea. Approximately 120,000 reside in Central Asia (mainly in Uzbekistan), where their ancestors had been deported in 1944 during World War II by the Soviet Union. However, of all these people, mostly the older generations are the only ones still speaking Crimean Tatar.[1] In 2013, the language was estimated to be on the brink of extinction, being taught in only around 15 schools in Crimea.

Turkey has provided support to Ukraine, to aid in bringing the schools teaching in Crimean Tatar to a modern state.[14] An estimated 5 million people of Crimean origin live in Turkey, descendants of those who emigrated in the 19th and early 20th centuries.[15] Smaller Crimean Tatar communities such as (Dobrujan Tatars) are also found in Romania (22,000) and Bulgaria (1,400).[1]

Crimean Tatar is one of the most seriously endangered languages in Europe.[16] Almost all Crimean Tatars are bilingual or multilingual, using the dominant languages of their respective home countries, such as Russian, Turkish, Romanian, Uzbek, Bulgarian or Ukrainian.

## Classification and dialects

[edit]

Main article: Crimean Tatar dialects

The Crimean Tatar language consists of three or four dialects. Among them is also the southern dialect, also known as the coastal dialect (yalıboyu, cenübiy), which is in the Oghuz branch of Turkic languages commonly spoken in Turkey, Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan.[17]

### Romania

[edit]

There is also a variety of the Crimean Tatar language spoken in Romania.[18] It includes Crimean Tatar and Nogai dialects,[19][20] but today there is no longer a sharp distinction between the dialects.[i] This language belongs to the Kipchak Turkic languages, specifically to the Kipchak-Nogai group.[18]

#### Literary Tatar

[edit]

Tatar spoken in Romania has two distinct facets existing, interweaving and forming together the literary Tatar language "edebiy Tatarğa". One of these aspects is the authentic Tatar called "ğalpî Tatarğa" or "ğalpak Tatarğa" and the other is the academic Tatar language called "muwallímatça".[21]

* Academic Tatar language, means writing and pronouncing Arabic and Persian neologisms - occurring mostly in science, religion, literature, arts or politics - in their original form.

* Authentic Tatar language, means writing and pronouncing words, including those of Arabic and Persian origin, by strictly adapting them to the own phonetic system.

#### Naturalization

[edit]

Naturalization is shifting the spelling of academic speech sounds to authentic sounds following the patterns below, where a greater-than sign indicates that one sound changes to another.[21]

f > p
v > w
v > b
ç > ş
ç > j
h > (skip over)
h > k
h > y
h > w

#### Dialects

[edit]

The grammar book by University of Bucharest identifies the following dialects:[22]

* Keríş
* Şoñgar
* Tat
* Ğemboylîk
* Ğedísan
* Ğetíşkul

Some sources define the dialects according to their level of influence by Oghuz languages.[18][23]

1. The language with moderate Oghuz influence is spoken by about 70% of Tatars. It is spoken mainly in the south and center of Constanța.
2. The language with little Oghuz influence is spoken by about 20% Tatars. It is spoken in Tulcea, near and far north of Constanța, and is the most conservative in preserving Kipchak elements.
3. The language with high Oghuz influence is spoken by about 10% of Tatars. It is spoken around the city of Hacıoğlu Pazarcık (Dobrich) and is the closest to Oghuz languages.

## History

[edit]

See also: Crimean Tatar literature

The formation period of the Crimean Tatar spoken dialects began with the first Turkic invasions of Crimea by Cumans and Pechenegs and ended during the period of the Crimean Khanate. However, the official written languages of the Crimean Khanate were Chagatai and Ottoman Turkish. After Islamization, Crimean Tatars wrote with an Arabic script.

In 1876, the different Turkic Crimean dialects were made into a uniform written language by Ismail Gasprinski. A preference was given to the Oghuz dialect of the Yalıboylus, in order to not break the link between the Crimeans and the Turks of the Ottoman Empire. In 1928, the language was reoriented to the middle dialect spoken by the majority of the people.

In 1928, the alphabet was replaced with the Uniform Turkic Alphabet based on the Latin script. The Uniform Turkic Alphabet was replaced in 1938 by a Cyrillic alphabet. During the 1990s and 2000s, the government of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea under Ukraine encouraged replacing the script with a Latin version again, but the Cyrillic has still been widely used (mainly in published literature, newspapers and education). The current Latin-based Crimean Tatar alphabet is the same as the Turkish alphabet, with two additional characters: Ñ ñ and Q q. In the Russian-annexed "Republic of Crimea" all official communications and education in Crimean Tatar are conducted exclusively in the Cyrillic alphabet.[24]

## Phonology

[edit]

### Vowels

[edit]

| Front | Back

|
|

unrounded | rounded | unrounded | rounded
Close | i | y | ɯ | u
Mid/Open | e | ø | ɑ | o

The vowel system of Crimean Tatar is similar to some other Turkic languages.[25] Because high vowels in Crimean Tatar are short and reduced, /i/ and /ɯ/ are realized close to [ɪ], even though they are phonologically distinct.[26]

### Consonants

[edit]

| Labial | Dental/
Alveolar | Post-
alveolar | Velar | Uvular

|
|
|
|
|

Nasal |  | m |  | n |  |  | ŋ |
Stop | p | b | t | d | t͡ʃ | d͡ʒ | k | ɡ | q |
Fricative | f | v | s | z | ʃ |  | x | ɣ |
Trill |  |  | r |  |  |
Approximants |  |  | l |  | j |  |  |

In addition to these phonemes, Crimean also displays marginal phonemes that occur in borrowed words, especially palatalized consonants.[27]

The southern (coastal) dialect substitutes /x/ for /q/, e.g. standard qara 'black', southern xara.[28] At the same time the southern and some central dialects preserve glottal /h/ which is pronounced /x/ in the standard language.[28] The northern dialect on the contrary lacks /x/ and /f/, substituting /q/ for /x/ and /p/ for /f/.[28] The northern /v/ is usually [w], often in the place of /ɣ/, compare standard dağ and northern taw 'mountain' (also in other Oghuz and Kipchak languages, such as Azerbaijani: dağ and Kazakh: taw).

/k/ and /ɡ/ are usually fronted, close to [c] and [ɟ].

## Grammar

[edit]

The grammar of Crimean Tatar, like all Turkic languages, is agglutinating,[29] with the exclusive use of suffixing to express grammatical categories.[30] Generally, suffixes are attached to the ends of word stems, although derivational morphology makes uses of compounding as well.[29] Overall, the grammatical structure of the language is similar to that of other West Kipchak varieties.[31] Crimean Tatar is a pro-drop language[32] with a generally SOV word order.[33]

### Morphophonology

[edit]

Crimean Tatar, like most Turkic languages, features pervasive vowel harmony, which results in sound changes when suffixes are added to verb or noun stems.[34] Essentially, the vowel in a suffix undergoes assimilation to agree in certain categories with the vowel in the stem.[35] The two main types of assimilation that characterize this agreement in Crimean Tatar morphophonology are backness harmony and rounding harmony.[34]

Using the transliteration system in Kavitskaya (2010), non-high vowels undergoing backness harmony vary between [a] and [e], and are represented as A. High vowels that undergo both backness and rounding harmony alternate between [i], [y], [ɪ] and [u] and are represented as I. High vowels in suffixes that are never rounded and alternate between [i] and [ɪ] are represented as Y, whereas high vowels in suffixes that are always round and alternate between [u] and [y] are represented as U.[36]

Some consonants undergo similar harmonizing changes depending on whether the preceding segment is voiced or voiceless, or whether the segment demonstrates backness harmony. Consonants that alternate between [k], [q], [g] and [ɣ] are represented as K, alternating [k] and [g] as G, alternating [t] and [d] by D, and alternating [tʃ] and [dʒ] as Ç.[37]

Thus, the suffix -şAr could be rendered as "şar" or "şer" depending on the vowel in the morpheme preceding it.[37]

### Verbs

[edit]

Crimean Tatar verbal morphology is fairly complex, inflecting for tense, number, person, aspect, mood and voice.[38] Verbs are conjugated according to the following paradigm:[39]

[STEM] + [reflexive] + [causative] + [passive] + [negation] + [tense/aspect/mood] + [person/number]

It is possible, albeit rare, for a single verb to contain all of these possible components, as in:

Мен

Men

ювундырылмадым.

yuvundırılmadım.

wash-REFL-CAUS-PASS-NEG-PAST-1SG

Мен ювундырылмадым.

Men yuvundırılmadım.

I wash-REFL-CAUS-PASS-NEG-PAST-1SG

"I was not forced to wash myself."[39]

For the most part, each type of suffix would only appear once in any given word, although it is possible in some circumstances for causative suffixes to double up.[40]

Infinitive verbs take the -mAK suffix and can be negated by the addition of the suffix -mA between the verb stem and the infinitive suffix, creating verb constructions that do not easily mirror English.[39]

яшамакъ

yaşamaq

яшамакъ

yaşamaq

"to live"

яшамамакъ

yaşamamaq

яшамамакъ

yaşamamaq

"not to live"

Verb derivation

Novel verb stems are derived chiefly by applying a verbalizing suffix to a noun or adjective, as demonstrated in the following examples:[41]

тишле

tişle

tooth-VB

тишле

tişle

tooth-VB

"bite"

къарар

qarar

black-VB

къарар

qarar

black-VB

"become black"

кечик

keçik

late-VB

кечик

keçik

late-VB

"be late"

Bare verb stems can also be compounded with noun stems to create new verbs,[42] as in:

чекеле

çekele

pull-carry-VB

чекеле

çekele

pull-carry-VB

"to overhaul"

Person markers

There are two types of person markers for finite verbs, pronominal and possessive. Depending on tense and mood, verbs will take one or the other set of endings.[43]

Pronominal  | Singular | Plural

|
|

1st Person  | -(I)m  | -mIz
2nd Person  | -sIñ  | -sI(ñI)z
3rd Person  | -∅  | (-lAr)

Possessive  | Singular | Plural

|
|

1st Person  | -m  | -K
2nd Person  | -ñ  | -ñIz
3rd Person  | -∅  | (-lAr)

Grammatical person is not marked in third person singular, and the marker is optional in third person plural.[44] As shown above, these markers come as the last element in the broader verb complex.

Tense and aspect markers

Grammatical tense and aspect are expressed in combination by the addition of various markers to the verb stem. Some of these markers match with pronominal person markers, while others take possessive person markers. Each tense/aspect has an associated negation marker; most of these are -mA but there is some variation.[44]

| Marker | Negation | Person Marker | Example

|
|
|
|

General Present  | -A/y[b] | -mA | pronominal | alam ("I take")
Progressive Present  | -mAKtA | -mA | pronominal | yazmaqtamız ("We are writing.")
Future/Present  | -Ar/(I)r[b] | -mAz | pronominal | bağırırım ("I will yell.")
Categorical Future  | -AcAK/ycAK[b] | -mA | pronominal | alacağım ("I will [probably] take")
General Past  | -DY | -mA | possessive | Qırımğa keldik ("We returned to Crimea.")
Evidential Past  | -KAn | -mA | pronominal | bergenler ("they [apparently] gave")
Conditional  | -sA | -mA | possessive | alsam ("if I take")

A separate set of compound tenses are formed by adding the past tense copula edi\- to the derived forms listed above.[45]

| Formed With | Negation | Example

|
|
|

Habitual Past  | Future/Present | -mAz | alır edim ("I often used to take")
Compound Past  | General Present | -mA | ala edik ("we were taking")
Pluperfect  | Evidential Past | -mA | alğan edim ("I had taken")
Counterfactual Past  | Categorical Future | -mA | yazacaq edim ("I would have written")
Progressive Past  | Progressive Present | -mA | Ketmekte edim. ("I kept going.")
Past Conditional  | Conditional | -mA | alsa edim ("if I had taken")

Mood

The imperative is formed using a specific set of person markers, and negated using -mA. In second person imperatives, only the bare verb stem is used. A first person imperative expresses an "I/we should do X" sentiment, whereas third person expresses "let him/her do X," as shown below with unut ("to forget"):[46]

| Singular | Plural

|
|

1st Person  | -(A)yIm | -(A)yIK
2nd Person  | Ø | -IñIz
3rd Person  | -sIn | -sInlAr

Унутайым.

Unutayım

Унутайым.

Unutayım

"I should have to forget."

Унут!

Unut!

Унут!

Unut!

"Forget!"

Унутсын.

Unutsın.

Унутсын.

Unutsın.

"Let him/her forget."

Other moods are constructed similarly to tense/aspect forms.[47]

| Marker | Negation | Person Marker | Example

|
|
|
|

Optative  | -KAy(dI) | -mAy | pronominal | Aytqaydım ("I wish I had spoken.")
Obligative  | -mAlY | -mA | possessive | Aytmalım ("I have to speak.")

Voice

Grammatical voice is expressed by the addition of suffixes which come in sequence before negation, tense, aspect, mood and person markers.[48] There are several causative suffixes which vary depending on the ending of the verb stem.[40]

Voice  | Marker | Example

|
|

Passive  | -(I)l | aşal ("be eaten")
Reflexive  | -(I)n | boğul ("drown oneself")
Reciprocal  | -(I)ş | tapış ("find each other")

Causative  Marker | Added To | Example

|
|

-t | polysyllabic stems ending in vowel | işlet ("force to work")
-It | stems ending in -rk, -lk, -k | qorqut ("to scare [someone]")
-Ir | monosyllabic stems ending in -t, -ç, -ş | uçur ("allow to fly away")
-Ar | monosyllabic stems | qopar ("break off [something]")
-DIrm | most remaining stems | töktür ("force to spill")

Participles

Past, future and present participles are formed by the addition of suffixes and are negated in the same way as other verbs.[49]

| Marker | Negation

|
|

Past  | -KAn | -mA
Future  | -cAK | -mAy
Present  | -r | -mAz

язылгъан

yazılğan

write-PTCP.PAST

мектюп

mektüp

letter

язылгъан мектюп

yazılğan mektüp

write-PTCP.PAST letter

"written letter"

сынаджакъ

sınacaq

break-PTCP.FUT

араба

araba

cart

сынаджакъ араба

sınacaq araba

break-PTCP.FUT cart

"cart that will break"

янар

yanar

burn-PTCP.PRES

дагъ

dağ

mountain

янар дагъ

yanar dağ

burn-PTCP.PRES mountain

"burning mountain"

Copula

The copula ol ("to be, become, exist") is generally expressed as a predicate suffix in the present tense, closely resembling the pronominal person endings, as displayed below.[38] The third person endings are frequently deleted in colloquial speech. The copula’s past tense form, edi, is suppletive. Future tense copular forms are constructed by the addition of the categorical future suffix -cAK.[38]

| Singular | Plural

|
|

1st Person  | -(I)m | -mIz
2nd Person  | -sIñ | -sI(ñI)z
3rd Perso  | (-dır) | (-dır)

VB:Verbalizing Suffix

Мен

Men

оджам.

ocam.

teacher-COP.1SG

Мен оджам.

Men ocam.

I teacher-COP.1SG

"I am a teacher."

Мен

Men

оджа

oca

teacher

эдим.

edim.

COP.PAST.1SG

Мен оджа эдим.

Men oca edim.

I teacher COP.PAST.1SG

"I was a teacher."

Мен

Men

оджа

oca

teacher

oладжагъым.

olacağım.

COP.FUT.1SG

Мен оджа oладжагъым.

Men oca olacağım.

I teacher COP.FUT.1SG

"I will be a teacher."

Converbs

Converbs, a characteristic of many Turkic languages,[50] express sequential or dependent action. Present tense converbs are formed by the addition of the suffixes -A (used after consonants) and -y (used after vowels). In past tense, converbs take the suffix -Ip.[51] Thus:

Acaн

Asan

Asan

эвгe

evge

house-DAT

кeлип

kelip

come-CVB.PAST

эвни

evni

house-ACC

темизледи.

temizledi.

clean-VB-PAST

Acaн эвгe кeлип эвни темизледи.

Asan evge kelip evni temizledi.

Asan house-DAT come-CVB.PAST house-ACC clean-VB-PAST

"Asan came home and cleaned the house."

### Nouns

[edit]

Crimean Tatar noun stems take suffixes which express grammatical number, case and possession. As in all other Turkic languages, there is no grammatical gender in Crimean Tatar.[52] Nouns are declined according to the following paradigm:[52]

[STEM] + [number] + [possession] + [case]

Noun derivation

Noun stems are derived in a number of ways. Most commonly, a bare noun stem can take a denominal suffix which alters its basic meaning.[53] Similarly, a bare verb stem can take a deverbal suffix that converts it into a noun.[54] There are many such denominal and deverbal suffixes in Crimean Tatar;[55] some common suffixes are shown below:

Denominal  Marker | Meaning | Example | Gloss

|
|
|

-dAş | belonging to group | yaşdaş ("of same age") | age-SUF
-kir | association/inclination | işkir ("hard worker") | work-SUF
-lIK | abstraction | dostluq ("friendship") | friend-SUF
-şınas | performer of act | tilşınas ("linguist") | tongue-SUF
-ÇI | performer of act | arabaçı ("driver") | cart-SUF
-çYK | diminutive | buzçıq ("piece of ice") | ice-SUF

Deverbal  Marker | Meaning | Example | Gloss

|
|
|

-mA | result of action | aşıqma ("a hurry") | hurry-SUF
-KI | instrument of action | bilgi ("knowledge") | know-SUF
-KIç | utility of action | tutquç ("holder, handle") | hold-SUF
-I | general noun formation | ölü ("dead man") | die-SUF
-(I)k | general noun formation | kürek ("shovel") | scoop-SUF
-(U)v | general noun formation | quruv ("building") | build-SUF

Noun stems can also be reduplicated, which lends a more generalized meaning.[56] The last method of noun derivation is through the compounding of two noun stems.[57] Thus:

къартоп-мaртоп

qartop-martop

potato-REDUP

къартоп-мaртоп

qartop-martop

potato-REDUP

"potatoes and the like"

aнa-бaбa

ana-baba

mother-father

aнa-бaбa

ana-baba

mother-father

"parents"

Number

Nouns are pluralized by the addition of the suffix -lAr to the noun stem. The vowel in this plural suffix agrees phonetically with the final vowel in the stem.[52]

aрaбалар

arabalar

car-PL

aрaбалар

arabalar

car-PL

"cars"

Use of the plural can also express respect,[58] as in:

Oсмановлар

Osmanovlar

кельди.

keldi.

Oсмановлар кельди.

Osmanovlar keldi.

"Osmanov came."

Possession

Possession is expressed through person-specific suffixing. As with the plural suffix, possession suffixes harmonize with the preceding vowel in regular ways.[58]

| Singular | Plural

|
|

1st Person  | -(I)m | -(I)mIz
2nd Person  | -(I)ñ | -(I)ñIz
3rd Person  | -s(I) | -(lar)-(s)I

балам

balam

child-1SG.POSS-NOM

балам

balam

child-1SG.POSS-NOM

"my child"

баланъ

balañ

child-2SG.POSS-NOM

баланъ

balañ

child-2SG.POSS-NOM

"your child"

баласы

balası

child-3SG.POSS-NOM

баласы

balası

child-3SG.POSS-NOM

"his/her child"

Case

Crimean Tatar has six grammatical cases.[59] The nominative case is unmarked, and the remaining cases are expressed through suffixing. These suffixes come last in a fully declined noun.[59]

| Suffix | Example with bala ("child")

|
|

Nominative  | ∅ | bala ("the child" [subject])
Accusative  | -nY | balanı ("the child" [direct object])
Genitive  | -nYñ | balanıñ ("of the child")
Dative  | -KA | balağa ("to the child")
Locative  | -DA | balada ("at the child")
Ablative  | -DAn | baladan ("away from the child")

### Pronouns

[edit]

Like nouns, pronouns are inflected for number, person and case but not for gender.[57]

| Singular  | Plural

|
|

1st | 2nd | 3rd  | 1st | 2nd | 3rd
Nominative  | men | sen | o | biz | siz | olar
Accusative  | meni | seni | onı | bizni | sizni | olarnı
Genitive  | menim | seniñ | onıñ | bizim | siziñ | olarnıñ
Dative  | maña | saña | oña | bizge | sizge | olarǧa
Locative  | mende | sende | onda | bizde | sizde | olarda
Ablative  | menden | senden | ondan | bizden | sizden | olardan

The second person plural pronoun can be used to denote formality or respect, even if its referent is a single person.[60]

There are two roots, öz\- and kendi-, that express reflexivity. Of the two, kendi\- is more common in the southern dialect, but both are used throughout the entire area in which Crimean Tatar is spoken.[60]

Possessive pronouns are formed by adding the suffix -ki to the genitive form of a personal pronoun,[61] as in:

| Singular | Plural

|
|

1st Person  | menimki | bizimki
2nd Person  | seniñki | siziñki
3rd Person  | onıñki | olarnıñki

### Adjectives

[edit]

Adjectives in Crimean Tatar precede the nouns they modify. They do not show agreement, and as such do not take any of the case, person or possession suffixes.[62]

Adjectives can be derived by the addition of certain suffixes to a noun or verb stem.[63]

SUF:adjectival suffix

кескин

keskin

cut-SUF

кескин

keskin

cut-SUF

"sharp"

кюндеки

kündeki

day-SUF

кюндеки

kündeki

day-SUF

"daily"

Къырымлы

Qırımlı

Crimea-SUF

Къырымлы

Qırımlı

Crimea-SUF

"Crimean"

The comparative and superlative forms of adjectives are expressed, respectively, by the suffix -ÇA and the particle eñ,[62] as in the following examples:

узунджур

uzuncur

узунджур

uzuncur

"hotter"

энъ

балабан

balaban

энъ балабан

eñ balaban

"biggest"

An idiomatic superlative form using episi ("all") in the ablative case is also possible.[62]

she

эписинден

episinden

all-POSS-ABL

татлы

tatlı

sweet

бакълава

baqlava

baklava

пишире.

pişire.

boil-CAUS-PRES

О эписинден татлы бакълава пишире.

O episinden tatlı baqlava pişire.

she all-POSS-ABL sweet baklava boil-CAUS-PRES

"She cooks the sweetest baklava."

### Numerals

[edit]

Crimean Tatar uses a standard decimal system with individual lexical terms for cardinal numbers 0-10, multiples of 10 up to 100, and large numbers, where Crimean follows the long scale system. Other numerals are formed by combining numerals without inflection, such as 15 ‘on beş’ (lit. ten five) or 287 ‘eki jüz seksen jedi’ (lit. two hundred eighty seven).

For inflection of numerals, suffixes are added only to the rightmost member of the complex number. Inflection of numerals does not differ from that of nouns. Inflection within a complex numeral is used to form fractions with cardinal numbers, with the denominator first in ablative case and numerator second in the case required by the sentence, e.g. ⅔ ‘üçten eki’.[64]

Non-Derived Numerals  | Cardinal | Ordinal

|
|

0  | sıfır | sıfırıncı
1  | bir | birinci
2  | eki | ekinci
3  | üç | üçünci
4  | dört | dörtünci
5  | beş | beşinci
6  | altı | altıncı
7  | jedi | jedinci
8  | sekiz | sekizinci
9  | doquz | doquzunci
10  | on | onunci
20  | jigirmi | jigirminci
30  | otuz | otuzunci
40  | qırq | qırqıncı
50  | elli | ellinci
60  | altmış | altmışıncı
70  | jetmiş | jetmişinci
80  | seksen | sekseninci
90  | doqsan | doqsanıncı
100  | jüz | jüzünci
1000  | biñ | biñinci
106 | milion | milionuncı
109 | miliârd | miliârdinci
1012 | bilion | bilionuncı

Numeral Types  | Suffix | Example

|
|

Ordinal  | -(I)ncY | on birinci (“eleventh”)
Distributive  | -(ş)Ar | ekişer (“two each”)
Approximative  | -lAr | onlar (“tens”, “around ten”)

### Postpositions

[edit]

Crimean Tatar uses postpositions. Each postposition governs a specific case, either dative, genitive or ablative.[65] Some common postpositions are shown below:

Postposition | English | Case'

|
|

qadar | until | DAT
taba | towards | DAT
zarfında | during | GEN
ile | with | GEN
içün | for | GEN
soñ | after | ABL
sebep | due to | ABL

## Writing systems

[edit]

Main article: Crimean Tatar alphabet

Crimean Tatar is written in either the Cyrillic or Latin alphabets, both modified to the specific needs of Crimean Tatar, and either used respective to where the language is used.

Historically, the Arabic script was used from the sixteenth century. In the Soviet Union, it was replaced by a Latin alphabet based on Yañalif in 1928, and by a Cyrillic alphabet in 1938.

After Russia's annexation of Crimea in 2014, Cyrillic became the sole script allowed in Russian occupied Crimea because according to the Constitutional Court of Russia decision made in 2004, all languages of Russia must use Cyrillic.[24] However there are some contradictions to the decision: virtually all Finnic languages, including distantly-related Skolt Sámi, spoken in Russia, currently use the Latin script as their sister languages Finnish and Estonian do, despite the historical existence of Karelian Cyrillic alphabet.

In 1992, a Latin alphabet based on Common Turkic Alphabet was adopted by the decision of the Qurultay of the Crimean Tatar People, which was formally supported by the Supreme Council of Crimea in 1997 but never implemented officially on practical level. However, in 2021, the Ministry of Reintegration of Temporarily Occupied Territories of Ukraine has announced it begins the implementation of the decision, with vice premier Oleksii Reznikov supporting the transition by stating that Latin corresponds better to Turkic phonetics. The ministry revealed it plans to finish the transition to Latin by 2025, which was supported by the Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People. The alphabet is co-developed by A. Yu. Krymskyi Institute of Oriental Studies, Potebnia Institute of Linguistics, Institute of Philology of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv and Tavrida National V.I. Vernadsky University.[66][67]

The Crimean Tatar language in Romania did get a Latin alphabet in 1956,[18] it was established as a section in University of Bucharest the Faculty of Foreign Languages and Literatures in 1957 and also in 1977 it was disbanded.[68] Most of the teachers who taught at the Tatar language department graduated from the Faculty of History and Philology of Kazan State University (located in Tatarstan, Russia), specializing in Tatar language and literature.[68] In the communist period, Tatar books were brought from the USSR to teach the Tatar language in Romania, but it failed. Nowadays the Tatar language is taught in some Romanian schools using their own Tatar language books.[18][69]

### Arabic alphabet

[edit]

Crimean Tatars used Arabic script from the 16th[citation needed] century to 1928.

Contextual forms  | Name  | Modern Latin form

|
|

Isolated  | Final  | Medial  | Initial
ﺍ | ﺎ | —  | elif | a, â
ﺀ | —  | hemze | \-
ﺏ | ﺐ | ﺒ | ﺑ  | be | b, p (word-ending)
ﭖ | ﭗ | ﭙ | ﭘ  | pe | p
ﺕ | ﺖ | ﺘ | ﺗ  | te | t
ﺙ | ﺚ | ﺜ | ﺛ  | se | s
ﺝ | ﺞ | ﺠ | ﺟ  | cim | c
ﭺ | ﭻ | ﭽ | ﭼ  | çim | ç
ﺡ | ﺢ | ﺤ | ﺣ  | ha | \-
ﺥ | ﺦ | ﺨ | ﺧ  | hı | h
ﺩ | ﺪ | —  | dal | d
ﺫ | ﺬ | —  | zel | z
ﺭ | ﺮ | —  | re | r
ﺯ | ﺰ | —  | ze | z
ﮊ | ﮋ | —  | je | j
ﺱ | ﺲ | ﺴ | ﺳ  | sin | s
ﺵ | ﺶ | ﺸ | ﺷ  | şin | ş
ﺹ | ﺺ | ﺼ | ﺻ  | sad | s
ﺽ | ﺾ | ﻀ | ﺿ  | dad | d, z
ﻁ | ﻂ | ﻄ | ﻃ  | tı | t
ﻅ | ﻆ | ﻈ | ﻇ  | zı | z
ﻉ | ﻊ | ﻌ | ﻋ  | ayn | \-
ﻍ | ﻎ | ﻐ | ﻏ  | ğayn | ğ
ﻑ | ﻒ | ﻔ | ﻓ  | fe | f
ﻕ | ﻖ | ﻘ | ﻗ  | qaf | q
ﻙ | ﻚ | ﻜ | ﻛ  | kef
(kef-i arabiy) | k (g, ñ) 1
ﮒ | ﮓ | ﮕ | ﮔ  | gef
(kef-i farsiy) | g
ﯓ | ﯔ | ﯖ | ﯕ  | nef
(kef-i nuniy, sağır kef) | ñ
ﻝ | ﻞ | ﻠ | ﻟ  | lâm | l
ﻡ | ﻢ | ﻤ | ﻣ  | mim | m
ﻥ | ﻦ | ﻨ | ﻧ  | nun | n
ﻭ | ﻮ | —  | vav | v, o, ö, u, ü
ﻩ | ﻪ | ﻬ | ﻫ  | he | -, e, a
ﻻ | ﻼ | —  | lâm-elif | la, lâ
ﻯ | ﻰ | ﻴ | ﻳ  | ye | y, ı, i

Note:

1. The letter ﻙ (kef) is often used in place of ﮒ and ﯓ.

### Latin alphabet

[edit]

Â â is not considered to be a separate letter. Usually it represents the near-open front unrounded vowel, /æ/.

a | b | c | ç | d | e | f | g | ğ | h | ı | i (ĭ) | j | k | l | m | n | ñ | o | ö | p | q | r | s | ş | t | u | ü | v (w) | y | z

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[a] | [b] | [dʒ] | [tʃ] | [d] | [e] | [f] | [ɡ] | [ɣ] | [x] | [ɯ] | [i], [ɪ] | [ʒ] | [k] | [l] | [m] | [n] | [ŋ] | [o] | [ø] | [p] | [q] | [r] | [s] | [ʃ] | [t] | [u] | [y] | [v], [w] | [j] | [z]

### Latin alphabet in Romania

[edit]

In Romania the Crimean Tatar language uses a different orthography. There is a total of 10 letters used to represent determinant sounds of which 9 mark authentic determinant sounds: a, e, i, î, í, o, ó, u, ú while the letter á is used for an academic vowel. The writing system registers authentic consonants with 17 letters: b, ç, d, g, ğ, j, k, l, m, n, ñ, p, r, s, ş, t, z and has three signs standing for the academic consonants: f, h, v. There are also two authentic semivowels: y, w. An old authentic Turkic consonant, the sound /ç/ represented by the letter ⟨Ç⟩ is rarely heard because authentic speakers of Tatar spoken in Dobruja spell it /ş/ as letter ⟨Ş⟩. As the written language most often follows the spoken language shifting ⟨Ç⟩ to ⟨Ş⟩, the result is that in Tatar spoken in Romania letter ⟨Ç⟩ and sound /ç/ are often treated as academic.[21]

### Cyrillic alphabet

[edit]

а | б | в | г | гъ | д | е | ё | ж | з | и | й | к | къ | л | м | н | нъ | о | п | р | с | т | у | ф | х | ц | ч | дж | ш | щ | ъ | ы | ь | э | ю | я

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[a] | [b] | [v], [w] | [ɡ] | [ɣ] | [d] | [ɛ], [jɛ] | [ø], [jø], [jo], [ʲo] | [ʒ] | [z] | [i], [ɪ] | [j] | [k] | [q] | [l], [ɫ] | [m] | [n] | [ŋ] | [o], [ø] | [p] | [r] | [s] | [t] | [u], [y] | [f] | [x] | [ts] | [tʃ] | [dʒ] | [ʃ] | [ʃtʃ] | [(.j)] | [ɯ] | [ʲ] | [ɛ] | [y], [jy], [ju], [ʲu] | [ʲa], [ja]

The digraphs гъ, къ, нъ and дж are separate letters.

## Sample

[edit]

Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 1:

Bütün insanlar serbestlik, menlik ve uquqlarda musaviy olıp dünyağa keleler. Olar aqıl ve vicdan saibidirler ve biri-birilerinen qardaşçasına munasebette bulunmalıdırlar.[70]

## Legal status

[edit]

The Crimean peninsula is internationally recognized as territory of Ukraine, but since the 2014 annexation by the Russian Federation is de facto administered as part of the Russian Federation.

According to Russian law, by the April 2014 constitution of the Republic of Crimea and the 2017 Crimean language law,[24] the Crimean Tatar language is a state language in Crimea alongside Russian and Ukrainian, while Russian is the state language of the Russian Federation, the language of interethnic communication, and required in public postings in the conduct of elections and referendums.[24]

In Ukrainian law, according to the constitution of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, as published in Russian by its Verkhovna Rada,[71] Russian and Crimean Tatar languages enjoy a "protected" (Russian: обеспечивается ... защита) status; every citizen is entitled, at his request (ходатайство), to receive government documents, such as "passport, birth certificate and others" in Crimean Tatar; but Russian is the language of interethnic communication and to be used in public life. According to the constitution of Ukraine, Ukrainian is the state language. Recognition of Russian and Crimean Tatar was a matter of political and legal debate.

Before the Sürgünlik, the 18 May 1944 deportation by the Soviet Union of Crimean Tatars to internal exile in Uzbek SSR, Crimean Tatar had an official language status in the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.

The Government of Romania recognises the Crimean Tatar community and their language. Fifth of May is the official Tatar Language Day in Romania.[72]

## Media

[edit]

The first Crimean Tatar newspaper was Terciman published in 1883-1918 by Ismail Gasprinsky. Some other Crimean Tatar media include: ATR, Qırım Aqiqat, Qırım, Meydan, Qırım Alemi, Avdet, Yañı Dünya, Yıldız.

There are some Tatar magazines in Romania, as well as novels, dictionaries, poetry books, school books and science books.[73][74][18][69] Some of the dictionaries are printed by the help of UDTTMR.[75] Tatar learning rubrics called "Tatarşa üyrenemĭz" (Romanian: Învățăm tătărește; "We learn Tatar") and the TV show "Romanya'dan Tatarlar" (Romanian: Tătarii din România; "Tatars from Romania") were also broadcast on Romanian television.[76][77] However, this version of the language is not supported in language keyboards or in machine translation.

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ a b c d The status of Crimea and of the city of Sevastopol is since March 2014 under dispute between Russia and Ukraine; Ukraine and the majority of the international community consider Crimea to be an autonomous republic of Ukraine and Sevastopol to be one of Ukraine's cities with special status, whereas Russia considers Crimea to be a federal subject of Russia and Sevastopol to be one of Russia's three federal cities like Russians cities Moscow and Saint Petersburg.
2. ^ a b c The former is used for consonant-final endings, the latter for vowel-final.

1. ^ Tatar language spoken in Romania today has resulted from the recent fusion of two dialects: the Northern Nogai spoken north of Constanta since the first part of the second millennium and the Southern Crimean, which was spoken south of the city to Bulgarian Dobruja, likely since the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Empire. Today there is no longer a sharp distinction between these dialects.[21]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b c d Crimean Tatar at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
2. ^ "Глава 1. ОСНОВЫ КОНСТИТУЦИОННОГО СТРОЯ | Конституция Республики Крым 2014". Archived from the original on 31 March 2015. Retrieved 2 October 2015.
3. ^ "To which languages does the Charter apply?". European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. Council of Europe. p. 2\. Archived from the original on 2013-12-27. Retrieved 2014-04-03.
4. ^ "Reservations and Declarations for Treaty No.148 – European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages". Council of Europe. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 28 December 2016.
5. ^ "Про затвердження переліку мов національних меншин (спільнот) та корінних народів України, яким загрожує зникнення". Official webportal of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. 7 June 2024.
6. ^ "UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger". www.unesco.org. Retrieved 2024-08-16.
7. ^ "World Atlas of Languages - Crimean Tatar".
8. ^ "National Corpus of the Crimean Tatar Language | Фонд Східна Європа". East Europe Foundation. 2023-12-21. Retrieved 2024-04-02.
9. ^ "The Crimean Tatar language belongs to the languages that are under serious threat". Представництво Президента України в Автономній Республіці Крим. Archived from the original on June 1, 2023. Retrieved 2024-04-02.
10. ^ Verkhovna Rada of Crimea. "Constitution of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea". pp. Section 1, Article 10. Retrieved 19 December 2022. "In the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, along with the official language, the application and development, use and protection of Russian, Crimean Tatar and other ethnic groups' languages shall be secured."
11. ^ "To which languages does the Charter apply?". European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. Council of Europe. p. 2\. Archived from the original on 2013-12-27. Retrieved 2014-04-03.
12. ^ "Глава 1. ОСНОВЫ КОНСТИТУЦИОННОГО СТРОЯ | Конституция Республики Крым 2014". Archived from the original on 31 March 2015. Retrieved 2 October 2015.
13. ^ "Activist: Ukrainian, Crimean-Tatar Language Learning Being Squeezed In Crimea". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 2020-01-02. Retrieved 2024-04-09.
14. ^ Crimean Tatar language in danger Archived 2017-10-11 at the Wayback Machine, Avrupa Times, 02/19/2013
15. ^ "e-Tatars: Virtual Community of the Crimean Tatar Diaspora". iccrimea.org. Retrieved 2023-02-08.
16. ^ "Tapani Salminen, UNESCO Red Book on Endangered Languages: Europe, September 1999". University of Helsinki, Finland. Archived from the original on 3 November 2012. Retrieved 27 February 2017.
17. ^ National movements and national identity among the Crimean Tatars: (1905-1916). BRILL. 1996. ISBN 9789004105096.
18. ^ a b c d e f Ismail, Nilghiun. "Romanian Tatar language communication in the multicultural space".
19. ^ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287996468_Ekstra_Kucuk_Bir_Dil_Olarak_Romanya_Tatar_Turkcesi_As_an_Extra_Small_Language_Romania_Tatar_Turkish
20. ^ THE TURKISH LANGUAGE SPOKEN BY THE TURK-TATAR COMMUNITY LIVING IN ROMANIA
21. ^ a b c d The Sounds of Tatar Spoken in Romania: The Golden Khwarezmian Language of the Nine Noble Nations, Taner Murat, Anticus Press, Constanța, 2018, ISBN 978-606-94509-4-9
22. ^ https://de.scribd.com/document/702611419/Curs-General-de-Limba-Tătară-Fonetică-Fonologie-Morfologie-1975, p.18
23. ^ Eker, Süer (2006). Ekstra küçük bir dil olarak Romanya "Tatar Türkçesi" Archived 2012-04-17 at the Wayback Machine
24. ^ a b c d "Закон Республики Крым "О государственных языках Республики Крым и иных языках в Республике Крым"" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on August 29, 2017. Retrieved Mar 3, 2021.
25. ^ Kavitskaya 2010, p. 6
26. ^ Kavitskaya 2010, p. 8
27. ^ Kavitskaya 2010, p. 10
28. ^ a b c Изидинова 1997.
29. ^ a b Kavitskaya 2010, p. 33
30. ^ Kavitskaya 2010, p. 85
31. ^ Kavitskaya 2010, p. 2
32. ^ Kavitskaya 2010, p. 99
33. ^ Kavitskaya 2010, p. 84
34. ^ a b Kavitskaya 2010, p.25
35. ^ Kavitskaya 2010, p.26
36. ^ Kavitskaya 2010, p.33
37. ^ a b Kavitskaya 2010, p.34
38. ^ a b c Kavitskaya 2010, p.61
39. ^ a b c Kavitskaya 2010, p.75
40. ^ a b Kavitskaya 2010, p.73
41. ^ Kavitskaya 2010, p.78
42. ^ Kavitskaya 2010, p.79
43. ^ Kavitskaya 2010, p.62
44. ^ a b Kavitskaya 2010, p.63
45. ^ Kavitskaya 2010, pp.67-69
46. ^ Kavitskaya 2010, p.70
47. ^ Kavitskaya 2010, pp.70-71
48. ^ Kavitskaya 2010, p.74
49. ^ Kavitskaya 2010, pp.76-77
50. ^ Johanson 1995, p.314
51. ^ Kavitskaya 2010, p.77
52. ^ a b c Kavitskaya 2010, p.35
53. ^ Kavitskaya 2010, p.39
54. ^ Kavitskaya 2010, p.41
55. ^ Kavitskaya 2010, pp.39-43
56. ^ Kavitskaya 2010, p.43
57. ^ a b Kavitskaya 2010, p.44
58. ^ a b Kavitskaya 2010, p.36
59. ^ a b Kavitskaya 2010, p.37
60. ^ a b Kavitskaya 2010, p.45
61. ^ Kavitskaya 2010, p.49
62. ^ a b c Kavitskaya 2010, p.52
63. ^ Kavitskaya 2010, p.54
64. ^ Kavitskaya 2010, pp. 49-52
65. ^ Kavitskaya 2010, pp.81-84
66. ^ "Урядовий комітет підтримав затвердження алфавіту кримськотатарської мови на основі латинської графіки". minre.gov.ua (in Ukrainian). 2021-09-16. Archived from the original on 2021-09-18. Retrieved 2021-09-20.
67. ^ "Cabinet approves Crimean Tatar alphabet based on Latin letters". www.ukrinform.net. 2021-09-22. Archived from the original on 2021-10-07. Retrieved 2021-10-07.
68. ^ a b Secția de Limba tătară
69. ^ a b Implementation of the Tatar Language in the Schools of Romania
70. ^ "Universal Declaration of Human Rights - Crimean Tatar".
71. ^ "Конституция Автономной Республики Крым". Archived from the original on 2014-05-16. Retrieved 2007-01-30.
72. ^ Tatar language Day in Romania
73. ^ UDTTMR Publications
74. ^ Books of Taner Murat
75. ^ "Dobruca Kırımtatar Ağzı Sözlüğü".
76. ^ UDTTMR Rubric; Friday, 18:00 in LITORAL TV (See description)
77. ^ UDTTMR TV show; Friday, 18:00 in LITORAL TV (See description)

## Bibliography

[edit]

* Berta, Árpád (1998). "West Kipchak Languages". In Johanson, Lars; Csató, Éva Ágnes (eds.). The Turkic Languages. Routledge. pp. 301–317\. ISBN 978-0-415-08200-6.
* Johanson, Lars (1995). "On Turkic Converb Clauses". In Haspelmath, Martin; König, Ekkehard (eds.). Converbs in Cross-Linguistic Perspective. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 313–347.
* Kavitskaya, Darya (2010). Crimean Tatar. Munich: Lincom Europa.
* Изидинова, С. Р. (1997). "Крымскотатарский язык" [Crimean Tatar language]. Языки мира. Тюркские языки [Languages of the world. Turkic languages] (in Russian).

## External links

[edit]

Crimean Tatar edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

* National corpus of Crimean Tatar language
* Linguistic corpus of Crimean Tatar language
* Crimean Tatar internet library
* Automatic Latin–Cyrillic transliterator for Crimean Tatar texts
* Transliterators for Crimean Tatar (Romania)
* Crimean Tatar Online Dictionary
* Crimean Tatar (Romania) Dictionary
* Crimean Tatar (RO) Translator
* Grammar about the northern dialect "Crimean Nogai"
* Crimean Tatar language names of places in Crimea
* Crimean Tatar in Omniglot

* crimean-tatar-romania (GitHub)

* Curs General de Limba Tătară - Fonetică, Fonologie, Morfologie (1975) de Mamut Enver, Universitatea din București (Grammar book in Romanian)

* v
* t
* e

Crimea articles

* Political status
* Sevastopol
* Republic of Crimea (Russia)
* Autonomous Republic of Crimea

History|

* Greek Crimea
* Crimea in the Roman era
* Cherson (theme)
* Bosporan Kingdom
* Akatziri
* Khazars
* Crimean Goths
* Kipchaks
* Empire of Trebizond
* Genoese Crimea
* Genoese–Mongol Wars
* Crimean campaigns of 1687 and 1689
* Crimean Khanate
* 1783 annexation by Russia
* Crimean War
* Soviet period
* Crimea in World War II
* 1944 Crimean Tatar deportation
* Renaming of Crimean toponyms
* 1954 transfer to Ukraine
* Crimean Tatar repatriation
* Autonomous Republic of Crimea
* President of Crimea (historical)
* 2003 Tuzla Island conflict
* 2014 status referendum
* 2014 annexation by Russia
* Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People

Geography|

* Arabat Spit
* Arabat Bay
* Azov Sea
* Black Sea
* Caves
* Marble
* Vyalova
* Crimean Mountains
* Kerch Strait
* Perekop Isthmus
* Pontic–Caspian steppe
* Southern Coast
* Syvash

Subdivisions|

* Cities
* Raions
* Urban-type settlements
* administrative divisions

Politics|

| De jure
(Ukrainian)|

* Autonomous Republic of Crimea
* Supreme Council
* Chairman
* Prime Minister
* Council of Ministers
* Sevastopol
* City Council
* State administration
* Mayor

|

De facto
(Russian)|

* Republic of Crimea
* Constitution
* Head
* State Council
* 2014 parliamentary election
* Sevastopol
* Legislative Assembly
* Governor
* 2017 election
* Crimean Federal District
* Black Sea Fleet

Economy|

* Tourism
* Crimean Bridge
* Crimean Trolleybus

Society|

| Sports|

* Crimean Premier League

|

Demographics|

| Peoples|

* Russians
* Ukrainians
* Crimean Tatars
* Armenians
* Karaites
* Pontic Greeks
* Krymchaks
* Crimea Germans

|

Languages|

* Crimean Tatar
* Krymchak
* Russian
* Ukrainian

Religion|

* Christianity
* Roman Catholicism
* Ukrainian Catholicism
* Judaism
* Islam

Category

* v
* t
* e

Turkic languages

Reconstructed|

* Proto-Turkic

Common Turkic|

| Argu|

* Argu
* Khalaj

|

Karluk|

| Western|

* Northern Uzbek
* Southern Uzbek

|

Eastern|

* Ili Turki
* Uyghur
* Khoton
* Lop
* Äynu

Old|

* Chagatai
* Karakhanid
* Khorezmian

Kipchak|

| Bulgar|

* Bashkir
* Tatar
* Mishar Tatar
* Nagaibak
* Old Tatar

|

Cuman|

* Armeno-Kipchak
* Crimean Tatar
* Cuman
* Karachay-Balkar
* Karaim
* Krymchak
* Kumyk
* Mamluk-Kipchak
* Urum

Kyrgyz|

* Fergana Kipchak
* Kyrgyz
* Pamir Kyrgyz
* Siberian Tatar
* Baraba
* Tom
* Southern Altai
* Telengit
* Teleut

Nogai|

* Dobrujan Tatar
* Karakalpak
* Kazakh
* Nogai
* Siberian Tatar
* Tobol-Irtysh
* Uzbek Kipchak

Oghuz|

* Salar

| Eastern|

* Khorasani Turkic
* Turkmen
* Trukhmen

|

Southern|

* Afshari
* Chaharmahali Turkic
* Qashqai
* Sonqori

Western|

* Azerbaijani
* North Azerbaijani
* South Azerbaijani
* Ajem-Turkic
* Balkan Gagauz
* Gagauz
* Karapapakh
* Turkish
* Tsalka
* Karamanli Turkish
* Old Anatolian Turkish
* Ottoman Turkish

Siberian|

| Northern|

* Dolgan
* Yakut

|

Southern|

* Chulym
* Lower Chulym

| Sayan|

| Steppe|

* Tuvan

|

Taiga|

* Dukhan
* Soyot
* Tofa

Yenisei|

* Fuyu Kyrgyz
* Khakas
* Northern Altai
* Chelkan
* Kumandy
* Tuba
* Shor
* Western Yugur

Old|

* Old Uyghur
* Orkhon Turkic

Oghur|

* Bulgar
* Chuvash
* Onogur

Disputed classification|

* Khazar
* Pecheneg

Potentially Turkic languages|

* Di
* Pannonian Avar
* Tuoba

Creoles and pidgins|

* Hezhou
* Kurbet
* Qoqmončaq

* Italics indicate extinct languages
* Languages between parentheses are varieties of the language on their left.

* v
* t
* e

Languages of Russia

Federal language|

* Russian

State languages
of federal subjects|

* Abaza
* Adyghe
* Aghul
* Altai
* Northern Altai
* Southern Altai
* Avar
* Azerbaijani
* Bashkir
* Buryat
* Chechen
* Chuvash
* Crimean Tatar
* Dargwa
* Ingush
* Kabardian
* Kalmyk
* Karachay-Balkar
* Khakas
* Komi
* Kumyk
* Lak
* Lezgin
* Mari
* Hill
* Meadow
* Mordvin
* Erzya
* Moksha
* Nogai
* Ossetian
* Rutul
* Yakut/Sakha
* Tabasaran
* Tat
* Tatar
* Tsakhur
* Tuvan
* Udmurt
* Ukrainian

Languages with official status|

* Chukchi
* Dolgan
* Even
* Evenki
* Finnish
* Karelian
* Kazakh
* Khanty
* Northern Khanty
* Southern Khanty
* Eastern Khanty
* Komi-Permyak
* Mansi
* Northern Mansi
* Western Mansi
* Eastern Mansi
* Southern Mansi
* Nenets
* Selkup
* Veps
* Yukaghir
* Northern Yukaghir
* Southern Yukaghir

Scripts|

* Cyrillic1
* Cyrillic Braille
* Latin script2
* Mongolian script (Buryat script, Kalmyk script)2

1 In Russia, the Cyrillic alphabet is officially supported. 2 For other, non-Cyrillic alphabets, separate federal laws are required.

* Languages of Russia
* Wikipedia in languages of Russia
* Mass media by language of Russia

* v
* t
* e

Languages of Ukraine

Official languages|

* Ukrainian
* dialects

Indigenous languages|

* Crimean Tatar
* dialects
* Karaim
* Krymchak

Minority languages|

| Recognized|

* Belarusian
* Bulgarian
* Gagauz
* German (Zipser)
* Greek (Ruméika)
* Hungarian
* Polish (Lviv
* Southern Kresy)
* Romanian
* Moldovan
* Russian
* Slovak
* Yiddish

|

Unrecognized|

* Albanian
* Armenian
* Azerbaijani
* Romani (Carpathian
* Vlax)
* Rusyn
* Swedish
* Turkish
* Urum

Sign languages|

* Ukrainian Sign Language

Related|

* Language policy in Ukraine
* Balachka
* Surzhyk

* Category

Portal:

* Languages

Authority control databases: National |

* Germany
* Israel

|

*[†]: Extinct
*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template
*[REFL]: reflexive
*[CAUS]: causative
*[PASS]: passive voice
*[NEG]: negation/negative
*[PAST]: past tense
*[1SG]: first person, singular
*[VB]: Verbalizing Suffix
*[PTCP]: participle
*[FUT]: future tense
*[PRES]: present tense
*[COP]: copula
*[DAT]: dative case
*[CVB]: converb
*[ACC]: accusative case
*[REDUP]: reduplication
*[PL]: plural number
*[POSS]: possessive marker
*[NOM]: nominative case
*[2SG]: second person, singular
*[3SG]: third person, singular
*[SUF]: adjectival suffix
*[ABL]: ablative case