Criminal Investigation Department (Kenya)

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Law enforcement agency

Directorate of Criminal Investigations

Agency overview
Formed| 1926 (as Criminal Investigation Department)
Jurisdictional structure
Operations jurisdiction| Kenya
Operational structure
Headquarters| Mazingira Complex, Kiambu Road, Nairobi, Kenya
Agency executive|

* Mohamed Ibrahim Amin, Director

Parent agency| National Police Service (Kenya)
Website
www.dci.go.ke

The Directorate of Criminal Investigations (DCI), formerly the Criminal Investigation Department (CID), is a department within the National Police Service of Kenya. It is responsible for investigating serious crimes, coordinating criminal intelligence, and advancing forensic capabilities. Headquartered at Mazingira Complex, Kiambu Road, Nairobi, the DCI operates under the legal framework of the National Police Service Act 2011 and Article 247 of the Constitution of Kenya.[1]

## History

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The DCI traces its origins to the Kenya Police, established in 1887 by the Imperial British East Africa Company. Formalized in 1906 under the Police Ordinance, the CID evolved through units like the Fingerprint Section (1909) and Criminal Intelligence Unit (1926). The transition to the DCI occurred post-2010 under the new constitutional framework, renaming and restructuring the department to align with modern investigative needs.[2]

## Legal framework

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The DCI operates under the following legal provisions:

* Constitution of Kenya (2010): Article 247 establishes the National Police Service, with the DCI as a key component.[3]
* National Police Service Act 2011: Part V, Sections 28 and 35 outline the DCI's mandate, including crime investigation, intelligence coordination, and forensic analysis.[4]
* Criminal Procedure Code: Governs investigative procedures and evidence handling.
* Coordination with DPP: Article 157(4) of the Constitution mandates the DCI to act on directives from the Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP).[5]

## Leadership

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The DCI is led by a Director appointed by the President of Kenya, reporting to the Inspector General of Police. Since 2010, the title has been "Director of Criminal Investigations." The current director is Mohamed Ibrahim Amin, appointed in 2022.[6]

### Historical leadership

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Directors of the Directorate of Criminal Investigations (1935–Present)  S/No.  | Rank  | Name  | Tenure

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1 | Superintendent in Charge | Neil Stewart M.M | 1935–1949
2 | Assistant Commissioner of Police (ACP) | Alfred William Riggs | 1950–1951
3 | ACP | John Timmerman | 1951–1955
4 | ACP | Hugh R. Walker | 1956–1957
5 | Senior Assistant Commissioner of Police (S/ACP) | Leslie G. Mitchell | 1957–1960
6 | S/ACP | Thomas P. McBrierley | 1960–1965
7 | S/ACP | Peter O. Ochieng | 1965–1974
8 | Deputy Commissioner of Police (DCP) | Ignatius I. Nderi | 1974–1984
9 | Senior Deputy Commissioner of Police (S/DCP) | Noah N. Too | 1984–1999
10 | Senior Deputy Commissioner of Police I (S/DCPI) | Francis K. Sang | 1999–2003
11 | Senior Deputy Commissioner of Police II (S/DCPII) | Daniel T. Ndung’u | 2003–2004
12 | Senior Deputy Commissioner of Police I (SDCP1) | Joseph M. Kamau | 2004–2006
13 | DCP | Simon K. Gatiba | 2006–2010
14 | Director of Criminal Investigations (DCI) | Francis N. Muhoro | 2010–2018
15 | DCI | George M. Kinoti | 2018–2022
16 | DCI | Mohamed Ibrahim Amin | 2022–Present

### Current deputy directors

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* Paul Njogu (Operations)
* Esther Seroney (Administration)

## Organizational structure

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The DCI comprises specialized directorates, units, and regional commands to fulfill its mandate.

### Directorates

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Key Directorates at DCI Headquarters  Directorate  | Function

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Administration | Manages human resources and logistics
Operations | Oversees field operations
Investigation | Handles serious crime case management
Forensic | Conducts DNA, ballistics, toxicology, and digital forensics
Crime Research Intelligence Bureau (CRIB) | Analyzes criminal intelligence
National Central Bureau | Coordinates with Interpol
Counter Terrorism Centre of Excellence | Focuses on terrorism prevention

### Specialized units

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* Special Operations Group (SOG): Elite tactical unit for high-risk operations.
* Serious Crime Unit (SCU): Investigates homicides and major felonies.
* Cybercrime Unit: Addresses digital fraud and cyber threats (established post-2020).
* Economic and Commercial Crimes Unit (ECCU): Tackles money laundering and securities fraud (est. 2013).[7]
* Transnational Organized Crime Unit: Combats human and drug trafficking.
* Public Complaints Department: Handles public grievances.

### Disbanded units

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* Special Service Unit (SSU): Disbanded in 2019 due to allegations of extrajudicial activities.
* Flying Squad: Disbanded in 2020 following misconduct concerns.[8]

### Formations

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* Anti-Terrorism Police Unit (ATPU): Counters terrorism.
* Sting Squad Headquarters (SSH): Conducts undercover operations.
* Kenya Airports Police Unit (KAPU): Secures airports.
* Kenya Railways Police Unit (KRPU): Protects railway infrastructure.
* DCI Academy: Provides training in investigative techniques.

### Regional and county commands

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* 8 Regional Commands led by Regional Criminal Investigations Officers (RCIOs).
* 47 County Offices managed by County Criminal Investigation Officers (CCIOs).
* Over 297 Sub-County Offices for local investigations.[9]

## Core functions

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The DCI's mandate, as per the National Police Service Act 2011, includes:

1. Investigating serious crimes (e.g., homicide, terrorism, cybercrime, trafficking)
2. Collecting and analyzing criminal intelligence
3. Maintaining law and order
4. Detecting and preventing crimes
5. Apprehending offenders
6. Managing national criminal records
7. Conducting forensic analysis
8. Executing DPP directives
9. Investigating IPOA-referred cases
10. Coordinating with international police organizations[10]

## Resources

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### Forensic Science Laboratory

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A KSh 5.7 billion facility at Mazingira Complex, equipped with:

* Biological, Chemistry, DNA, and Toxicology Laboratories
* Advanced evidence processing for firearms and digital devices[11]

### DCI Academy

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The DCI Academy provides training in investigative techniques, forensics, and intelligence analysis. It is based in South C, Nairobi, Kenya.

### Technology

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* Digital case management systems
* Cybercrime investigation tools
* Online reporting via the eCitizen portal[12]

## Controversies and reforms

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* Extrajudicial Killings: The DCI has faced scrutiny from the Independent Policing Oversight Authority (IPOA) over alleged extrajudicial activities, notably by the disbanded SSU.[13]
* Anti-Corruption Measures: Digitization via eCitizen and disbandment of SSU and Flying Squad aim to curb misconduct
* International Oversight: Human Rights Watch has documented concerns about police accountability mechanisms[14]

## Collaboration with other agencies

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The DCI maintains extensive international partnerships:

* Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI): Joint operations on transnational crimes and counter-terrorism[15]
* Israeli Police and Mossad: Counter-terrorism training and intelligence sharing[16]
* United Kingdom National Crime Agency: Combating financial crimes and cyber threats[17]
* Interpol: Coordinates transnational crime investigations[18]
* National Intelligence Service (NIS): Provides strategic intelligence
* Kenya Defence Forces (KDF): Supports national security operations
* Office of the Director of Public Prosecutions (ODPP): Guides prosecutorial investigations

## See also

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* National Police Service (Kenya)
* National Intelligence Service (Kenya)
* Kenya Defence Forces
* Independent Policing Oversight Authority (IPOA)

## References

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1. ^ "About the Directorate of Criminal Investigations". Directorate of Criminal Investigations. Retrieved 9 June 2025.
2. ^ "History of Kenya Police". National Police Service. Retrieved 9 June 2025.
3. ^ "Constitution of Kenya" (PDF). Kenya Law. Retrieved 9 June 2025.
4. ^ "National Police Service Act 2011". National Police Service. Retrieved 9 June 2025.
5. ^ "Office of the Director of Public Prosecutions". ODPP. Retrieved 9 June 2025.
6. ^ "Mohamed Amin Appointed as New DCI Director". Daily Nation. 15 September 2022. Retrieved 9 June 2025.
7. ^ "Specialized Units of DCI". Directorate of Criminal Investigations. Retrieved 9 June 2025.
8. ^ "DCI Disbands Flying Squad Amid Controversy". The Standard. 10 September 2020. Retrieved 9 June 2025.
9. ^ "DCI Regional Structure". Directorate of Criminal Investigations. Retrieved 9 June 2025.
10. ^ "National Police Service Act 2011". National Police Service. Retrieved 9 June 2025.
11. ^ "DCI Unveils State-of-the-Art Forensic Lab". The Star. 15 May 2020. Retrieved 9 June 2025.
12. ^ "eCitizen DCI Services". eCitizen. Retrieved 9 June 2025.
13. ^ "IPOA Investigations on Police Conduct". Independent Policing Oversight Authority. Retrieved 9 June 2025.
14. ^ "Kenya: Police Reforms Fall Short". Human Rights Watch. 18 July 2023. Retrieved 9 June 2025.
15. ^ "Kenyan, US authorities cooperate in Sh10.1 billion fraud probe". Daily Nation. 12 May 2023. Retrieved 9 June 2025.
16. ^ "Kenya, Israel deepen security cooperation". Directorate of Criminal Investigations. 3 November 2022. Retrieved 9 June 2025.
17. ^ "UK crime agency trains Kenyan detectives on proceeds of crime". The Star. 25 August 2022. Retrieved 9 June 2025.
18. ^ "INTERPOL Kenya". INTERPOL. Retrieved 9 June 2025.

## External links

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* Official DCI Website
* eCitizen DCI Services
* National Police Service
* National Intelligence Service
* Kenya Defence Forces
* Independent Policing Oversight Authority
* Office of the Director of Public Prosecutions
* INTERPOL Kenya
* National Police Service Commission