Crystalline coatings

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Crystalline coatings (or crystalline mirrors[1]) are a type of thin-film  optical interference coating that is made by merging monocrystalline multilayers deposited via processes such as molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE) and metalorganic vapour-phase epitaxy (MOVPE) with microfabrication techniques including direct bonding and selective etching. In this technique heterostructures such as gallium arsenide / aluminum gallium arsenide (GaAs/AlGaAs) distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs) are grown and then transferred to polished optical surfaces, resulting in high-performance single-crystal optical coatings on arbitrary, including curved, substrates. As of 2024[update] the maximum diameter achievable is 20 cm, limited by commercially available GaAs wafers. The tightest curvature demonstrated for such coatings is 5 cm.

The substrate-transferred crystalline coating process was developed in 2013 by Garrett Cole and colleagues at the Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information at the Austrian Academy of Sciences and the University of Vienna.[2] With additional refinement, the technique became capable of generating high-reflectivity mirrors with optical losses on par with the best  ion-beam-sputtered coatings, with optical absorption in the 1000–2000 nm spectral range demonstrated to be < 1 part-per-million (ppm) and optical scatter < 3 ppm in the best optics.[3] Additional advantages of these coatings include:[4]

1. Significantly reduced elastic losses (at least a factor of 10 over typical amorphous interference coatings) resulting in minimal thermal noise, enabling ultrastable interferometers for optical atomic clocks and  gravitational-wave detectors such as LIGO.
2. The realization of ppm-levels of optical losses (absorption + scatter) in the mid-infrared spectral region[5][6] demonstrating enhancement cavities for  cavity ring-down spectrometers with a finesse > 400 000 at wavelengths to ~4500 nm.
3. High thermal conductivity, over 20 times higher than typical metal-oxide based coatings, making crystalline coatings promising for high-power continuous wave (CW) and quasi-CW lasers, with a CW damage threshold of 75 MW/cm2 demonstrated in a  deformable mirror device at 1064 nm.[7]

Owing to the low Brownian noise of crystalline coatings there have been a number of advancements in quantum-limited interferometry, with these mirrors being instrumental in efforts relevant to macroscopic quantum phenomena and enabling the demonstration of ponderomotive squeezing at room temperature,[8] the broadband reduction of quantum radiation pressure noise via squeezed light injection,[9] and the room temperature measurement of quantum back action in the audio band.[10]

Garrett Cole and Markus Aspelmeyer founded Crystalline Mirror Solutions in 2013 to commercialize the technology. They were awarded second prize from the Berthold Leibinger Innovationspreis in 2016. The company was acquired by Thorlabs in December 2019 and rebranded as Thorlabs Crystalline Solutions.[11]

## References

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1. ^ "Crystalline Mirrors".
2. ^ Cole, Garrett D.; Zhang, Wei; Martin, Michael J.; Ye, Jun; Aspelmeyer, Markus (August 2013). "Tenfold reduction of Brownian noise in high-reflectivity optical coatings". Nature Photonics. 7 (8): 644–650\. Bibcode:2013NaPho...7..644C. doi:10.1038/nphoton.2013.174.
3. ^ Cole, Garrett D.; Zhang, Wei; Bjork, Bryce J.; Follman, David; Heu, Paula; Deutsch, Christoph; Sonderhouse, Lindsay; Robinson, John; Franz, Chris; Alexandrovski, Alexei; Notcutt, Mark; Heckl, Oliver H.; Ye, Jun; Aspelmeyer, Markus (20 June 2016). "High-performance near- and mid-infrared crystalline coatings". Optica. 3 (6): 647. arXiv:1604.00065. Bibcode:2016Optic...3..647C. doi:10.1364/OPTICA.3.000647. S2CID 34822169.
4. ^ "Crystalline Mirror Coatings".
5. ^ Winkler, G.; Perner, L. W.; Truong, G.-W.; Zhao, G.; Bachmann, D.; Mayer, A. S.; Fellinger, J.; Follman, D.; Heu, P.; Heu, P.; Deutsch, C.; Bailey, D. M.; Peelaers, H.; Puchegger, S.; Cole, G. D.; Heckl, O. H. (2021-05-20). "Mid-infrared interference coatings with excess optical loss below 10 ppm". Optica. 8 (5): 686–696\. arXiv:2009.04721. Bibcode:2021Optic...8..686W. doi:10.1364/OPTICA.405938. ISSN 2334-2536.
6. ^ Truong, G.-W.; Perner, L. W.; Bailey, D. M.; Winkler, G; Cataño-Lopez, S. B.; Wittwer, V. J.; Südmeyer, T.; Nguyen, C.; Follman, D.; Fleisher, A. J.; Heckl, O. H.; Cole, D. (2023-12-06). "Mid-infrared supermirrors with finesse exceeding 400 000". Nature Communications. 14 (1): 7846. arXiv:2209.09902. doi:10.18434/mds2-3089. PMC 10700499. PMID 38057298.
7. ^ Cole, G. D.; Follman, D.; Nguyen, C.; Truong, G.-W.; Krause, E.; Böhme, T. (2022). A high-power-handling deformable mirror system employing crystalline coatings. Laser-Induced Damage in Optical Materials (Session 7: Surfaces, Mirrors, and Contamination ed.). Rochester, NY USA: SPIE. doi:10.1117/12.2641048.
8. ^ Aggarwal, Nancy; Cullen, Torrey J.; Cripe, Jonathan; Cole, Garrett D.; Lanza, Robert; Libson, Adam; Follman, David; Heu, Paula; Corbitt, Thomas; Mavalvala, Nergis (July 2020). "Room-temperature optomechanical squeezing". Nature Physics. 16 (7): 784–788\. arXiv:2006.14323. Bibcode:2020NatPh..16..784A. doi:10.1038/s41567-020-0877-x. S2CID 119453105.
9. ^ Yap, Min Jet; Cripe, Jonathan; Mansell, Georgia L.; McRae, Terry G.; Ward, Robert L.; Slagmolen, Bram J. J.; Heu, Paula; Follman, David; Cole, Garrett D.; Corbitt, Thomas; McClelland, David E. (January 2020). "Broadband reduction of quantum radiation pressure noise via squeezed light injection". Nature Photonics. 14 (1): 19–23\. arXiv:1812.09804. doi:10.1038/s41566-019-0527-y. S2CID 119430510.
10. ^ Cripe, Jonathan; Aggarwal, Nancy; Lanza, Robert; Libson, Adam; Singh, Robinjeet; Heu, Paula; Follman, David; Cole, Garrett D.; Mavalvala, Nergis; Corbitt, Thomas (April 2019). "Measurement of quantum back action in the audio band at room temperature". Nature. 568 (7752): 364–367\. Bibcode:2019Natur.568..364C. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1051-4. hdl:1721.1/142157. PMID 30911169. S2CID 85493790.
11. ^ "Thorlabs Adds Crystalline Coating Capability".