Cuisine of the Indian subcontinent

Culinary traditions of the Indian subcontinent

Orthographic projection of the Indian subcontinent.

Cuisine of the Indian subcontinent includes the cuisines from the Indian subcontinent comprising the traditional cuisines from Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka.

## Staples and common ingredients[edit]

An assortment of spices and herbs. Spices are an indispensable food ingredient in much of the Indian subcontinent.

Chapati, a type of flat bread, is a common part of meals to be had in many parts of Indian subcontinent. Other staples from many of the cuisines include rice, roti made from atta flour, and beans.

Foods in this area of the world are flavoured with various types of chilli, black pepper, cloves, and other strong herbs and spices along with the flavoured butter ghee. Ginger is an ingredient that can be used in both savory and sweet recipes in cuisines from the Indian subcontinent. Chopped ginger is fried with meat and pickled ginger is often an accompaniment to boiled rice. Ginger juice and ginger boiled in syrup are used to make desserts. Turmeric and cumin are often used to make curries.

Common meats include lamb, goat, fish, chicken and beef. Beef is less common in India than in other South Asian cuisines because cattle have a special place in Hinduism. Prohibitions against beef extend to the meat of (water) buffalo and yaks to some extent. Pork is considered as a taboo food item by all Muslims and is avoided by many Hindus, though it is commonly eaten in some regions like Northeast India and Goa. A variety of very sweet desserts which use dairy products is also found in cuisines of the Indian subcontinent. The main ingredients in desserts of the Indian subcontinent are reduced milk, ground almonds, lentil flour, ghee and sugar. Kheer is a dairy-based rice pudding, a common dessert.

## History[edit]

Main article: History of Indian cuisine

Many foods from the Indian subcontinent have been known for over five thousand years. The Indus Valley people, who settled in what is now the northwestern Indian subcontinent, hunted turtles and alligator. They also collected wild grains, herbs and plants. Many foods and ingredients from the Indus period (c. 3300–1700 B.C.) are still common today. Some consist of wheat, barley, rice, tamarind, eggplant, and cucumber. The Indus Valley people cooked with oils, ginger, salt, green peppers, and turmeric root, which would be dried and ground into an orange powder.

Indians have used leafy vegetables, lentils, and milk products such as yogurt and ghee throughout their history. They also used spices such as cumin and coriander. Black pepper, which is native to India, was often used by 400 A.D. The Greeks brought saffron and the Chinese introduced tea. The Portuguese and British made red chili, potato and cauliflower popular after 1700 A.D. Mughals, who began arriving in India after 1200, saw food as an art and many of their dishes are cooked with as many as 25 spices. They also used rose water, cashews, raisins, and almonds.

In the late 18th and early 19th century, an autobiography of the Scottish Robert Lindsay mentions a Sylheti man called Saeed Ullah cooking a curry for Lindsay's family. This is possibly the oldest record of Indian cuisine in the United Kingdom.[1][2]

* Bhang eaters from India c. 1790. Bhang is an edible preparation of cannabis native to the Indian subcontinent. It has been used in food and drink as early as 1000 BCE by Hindus in ancient India.[3]

* A page from the Nimatnama-i-Nasiruddin-Shahi, the book of delicacies and recipes. It documents the fine art of making kheer.

* Medieval Indian Manuscript Nimatnama-i-Nasiruddin-Shahi (circa 16th century) showing samosas being served.

## By culture[edit]

### Bangladeshi cuisine[edit]

Main articles: Bangladeshi cuisine and Bengali cuisine

Bangladeshi cuisine is dominated by Bengali cuisine and has been shaped by the diverse history and riverine geography of Bangladesh. The country has a tropical monsoon climate. Rice is the main staple food of Bangladeshi people and it is served with a wide range of curries.

Traditional Bangladeshi Meal: Mustard seed Ilish Curry, Dhakai Biryani and Pitha

Bangladeshi dishes exhibit strong aromatic flavours; and often include eggs, potatoes, tomatoes and aubergines. A variety of spices and herbs, along with mustard oil and ghee, is used in Bangladeshi cooking. The main breads are naan, porota, roti, bakarkhani and luchi. Dal is the second most important staple food which is served with rice/porota/luchi. Fish is a staple in Bangladeshi cuisine, especially freshwater fish, which is a distinctive feature of the country's gastronomy. Major fish dishes include ilish (hilsa), pabda (butterfish), rui (rohu), pangash (pangas catfish), chitol (clown knifefish), magur (walking catfish), bhetki (barramundi) and tilapia. Meat consumption includes beef, lamb, venison, chicken, duck, squab and koel. Vegetable dishes, either mashed (bhorta), boiled (sabji), or leaf-based (saag), are widely served. Seafood such as lobsters and shrimps are also often prevalent.

Islamic dietary laws are prevalent across Bangladesh. Halal foods are food items that Muslims are allowed to eat and drink under Islamic dietary guidelines. The criteria specifies both what foods are allowed, and how the food must be prepared. The foods addressed are mostly types of meat allowed in Islam. Bangladeshi people follow certain rules and regulations while eating. It includes warm hospitality and particular ways of serving as well. This is known as Bangaliketa (Bengali: বাঙালি কেতা). The culture also defines the way to invite people to weddings and for dinner. Gifts are given on certain occasions. Bangaliketa also includes a way of serving utensils in a proper manner.[4] Bengali cuisine has the only traditionally developed multi-course tradition from the subcontinent that is analogous in structure to the modern service à la russe style of French cuisine, with food served course-wise rather than all at once.

### Bhutanese cuisine[edit]

Main article: Bhutanese cuisine

Bhutanese national dish Ema datshi (ཨེ་མ་དར་ཚིལ།) with rice (mix of Bhutanese red rice and white rice)

Bhutanese cuisine employs a lot of red rice (like brown rice in texture, but with a nutty taste, the only variety of rice that grows at high altitudes), buckwheat, and increasingly maize. The diet in the hills also includes chicken, yak meat, dried beef, pork, pork fat, and mutton. It has many similarities with Tibetan cuisine

### Indian cuisine[edit]

Main article: Indian cuisine

Indian cuisine is characterized by its sophisticated and subtle use of many Indian spices. There is also the widespread practice of vegetarianism across its society although, overall a minority. Indian cuisine is one of the world's most diverse cuisines, each family of this cuisine is characterized by a wide assortment of dishes and cooking techniques. As a consequence, Indian cuisine varies from region to region, reflecting the varied demographics of the ethnically diverse Indian subcontinent. India's religious beliefs and culture has played an influential role in the evolution of its cuisine. It has influences from Middle Eastern cuisine, Southeast Asian cuisine, East Asian cuisine and Central Asian cuisine, as well as the Mediterranean cuisines due to the historical and contemporary cross-cultural interactions with these neighboring regions.

Regional cuisine includes:

* East Indian cuisines:
* Cuisine of Chhattisgarh
* Odia cuisine
* Bhojpuri cuisine[5]

* Bengali Fish meal

* Odisha style Mutton Curry

* Rasgulla a famous syrupy dessert from Eastern India

* Northeast Indian cuisines:
* Bengali cuisine
* Assamese cuisine
* Arunachalese cuisine
* Meghalayan cuisine
* Manipuri cuisine
* Naga cuisine
* Mizo cuisine
* Sikkimese cuisine
* Tripuri cuisine
* Gorkha cuisine
* Jharkhandi cuisine
* Maithil cuisine
* Bihari cuisine
* Bhojpuri cuisine

* Assamese Thali

* Non-Vegetarian Eromba from Manipur

* Tan Ngang a bread from Manipur

* Thukpa from Sikkim

* North Indian cuisines:
* Awadhi cuisine
* Cuisine of Uttar Pradesh
* Himachali cuisine
* Kashmiri cuisine
* Kumaoni cuisine
* Ladakhi cuisine
* Mughlai cuisine
* Punjabi cuisine
* Rajasthani cuisine

* Traditional North Indian Vegetarian Thali, India

* Rogan josh is a popular Kashmiri dish from India

* Chicken tikka in India, is a popular dish in Punjabi cuisine

* Ghevar a popular sweet dessert from Rajasthan

* South Indian cuisines:
* Chettinad cuisine
* Dhivehi cuisine (Minicoy)
* Hyderabadi cuisine
* Kerala cuisine
* Karnataka cuisine
* Mangalorean cuisine
* Tamil cuisine
* Telugu cuisine
* Thalassery cuisine
* Udupi cuisine

* Hyderabadi Dum Biryani, India

* Dosa served with sambar and chutney

* South Indian vegetarian Thali, India

* Fish moolie Kerala Style

* West Indian cuisines:
* Goan cuisine
* Gujarati cuisine
* Maharashtrian cuisine
* Malvani cuisine
* Parsi cuisine
* Sindhi cuisine
* Thathai Bhatia Cuisine

* Pav Bhaji a popular fast food from Mumbai, Maharashtra

* Pork Vindaloo being served at a restaurante in Goa

* Dhansak a famous Parsi dish from Gujarat

* Other Indian cuisines include:
* Indian Chinese cuisine
* Jain vegetarianism
* Indian fast food

* A popular Indian Chinese dish

* Samosa with Pudina Chutney

### Maldivian cuisine[edit]

Main article: Maldivian cuisine

Maldivian cuisine, also called Dhivehi cuisine, is the cuisine of the Nation of Maldives and of Minicoy, India. The traditional cuisine of Maldivians is based on three main items and their derivatives: coconuts, fish and starches.

* Masroshi Maldivian savory snacks

* Gulha is a popular snacks in Maldives

### Nepalese cuisine[edit]

Main article: Nepalese cuisine

Nepalese cuisine comprises a variety of cuisines based upon ethnicity, soil and climate relating to Nepal's cultural diversity and geography.Dal-bhat-tarkari (Nepali: दाल भात तरकारी) is eaten throughout Nepal.Nepali cuisine has significant influences from Neighboring Indian and Tibetan cuisines.

Nepalese cuisine includes:

* Newa cuisine
* Tibetan cuisine
* Maithil cuisine

* Dal-bhat-tarkari is a traditional dish in Nepalese cuisine

* Plateful of Momo in Nepal

### Pakistani cuisine[edit]

Main article: Pakistani cuisine

Pakistani cuisine (Urdu: پاکستانی پکوان) is part of the greater South Asian and Central Asian Cuisines due to its geographic location and influence. As a result of Mughal legacy, Pakistan also mutually inherited many recipes and dishes from that era alongside India.

Regional cuisines include:

* Balochi cuisine
* Chitrali cuisine
* Kalash cuisine
* Lahori cuisine
* Cuisine of Karachi
* Pashtun cuisine
* Punjabi cuisine
* Saraiki cuisine
* Sindhi cuisine

* Chapli kebab, a popular kebab from Pashtunistan

* Sindhi biryani

* Sohan Halwa from Multan a popular Saraiki dessert

* Sajji, a popular meat dish of Balochistan

* Ghalmandi with cottage cheese and herbs from Chitral

* Aloo paratha from Faisalabad, Punjab

Other Pakistani cuisine include:

* Pakistani Chinese cuisine
* Mughlai cuisine (Karachi)
* Pakistani fast food

### Sri Lankan cuisine[edit]

Main article: Sri Lankan cuisine

Sri Lankan cuisine has been shaped by many historical, cultural, and other factors. Foreign traders who brought new food items; influences from Malay cuisine and South Indian cuisine are evident.

* Kiribath is a traditional rice pudding from Sri Lanka

* Sri Lankan rice and curry platter

## See also[edit]

* List of Asian cuisines

## References[edit]

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for South Asian cuisine.

1. ^ Syed Zain Al-Mahmood (19 December 2008). "Down the Surma - Origins of the Diaspora". Daily Star. Vol. 7, no. 49. Retrieved 1 May 2019.
2. ^ Robert Lindsay. "Anecdotes of an Indian life: Chapter VII". Lives of the Lindsays, or, A memoir of the House of Crawford and Balcarres. National Library of Scotland. Vol. 4\. p. 99.
3. ^ Staelens, Stefanie. "The Bhang Lassi Is How Hindus Drink Themselves High for Shiva". Vice.com. Retrieved August 10, 2017.
4. ^ "Bangladesh – Language, Culture, Customs and Etiquette". Archived from the original on 2014-07-29. Retrieved 2018-04-05.
5. ^ "A Tale Of Bhojpuri Cuisine". Slurrp. Retrieved 2022-10-26.

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