Cultural policies of the European Union

This article is part of a series on

Politics of the European Union

Member states (27)

*  Austria
*  Belgium
*  Bulgaria
*  Croatia
*  Cyprus
*  Czech Republic
*  Denmark
*  Estonia
*  Finland
*  France
*  Germany
*  Greece
*  Hungary
*  Ireland
*  Italy
*  Latvia
*  Lithuania
*  Luxembourg
*  Malta
*  Netherlands
*  Poland
*  Portugal
*  Romania
*  Slovakia
*  Slovenia
*  Spain
*  Sweden

* * *

Candidate countries

* Albania
* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Georgia
* Moldova
* Montenegro
* North Macedonia
* Serbia
* Ukraine

* * *

Countries with suspended accession negotiations

* Turkey

* * *

Applicant countries

* Kosovo

* * *

States not on the agenda

* Armenia
* Azerbaijan
* Belarus
* Iceland
* Kazakhstan
* Norway
* Russia
* Switzerland
* United Kingdom

* * *

Microstates and the European Union

* Andorra
* Liechtenstein
* Monaco
* San Marino
* Vatican City

* * *

* Special territories
* EU 3 (EU founding states)
* Enlargement of the European Union
* Withdrawal from the European Union

* * *

Treaties and Declarations

* Schuman Declaration (1950)
* Treaty of Paris (1951)
* Europe Declaration (1951)
* Spaak Report (1956)
* Treaty of Rome (1957)
* Euratom Treaty (1957)
* Merger Treaty (1965)
* Solemn Declaration (1983)
* Single European Act (1986)
* Maastricht Treaty (1992)
* Treaty of Amsterdam (1997)
* Treaty of Nice (2001)
* Berlin Declaration (2007)
* Treaty of Lisbon (2007)
* Article 7
* Article 50

* * *

Opt-outs

* * *

Treaties of accession

1972, 1979, 1985, 1994, 2003, 2005, 2011

* * *

Treaties of withdrawal

1984, 2020

* * *

Other treaties

* Schengen Agreement (1985)
* European Economic Area Agreement (1992)

* * *

Abandoned treaties and agreements

* European Constitution (2004)
* UK membership renegotiation (2015–2016)

Executive institutions

European Council

* President: Costa (PES)
* Parties
* List of meetings

* * *

European Commission

* Von der Leyen Commission
* President: Von der Leyen (EPP)
* Vice Presidents
* College of Commissioners
* Civil Service
* Secretary-General:  Juhansone

Legislative institutions

* Legislative procedure

* * *

Council of the EU

Presidency

Denmark

(July–December 2025)

* * *

Configurations

* GAC
* FAC
* ECOFIN
* Eurogroup
* AGRIFISH
* EPSCO
* COMPET
* TTE
* ENVI
* JHA
* EYC

* * *

* Voting
* Secretariat
* Secretary-General: Thérèse Blanchet
* Directorates-general
* Council preparatory bodies
* COREPER
* Council Working Parties

* * *

European Parliament
(Members)

* President: Metsola
* Largest groups
* EPP (Manfred Weber)
* S&D (Iratxe García)
* Member of the European Parliament
* 10th session (2024–2029)
* Bureau
* Vice Presidents
* Quaestor
* Conference

* * *

National parliaments

Judicial institutions

Court of Justice of the EU

* European Court of Justice
* Members
* Advocates General
* Rulings
* General Court

Auditory institutions

European Court of Auditors

* European Court of Auditors

* * *

Other auditory bodies

* Internal Audit Service of the Commission
* Committee on Budgetary Control of the Parliament
* Economic and Financial Affairs configuration of the Council
* Anti-Fraud Office
* Public Prosecutor's Office

European Central Bank

* President Lagarde
* ESCB
* EMU
* Euro banknotes
* Euro coins

Other bodies

European Investment Bank Group

* Investment Bank
* Investment Fund
* EIB Institute

* * *

European Stability Mechanism

* European Stability Mechanism

* * *

European University Institute

* European University Institute

* * *

Unified Patent Court

* Unified Patent Court

* * *

Agencies, decentralised independent bodies and joint undertakings

* Decentralised agencies of the EU
* Single market agencies
* CFSP agencies
* AFSC agencies
* ESFS European Supervisory Authorities
* SRM bodies
* Executive agencies of the EU
* Euratom agencies
* Decentralised independent bodies of the EU
* European Institute of Innovation and Technology
* European Public Prosecutor's Office
* Corporate bodies of the EU
* European Data Protection Board
* Authority for European Political Parties and European Political Foundations
* Joint undertakings
* of the EU
* of the Euratom

* * *

Other independent bodies

* European Data Protection Supervisor
* European Ombudsman

* * *

Advisory bodies

* European Committee of the Regions
* European Economic and Social Committee
* Political and Security Committee
* European Union Military Committee
* EU/ESA Space Council

* * *

Inter-institutional bodies

* Publications Office of the European Union
* European External Action Service
* European Personnel Selection Office
* Anti-Fraud Office
* European Administrative School

Euratom

Euratom members

*  Austria
*  Belgium
*  Bulgaria
*  Croatia
*  Cyprus
*  Czech Republic
*  Denmark
*  Estonia
*  Finland
*  France
*  Germany
*  Greece
*  Hungary
*  Ireland
*  Italy
*  Latvia
*  Lithuania
*  Luxembourg
*  Malta
*  Netherlands
*  Poland
*  Portugal
*  Romania
*  Slovakia
*  Slovenia
*  Spain
*  Sweden

* * *

Associated states

*  Switzerland
*  United Kingdom

* * *

* Nuclear power in the European Union

Euratom since 1 January 2021

Economic and Monetary Union

Eurozone members

* Austria
* Belgium
* Croatia
* Cyprus
* Estonia
* Finland
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Ireland
* Italy
* Latvia
* Lithuania
* Luxembourg
* Malta
* Netherlands
* Portugal
* Slovakia
* Slovenia
* Spain

* * *

Eurogroup

* President
* Paschal Donohoe

* * *

Other currencies in use

* Bulgarian lev
* Czech koruna
* Danish krone
* Hungarian forint
* Polish złoty
* Romanian leu
* Swedish krona

* * *

* ERM II
* Enlargement of the eurozone

* * *

Non Euro countries relationship to Euro

* Bulgaria
* Czechia
* Denmark
* Hungary
* Poland
* Sweden
* Romania

Eurozone since 2015

Schengen Area

*  Austria
*  Belgium
*  Bulgaria
*  Croatia
*  Czech Republic
*  Denmark
*  Estonia
*  Finland
*  France
*  Germany
*  Greece
*  Hungary
*  Italy
*  Latvia
*  Lithuania
*  Luxembourg
*  Malta
*  Netherlands
*  Poland
*  Portugal
*  Romania
*  Slovakia
*  Slovenia
*  Spain
*  Sweden

* * *

Non-EU members

*  Iceland
*  Liechtenstein
*  Norway
*  Switzerland

* * *

Non-Schengen area EU member states

*  Cyprus
*  Ireland (Opt-out)

* * *

* ETIAS
* Prüm Convention
* Schengen Information System
* Visa Information System
* Visa policy of the Schengen Area

Schengen Area from January 2023

European Economic Area

EEA members

* Austria
* Belgium
* Bulgaria
* Croatia
* Cyprus
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* Estonia
* Finland
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Hungary
* Ireland
* Italy
* Latvia
* Lithuania
* Luxembourg
* Malta
* Netherlands
* Poland
* Portugal
* Romania
* Slovakia
* Slovenia
* Spain
* Sweden

* * *

Non-EU members

*  Iceland
*  Liechtenstein
*  Norway

* * *

Topics

* EEA Joint Committee
* EEA National Identity cards
* Microstates and the European Union

European Economic Area

Elections

* Elections to the European Parliament
* European parties
* European foundations
* Political groups of the European Parliament
* Spitzenkandidat
* Constituencies
* Apportionment
* Referendums related to the EU

* * *

European elections

* 1979
* 1984
* 1989
* 1994
* 1999
* 2004
* 2009
* 2014
* 2019
* 2024 (latest election)

* * *

Elections in EU member states

* Austria
* Belgium
* Bulgaria
* Croatia
* Cyprus
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* Estonia
* Finland
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Hungary
* Ireland
* Italy
* Latvia
* Lithuania
* Luxembourg
* Malta
* Netherlands
* Poland
* Portugal
* Romania
* Slovakia
* Slovenia
* Spain
* Sweden

Law

* Acquis
* Conferral
* Primacy (ECJ Case 6/64)
* Subsidiarity
* Regulation
* Democratic legitimacy
* Directive
* Decision
* Recommendation
* Fundamental Rights

Policies and issues

* Budget
* Customs Union
* Free Trade Agreements
* European Single Market
* Area of FS&J
* Policies
* Agricultural
* Energy
* Fisheries
* Regional
* Citizenship
* Passports of the European Union
* Identity
* Pro-Europeanism
* Euroscepticism
* European banking union
* European Banking Supervision
* Single Resolution Mechanism
* Capital Markets Union
* European System of Financial Supervision
* Institutional seats of the European Union
* Integration
* Supranationalism
* European Federation
* Multi-speed Europe
* Enhanced cooperation

Foreign relations

High Representative

* Kaja Kallas

* * *

* Ext. Action Service
* Foreign Policy
* Defence Policy

* * *

Foreign relations of EU member states

* Austria
* Belgium
* Bulgaria
* Croatia
* Cyprus
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* Estonia
* Finland
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Hungary
* Ireland
* Italy
* Latvia
* Lithuania
* Luxembourg
* Malta
* Netherlands
* Poland
* Portugal
* Romania
* Slovakia
* Slovenia
* Spain
* Sweden

* * *

* Argentina–European Union relations
* Armenia–European Union relations
* Australia–European Union relations
* Brazil–European Union relations
* Canada–European Union relations
* China–European Union relations
* European Union–NATO relations
* Georgia–European Union relations
* Iceland–European Union relations
* Iran–European Union relations
* Israel–European Union relations
* Japan–European Union relations
* Kazakhstan–European Union relations
* Mexico–European Union relations
* Moldova–European Union relations
* Norway–European Union relations
* Russia–European Union relations
* Switzerland–European Union relations
* Turkey–European Union relations
* Ukraine–European Union relations
* United Kingdom–European Union relations (History)
* Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union
* Brexit
* United States–European Union relations

* * *

* Common Travel Area (Ireland)
* Microstates and the European Union
* European Union and the United Nations
* European Union Association Agreement
* European Neighbourhood Policy
* Eastern Partnership
* Euronest Parliamentary Assembly

* * *

* G7
* G20

Defunct bodies

* European Communities (1958–1993)

European Coal and Steel Community
European Economic Community
* European Community
* Western European Union
* Convention on the Future of Europe

European Union portal

* Other countries

* v
* t
* e

European Union culture policies aim to address and promote the cultural dimension of European integration through relevant legislation and government funding.[1] These policies support the development of cultural activity, education or research conducted by private companies, NGO's and individual initiatives based in the EU working in the fields of cinema and audiovisual, publishing, music and crafts.

The European Commission runs Culture Programme (2007-2013),[2] and the EU funds other cultural bodies such as the European Cultural Month, the Media Programme, the European Union Youth Orchestra and the European Capital of Culture programme.

The EU awards grants to cultural projects (233 in 2004) and has launched a web portal dedicated to Europe and Culture, responding to the European Council's expressed desire to see the Commission and the member states "promote the networking of cultural information to enable all citizens to access European cultural content by advanced technological means."[3]

## History and development

[edit]

The Council of Europe, which is distinct from the European Union (EU), first formalised cultural cooperation policy in Europe with its European Cultural Convention.[4]

However, European Union-affiliated cultural policy, promoting unified cooperation between member states was first initiated with the 1992 Maastricht Treaty.[5]

Currently, a cultural contact point (CCP) is established in each EU member state, responsible for facilitating communication between the European Commission's Cultural Programme and each member state.[6]

## Institutions and bodies

[edit]

The most important EU institutions through which decisions are made regarding cultural policies are:

* the European Commission acting in the areas of culture, sport and languages,
* the Committee on Culture and Education of the European Parliament,
* the Education, Youth and Culture sector of the Council of the European Union,
* and the Education, Audiovisual and Culture Executive Agency of the European Commission.

### List of institutions and bodies

[edit]

The EU promotes cultural development through numerous institutions, civil society organisations and networks such as:

* Cinema of Europe
* Committee on Culture and Education
* Directorate-General for Education and Culture
* Education, Audiovisual and Culture Executive Agency
* Euranet
* Europa Nostra \- foundation
* European Audiovisual Observatory
* European Commission
* European Commissioner for Education, Culture, Multilingualism and Youth
* European Film Promotion
* European Institute of Cultural Routes \- network
* European League of Institutes of the Arts \- network
* European Network of Information Centres \- network
* European Union National Institutes for Culture
* European Union Youth Orchestra \- network
* Union of the Theatres of Europe \- network
* European Network of Cultural Centres - network
* Trans Europe Halles \- network
* European Festival Association \- network
* European Composer & Songwriter Alliance - ECSA - network
* European Choral Association - Europa Cantat EV - network
* Informal European Theatre Meeting - network
* Federation for European Storytelling - network
* Europe Jazz Network - network
* Club de Directores de Arte de Europa (Arts Director Club of Europe) ADCE - network
* Convention Theatrale Europeenne - network
* European Dancehouse Network - network
* European network on cultural management and policy (ENCATC) - network
* Eurozine - Network of European Cultural Journals
* Amateo the European Network for Active Participation in Cultural Activities Arts Take Part - Active Participation for Creative Europe
* Live (DMA) - network
* European Route of Industrial Heritage) - network
* European Music Council) - network
* Reseau Europeen de Musique Ancienne) - network
* Conseil des Architectes d'Europe) - network
* Association Europenne des Conservatoires, Academies de Musique et Musikhochschulen AEC) - network
* Circostrada) - network
* Secretariat de Jeunesses Musicales International JMI) - network

See also: Institutions of the European Union

### List of programmes

[edit]

The EU promotes cultural development through numerous programmes such as:

* Culture 2000
* Erasmus Mundus
* Erasmus Programme
* Europa coin programme
* European Capital of Culture
* European Cultural Month
* European Cultural Route
* European Heritage Days
* European Library
* Europeana
* EUscreen
* MEDIA Programme
* Modul-dance
* Protected areas of the European Union
* Video Active

### List of awards

[edit]

The EU promotes cultural development through the policy of awards:

* Aristeion Prize
* Civis media prize
* Europe Book Prize
* European Border Breakers Award
* European Inventor of the Year
* European IST Grand Prize
* European Union Prize for Contemporary Architecture
* European Union Prize for Literature[7]
* Lux Prize
* Young European of the Year

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2011)

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### List of non-EU cultural institutions, bodies and programmes

[edit]

The following is a list of European institutions, bodies and programmes which may be thought to be related to the EU/EU policy, but are not:

* Arte
* Council of Europe
* Compendium of cultural policies and trends in Europe
* Eurocities
* EUROFRAME
* Europalia
* European Broadcasting Union
* European Cultural Foundation
* European Dancehouse Network
* European Film Academy
* European Museum Forum
* University Network of the European Capitals of Culture

## Policies by sector

[edit]

### Arts and Culture

[edit]

The European Commission runs the EU's Culture Programme, which typically runs in 7 year intervals. The last Culture Programme was called Culture 2000. For the next Culture Programme (2007-2013) was spent €400 million. Current program is called "Creative Europe" (2014-2020).[8]

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2011)

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### Sports

[edit]

Main article: Sport policies of the European Union

Sport is largely the domain of the member states, with the EU mostly playing an indirect role. Recently the EU launched an anti-doping convention. The role of the EU might increase in the future, if (for example) the Treaty of Lisbon were to be ratified by all member states.[9] Other policies of the EU have affected sports, such as the freedom of employment which was at the core of the Bosman ruling, which prohibited national football leagues from imposing quotas on foreign players with EU nationality.[10]

### Languages

[edit]

Main article: Languages of the European Union

The languages of the European Union are languages used by people within the member states of the European Union. They include the 24 official languages of the European Union plus many others. EU policy is to encourage all its citizens to be multilingual; specifically, it encourages them to be able to speak two languages in addition to their mother tongue. The reason for this is not only to promote easier communication between Europeans, but also to encourage greater tolerance and respect for diversity. A number of EU funding programmes actively promote language learning and linguistic diversity. The content of educational systems remains the responsibility of individual member states. Further information can be found at language policy.[11][12]

## Impact of cultural policies

[edit]

### European identity

[edit]

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2011)

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See also: Pan-European identity

### Economic development

[edit]

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2011)

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See also: Economy of the European Union

### Expansion of the European Union

[edit]

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2011)

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See also: Enlargement of the European Union

### Criticisms

[edit]

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2011)

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See also: Euroscepticism

## See also

[edit]

* Bologna Process
* Cultural policy
* Culture of Europe
* Educational policies and initiatives of the European Union
* European Communities
* Europeanisation
* Greater Region
* Lifelong Learning Programme 2007–2013
* Religion in the European Union
* Trans-cultural diffusion

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Schindler, Joerg Michael. "Culture, Politics and Europe: en route to Culture-Related Impact Assessment" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-11-18. Retrieved 2013-01-06.
2. ^ "European Commission - Culture". Ec.europa.eu. 2010-07-07. Retrieved 2013-07-24.
3. ^ "Cultural heritage as a vehicle of cultural identity". philatelism.com. 2007-07-05. Retrieved 2007-07-13.
4. ^ "Compendium: Cultural Policies and Trends in Europe". Culturalpolicies.net. 1949-05-05. Archived from the original on 2015-02-25. Retrieved 2013-07-24.
5. ^ Bozoki, Andras. "Cultural Policy and Politics in the European Union" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-02-22. Retrieved 2013-01-06.
6. ^ "European Commission Website". Ec.europa.eu. 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2013-07-24.
7. ^ "EU Prize for Literature website". Euprizeliterature.eu. Retrieved 2013-07-24.
8. ^ "European Commission Website". European Commission. 2010-07-07. Archived from the original on 2013-09-08. Retrieved 2013-07-24.
9. ^ Goldirova, Renata (2007-07-11). "Brussels' first-ever move into sport area set to spark controversy". EUobserver. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
10. ^ Fordyce, Tom (2007-07-11). "10 years since Bosman". BBC News. Retrieved 2007-07-13.
11. ^ "About multilingualism policy". European Commission. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
12. ^ "The European Commission's Action Plan for Language Learning and Linguistic Diversity". European Commission. 2006. Archived from the original on 2 June 2007. Retrieved 19 April 2022.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Gielen, P. (2015). No Culture, No Europe. On the Foundation of Politics. Valiz: Amsterdam.
* Serodes, Fabrice (2022). Implementation of the European agenda for culture and of the EU strategy for international cultural relations EPRS: Brussels.

## External links

[edit]

* Language and culture section, euractiv.com
* Europe of cultures 50 years of artistic creation and cultural life from the 27 countries of the European Union with Ina
* EU Culture Portal (archived)
* Euronews - Culture Archived 2009-02-17 at the Wayback Machine
* Bocholier, Emöke. "Creative Europe Programme: renewing support to the cultural and creative sectors" (PDF). Library Briefing. Library of the European Parliament. Retrieved 12 June 2013.

* v
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European Union articles

History|

| Timeline|

* Ideas of European unity before 1948
* Founders
* 1948–1957
* 1958–1972
* 1973–1993
* 1993–2004
* Since 2004

|

Predecessors|

| Defence policy|

* Western Union (1948–1954)
* Western European Union (1954–2011)

|

European Communities (1967–2009)|

* International Authority for the Ruhr (1949–1951)
* European Coal and Steel Community (1951–2002)

* European Economic Community (1958–1993)
* European Community (1993–2009)

* European Atomic Energy Community (est. 1958)

Central bank|

* European Monetary Cooperation Fund (1973–1994)
* European Monetary Institute (1994–1998)

Financial stability|

* European Financial Stability Facility (2010–2012)
* European Financial Stability Mechanism (2010–2012)

Enlargements|

* 1954
* 1973
* 1981
* 1986
* 1990
* 1995
* 2004
* 2007
* 2013

Withdrawals|

* 1962
* 1984
* 1985
* 2012
* 2020

Geography|

* Geography
* Demographics
* External border
* Environmental issues
* Extreme points
* Geographic centre
* Institutional seats of the European Union
* Larger urban zones
* Member states
* Protected areas
* Regions (first-level NUTS)
* Special territories
* Statistics

Bodies|

| Institutions|

| Legislature|

* European Parliament
* President
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* Secretariat
* Committees
* Elections
* Constituencies
* Political groups
* European political parties
* European political foundations
* Council of the European Union
* Presidency
* General Secretariat
* Eurogroup

|

Executive|

* European Council
* President
* Euro summit
* European Commission
* President
* Vice-Presidents
* Commissioners
* Directorates-General

Judiciary|

* Court of Justice of the European Union
* Court of Justice
* General Court

Central bank|

* European Central Bank
* President
* System of Central Banks
* Eurosystem

Supreme audit institution|

* European Court of Auditors
* Secretary-General

Other
international-law
EU bodies|

* European Atomic Energy Community
* EIB Group
* European Investment Bank
* European Investment Fund
* EIB Institute
* European University Institute
* European Stability Mechanism
* Unified Patent Court

Independent
offices|

* European Ombudsman
* European Data Protection Supervisor

Agencies|

* Agencies of the European Union

Advisory
bodies|

* European Committee of the Regions
* European Economic and Social Committee

Military
bodies|

* Political and Security Committee
* European Union Military Committee
* European Union Military Staff

Law|

* Acquis
* Charter of Fundamental Rights
* Competition law
* Copyright law
* Directive
* Citizens' Rights
* Mechanism for Cooperation and Verification
* Official Journal
* Legislative procedure
* Citizens' Initiative
* Regulation
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Economy|

* Budget
* Currencies
* Community preference
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* Eurozone
* Euro
* International status and usage
* Transport
* TRACECA
* Minimum wage
* Average wage
* Unemployment rate
* Health expense per person

Politics|

| Concepts|

* European integration
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* Intergovernmentalism
* Multi-speed Europe
* Neofunctionalism
* Optimum currency area
* Supranational union
* Euroscepticism
* Euromyths
* Federalisation
* Pro-Europeanism
* Budget accountability
* Censorship
* Democratic legitimacy
* Differentiated integration
* Privileged partnership
* Potential superpower status

|

Policies|

* Area of freedom, security and justice
* Migration and asylum policy
* Schengen Area
* European Judicial Network (criminal matters)
* European Judicial Network in civil and commercial matters
* Citizenship
* passports
* identity card (list)
* Driving licence
* Vehicle registration plates
* Common Foreign and Security Policy
* Common Security and Defence Policy
* Permanent Structured Cooperation
* Enlargement Policy
* Neighbourhood Policy
* Global Strategy
* Economic and Monetary Union (EMU)
* Eurozone
* European banking union
* European Banking Supervision
* Single Resolution Mechanism
* Capital Markets Union
* European System of Financial Supervision
* Single market
* Agricultural policy
* Cultural policies
* Customs Union
* Educational policies
* Energy policy
* Environmental policy
* European Green Deal
* Fisheries policy
* Healthcare
* Health Insurance Card
* Labour mobility
* Regional development
* European Structural and Investment Funds
* Space policy
* Sport policies
* VAT Area

Foreign
relations|

* Neighbourhood Policy
* European Economic Area
* EEA Joint Committee
* Energy Community
* European Political Community
* European Common Aviation Area
* European Higher Education Area
* EU/ESA Framework Agreement
* EU/ESA Space Council
* European Peace Facility
* Economic Partnership Agreements
* European Union Association Agreement
* Stabilisation and Association Process
* Eastern Partnership
* Euronest Parliamentary Assembly
* EU Gateway Programme
* EU Strategy for the South Caucasus
* Northern Dimension
* Union for the Mediterranean
* Global Strategy
* Free trade agreements
* Enlargement
* Current agenda
* Statistics

Culture|

* Douzelage
* House of European History
* 2012 Nobel Peace Prize
* Laissez-passer
* Languages
* Media freedom
* Public holidays
* Religion
* Telephone numbers
* Symbols

Lists|

* Books on the subject
* Directives
* Largest cities by population within city limits
* National parties by affiliation
* Presidents of the institutions
* Terrorist incidents
* Urban areas

* Outline

* Category
* Portal

* v
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* e

Culture of Europe

Sovereign states|

* Albania
* Andorra
* Armenia
* Austria
* Azerbaijan
* Belarus
* Belgium
* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Bulgaria
* Croatia
* Cyprus
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* Estonia
* Finland
* France
* Georgia
* Germany
* Greece
* Hungary
* Iceland
* Ireland
*   * Italy
* Kazakhstan
* Latvia
* Liechtenstein
* Lithuania
* Luxembourg
* Malta
* Moldova
* Monaco
* Montenegro
* Netherlands
* North Macedonia
* Norway
* Poland
* Portugal
* Romania
* Russia
* San Marino
* Serbia
* Slovakia
* Slovenia
* Spain
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* Turkey
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom
* England
* Northern Ireland
* Scotland
* Wales
* Vatican City

States with limited
recognition|

* Abkhazia
* Kosovo
* Northern Cyprus
* South Ossetia
* Transnistria

Dependencies and
other entities|

* Åland
* Faroe Islands
* Gibraltar
* Guernsey
* Isle of Man
* Jersey
* Svalbard

Other entities|

* European Union

Portals:

* European Union
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