Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation

See also: Cuneiform (Unicode block) and Early Dynastic Cuneiform (Unicode block)

For a list of all numerals encoded in Unicode, see Numerals in Unicode.

Unicode character block

Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation

Range| U+12400..U+1247F
(128 code points)
Plane| SMP
Scripts| Cuneiform
Symbol sets| Numeric signs
Fractions
Punctuation
Assigned| 116 code points
Unused| 12 reserved code points
Unicode version history
5.0 (2006)| 103 (+103)
7.0 (2014)| 116 (+13)
Unicode documentation
Code chart ∣ Web page
Note: [1][2]

In Unicode, the Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform script is covered in three blocks in the Supplementary Multilingual Plane (SMP):

* U+12000–U+123FF Cuneiform
* U+12400–U+1247F Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation
* U+12480–U+1254F Early Dynastic Cuneiform

The sample glyphs in the chart file published by the Unicode Consortium[3] show the characters in their Classical Sumerian form (Early Dynastic period, mid 3rd millennium BCE). The characters as written during the 2nd and 1st millennia BCE, the era during which the vast majority of cuneiform texts were written, are considered font variants of the same characters.

## Organization

[edit]

The final proposal for Unicode encoding of the script was submitted by two cuneiform scholars working with an experienced Unicode proposal writer in June 2004.[4] The base character inventory is derived from the list of Ur III signs compiled by the Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative of UCLA based on the inventories of Miguel Civil, Rykle Borger (2003), and Robert Englund. Rather than opting for a direct ordering by glyph shape and complexity, according to the numbering of an existing catalogue, the Unicode order of glyphs was based on the Latin alphabetic order of their 'main' Sumerian transliteration as a practical approximation.

## Block

[edit]

Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation[1][2]
Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)

| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F
U+1240x  | 𒐀  | 𒐁  | 𒐂  | 𒐃  | 𒐄  | 𒐅  | 𒐆  | 𒐇  | 𒐈  | 𒐉  | 𒐊  | 𒐋  | 𒐌  | 𒐍  | 𒐎  | 𒐏
U+1241x  | 𒐐  | 𒐑  | 𒐒  | 𒐓  | 𒐔  | 𒐕  | 𒐖  | 𒐗  | 𒐘  | 𒐙  | 𒐚  | 𒐛  | 𒐜  | 𒐝  | 𒐞  | 𒐟
U+1242x  | 𒐠  | 𒐡  | 𒐢  | 𒐣  | 𒐤  | 𒐥  | 𒐦  | 𒐧  | 𒐨  | 𒐩  | 𒐪  | 𒐫  | 𒐬  | 𒐭  | 𒐮  | 𒐯
U+1243x  | 𒐰  | 𒐱  | 𒐲  | 𒐳  | 𒐴  | 𒐵  | 𒐶  | 𒐷  | 𒐸  | 𒐹  | 𒐺  | 𒐻  | 𒐼  | 𒐽  | 𒐾  | 𒐿
U+1244x  | 𒑀  | 𒑁  | 𒑂  | 𒑃  | 𒑄  | 𒑅  | 𒑆  | 𒑇  | 𒑈  | 𒑉  | 𒑊  | 𒑋  | 𒑌  | 𒑍  | 𒑎  | 𒑏
U+1245x  | 𒑐  | 𒑑  | 𒑒  | 𒑓  | 𒑔  | 𒑕  | 𒑖  | 𒑗  | 𒑘  | 𒑙  | 𒑚  | 𒑛  | 𒑜  | 𒑝  | 𒑞  | 𒑟
U+1246x  | 𒑠  | 𒑡  | 𒑢  | 𒑣  | 𒑤  | 𒑥  | 𒑦  | 𒑧  | 𒑨  | 𒑩  | 𒑪  | 𒑫  | 𒑬  | 𒑭  | 𒑮  |
U+1247x  | 𒑰  | 𒑱  | 𒑲  | 𒑳  | 𒑴  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Notes

1.^ As of Unicode version 16.0
2.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points

## Signs

[edit]

See also list of cuneiform signs.

The following table allows matching of Borger's 1981 and 2003 numbering with Unicode characters [5] The "primary" transliteration column has the glyphs' Sumerian values as given by the official glyph name, slightly modified here for legibility by including traditional assyriological symbols such as "x" rather than "TIMES". The exact Unicode names can be unambiguously recovered by prefixing, "CUNEIFORM [NUMERIC] SIGN", replacing "TIMES" for "x", "PLUS" for "+" and "OVER" for "/", "ASTERISK" for "*", "H" for "Ḫ", "SH" for "Š", and switching to uppercase.

Sign | Code point | Name | Borger
(2003) | Borger
(1981) | Comments

|
|
|
|
|

𒀸 | U+12038 | one AŠ | 001 |   | 1, from general Cuneiform_(Unicode_block) not this block
𒐀 | U+12400 | two AŠ | 002 | 2 | 2, = U+1212C
𒐁 | U+12401 | three AŠ | 004 |  | 3, EŠ6
𒐂 | U+12402 | four AŠ | 215 | 124,42 | 4, LIMMU2, LIMM2, TAB.TAB
𒐃 | U+12403 | five AŠ | 216 |  | 5, IA7, TAB.TAB.AŠ
𒐄 | U+12404 | six AŠ | 217 |  | 6, AŠ4, TAB.TAB.TAB
𒐅 | U+12405 | seven AŠ | 218 |  | 7, IMIN2, TAB.TAB.TAB.AŠ
𒐆 | U+12406 | eight AŠ | 219 |  | 8, USSU2, TAB.TAB.TAB.TAB
𒐇 | U+12407 | nine AŠ | 220 |  | 9, ILIMMU2, TAB.TAB.TAB.TAB.AŠ
𒐈 | U+12408 | three DIŠ | 834 | 593 | 3, 180, EŠ5
𒐉 | U+12409 | four DIŠ | 851; 852; 853 | 316 | 4, 240, ZA, LIMMU5, NIGIDALIMMU, = U+1235D
𒐊 | U+1240A | five DIŠ | 861 | 598a | 5, 300, IA2
𒐋 | U+1240B | six DIŠ | 862 | 598b | 6, 360, AŠ3
𒐌 | U+1240C | seven DIŠ | 863 | 598c | 7, 420
𒐍 | U+1240D | eight DIŠ | 864 | 598d | 8, 480
𒐎 | U+1240E | nine DIŠ |  |  | 9, 540
𒐏 | U+1240F | four U | 713 | 474 | 40, NIMIN
𒐐 | U+12410 | five U | 714 | 475 | 50, NINNU
𒐑 | U+12411 | six U | 715 | 476 | 60
𒐒 | U+12412 | seven U | 716 | 477 | 70
𒐓 | U+12413 | eight U | 717 | 478 | 80
𒐔 | U+12414 | nine U | 718 | 479 | 90
𒐕 | U+12415 | one GEŠ2 |  |  |
𒐖 | U+12416 | two GEŠ2 |  |  |
𒐗 | U+12417 | three GEŠ2 |  |  |
𒐘 | U+12418 | four GEŠ2 |  |  |
𒐙 | U+12419 | five GEŠ2 |  |  |
𒐚 | U+1241A | six GEŠ2 |  |  |
𒐛 | U+1241B | seven GEŠ2 |  |  |
𒐜 | U+1241C | eight GEŠ2 |  |  |
𒐝 | U+1241D | nine GEŠ2 |  |  |
𒐞 | U+1241E | one GEŠU | 824 | 534 | GEŠ2.U; 600 or 70
𒐟 | U+1241F | two GEŠU |  |  | 1200 or 80
𒐠 | U+12420 | three GEŠU |  |  | 1800 or 90
𒐡 | U+12421 | four GEŠU |  |  | 2400 or 100
𒐢 | U+12422 | five GEŠU |  |  | 3000 or 110
𒐣 | U+12423 | two ŠAR2 |  |  |
𒐤 | U+12424 | three ŠAR2 |  |  |
𒐥 | U+12425 | three ŠAR2 variant form |  |  |
𒐦 | U+12426 | four ŠAR2 |  |  |
𒐧 | U+12427 | five ŠAR2 |  |  |
𒐨 | U+12428 | six ŠAR2 |  |  |
𒐩 | U+12429 | seven ŠAR2 |  |  |
𒐪 | U+1242A | eight ŠAR2 |  |  |
𒐫 | U+1242B | nine ŠAR2 |  |  |
𒐬 | U+1242C | one ŠARU | 653 | 409 | 36,000
𒐭 | U+1242D | two ŠARU |  |  | 72,000
𒐮 | U+1242E | three ŠARU |  |  | 108,000
𒐯 | U+1242F | three ŠARU variant form |  |  | 108,000
𒐰 | U+12430 | four ŠARU |  |  | 144,000
𒐱 | U+12431 | five ŠARU |  |  | 180,000
𒐲 | U+12432 | ŠAR2 x GAL.DIŠ | 651 | 408 | 216,000
𒐳 | U+12433 | ŠAR2 x GAL.MIN | 652 | 408 | 432,000
𒐴 | U+12434 | one BURU | 662 | 350,8 | U gunû
𒐵 | U+12435 | two BURU |  |  |
𒐶 | U+12436 | three BURU |  |  |
𒐷 | U+12437 | three BURU variant form |  |  |
𒐸 | U+12438 | four BURU |  |  |
𒐹 | U+12439 | five BURU |  |  |
𒐺 | U+1243A | EŠ16 | 505 |  | 3, = U+1203C
𒐻 | U+1243B | EŠ21 | 210 |  | 3
𒐼 | U+1243C | LIMMU | 859; 860 |  | 4, NIG2, GAR, NINDA
𒐽 | U+1243D | LIMMU4 | 506 |  | 4
𒐾 | U+1243E |  |  |  |
𒐿 | U+1243F |  |  |  |
𒑀 | U+12440 | AŠ9 | 536 |  | 6, EŠ16.EŠ16
𒑁 | U+12441 | IMIN3 | 537 |  | 7, UMUN9
𒑂 | U+12442 | IMIN | 863 |  | 7
𒑃 | U+12443 | IMIN variant form | 866 |  | 7
𒑄 | U+12444 | USSU | 867 |  | 8
𒑅 | U+12445 | USSU3 | 538 |  | 8
𒑆 | U+12446 | ILIMMU | 868 |  | 9
𒑇 | U+12447 | ILIMMU3 | 539 |  | 9, EŠ16.EŠ16.EŠ16
𒑈 | U+12448 | ILIMMU4 | 577 |  | 9
𒑉 | U+12449 | DIŠ / DIŠ / DIŠ | 865v |  | 9
𒑊 | U+1244A | two AŠ tenû | 593 |  |
𒑋 | U+1244B | three AŠ tenû | 629 |  |
𒑌 | U+1244C | four AŠ tenû | 854 | 379; 380 | ZA tenû, ERIM tenû
𒑍 | U+1244D | five AŠ tenû |  |  |
𒑎 | U+1244E | six AŠ tenû |  |  |
𒑏 | U+1244F | one BAN2 | 122 |  | = U+12047
𒑐 | U+12450 | two BAN2 |  |  |
𒑑 | U+12451 | three BAN2 |  |  |
𒑒 | U+12452 | four BAN2 |  |  |
𒑓 | U+12453 | four BAN2 variant form |  |  |
𒑔 | U+12454 | five BAN2 |  |  |
𒑕 | U+12455 | five BAN2 variant form |  |  |
𒑖 | U+12456 | NIGIDAMIN | 847, 848 |  |
𒑗 | U+12457 | NIGIDAEŠ | 850 |  |
𒑘 | U+12458 | one EŠE3 |  |  | = U+12041, U+12300
𒑙 | U+12459 | two EŠE3 |  |  | = U+12049
𒑚 | U+1245A | one third | 826 | 571 | ŠUŠANA
𒑛 | U+1245B | two thirds | 832 | 572 |
𒑜 | U+1245C | five sixths | 838 | 573 | KINGUSILA
𒑝 | U+1245D | one third variant form |  |  |
𒑞 | U+1245E | two thirds variant form |  |  |
𒑟 | U+1245F | one eighth |  |  |
𒑠 | U+12460 | one quarter |  |  |
𒑡 | U+12461 | Old Assyrian one sixth | 630 |  | Kültepe only
𒑢 | U+12462 | Old Assyrian one quarter |  |  |
𒑰 | U+12470 | Old Assyrian word divider |  |  |
𒑱 | U+12471 | vertical colon | 592 |  | Glossenkeil
𒑲 | U+12472 | diagonal colon | 592 |  | Glossenkeil
𒑳 | U+12473 | diagonal tricolon |  |  |

## History

[edit]

The following Unicode-related documents record the purpose and process of defining specific characters in the Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation block:

Version | Final code points[a] | Count | L2 ID | WG2 ID | Document

|
|
|
|
|

5.0 | U+12400..12462, 12470..12473 | 103 | L2/00-128 |  | Bunz, Carl-Martin (2000-03-01), Scripts from the Past in Future Versions of Unicode
L2/00-153 |  | Bunz, Carl-Martin (2000-04-26), Further comments on historic scripts
L2/00-398 |  | Snyder, Dean (2000-11-07), Cuneiform: From Clay Tablet to Computer
L2/00-419 | N2297 | Everson, Michael (2000-11-20), Legacy cuneiform font implementations and the ICE project
L2/03-162 | N2585 | Everson, Michael; Feuerherm, Karljürgen (2003-05-25), Basic principles for the encoding of Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform
L2/03-415 |  | Snyder, Dean (2003-11-01), Proposal to Encode the Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform Script in the UCS
L2/03-393R | N2664R | Everson, Michael; Feuerherm, Karljürgen; Tinney, Steve (2003-11-03), Preliminary proposal to encode Cuneiform script in the SMP of the UCS
L2/03-416 |  | Anderson, Lloyd (2003-11-03), The Cuneiform Encoding Proposal -- a View of its Current Status
L2/04-080 |  | Tinney, Steve (2004-01-24), Rationale for changes to N2664R
L2/04-036 | N2698 | Everson, Michael; Feuerherm, Karljürgen; Tinney, Steve (2004-01-29), Revised proposal to encode Cuneiform script in the SMP of the UCS
L2/04-041 |  | Anderson, Lloyd (2004-01-29), Fitting Cuneiform Encoding to Cuneiform Script
L2/04-059 |  | Feuerherm, Karljürgen (2004-01-30), Short Response to L2/04-041 "Fitting Cuneiform Encoding to Cuneiform Script"
L2/04-063 |  | Gewecke, Tom (2004-01-30), Re: Cuneiform at UTC
L2/04-056 |  | Veldhuis, Niek (2004-01-31), Letter re "Cuneiform Unicode"
L2/04-057 |  | Jones, Charles E. (2004-02-01), Letter re "Cuneiform"
L2/04-058 |  | Michalowski, Piotr (2004-02-01), Letter re "cuneiform unicode"
L2/04-064 |  | Cooper, Jerry (2004-02-01), Letter re "unicode proposal"
L2/04-066 |  | Durusau, Patrick (2004-02-02), Letter re "Proposal N2698"
L2/04-081 |  | Black, Jeremy (2004-02-02), Letter re "cuneiform Unicode proposal"
L2/04-086 |  | Anderson, Lloyd (2004-02-03), Notes for verbal presentation to UTC meeting, 3 February 2004
L2/04-099 |  | Anderson, Lloyd (2004-02-09), Unification of cuneiform numbers
L2/04-225 |  | Anderson, Lloyd (2004-06-07), Proposed modifications to introductory text of N2798 = L204-189 Proposal for Cuneiform Encoding
L2/04-189 | N2786 | Everson, Michael; Feuerherm, Karljürgen; Tinney, Steve (2004-06-08), Final proposal to encode Cuneiform script
L2/04-223R |  | Anderson, Lloyd (2004-06-11), Proposed modifications to delete and add signs to N2798 = L204-189 Proposal for Cuneiform Encoding
L2/04-354 |  | McGowan, Rick (2004-09-20), Cuneiform Properties
L2/05-135 |  | Tinney, Steve (2005-05-10), Corrections to N2786
L2/05-174 |  | Everson, Michael (2005-07-28), Irish comments on Cuneiform
L2/05-108R |  | Moore, Lisa (2005-08-26), "Cuneiform (C.17)", UTC #103 Minutes
| N2953 (pdf, doc) | Umamaheswaran, V. S. (2006-02-16), "M47.12", Unconfirmed minutes of WG 2 meeting 47, Sophia Antipolis, France; 2005-09-12/15
L2/12-112 |  | Moore, Lisa (2012-05-17), "Consensus 131-C30", UTC #131 / L2 #228 Minutes, "Change the numeric values for 1240F..12414 to 40..90, for Unicode 6.2."
L2/12-240 |  | Davis, Mark (2012-07-20), Property Issues for U6.2
L2/12-239 |  | Moore, Lisa (2012-08-14), "Consensus 132-C19", UTC #132 Minutes, "Give U+12432 and U+12433 the numeric type "numeric" and the numeric values 216,000, and 432,000 respectively. Make U+12456 and 12457 have the numeric type "numeric" and value "-1"."
L2/12-328 |  | Anderson, Deborah (2012-10-16), Numeric value fixes for two cuneiform characters
L2/12-343R2 |  | Moore, Lisa (2012-12-04), "Consensus 133-C30", UTC #133 Minutes, "Change the numeric value of U+12456 to 2 and U+12457 to 3, for Unicode 6.3."
7.0 | U+12463..1246E, 12474 | 13 | L2/12-002 | N4178R | Everson, Michael; Tinney, Steve (2012-01-16), Proposal for additions and corrections to Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform
L2/12-207R | N4277R | Everson, Michael; Tinney, Steve (2012-07-31), Proposal for additions and corrections to Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform
L2/12-239 |  | Moore, Lisa (2012-08-14), "C.3", UTC #132 Minutes

1. ^ Proposed code points and characters names may differ from final code points and names

## See also

[edit]

* List of cuneiform signs

## References

[edit]

* Rylke Borger, Assyrisch-Babylonische Zeichenliste, 2nd ed., Neukirchen-Vluyn (1981)
* Rylke Borger, Mesopotamisches Zeichenlexikon, Münster (2003). *Michael Everson, Karljürgen Feuerherm, Steve Tinney, "Final proposal to encode the Cuneiform script in the SMP of the UCS", ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 N2786 (2004).

1. ^ "Unicode character database". The Unicode Standard. Retrieved 2023-07-26.
2. ^ "Enumerated Versions of The Unicode Standard". The Unicode Standard. Retrieved 2023-07-26.
3. ^ Cuneiform Unicode.org chart (PDF)
4. ^ Unicode cuneiform
5. ^ (after Anderson's sign list Archived 2010-04-08 at the Wayback Machine)

## External links

[edit]

* cuneiformsigns.org by Lloyd Anderson
* Cuneiform Unicode.org chart (PDF)
* Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation Unicode.org chart (PDF)

### Font packages

[edit]

* Akkadian Archived 2011-07-21 at the Wayback Machine (reproduces the Sumerian (3rd millennium BC) glyphs given in the Unicode (reference chart), by George Douros Archived 2011-07-21 at the Wayback Machine.
* (in German) FreeIdgSerif (branched off FreeSerif), encodes some 390 Old Assyrian (2nd millennium BC) glyphs used in Hittite cuneiform.

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*  Category: Unicode blocks

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