Curriculum for Wales (2022–present)

National curriculum being introduced

The Curriculum for Wales is the curriculum which is being introduced in state-funded education in Wales for pupils aged three to sixteen years. The curriculum's rollout began in 2022. As of September 2023, it is statutorily required for all pupils apart from those in school years 9, 10 and 11. The curriculum has been developed based on a report commissioned in 2014. Amongst other changes, it gives schools greater autonomy over what they teach children. Views on the curriculum have been varied.

## History

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Opening page of the Curriculum and Assessment (Wales) Act 2021

Further information: National Curriculum for Wales (2008–2026)

In 2014, the Welsh Government commissioned Graham Donaldson, a professor at the University of Glasgow who had worked on reforms to education in Scotland, to conduct a report on reforming the curriculum in Wales.[1] The following year he recommended a variety of changes, including greater emphasis on computing skills,[2] giving schools more control over what they taught and creating more of a sense of natural progression through school.[3] A few months later the Welsh Education Minister promised that the report would be implemented in full within eight years.[4] Although the curriculum was initially planned to begin being taught in 2021, it was later delayed until 2022.[5][6]

The new system was planned to be introduced first for children in primary school and their first year of secondary school before being rolled out further as that age cohort progressed towards the end of their schooling, meaning that some students would still be using the old system until 2026.[6] Due to the COVID-19 pandemic schools were allowed to delay teaching the new curriculum in the first and second years of secondary school until 2023.[7] The legal basis for the new curriculum was established with the Curriculum and Assessment (Wales) Act 2021.[8]

## Instruction

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The curriculum applies to all learners aged from three to sixteen in maintained or funded non-maintained nursery education.[8] The new curriculum is designed to include more emphasis on skills, experiences and areas such as "digital skills, adaptability and creativity" as well as knowledge.[9][10] The curriculum groups education into six "Areas of Learning and Experience", with the intention of helping teachers draw links between subjects and teach topics in a broad way, though traditional subjects will still be taught.[9] Within a basic framework of goals and learning areas, it give schools freedom to develop their own curriculum to suit the needs of their pupils.[11] Instruction is grouped into six different areas:

* Languages, Literacy and Communication
* Mathematics and Numeracy
* Science and Technology
* Health and Well-being
* Humanities
* Expressive Arts[12]

The only specific subjects which all schools are obliged to teach are the English and Welsh languages along with:

* Literacy, numeracy and digital competence
* Religion, values and ethics
* Relationships and sexuality education[13]

Other changes include a greater emphasis on the history of Wales[14][15] and ethnic minority groups,[16] which reports by Estyn in previous years suggested had often been poor,[17] and the removal of parents' right to opt out their children from sex education classes.[18]

## Assessment and progression

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One of Donaldson's initial recommendations for the new curriculum was that school should be made into more of a single "journey" for a child, rather than the way he argued pupils and teachers had previously seen the process as a series of shorter chunks. This could include, for instance, more cooperation between primary and secondary schools.[19] The key stages into which a child's time at school were previously broken are replaced with "progression steps" with guidance of what level pupils are expected to reach at different ages. These take place at age five, eight, eleven, fourteen and sixteen years old.[20] The standardised literary and numeracy tests which seven- to fourteen-year-old children had taken annually since 2013 were replaced in 2021 with personalised online assessments.[21]

### GCSEs

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GCSE-aged students will be enrolled on the new curriculum in 2025 and 2026.[6] The intention is that school-leaving exams will be reformed to reflect the new structure.[22] Multiple qualifications in English, maths and science will be merged into one for each subject. New GCSEs will be created in subjects such as "engineering and manufacturing" and "film and digital media".[23]

## Response

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Surveys of teachers suggested that they broadly supported the changes being introduced. Journalists from the news website Wales Online spoke in 2022 to teachers and students at Crickhowell High School which had been using the new curriculum for several years. The children interviewed felt that the way the curriculum linked subjects together made their studies feel more relevant to them and improved their understanding. The staff also praised the new structure. The headteacher said that in her view,[24]

> Everything we do now we try to pull subjects together. I think it makes learners more confident and more aware of individual skills ... We went from a knowledge-based curriculum to a more interactive new curriculum. It's a structure that changes school ethos and culture ... Students now feel they have better relationships with their teachers and are more interactive with their learning. That's not to say they just want to do easy things. It's raised aspirations and expectations. What we need in 2022 is vastly different from what we needed 10 years ago.

Terry Mackie, an expert in Welsh education, criticised the draft of the curriculum published in 2019 as being overly vague, excessively focused on cultural issues and based on little research. He also noted the negative effect a similar curriculum introduced in Scotland had on results.[25] There were also concerns that grouping subjects into faculties could lead to a "dumbing down" of instruction and suggestions that the requirement for schools to develop their own curriculum was an unhelpful distraction.[24][26] Many teachers and schools believed that they were inadequately prepared to implement the new curriculum, especially after the COVID-19 pandemic.[24]

The parents' group Public Child Protection Wales took legal action against the Welsh government over plans to make sex education compulsory at schools arguing that parents were being "denied their time-honoured right" to choose whether their children were taught the subject.[27] Their attempt to have the introduction of the new relationships and sex (RSE) curriculum temporarily stopped until the completion of a judicial review into the subject was declined by High Court Justice Tipples on the grounds that "there is nothing in the claimants' evidence that any of the three children to whom RSE will be taught in the 2022/23 academic year will suffer any harm, yet alone any irreparable harm".[28] The group lost the judicial review on the new curriculum, which they saw as biased, with Justice Steyn stating that "teaching should be neutral from a religious perspective, but it is not required to be value neutral".[29]

## See also

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* Education in Wales
* Education of Welsh History
* Welsh-medium education
* Education in the United Kingdom

### Other UK curricula

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* National Curriculum for England – England
* Northern Ireland Curriculum – Northern Ireland
* Curriculum for excellence – Scotland

### External links

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* Curriculum for Wales – Welsh government page
* 2015 Successful Futures Report (Summary)

## References

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1. ^ "School curriculum and assessment review to be led by Graham Donaldson". BBC News. March 12, 2014. Archived from the original on August 4, 2022. Retrieved August 3, 2022.
2. ^ "The ICT Steering Group's Report to the Welsh Government" (PDF). Welsh Government. September 1, 2013. Retrieved November 27, 2024.
3. ^ "Radical national curriculum overhaul proposed in Wales". BBC News. February 25, 2015. Archived from the original on August 4, 2022. Retrieved August 4, 2022.
4. ^ "School shake-up within eight years, says education minister". BBC News. June 10, 2015. Archived from the original on August 4, 2022. Retrieved August 4, 2022.
5. ^ "New curriculum set to be taught from 2021, says education minister". BBC News. October 22, 2015. Archived from the original on August 4, 2022. Retrieved August 4, 2022.
6. ^ a b c "New Wales school curriculum overhaul delayed a year". BBC News. September 26, 2017. Archived from the original on August 4, 2022. Retrieved August 4, 2022.
7. ^ "Schools: Mandatory secondary curriculum pushed back to 2023". BBC News. July 6, 2021. Archived from the original on August 4, 2022. Retrieved August 4, 2022.
8. ^ a b "Curriculum and Assessment (Wales) Bill: Overview". GOV.WALES. Archived from the original on May 3, 2022. Retrieved May 3, 2022.
9. ^ a b "Education is changing". GOV.WALES. Archived from the original on May 3, 2022. Retrieved May 15, 2022.
10. ^ "Four nations, four sets of problems: How England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland differ on education". The Times. January 27, 2022. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved November 26, 2022. "In Wales a new curriculum is being introduced that aims to "prepare young people to thrive in a future where digital skills, adaptability and creativity, alongside knowledge, are crucial"."
11. ^ Lewis, Bethan (June 14, 2022). "Wales schools: New lessons 'exciting but a challenge'". BBC News. Archived from the original on June 13, 2022. Retrieved June 14, 2022.
12. ^ "A guide to the new Curriculum for Wales" (PDF). Education Wales. February 14, 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 18, 2022. Retrieved August 4, 2022.
13. ^ "School curriculum overhaul for Wales published". BBC News. January 28, 2020. Archived from the original on May 31, 2022. Retrieved July 31, 2022.
14. ^ "Welsh history to be 'mandatory' part of new curriculum says Plaid-Labour cooperation agreement". Nation.Cymru. November 22, 2021. Archived from the original on August 21, 2022. Retrieved May 3, 2022.
15. ^ "Welsh curriculum: Wales history teaching skills gap , says adviser". BBC News. December 3, 2022. Retrieved June 15, 2023.
16. ^ "Every child in Wales to be taught about country's diverse history". ITV News. March 19, 2021. Archived from the original on September 8, 2022. Retrieved September 18, 2022.
17. ^ "The teaching of Welsh history including Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic history, identity and culture | Estyn". www.estyn.gov.wales. October 7, 2021. Archived from the original on June 26, 2022. Retrieved May 3, 2022.
18. ^ Colderick, Stephanie (April 25, 2022). "Parents take legal action against Welsh Government over compulsory sex education". WalesOnline. Archived from the original on May 20, 2022. Retrieved May 15, 2022.
19. ^ Jones, Arwyn (February 25, 2015). "Analysis: What is proposed in Wales' curriculum change?". BBC News. Retrieved September 24, 2022.
20. ^ "Q&A: Draft school curriculum for Wales". BBC News. April 30, 2019. Archived from the original on July 31, 2022. Retrieved July 31, 2022.
21. ^ Wightwick, Abbie (January 10, 2019). "Wales' National School Tests are being scrapped". WalesOnline. Archived from the original on August 4, 2022. Retrieved August 4, 2022.
22. ^ Wightwick, Abbie (March 9, 2021). "What parents and kids need to know about Wales' new curriculum bill". WalesOnline. Archived from the original on August 4, 2022. Retrieved August 4, 2022.
23. ^ "GCSEs: New subjects launched as part of overhaul in Wales". BBC News. October 14, 2021. Archived from the original on August 4, 2022. Retrieved August 4, 2022.
24. ^ a b c Wightwick, Abbie (June 5, 2022). "The massive changes to what pupils are taught and how coming in next term". WalesOnline. Archived from the original on August 13, 2022. Retrieved August 13, 2022.
25. ^ Mackie, Terry (May 17, 2019). "The New Curriculum planned for Wales is a shoddy edifice built on sand – and that's scary". Nation.Cymru. Archived from the original on August 13, 2022. Retrieved August 13, 2022.
26. ^ Hearn, Elgan (July 19, 2022). "'Let teachers teach' says councillor as school strategy unveiled". Shropshire Star. Archived from the original on August 13, 2022. Retrieved August 13, 2022.
27. ^ Colderick, Stephanie (April 25, 2022). "Parents take legal action against Welsh Government over compulsory sex education". WalesOnline. Archived from the original on August 25, 2022. Retrieved September 22, 2022.
28. ^ "Parents lose bid to stop new curriculum teaching about gender and sex". ITV News. September 2, 2022. Archived from the original on September 20, 2022. Retrieved September 22, 2022.
29. ^ "Sex education: Parents lose legal challenge against curriculum". BBC News. December 22, 2022. Retrieved January 8, 2023.

* v
* t
* e

Education in Wales

Progression steps|

| Progression step 1|

* Nursery
* Playgroup
* Reception

|

Progression step 2|

* Year One
* Year Two
* Year Three

Progression step 3|

* Year Four
* Year Five
* Year Six

Key Stage 3/Progression step 4|

* Year Seven
* Year Eight
* Year Nine

Key Stage 4/Progression step 5|

* Year Ten
* Year Eleven

Further Education|

* Sixth Form
* Year Twelve
* Year Thirteen
* Further Education college
* Sixth form college
* List of further education colleges in Wales

University|

* Undergraduate degree
* Bachelor's degree
* Postgraduate degree
* Master's degree
* Doctorate
* List of universities in Wales

School type|

| Funding and Governance arrangements|

* State-funded schools
* Community school
* Voluntary controlled school
* Voluntary aided school
* Foundation school
* Private schools

|

Age group|

* Primary Education
* Primary school
* Infant school
* Junior school
* Secondary Education
* Secondary school
* Comprehensive school
* All-through school

Exams and qualifications|

* GCSE
* A-Level
* Welsh Baccalaureate
* BTEC

Pedagogy|

* Curriculum for Wales (2022–present)
* Language of instruction
* English-medium
* Welsh-medium
* Teaching of Welsh history

Oversight|

* Cabinet Secretary for Education
* Estyn
* WJEC (among other exam boards)
* Qualifications Wales

| Historic|

* Curriculum Council for Wales
* Qualifications, Curriculum and Assessment Authority for Wales

|

History|

* Overview
* before 1701
* 1701–1870
* 1870–1939
* after 1939
* Welsh Not
* History of infant schools
* Treachery of the Blue Books
* School boards
* Raising of school leaving age
* National Curriculum for Wales (2008–2026)

Defunct school types|

* Grammar school
* Charity school
* Endowed schools
* British and Foreign school
* National school
* Elementary school
* Central school
* Secondary technical school
* Secondary modern school

Major legislation|

* Elementary Education Act 1870
* Elementary Education Act 1880
* Welsh Intermediate Education Act 1889
* Education Act 1902
* Education Act 1918
* Education Act 1944
* Education Reform Act 1988
* Teaching and Higher Education Act 1998
* Curriculum and Assessment (Wales) Act 2021

Related|

* Welsh devolution
* Welsh Government
* Welsh Office
* Welsh Language Act 1993
* History of education in England

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