Dairy product

Food product made from milk

Dairy product

Dairy products. Back row left to right: smetana, kefir, cottage cheese, ricotta, mozzarella. Front row left to right: quark, cheese, butter, yogurt, milk.

* Cookbook: Dairy
* Media: Dairy product

Milk products and production relationships

Dairy products or milk products are food products made from (or containing) milk.[1][a] The most common dairy animals are cow, water buffalo, nanny goat, and ewe. Dairy products include common grocery store food around the world such as yogurt, cheese, milk and butter.[4][5] A facility that produces dairy products is a dairy.[b][6] Dairy products are consumed worldwide to varying degrees.[7] Some people avoid some or all dairy products because of lactose intolerance, veganism, environmental concerns, other health reasons or beliefs.

## Types of dairy product

[edit]

Main article: List of dairy products

### Milk

[edit]

All dairy products derive from milk Condensed milk

Milk is produced after optional homogenization or pasteurization, in several grades after standardization of the fat level, and possible addition of the bacteria Streptococcus lactis and Leuconostoc citrovorum. Milk can be broken down into several different categories based on type of product produced, including cream, butter, cheese, infant formula, and yogurt.

Milk varies in fat content. Skim milk is milk with zero fat, while whole milk products contain fat.

Milk is an ingredient in many confectioneries. Milk can be added to chocolate to produce milk chocolate.

* Scalded milk
* Condensed milk, milk which has been concentrated by evaporation, with sugar added for reduced process time and longer life in an opened can
* Evaporated milk, (less concentrated than condensed) milk without added sugar
* Baked milk is milk simmered on low heat for long time which results in mild caramelization. Particularly popular in Eastern Europe.
* Dulce de leche
* Malai
* Powdered milk (or milk powder), produced by removing the water from (usually skim) milk
* Khoa, milk which has been completely concentrated by evaporation, used in Indian cuisine
* Infant formula, dried milk powder with specific additives for feeding human infants
* High milk-fat and nutritional products (for infant formulas)
* Whey, the liquid drained from curds and used for further processing or as a livestock feed
* Buttermilk, the liquid left over after producing butter from cream, often dried as livestock feed
* Milk skin

### Cream

[edit]

Whipped cream

Cream and fermented cream

* Single cream, double cream and whipped cream
* Clotted cream, thick, spoonable cream made by heating milk
* Kaymak
* Sour cream
* Smetana, Central and Eastern European variety of sour cream
* Crème fraîche, slightly fermented cream

### Butter

[edit]

Butter, mostly milk fat, produced by churning cream

* Ghee, also called clarified butter is made by gentle heating of butter and removal of the solid matter
* Smen, a fermented, clarified butter used in Moroccan cooking
* Anhydrous milkfat (clarified butter)

### Fermented

[edit]

Kefir is a fermented probiotic dairy drink

Fermented milk products include:

* Soured milk obtained by fermentation with mesophilic bacteria, mainly Lactococcus lactis and other bacterial cultures and yeasts
* Soured cream and crème fraîche
* Cultured buttermilk resembling buttermilk, but uses different yeast and bacterial cultures
* Clabber, milk naturally fermented to a yogurt-like state
* Filmjölk
* Ymer
* Viili
* Kefir, fermented milk drink from the Northern Caucasus
* Kumis, fermented mares' milk popular in Central Asia
* Amasi
* Mursik
* Quark

### Yogurt

[edit]

Yogurt, milk fermented by thermophilic bacteria, mainly Streptococcus salivarius ssp. thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus sometimes with additional bacteria, such as Lactobacillus acidophilus

* Acidophiline
* Matzoon
* Skyr
* Strained yogurt
* Qatyq
* Ryazhenka
* Varenets
* Ayran
* Doogh
* Lassi, Indian subcontinent
* Leben

### Cheese

[edit]

Cheese, produced by coagulating milk, separating curds from whey, and letting it ripen, generally with bacteria, and sometimes also with certain molds.

* Rennet-coagulated cheeses
* Blue cheese
* Brined cheese
* Washed-rind cheese
* Acid-set or sour milk cheeses
* Fresh cheeses and curds, the soft, curdled part of milk (or skim milk) used to make cheese
* Chhena and paneer
* Cream cheese, produced by the addition of cream to milk and then curdled to form a rich curd or cheese
* Whey cheese is a dairy product made from whey and thus technically not cheese.
* Heat and acid coagulation
* Ricotta, acidified whey cheese
* Manouri, anthotyros, mizithra from Greece.
* Brown cheese made of boiled-down whey

### Custard

[edit]

* Custard, thickened with eggs
* Imitation custard, thickened with starch

### Frozen

[edit]

Ice cream

* Ice cream, slowly frozen cream, milk, flavors and emulsifying additives (dairy ice cream)
* Gelato, slowly frozen milk and water, lesser fat than ice cream
* Ice milk, low-fat version of ice cream
* Frozen custard
* Frozen yogurt, yogurt with emulsifiers

### Casein

[edit]

* Casein, milk proteins
* Caseinates, sodium or calcium salts of casein
* Milk protein concentrates and isolates
* Whey protein concentrates and isolates, reduced lactose whey
* Hydrolysates, milk treated with proteolytic enzymes to alter functionality
* Mineral concentrates, byproduct of demineralizing whey

## Consumption patterns worldwide

[edit]

Rates of dairy consumption vary widely worldwide. High-consumption countries consume more than 150 kilograms (330 lb) per capita per year. These countries are: Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Costa Rica, most European countries, Israel, Kyrgyzstan, Canada, the United States and Pakistan. Medium-consumption countries consume 30 kilograms (66 lb) to 150 kg per capita per year. These countries are: India, Iran, Japan, Kenya, Mexico, Mongolia, New Zealand, North and Southern Africa, most of the Middle East, and most of Latin America and the Caribbean. Low-consumption countries consume under 30 kg per capita per year. These countries are: Senegal, most of Central Africa, and most of East and Southeast Asia.[7][8]

## Lactose levels

[edit]

For those with some degree of lactose intolerance, considering the amount of lactose in dairy products can be important to health.

Dairy product  | Amount of lactose

|

Milk  | Highest
Butter | Minimal (made from milk fat)
Hard cheese | Very low
Soft cheese  | More than hard cheese

## Intolerance and health research

[edit]

Dairy products may upset the digestive system in individuals with lactose intolerance or a milk allergy.[9][10][11] People who experience lactose intolerance usually avoid milk and other lactose-containing dairy products, which may cause mild side effects, such as abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, gas, and nausea.[9][10] Such individuals may use non-dairy milk substitutes.

### Cancer

[edit]

There is no scientific evidence that consuming dairy products causes cancer.[12] The British Dietetic Association have described the idea that milk promotes hormone related cancerous tumour growth as a myth, stating "no link between dairy containing diets and risk of cancer or promoting cancer growth as a result of hormones".[13] In 2024, Cancer Research UK stated "there is no reliable evidence that casein or hormones in dairy causes cancer in people".[12] The American Cancer Society (ACS) does not make specific recommendations on dairy food consumption for cancer prevention.[14] Higher-quality research is needed to characterise valid associations between dairy consumption and risk of and/or cancer-related mortality.[15]

A 2023 review found no association between consumption of dairy products and breast cancer.[16] Other recent reviews have found that low-fat dairy intake is associated with a decreased risk of breast cancer.[17][18]

#### Colorectal cancer

[edit]

The American Institute for Cancer Research (AICR), World Cancer Research Fund International (WCRF), Cancer Council Australia (CCA) and Cancer Research UK have stated that there is strong evidence that consumption of dairy products decreases risk of colorectal cancer.[12][19][20][21] A 2021 umbrella review found strong evidence that consumption of dairy products decreases risk of colorectal cancer.[22] Fermented dairy is associated with significantly decreased bladder cancer and colorectal cancer risk.[23] A scoping review for Nordic Nutrition Recommendations 2023 found a reduced risk of colorectal cancer from dairy intake.[24]

#### Prostate cancer

[edit]

The AICR, WCRF, CCA and Prostate Cancer UK have stated that there is limited but suggestive evidence that dairy products increase risk of prostate cancer.[19][20][21][25][26] Cancer Research UK have stated that "research has not proven that milk or dairy increases the risk of prostate cancer" and that high-quality research is needed.[12]

It has been suggested that consumption of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) in dairy products could increase cancer risk, particularly prostate cancer.[27][28] However, a 2018 review by the Committee on Carcinogenicity of Chemicals in Food, Consumer Products and the Environment (COC) concluded that there is "insufficient evidence to draw any firm conclusions as to whether exposure to dietary IGF-1 is associated with an increased incidence of cancer in consumers".[28] The COC also stated it is unlikely that there would be absorption of intact IGF-1 from food by most consumers.[29]

### Cardiovascular disease

[edit]

The American Medical Association (AMA) recommends that people replace full-fat dairy products with nonfat and low-fat dairy products.[30] In 2017, the AMA stated that there is no high-quality clinical evidence that cheese consumption lowers the risk of cardiovascular disease.[31] In 2021, they stated that "taken together, replacing full-fat dairy products with nonfat and low-fat dairy products and other sources of unsaturated fat shifts the composition of dietary patterns toward higher unsaturated to saturated fat ratios that are associated with better cardiovascular health".[30]

In 2017, the National Heart Foundation of New Zealand published an umbrella review which found an "overall neutral effect of dairy on cardiovascular risk for the general population".[32] Their position paper stated that "the evidence overall suggests dairy products can be included in a heart-healthy eating pattern and choosing reduced-fat dairy over full-fat dairy reduces risk for some, but not all, cardiovascular risk factors".[33]

In 2019 the National Heart Foundation of Australia published a position statement on full fat dairy products, "Based on current evidence, there is not enough evidence to recommend full fat over reduced fat products or reduced fat over full fat products for the general population. For people with elevated cholesterol and those with existing coronary heart disease, reduced fat products are recommended."[34] The position statement also noted that the "evidence for milk, yoghurt and cheese does not extend to butter, cream, ice-cream and dairy-based desserts; these products should be avoided in a heart healthy eating pattern".[34]

Recent reviews of randomized controlled trials have found that dairy intake from cheese, milk and yogurt does not have detrimental effects on markers of cardiometabolic health.[35][36] A 2025 global analysis found that that total dairy consumption is associated with a 3.7% reduced risk of cardiovascular disease and a 6% reduced risk of stroke.[37]

### Other

[edit]

Consumption of dairy products such as low-fat and whole milk have been associated with an increased acne risk, however, as of 2022[update] there is no conclusive evidence.[38][39][40] Fermented and low-fat dairy products are associated with a decreased risk of diabetes.[41][42] Consumption of dairy products are also associated with a decreased risk of gout.[43]

A 2023 review found that higher intake of dairy products is significantly associated with a lower risk of inflammatory bowel disease.[44] A 2025 review found that dairy product intake is associated with a lower incidence of tinnitus.[45] A 2025 scoping review of systematic reviews found that dairy consumption is not associated with an increased risk of non-communicable diseases or mortality and may reduce the risk of several health outcomes.[46]

## Avoidance on principle

[edit]

Some groups avoid dairy products for non-health-related reasons. Some religions restrict or do not allow the consumption of dairy products. For example, some scholars of Jainism advocate not consuming any dairy products because dairy is perceived to involve violence against cows.[47] Orthodox Judaism requires that meat and dairy products not be served at the same meal, served or cooked in the same utensils, or stored together, as prescribed in Deuteronomy 14:21.[48]

Veganism is the avoidance of all animal products, including dairy products, most often due to the ethics regarding how dairy products are produced. The ethical reasons for avoiding meat and dairy products include how dairy is produced, how the animals are handled, and the environmental effect of dairy production.[49][50] According to a report of the United Nations' Food and Agriculture Organization in 2010 the dairy sector accounted for 4 percent of global human-made greenhouse gas emissions.[51][52]

Growing awareness of dairy products' environmental impact, specifically greenhouse gas emissions, has led to many people reducing or avoiding dairy. In the EU, dairy is responsible for 27% of all diet related emissions, on average, while plant-based milks cause 2.5–4.5 times fewer emissions.[53][54]

## See also

[edit]

* List of dairy products
* List of dairy product companies in the United States
* Dairy industry in the United States
* Dairy industry in the United Kingdom
* Swiss cheeses and dairy products

## References and notes

[edit]

### Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Historically, dairy products were referred to as lacticinia and were known as white meats in Early Modern English.[2][3]
2. ^ or dairy factory

### References

[edit]

1. ^ Humayun Kober, A. K. M. (2024). Milk and Dairy Foods: Nutrition, Processing and Healthy Aging. CRC Press. p. 6\. ISBN 978-1040042151.
2. ^ "Lacticinia". Oxford Reference. 2025.
3. ^ "White meat". Oxford Reference. 2025.
4. ^ "Dairy | Clemson University, South Carolina". clemson.edu. Archived from the original on 31 December 2016. Retrieved 11 November 2016.
5. ^ "Is Butter a Dairy Product, and Does it Contain Lactose?". Authority Nutrition. 1 July 2016. Archived from the original on 28 January 2017. Retrieved 11 November 2016.
6. ^ "Definition of DAIRY". Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 30 October 2016. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
7. ^ a b "Dairy production and products: Milk and milk products". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Archived from the original on 27 October 2016.
8. ^ "WHO | 3. Global and regional food consumption patterns and trends". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 12 March 2019. Retrieved 18 March 2019.
9. ^ a b "Lactose Intolerance". National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, US National Institutes of Health. 2021. Retrieved 5 April 2021.
10. ^ a b "Lactose intolerance". Genetics Home Reference. 8 February 2016. Archived from the original on 25 January 2016. Retrieved 12 February 2016.
11. ^ "Milk Allergy – Food Allergy Research & Education". foodallergy.org. Archived from the original on 8 February 2016. Retrieved 12 February 2016.
12. ^ a b c d "Milk, dairy and cancer risk". Cancer Research UK. 2024. Archived from the original on 1 June 2025.
13. ^ "Cancer Diets: Myths and More". British Dietetic Association. 2024. Archived from the original on 26 July 2024.
14. ^ "American Cancer Society Guideline for Diet and Physical Activity". cancer.org. Retrieved 24 January 2023.
15. ^ Jeyaraman, Maya M; Abou-Setta, Ahmed M; Grant, Laurel; Farshidfar, Farnaz; Copstein, Leslie; Lys, Justin; Gottschalk, Tania; Desautels, Danielle; Czaykowski, Piotr; Pitz, Marshall; Zarychanski, Ryan (2019). "Dairy product consumption and development of cancer: an overview of reviews". BMJ Open. 9 (1): e023625. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023625. ISSN 2044-6055. PMC 6352799. PMID 30782711.
16. ^ Arafat HM, Omar J, Shafii N, Naser IA, Al Laham NA, Muhamad R, Al-Astani TA, Shaqaliah AJ, Shamallakh OM, Shamallakh KM, Abusalah MA (2023). "The association between breast cancer and consumption of dairy products: a systematic review". Ann Med. 55 (1): 2198256. doi:10.1080/07853890.2023.2198256. PMC 10120447. PMID 37078247.
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19. ^ a b Clinton SK, Giovannucci EL, Hursting SD (2020). "The World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research Third Expert Report on Diet, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Cancer: Impact and Future Directions". The Journal of Nutrition. 150 (4): 663–671\. doi:10.1093/jn/nxz268. PMC 7317613. PMID 31758189.
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26. ^ "Which foods might increase my risk of prostate cancer?". prostatecanceruk.org. Retrieved 24 January 2023.
27. ^ Harrison S, Lennon R, Holly J, Higgins JP, Gardner M, Perks C, Gaunt T, Tan V, Borwick C, Emmet P, Jeffreys M, Northstone K, Rinaldi S, Thomas S, Turner SD, Pease A, Vilenchick V, Martin RM, Lewis SJ (2017). "Does milk intake promote prostate cancer initiation or progression via effects on insulin-like growth factors (IGFs)? A systematic review and meta-analysis". Cancer Causes Control. 28 (6): 497–528\. doi:10.1007/s10552-017-0883-1. PMC 5400803. PMID 28361446.
28. ^ a b "Statement on possible carcinogenic hazard to consumers from insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in the diet. assets.publishing.service.gov.uk. Retrieved 4 February 2023.
29. ^ "Non-Technical Summary of Statement on possible carcinogenic hazard to consumers from insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in the diet". assets.publishing.service.gov.uk. Retrieved 4 February 2023.
30. ^ a b Lichtenstein AH, Appel LJ, Vadiveloo M, Hu FB, Kris-Etherton PM, et al. (December 2021). "2021 Dietary Guidance to Improve Cardiovascular Health: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association". Circulation (Review). 144 (23): e472 – e487. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000001031. PMID 34724806. S2CID 240422142.
31. ^ Sacks, Frank M.; Lichtenstein, Alice H.; Wu, Jason H.Y.; Appel, Lawrence J.; Creager, Mark A.; Kris-Etherton, Penny M.; Miller, Michael; Rimm, Eric B.; Rudel, Lawrence L.; Robinson, Jennifer G.; Stone, Neil J.; Van Horn, Linda V. (15 June 2017). "Dietary Fats and Cardiovascular Disease: A Presidential Advisory From the American Heart Association". Circulation. 136 (3): e1 – e23. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000510. PMID 28620111. S2CID 367602.
32. ^ "Dairy and Heart Health". heartfoundation.org.nz. Retrieved 3 November 2023.
33. ^ Dairy and the heart - Position statement. heartfoundation.org.nz. Retrieved 3 November 2023.
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35. ^ Derakhshandeh-Rishehri SM, Ghobadi S, Akhlaghi M, Faghih S (2021). "No adverse effects of dairy products on lipid profile: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials". Diabetes Metab Syndr. 15 (6) 102279. doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2021.102279. PMID 34562868. S2CID 237636239.
36. ^ Kiesswetter E, Stadelmaier J, Petropoulou M, Morze J, Grummich K, Roux I, Lay R, Himmelsbach L, Kussmann M, Roeger C, Rubach M, Hauner H, Schwingshackl L (2023). "Effects of Dairy Intake on Markers of Cardiometabolic Health in Adults: A Systematic Review with Network Meta-Analysis". Advances in Nutrition. 14 (3): 438–450\. doi:10.1016/j.advnut.2023.03.004. PMC 10201829. PMID 36914032.
37. ^ Zhuang P, Liu X, Li Y, Ao Y, Wu Y, Ye H, Wan X, Zhang L, Meng D, Tian Y, Yu X, Zhang F, Wang A, Zhang Y, Jiao J (2025). "A global analysis of dairy consumption and incident cardiovascular disease". Nature Communications. 16 (1) 437. Bibcode:2025NatCo..16..437Z. doi:10.1038/s41467-024-55585-0. PMC 11704150. PMID 39762253.
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41. ^ Gao D, Ning N, Wang C, Wang Y, Li Q, Meng Z, Liu Y, Li Q (2013). "Dairy products consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis". PLOS ONE. 8 (9): e73965. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...873965G. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0073965. PMC 3785489. PMID 24086304.
42. ^ Zhang K, Bai P, Deng Z (2022). "Dose-Dependent Effect of Intake of Fermented Dairy Foods on the Risk of Diabetes: Results From a Meta-analysis". Can J Diabetes. 46 (3): 307–312\. doi:10.1016/j.jcjd.2021.09.003. PMID 35568432. S2CID 239148132.
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## Further reading

[edit]

* Fuquay, John W. ed. Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences (2nd Edition, 4 vol 2011), comprehensive coverage.

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