Danish and Norwegian alphabet

Latin alphabet consisting of 29 letters

For broader coverage of this topic, see Danish orthography and Norwegian orthography.

The Danish and Norwegian alphabets, together called the Dano-Norwegian alphabet, is the set of symbols, forming a variant of the Latin alphabet, used for writing the Danish and Norwegian languages. It has consisted of the following 29 letters since 1917 (Norwegian) and 1948 (Danish):

Majuscule forms (also called uppercase or capital letters)

A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H  | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P  | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X  | Y | Z | Æ | Ø | Å
Minuscule forms (also called lowercase or small letters)
a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h  | i | j | k | l | m | n | o | p  | q | r | s | t | u | v | w | x  | y | z | æ | ø | å

The letters c, q, w, x and z are not used in the spelling of indigenous words. They are rarely used in Norwegian, where loan words routinely have their orthography adapted to the native sound system. Conversely, Danish has a greater tendency to preserve loan words' original spellings. In particular, a c that represents /s/ is almost never normalized to s in Danish, as would most often happen in Norwegian. Many words originally derived from Latin roots retain c in their Danish spelling, for example Norwegian sentrum vs Danish centrum.

The "foreign" letters also sometimes appear in the spelling of otherwise-indigenous family names. For example, many of the Danish families that use the surname Skov (meaning 'forest') spell it Schou.

The difference between the Dano-Norwegian and the Swedish alphabet is that Swedish uses the variant Ä instead of Æ, and the variant Ö instead of Ø, similarly to German. Also, the collating order for these three letters is different in Swedish: Å, Ä, Ö. Æ and Ä are sorted together in all Scandinavian languages, as well as Finnish, and so are Ø and Ö.

## Letters and their names[edit]

The Danish alphabet read by a Dane.

The below pronunciations of the names of the letters do not necessarily represent how the letters are used to represent sounds. The list includes the number of each letter when following official ordering.

Letter  | Number  | Danish name  | Norwegian name

|
|
|

A  | a  | 1  | [ɛˀ] | [ɑː]
B  | b  | 2  | [pe̝ˀ] | [beː]
C  | c  | 3  | [se̝ˀ] | [seː]
D  | d  | 4  | [te̝ˀ] | [deː]
E  | e  | 5  | [e̝ˀ] | [eː]
F  | f  | 6  | [ef] | [ɛfː]
G  | g  | 7  | [ke̝ˀ] | [ɡeː]
H  | h  | 8  | [hɔˀ] | [hoː]
I  | i  | 9  | [iˀ] | [iː]
J  | j  | 10  | [jʌð] | [jeː] or [jɔdː]
K  | k  | 11  | [kʰɔˀ] | [koː]
L  | l  | 12  | [el] | [ɛlː]
M  | m  | 13  | [em] | [ɛmː]
N  | n  | 14  | [en] | [ɛnː]
O  | o  | 15  | [oˀ] | [uː]
P  | p  | 16  | [pʰe̝ˀ] | [peː]
Q  | q  | 17  | [kʰuˀ] | [kʉː]
R  | r  | 18  | [ɛɐ̯] | [ærː]
S  | s  | 19  | [es] | [ɛsː]
T  | t  | 20  | [tsʰe̝ˀ] | [teː]
U  | u  | 21  | [uˀ] | [ʉː]
V  | v  | 22  | [ve̝ˀ] | [veː]
W  | w  | 23  | [tʌpəlve̝ˀ][a] | [ˈdɔ̀bːl̩tˌveː][a]
X  | x  | 24  | [eks] | [ɛks]
Y  | y  | 25  | [yˀ] | [yː]
Z  | z  | 26  | [set] | [sɛtː]
Æ  | æ  | 27  | [eˀ] | [æː]
Ø  | ø  | 28  | [øˀ] | [øː]
Å  | å  | 29  | [ɔˀ] | [oː]

The Norwegian alphabet read by a Norwegian, with the three most common pronunciations of R.

1. ^ a b i.e. 'double v'.

## Ordering[edit]

### Danish[edit]

When sorting in alphabetical order in Danish, the numbers provided in the list above is used. Some peculiarities exist, however.

* The digraph aa is sorted as if it was 'å' if it represents one vowel sound. This means it is sorted like two adjacent cases of a when it represents two syllables, e.g. as a result of a compound (e.g. klimaanlæg 'air conditioner'). It does not matter which vowel sound is represented, meaning that words like afrikaans 'Afrikaans' and kanaanæer 'Canaanite' should be sorted as if they have an å despite not containing any sounds commonly represented by å. If two entries contain the exact same letters except å and aa, the form with å comes first.
* If two entries only differ in capitalization, but otherwise contain the exact same letters, the word with capitalization comes first.
* Accents are not taken into account, except when it is the only difference, in which case the form without an accent comes first.
* A number of rules for which letter an unofficial letter should count as exist, depending on the sound it represents. In the case of an official vs. unofficial letter being the only difference in the whole entry, the word with an official letter comes first.
* For expressions of multiple words (e.g. a capella), one can choose between ignoring the space or sorting the space, the lack of any letter, first.[1]

## Diacritics[edit]

### Danish[edit]

Danish orthography has no compulsory diacritics, but allows the use of an acute accent (accent aigu) for disambiguation. Most often, an accent on e marks a stressed syllable in one of a pair of homographs that have different stresses, for example en dreng 'a boy' versus én dreng 'one boy', or alle 'all, every, everyone' versus allé 'avenue'. Less often, any vowel including å (where it is however recommended to avoid diacritics) may be accented to indicate stress on the word, as this can disambiguate the meaning of the sentence or ease the reading otherwise. For example: jeg stód op 'I was standing' versus jeg stod óp 'I got out of bed' (i.e. unit accentuation). Alternatively, some of these distinctions can be made using typographical emphasis (italics, underlining). The Retskrivningsordbogen dictionary explicitly allows the use of further diacritics when quoting names from other languages.[2] This also means that the ring above å and the strike through ø are not regarded as diacritics, as these are separate letters.

### Norwegian[edit]

Nynorsk uses several letters with diacritic signs: é, è, ê, ó, ò, â, and ô. The diacritic signs are not compulsory,[3] but can be added to clarify the meaning of words (homonyms) that would otherwise be identical. One example is ein gut ("a boy") versus éin gut ("one boy"). Loanwords may be spelled with other diacritics, most notably ü, á, à and é,[citation needed] following the conventions of the original language. The Norwegian vowels æ, ø and å never take diacritics.

Bokmål is mostly spelled without diacritic signs. The only exception is one word of Norwegian origin, namely fôr, to be distinguished from for (see below) as well as any subsequent compound words, eg kåpefôr (coat lining) and dyrefôr (animal feed). There are also a small number of words in Norwegian which use the acute accent. The words are allé (avenue), diaré (diarrhea), kafé (cafe), idé (idea), entré (entrance), komité (committee), kupé (compartment), moské (mosque), supé (supper), trofé (trophy) and diskré (discreet).[3] An acute accent can also be used to differentiate en (a) from én (one) eg. én gutt (one boy) en gutt (a boy).

The diacritic signs in use include the acute accent, grave accent and the circumflex. A common example of how the diacritics change the meaning of a word, is for:

* for (preposition. for or to), pronounced [ˈfɔrː]
* fór (verb. went, in the sense left), pronounced [ˈfuːr]
* fòr (noun. furrow, only Nynorsk), pronounced [ˈfɔːr]
* fôr (noun. fodder), pronounced [ˈfuːr], the circumflex indicating the elision of the edh from the Norse spelling (foðr → fôr; veðr → vêr)
* fôr (noun lining, as in a garment)

Also used is the cedille, but only on a c in loanwords, indicating the c should be pronounced as an s.[4]

* Françoise
* provençalsk
* Curaçao

A macron-like diacritic can be used for decorative purposes both in handwritten and computed Bokmål and Nynorsk or to denote vowel length such as in dū (you), lā (infinitive form of to let), lēser (present form of "to read") and lūft (air). The diacritic is entirely optional, carries no IPA value and is seldom used in modern Norwegian outside of handwriting.

## History[edit]

The letter Å (HTML &aring;) was introduced in Norwegian in 1917, replacing Aa or aa. The new letter came from the Swedish alphabet, where it has been in official use since the 16th century.[5] Similarly, the letter Å was introduced in Danish in 1948, but the final decision on its place in the alphabet was not made. The initial proposal was to place it first, before A. Its place as the last letter of the alphabet, as in Norwegian, was decided in 1955.[6] The former digraph Aa still occurs in personal names, and in Danish geographical names. In Norway, geographical names tend to follow the current orthography, meaning that the letter å will be used. Family names may not follow modern orthography, and therefore retain the digraph aa where å would be used today. Aa remains in use as a transliteration, if the letter is not available for technical reasons. Aa is treated like Å in alphabetical sorting, not like two adjacent letters A, meaning that while a is the first letter of the alphabet, aa is the last. In Norwegian (but not in Danish), this rule does not apply to non-Scandinavian names, so a modern atlas would list the German city of Aachen under A, but list the Danish town of Aabenraa under Å. In Danish, the aa rule is applied, as long as it denotes one sound, for example German Aachen or Dutch kraal, but if it denotes 2 sounds like in ekstraarbejde (extra work), the two as are sorted as two.

In current Danish and Norwegian, W is recognized as a separate letter from V. In Danish, the transition was made in 1980[citation needed]; before that, the W was merely considered to be a variation of the letter V and words using it were sometimes alphabetized accordingly (e.g., Wandel, Vandstad, Wanscher, Varberg in Dansk Biografisk Leksikon, 1904).[7] The Danish version of the Alphabet song still states that the alphabet has 28 letters; the last line reads otte-og-tyve skal der stå, i.e. "that makes twenty-eight". However, today, the letter "w" is considered an official letter.

## Computing standards[edit]

Danish keyboard with keys for Æ, Ø, and Å. On Norwegian keyboards, Æ and Ø trade places, having the corresponding places of Ä and Ö in the Swedish keyboard.

In computing, several different coding standards have existed for this alphabet:

* DS 2089 (Danish) and NS 4551-1 (Norwegian), later established in international standard ISO 646
* IBM PC code page 865
* ISO 8859-1
* Unicode

## See also[edit]

* Danish Braille
* Danish orthography
* Danish phonology
* Futhark, the Germanic runes used formerly
* Icelandic orthography
* Norwegian Braille
* Norwegian orthography
* Norwegian phonology
* Spelling alphabets
* Swedish Braille
* Swedish alphabet
* Swedish orthography

## References[edit]

1. ^ Retskrivningsordbogen (in Danish). Copenhagen: Dansk Sprognævn. 2012. Retrieved 25 July 2022.
2. ^ Retskrivningsordbogen. Copenhagen: Dansk Sprognævn. 2012. Retrieved 25 July 2022.
3. ^ a b "Aksentteikn". Språkrådet (in Norwegian Nynorsk). Retrieved 2022-02-02.
4. ^ "Aksent: Akutt-tegnet (Accent aigu), gravistegnet (Accent grave) og cirkumfleks (Accentus circumflexus). Korrekturavdelingen".
5. ^ Pettersson, Gertrud (1996), Svenska språket under sjuhundra år: en historia om svenskan och dess utforskande, Lund: Studentlitteratur, ISBN 91-44-48221-3. P. 139.
6. ^ Einar Lundeby: "Bolle-å-ens plass i det danske alfabet" [The placing of Å in the Danish alphabet] in Språknytt, 1995/4. http://www.sprakrad.no/Toppmeny/Publikasjoner/Spraaknytt/Arkivet/Spraaknytt_1995/Spraaknytt-1995-4/Bolle-aa-ens_plass_i_det_dans/
7. ^ Dansk Biografisk Leksikon. XVIII. Bind. Ubbe–Wimpffen. Copenhagen: Gyldendalske Boghandel. 1904. Retrieved February 10, 2020.

## External links[edit]

* Type Danish and Norwegian characters online

* v
* t
* e

Danish language

* Alphabet
* Æ
* Ø
* Å
* Danish Braille
* Grammar
* History
* Literature
* Orthography
* Phonology
* Dania transcription
* Stød

Dialects|

* Jutlandic (jysk)
* South Jutlandic
* Insular Danish (ømål)
* East Danish (østdansk)
* Bornholmsk
* Scanian
* Southern Schleswig Danish

Variants,
derivatives, etc.|

* Standard Danish (rigsdansk)
* Gøtudanskt
* Petuh
* Perkerdansk
* Dano-Norwegian
* Riksmål
* Bokmål
* Danglish

Related topics|

* Comparison of Danish, Norwegian and Swedish
* Dansk Sprognævn

* v
* t
* e

Norwegian language

* Alphabet
* Orthography
* Æ
* Ø
* Å
* Scandinavian Braille
* Phonology
* Norwegian language conflict

Varieties|

| Written|

| Official|

* Bokmål
* Nynorsk
* Samnorsk (discontinued)

|

Unofficial|

* Høgnorsk
* Riksmål

Spoken|

| West and south|

* Arendalsk
* Bergensk
* Sandnesmål
* Sognamål
* Stavangersk
* etc.

|

East|

* Bohusmål
* Gudbrandsdalsmål
* Hallingmål-Valdris
* Särna-Idremål [sv]
* Urban East Norwegian
* Vikværsk
* Oslo dialect
* etc.

Trøndersk|

* Herjedalsk [sv]
* Jemtlansk
* Medalsk
* Trondheimsk
* etc.

North|

* Brønnøymål
* etc.

Non-dialectical|

* Kebabnorsk
* Modern Norwegian
* Svorsk
* American Norwegian

Extinct|

* Old West Norse
* Old Norwegian
* Middle Norwegian
* Dano-Norwegian
* Russenorsk

Other topics|

* Comparison of Norwegian Bokmål and Standard Danish
* Exonyms
* Literature
* Profanity
* Sign language
* "Kjell"

Institutions|

* Language Council of Norway
* Noregs Mållag
* Norwegian Academy
* Riksmål Society

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