Danube

Second-longest river in Europe

This article is about the river. For other uses, see Danube (disambiguation).

"Istrus" redirects here. For the Greek figure, see Istrus (mythology). For the ancient city, see Histria (ancient city).

Danube

The Danube in Budapest

Native name|

* Donau (German)
* Dunaj (Slovak)
* Duna (Hungarian)
* Dunav (Croatian)
* Дунав (Serbian)
* Дунав (Bulgarian)
* Dunărea (Romanian)
* Дунай (Ukrainian)

Location
Countries|

* Germany
* Austria
* Slovakia
* Hungary
* Croatia
* Serbia
* Bulgaria
* Romania
* Moldova
* Ukraine

Cities|

* Ulm
* Ingolstadt
* Regensburg
* Passau
* Linz
* Vienna
* Bratislava
* Győr
* Komárno
* Budapest
* Dunaújváros
* Mohács
* Apatin
* Vukovar
* Ilok
* Bačka Palanka
* Novi Sad
* Sremski Karlovci
* Belgrade
* Pančevo
* Smederevo
* Drobeta-Turnu Severin
* Vidin
* Giurgiu
* Ruse
* Silistra
* Călărași
* Brăila
* Galați
* Reni
* Izmail
* Kiliia
* Tulcea
* Sulina

Physical characteristics
Source| Breg
• location| Furtwangen im Schwarzwald, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
• coordinates| 48°05′44″N 08°09′18″E﻿ / ﻿48.09556°N 8.15500°E﻿ / 48.09556; 8.15500
• elevation| 1,078 m (3,537 ft)
2nd source| Brigach
• location| St. Georgen im Schwarzwald, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
• coordinates| 48°06′24″N 08°16′51″E﻿ / ﻿48.10667°N 8.28083°E﻿ / 48.10667; 8.28083
• elevation| 940 m (3,080 ft)
Source confluence|
• location| Donaueschingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
• coordinates| 47°57′03″N 08°31′13″E﻿ / ﻿47.95083°N 8.52028°E﻿ / 47.95083; 8.52028
Mouth| Danube Delta

• location

| Romania

• coordinates

| 45°13′3″N 29°45′41″E﻿ / ﻿45.21750°N 29.76139°E﻿ / 45.21750; 29.76139
Length| 2,850 km (1,770 mi)[1]
Basin size| 801,463 km2 (309,447 sq mi)[4]
Width|
• minimum| Middle Danube (Iron Gates) 150 m (490 ft); Lower Danube (Brăila) 400 m (1,300 ft)[2]
• average| Upper Danube 300 m (980 ft); Middle Danube 400–800 m (1,300–2,600 ft); Lower Danube 900–1,000 m (3,000–3,300 ft)[3][2][4]
• maximum| Middle Danube 1,500 m (4,900 ft); Lower Danube 1,700 m (5,600 ft)[4][2]
Depth|
• minimum| 1 m (3 ft 3 in) (Upper Danube)[4]
• average| Upper Danube 8 m (26 ft); Middle Danube 6–10 m (20–33 ft), 53 m (174 ft) (Iron Gates); Lower Danube 9 m (30 ft)[3][2][4][5]
• maximum| Middle Danube (Iron Gates) 90 m (300 ft); Lower Danube 34 m (112 ft)[2]
Discharge|
• location| Danube Delta
• average| (Period: 1931–2020)6,452 m3/s (227,900 cu ft/s)[7][8]
• minimum| 1,790 m3/s (63,000 cu ft/s)[6][7]
• maximum| 15,900 m3/s (560,000 cu ft/s)[6][7]
Discharge|
• location| Belgrade
• average| (Period: 1931–2020)5,300 m3/s (190,000 cu ft/s)[7]
Discharge|
• location| Budapest
• average| (Period: 1931–2020)2,350 m3/s (83,000 cu ft/s)[7]
Discharge|
• location| Vienna
• average| (Period: 1931–2020)1,920 m3/s (68,000 cu ft/s)[7]
Discharge|
• location| Passau (Bavaria, 30 km before town)
• average| (Period: 1931–2020)580 m3/s (20,000 cu ft/s)[7]
Basin features
Progression| Black Sea
River system| Danube

* v
* t
* e

Danube summary route map

Legend

|  |  |

|
|
|
|

|  |

2860

| Source at Donaueschingen
|  |

|  |
|  |

2587

| Limit of navigation at Ulm
|  |

2458

| Ingolstadt
|  |

2411

Rhine–Main–Danube Canal

|  |

2376

| Regensburg
|  |

2226

River Inn

| Germany

Austria

|  |
|  |

2128

| Linz
|  |

1918

| Vienna

| Austria

Slovakia

|  |
|  |

|  |

River Morava

|  |

1867

| Bratislava

| Slovakia

Hungary

|  |
|  |

1794

| Győr
|  |

1639

| Budapest
|  |

1579

| Dunaújváros

| Hungary

Croatia

1433

| Hungary

Serbia

|  |

1425

Danube–Tisa–Danube Canal

|  |

1424

| Bezdan Bridge
|  |

1382

River Drava

|  |

1367

| Bogojevo Road Bridge
|  |

1366

| Bogojevo Railway Bridge
|  |

1335

| Vukovar
|  |

1297

| Ilok–Bačka Palanka Bridge

| Croatia

Serbia

1296

|  |  |  |

|  |  |  |

in Serbia

|

|  |  |  |

1258

|  | Liberty Bridge |

|

|  |

1255

| Varadin Bridge
|  |

1254

| Novi Sad
|  |

1254

| Žeželj Bridge
|  |

1253

Danube–Tisa–Danube Canal

|  |

1232

| Beška Bridge
|  |

1215

River Tisza

|  |

1176

| Pupin Bridge
|  |

1173

| Zemun
|  |

1170

River Sava

|  |

1169

| Belgrade
|  |

1167

| Pančevo Bridge
|  |

1153

| Pančevo
|  |

1104

River Great Morava

|  |

1116

| Smederevo
|  |

1113

| Pipeline bridge
|  |

1112

| Kovin Bridge
|  |

1077

Danube–Tisa–Danube Canal

|  |

1076

| Serbia

Romania

|  |

943

| Iron Gate I
|  |

930

| Drobeta-Turnu Severin
|  |

863

| Iron Gate II

| Serbia

Bulgaria

846

|  |

796

| New Europe Bridge
|  |

|  |

River Olt

|  |

495

| Ruse
|  |

489

| Danube Bridge

| Bulgaria

Romania

|  |
|  |

300

| Anghel Saligny Bridge
|  |

300

| Cernavodă Bridge
|  |

238

| Giurgeni–Vadu Oii Bridge
|  |

|  |

| Romania

Moldova

|  |

|  |

| Moldova

Ukraine

|  |

|  |

Danube Delta (Romania/Ukraine)

|  |

Black Sea

|  |  |  |  |  |
Note:
Distances are in kilometers, rounded to the nearest kilometer.
Waterway distances are shown, not towpath distances.
Country capitals are shown in bold.

The Danube (/ˈdæn.juːb/ DAN-yoob; see also other names) is a river in Europe, the second-longest after the Volga in Russia. It flows through Central and Southeastern Europe, from the Black Forest of Germany south through the Danube Delta in Romania into the Black Sea. A large and historically important river, it was once a frontier of the Roman Empire. In the 21st century, it connects ten European countries, running through their territories or marking a border. Originating in Germany, the Danube flows southeast for 2,850 km (1,770 mi), passing through or bordering Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria, Moldova, and Ukraine. Among the many cities on the river are four national capitals: Vienna, Bratislava, Budapest, and Belgrade. Its drainage basin amounts to 817,000 km2 (315,000 sq mi) and extends into nine more countries.

The Danube's longest headstream, the Breg, rises in Furtwangen im Schwarzwald, while the river carries its name from its source confluence in the palace park in Donaueschingen onwards. Since ancient times, the Danube has been a traditional trade route in Europe. Today, 2,415 km (1,501 mi) of its total length are navigable. The Danube is linked to the North Sea via the Rhine–Main–Danube Canal, connecting the Danube at Kelheim with the Main at Bamberg. The river is also an important source of hydropower and drinking water.

The Danube river basin is home to such fish species as pike, zander, huchen, Wels catfish, burbot and tench. It is also home to numerous diverse carp and sturgeon, as well as salmon and trout. A few species of euryhaline fish, such as European seabass, mullet, and eel, inhabit the Danube Delta and the lower portion of the river.

## Names and etymology

[edit]

Today the river carries its name from its source confluence in Donaueschingen, Germany, to its discharge into the Black Sea via the Danube Delta in Romania and Ukraine.

The river was known to the ancient Greeks as the Istros (Ἴστρος)[9] from a root possibly also encountered in the ancient name of the Dniester (Danaster in Latin, Tiras in Greek) and akin to Iranic turos 'swift' and Sanskrit iṣiras (इषिरस्) 'swift', from the PIE *isro-, *sreu 'to flow'.[10]

In the Middle Ages, the Greek Tiras was borrowed into Italian as Tyrlo and into Turkic languages as Tyrla; the latter was further borrowed into Romanian as a regionalism (Turlă).[10]

The Thraco-Phrygian name was Matoas,[11] "the bringer of luck".[12]

The Middle Mongolian name for the Danube was transliterated as Tho-na in 1829 by Jean-Pierre Abel-Rémusat.[13]

The modern languages spoken in the Danube basin all use names derived from the Latin name Danubius:

Language  | Name  | Pronunciation (IPA)  | Flow sequence[a]

|
|
|

Latin | Danubius, Dānuvius  |  | N/A
German | Donau | IPA: [ˈdoːnaʊ] ⓘ | 1 Germany
2 Austria
Bavarian | Doana  |  | N/A
Silesian | Dōnaj  |  | N/A
Upper Sorbian | Dunaj  | IPA: [ˈdunaj] | N/A
Czech | Dunaj | IPA: [ˈdunaj] | N/A
Slovak | Dunaj | IPA: [ˈdunaj] | 3 Slovakia
Polish | Dunaj | IPA: [ˈdunaj] ⓘ | N/A
Hungarian | Duna | IPA: [ˈdunɒ] ⓘ | 4 Hungary
Slovenian | Donava | IPA: [ˈdóːnaʋa] | N/A
Serbo–Croatian | Dunav / Дунав  | IPA: [dǔna(ː)ʋ] | 5 Croatia
6 Serbia
Macedonian | Дунав | IPA: [dǔna(ː)ʋ] | N/A
Romanian | Dunăre,
definite form Dunărea  | IPA: [ˈdunəre], definite form IPA: [ˈdunəre̯a][14] | 7 Romania
9 Moldova
Bulgarian | Дунав (Dúnav)  | IPA: [ˈdunɐf] | 8 Bulgaria
Ukrainian | Дунай (Dunáy)  | IPA: [dʊˈnɑj] | 10 Ukraine
Greek | Δούναβης (Doúnavis)  | IPA: [ˈðunavis] | N/A
French | Danube | IPA: [da.nyb] | N/A
Italian | Danubio | IPA: [daˈnuːbjo] | N/A
Portuguese | Danúbio | IPA: [dɐˈnu.βju] | N/A
Spanish | Danubio | IPA: [daˈnuβjo] | N/A
Russian | Дунай (Dunáy)  | IPA: [dʊˈnaj] | N/A
Turkish | Tuna | IPA: [tuˈnɐ] | N/A
Romansh | Danubi  |  | N/A
Albanian | Danub,
definite form: Danubi[15] |  | N/A

### Etymology

[edit]

Danube is an Old European river name derived from the Celtic 'Danu' or 'Don'[16] (both Celtic gods), which itself derived from the Proto-Indo-European *deh₂nu. Other European river names from the same root include the Dunaj, Dzvina/Daugava, Don, Donets, Dnieper, Dniestr, Dysna and Tana/Deatnu. In Rigvedic Sanskrit, danu (दनु) means "fluid, dewdrop" and danuja (दनु-ज) means "born from danu" or "born from dew-drops". In Avestan, the same word means "river". The Finnish word for Danube is Tonava, which is most likely derived from the name of the river in German, Donau. Its Sámi name Deatnu means "Great River". It is possible that dānu in Scythian as in Avestan was a generic word for "river": Dnieper and Dniestr, from Danapris and Danastius, are presumed to continue Scythian *dānu apara "far river" and *dānu nazdya- "near river", respectively.[17]

In Latin, the Danube was variously known as Danubius, Danuvius, Ister[18] or Hister. The Latin name is masculine, as are all its Slavic names, except Slovene (the name of the Rhine is also masculine in Latin, most of the Slavic languages, as well as in German). The German Donau (Early Modern German Donaw, Tonaw,[19] Middle High German Tuonowe)[20] is feminine, as it has been re-interpreted as containing the suffix -ouwe "wetland".

Romanian differs from other surrounding languages in designating the river with a feminine term, Dunărea (IPA: [ˈdunəre̯a]).[10] This form was not inherited from Latin, although Romanian is a Romance language.[14] To explain the loss of the Latin name, scholars who suppose that Romanian developed near the large river propose[14] that the Romanian name descends from a hypothetical Thracian *Donaris. The Proto-Indo-European root of this presumed name is related to the Iranic word "don-"/"dan-", while the supposed suffix -aris is encountered in the ancient name of the Ialomița River, Naparis, and in the unidentified Miliare river mentioned by Jordanes in his Getica.[10] Gábor Vékony says that this hypothesis is not plausible, because the Greeks borrowed the Istros form from the native Thracians.[14] He proposes that the Romanian name is a loanword from a Turkic language (Cuman or Pecheneg).[14]

## Geography

[edit]

The Danube basin The hydrogeographical source of the Danube at St. Martin's Chapel in Furtwangen im Schwarzwald Germany: the Bregquelle, the source of the Danube's longest headstream, the Breg, where the Danube is symbolized by the Roman allegory for the river, Danuvius. The symbolical source of the Danube in Donaueschingen: the source of the Donaubach (Danube Brook), which flows into the Brigach.

Classified as an international waterway, it originates in the town of Donaueschingen, in the Black Forest of Germany, at the confluence of the rivers Brigach and Breg. The Danube then flows southeast for about 2,730 km (1,700 mi), passing through four capital cities (Vienna, Bratislava, Budapest, and Belgrade) before emptying into the Black Sea via the Danube Delta in Romania and Ukraine.

### International status

[edit]

Once a long-standing frontier of the Roman Empire, the river passes through or touches the borders of 10 countries. Its drainage basin extends into nine more (ten if Kosovo is included).[21]

Flow
seq.  | Country  | Basin
area[21] | Local
name  | Points of interest

|
|
|
|

1  | Germany | 7%  | Donau | Donaueschingen – source
2  | Austria | 10%  | Vienna – capital
3  | Slovakia | 5.9%  | Dunaj | Bratislava – capital
4  | Hungary | 11.6%  | Duna | Budapest – capital
5  | Croatia | 4.4%  | Dunav  |
6  | Serbia | 10.2%  | Belgrade – capital
7  | Romania | 29%  | Dunărea | Danube Delta – Black Sea
8  | Bulgaria[b] | 5.9%  | Dunav  |
9  | Moldova | 1.6%  | Dunărea  |
10  | Ukraine | 3.8%  | Дунай | Danube Delta – Black Sea

### Drainage basin

[edit]

In addition to the bordering countries (see above), the drainage basin includes parts of nine more countries: Bosnia and Herzegovina (4.6% of the basin area), the Czech Republic (2.9%), Slovenia (2.0%), Montenegro (0.9%), Switzerland (0.2%), Italy (<0.15%), Poland (<0.1%), North Macedonia (<0.1%) and Albania (<0.1%).[21] The total drainage basin is 801,463 km2 (309,447 sq mi) in area,[22][23] and is home to 83 million people.[24] The highest point of the drainage basin is the summit of Piz Bernina at the Italy–Switzerland border, at 4,049 m (13,284 ft).[25] The Danube river basin is divided into three main parts, separated by "gates" where the river is forced to cut through mountainous sections:[24]

* Upper Basin, from the headwaters to the Devín Gate.
* Middle Basin, usually called the Pannonian basin or Carpathian Basin, between the Devín Gate and the Iron Gates. It includes the Hungarian plains Kisalföld and Alföld.
* Lower Basin, from the Iron Gates to the river mouth, including the Danube Delta.

## Discharge

[edit]

Mean annual discharge on the hydrological stations (period from 2000 to 2024)  Year  | Mean annual discharge in m3/s (cu ft/s)

|

Reni
Isaccea | Silistra | Pristol | Batina
Bezdan | Nagymaros Szob | Bratislava
Wolfsthal | Untergries-bach
2000  | 6,580.6 (232,390)  | 6,198.1 (218,880)  | 5,585.9 (197,260)  | 2,669.4 (94,270)  | 2,627.2 (92,780)  | 2,337.9 (82,560)  | 1,667.2 (58,880)
2001  | 6,304.3 (222,630)  | 5,919.4 (209,040)  | 5,421.8 (191,470)  | 2,432.5 (85,900)  | 2,382.3 (84,130)  | 2,231.3 (78,800)  | 1,627.6 (57,480)
2002  | 6,837.1 (241,450)  | 6,100.1 (215,420)  | 5,392 (190,400)  | 2,824.9 (99,760)  | 2,855.6 (100,840)  | 2,683 (94,700)  | 1,803.9 (63,700)
2003  | 5,021 (177,300)  | 4,571 (161,400)  | 3,825 (135,100)  | 1,786 (63,100)  | 1,722 (60,800)  | 1,647 (58,200)  | 1,153 (40,700)
2004  | 6,524 (230,400)  | 6,088 (215,000)  | 5,233 (184,800)  | 2,025 (71,500)  | 2,013 (71,100)  | 1,852 (65,400)  | 1,213 (42,800)
2005  | 8,711 (307,600)  | 7,659 (270,500)  | 6,396 (225,900)  | 2,420 (85,000)  | 2,329 (82,200)  | 2,115 (74,700)  | 1,359 (48,000)
2006  | 8,428 (297,600)  | 7,370 (260,000)  | 6,616 (233,600)  | 2,110 (75,000)  | 2,503 (88,400)  | 2,186 (77,200)  | 1,396 (49,300)
2007  | 5,626 (198,700)  | 5,195 (183,500)  | 4,512 (159,300)  | 2,182 (77,100)  | 2,136 (75,400)  | 1,916 (67,700)  | 1,287 (45,400)
2008  | 5,909 (208,700)  | 5,358 (189,200)  | 4,736 (167,300)  | 2,163 (76,400)  | 2,079 (73,400)  | 1,876 (66,300)  | 1,339 (47,300)
2009  | 6,492 (229,300)  | 5,990 (212,000)  | 5,412 (191,100)  | 2,607 (92,100)  | 2,441 (86,200)  | 2,186 (77,200)  | 1,433 (50,600)
2010  | 9,598 (339,000)  | 8,515 (300,700)  | 7,424 (262,200)  | 2,879 (101,700)  | 2,615 (92,300)  | 2,130 (75,000)  | 1,420 (50,000)
2011  | 5,303 (187,300)  |  |  | 2,000 (71,000)  |  |  |
2012  | 5,053 (178,400)  |  |  | 2,240 (79,000)  |  |  |
2013  | 7,164 (253,000)  | 6,558 (231,600)  | 5,946 (210,000)  | 2,863 (101,100)  | 2,684 (94,800)  | 2,417 (85,400)  | 1,671 (59,000)
2014  | 7,446 (263,000)  | 6,901 (243,700)  | 5,756 (203,300)  | 2,198 (77,600)  | 2,036 (71,900)  | 1,788 (63,100)  | 1,237 (43,700)
2015  | 6,138 (216,800)  | 5,722 (202,100)  | 4,971 (175,500)  | 2,030 (72,000)  | 1,903 (67,200)  | 1,629 (57,500)  | 1,240 (44,000)
2016  | 6,465 (228,300)  | 5,993 (211,600)  | 5,339 (188,500)  | 2,261 (79,800)  | 2,196 (77,600)  | 1,944 (68,700)  | 1,412 (49,900)
2017  | 5,202 (183,700)  | 4,813 (170,000)  | 4,270 (151,000)  | 2,143 (75,700)  | 2,041 (72,100)  | 1,844 (65,100)  | 1,307 (46,200)
2018  | 6,487.8 (229,110)  | 5,875.5 (207,490)  | 4,891 (172,700)  | 1,906.3 (67,320)  | 1,808.1 (63,850)  | 1,644.1 (58,060)  | 1,227.8 (43,360)
2019  | 5,579 (197,000)  | 5,168 (182,500)  | 4,593 (162,200)  | 2,253 (79,600)  | 2,114 (74,700)  | 1,962 (69,300)  | 1,446 (51,100)
2020  | 4,893.5 (172,810)  | 4,659 (164,500)  | 4,095 (144,600)  | 2,215 (78,200)  | 2,026 (71,500)  | 1,841 (65,000)  | 1,285 (45,400)
2021  | 5,998 (211,800)  | 5,505 (194,400)  | 4,696 (165,800)  | 2,178 (76,900)  | 2,028 (71,600)  | 1,838 (64,900)  | 1,304 (46,100)
2022  | 5,753 (203,200)  |  |  | 2,180 (77,000)  |  |  |
2023  | 6,623.8 (233,920)  |  |  | 2,240 (79,000)  |  |  |
2024  | 5,776.4 (203,990)  |  |  |  |  |  |
Source:[4][26][27][28]
Multiannual average, minimum and maximum discharge (water period from 1876 to 2010)  Station  | Discharge (m3/s)  | Discharge (cu ft/s)

|
|

Min  | Mean  | Max  | Min  | Mean  | Max
Ceatal Izmail | 1,889  | 6,489  | 14,673  | 66,700  | 229,200  | 518,200
Reni, Isaccea | 1,805  | 6,564  | 14,820  | 63,700  | 231,800  | 523,000
Zimnicea, Svishtov | 1,411  | 6,018  | 14,510  | 49,800  | 212,500  | 512,000
Orșova | 1,672  | 5,572  | 13,324  | 59,000  | 196,800  | 470,500
Veliko Gradište | 1,461  | 5,550  | 14,152  | 51,600  | 196,000  | 499,800
Pančevo | 1,454  | 5,310  | 13,080  | 51,300  | 188,000  | 462,000
Bogojevo | 959  | 2,889  | 8,153  | 33,900  | 102,000  | 287,900
Bezdan, Batina | 749  | 2,353  | 7,043  | 26,500  | 83,100  | 248,700
Mohács | 667  | 2,336  | 7,227  | 23,600  | 82,500  | 255,200
Nagymaros, Szob | 628  | 2,333  | 7,057  | 22,200  | 82,400  | 249,200
Bratislava | 633  | 2,059  | 7,324  | 22,400  | 72,700  | 258,600
Vienna | 506  | 1,917  | 6,062  | 17,900  | 67,700  | 214,100
Krems an der Donau | 596  | 1,845  | 5,986  | 21,000  | 65,200  | 211,400
Linz | 468  | 1,451  | 4,783  | 16,500  | 51,200  | 168,900
Hofkirchen | 211  | 638  | 1,943  | 7,500  | 22,500  | 68,600
Regensburg | 128  | 444  | 1,330  | 4,500  | 15,700  | 47,000
Ingolstadt | 83  | 312  | 965  | 2,900  | 11,000  | 34,100
Ulm | 6  | 38  | 153  | 210  | 1,300  | 5,400
Source:[29][8]
Simulated water and suspended sediment results from climate-driven decadal study (with STD through specific decade)  Period (CE)  | Scenario  | P  | T  | Q  | S

|
|
|
|
|

mm  | in  | °C  | °F  | m3/s  | cu ft/s  | metric tons
(millions)  | short tons
(millions)
LIA
1530–1540  | Cool/dry  | 794  | 31.3  | 9.0  | 48.2  | 6,207  | 219,200  | 72.9  | 80.4
1650–1660  | Cool/wet  | 885  | 34.8  | 8.4  | 47.1  | 7,929  | 280,000  | 67.3  | 74.2
1709–1719  | Warm/wet  | 861  | 33.9  | 8.3  | 46.9  | 7,616  | 269,000  | 52.9  | 58.3
1770–1780  | Warm/dry  | 865  | 34.1  | 8.9  | 48.0  | 7,728  | 272,900  | 74.1  | 81.7
Modern
1940–1950  | Cool/dry  | 778  | 30.6  | 8.9  | 48.0  | 7,209  | 254,600  | 55.0  | 60.6
1960–1970  | Cool/wet  | 850  | 33  | 8.8  | 47.8  | 7,399  | 261,300  | 73.0  | 80.5
1975–1985  | Warm/wet  | 818  | 32.2  | 9.0  | 48.2  | 7,186  | 253,800  | 77.8  | 85.8
1990–2000  | Warm/dry  | 790  | 31  | 9.5  | 49.1  | 5,068  | 179,000  | 73.8  | 81.4
P – Simulated average precipitation in the Danube basin; T – Simulated average temperature in the Danube basin; Q – Simulated average discharge in the river Danube at delta; S – Simulated sediment load in the river Danube at delta;
Source:[30]

### Discharge chronology

[edit]

Historical average flow to the present day; Measured and reconstructed average water flows from 1742. The reconstructed and observed streamflow (Q – m3/s) at Ceatal Izmail for the 1742 to 2022.  Year  | m3/s  | cu ft/s  |  | Year  | m3/s  | cu ft/s  |  | Year  | m3/s  | cu ft/s  |  | Year  | m3/s  | cu ft/s  |  | Year  | m3/s  | cu ft/s  |  | Year  | m3/s  | cu ft/s

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Reconstructed
1742  | 5,780  | 204,000  |  | 1751  | 6,760  | 239,000  |  | 1761  | 6,470  | 228,000  |  | 1771  | 9,700  | 340,000  |  | 1781  | 5,830  | 206,000  |  | 1791  | 5,540  | 196,000
1743  | 5,355  | 189,100  | 1752  | 7,090  | 250,000  | 1762  | 6,510  | 230,000  | 1772  | 6,050  | 214,000  | 1782  | 6,470  | 228,000  | 1792  | 6,930  | 245,000
1744  | 5,370  | 190,000  | 1753  | 4,980  | 176,000  | 1763  | 5,950  | 210,000  | 1773  | 4,600  | 160,000  | 1783  | 7,930  | 280,000  | 1793  | 7,800  | 280,000
1745  | 4,940  | 174,000  | 1754  | 6,330  | 224,000  | 1764  | 6,280  | 222,000  | 1774  | 6,150  | 217,000  | 1784  | 8,400  | 300,000  | 1794  | 5,230  | 185,000
1746  | 7,140  | 252,000  | 1755  | 6,840  | 242,000  | 1765  | 6,130  | 216,000  | 1775  | 6,060  | 214,000  | 1785  | 7,610  | 269,000  | 1795  | 6,530  | 231,000
1747  | 5,850  | 207,000  | 1756  | 6,370  | 225,000  | 1766  | 8,530  | 301,000  | 1776  | 6,320  | 223,000  | 1786  | 6,570  | 232,000  | 1796  | 6,460  | 228,000
1748  | 6,840  | 242,000  | 1757  | 6,830  | 241,000  | 1767  | 6,850  | 242,000  | 1777  | 5,530  | 195,000  | 1787  | 6,980  | 246,000  | 1797  | 6,700  | 240,000
1749  | 6,690  | 236,000  | 1758  | 8,410  | 297,000  | 1768  | 8,400  | 300,000  | 1778  | 7,470  | 264,000  | 1788  | 5,860  | 207,000  | 1798  | 6,560  | 232,000
1750  | 5,180  | 183,000  | 1759  | 5,520  | 195,000  | 1769  | 5,720  | 202,000  | 1779  | 6,600  | 230,000  | 1789  | 7,190  | 254,000  | 1799  | 9,590  | 339,000
| 1760  | 6,840  | 242,000  | 1770  | 10,700  | 380,000  | 1780  | 6,990  | 247,000  | 1790  | 6,940  | 245,000  | 1800  | 6,150  | 217,000
5,905 (208,500) | 6,597 (233,000) | 7,154 (252,600) | 6,547 (231,200) | 6,978 (246,400) | 6,749 (238,300)
1801  | 7,310  | 258,000  | 1811  | 8,220  | 290,000  | 1821  | 6,390  | 226,000  | 1831  | 6,670  | 236,000  | 1841  | 6,210  | 219,000  | 1851  | 7,350  | 260,000
1802  | 6,590  | 233,000  | 1812  | 5,230  | 185,000  | 1822  | 5,700  | 200,000  | 1832  | 4,820  | 170,000  | 1842  | 5,340  | 189,000  | 1852  | 6,550  | 231,000
1803  | 6,870  | 243,000  | 1813  | 6,680  | 236,000  | 1823  | 6,520  | 230,000  | 1833  | 5,350  | 189,000  | 1843  | 6,710  | 237,000  | 1853  | 7,800  | 280,000
1804  | 6,220  | 220,000  | 1814  | 7,290  | 257,000  | 1824  | 6,420  | 227,000  | 1834  | 6,470  | 228,000  | 1844  | 6,960  | 246,000  | 1854  | 5,060  | 179,000
1805  | 7,010  | 248,000  | 1815  | 6,640  | 234,000  | 1825  | 8,040  | 284,000  | 1835  | 7,040  | 249,000  | 1845  | 7,440  | 263,000  | 1855  | 7,020  | 248,000
1806  | 6,830  | 241,000  | 1816  | 8,090  | 286,000  | 1826  | 5,800  | 200,000  | 1836  | 9,740  | 344,000  | 1846  | 6,750  | 238,000  | 1856  | 5,390  | 190,000
1807  | 7,000  | 250,000  | 1817  | 8,650  | 305,000  | 1827  | 6,650  | 235,000  | 1837  | 6,770  | 239,000  | 1847  | 7,070  | 250,000  | 1857  | 4,880  | 172,000
1808  | 5,600  | 200,000  | 1818  | 6,920  | 244,000  | 1828  | 8,140  | 287,000  | 1838  | 10,440  | 369,000  | 1848  | 5,620  | 198,000  | 1858  | 5,580  | 197,000
1809  | 7,150  | 252,000  | 1819  | 6,470  | 228,000  | 1829  | 8,280  | 292,000  | 1839  | 9,960  | 352,000  | 1849  | 5,360  | 189,000  | 1859  | 5,630  | 199,000
1810  | 8,430  | 298,000  | 1820  | 6,560  | 232,000  | 1830  | 7,790  | 275,000  | 1840  | 5,560  | 196,000  | 1850  | 7,360  | 260,000  | 1860  | 7,220  | 255,000
6,901 (243,700) | 7,075 (249,900) | 6,973 (246,200) | 7,282 (257,200) | 6,482 (228,900) | 6,248 (220,600)
1861  | 5,980  | 211,000  | 1871  | 8,860  | 313,000  | 1881  | 8,320  | 294,000  | 1891  | 5,440  | 192,000  | 1901  | 5,570  | 197,000  | 1911  | 5,120  | 181,000
1862  | 5,040  | 178,000  | 1872  | 5,970  | 211,000  | 1882  | 5,130  | 181,000  | 1892  | 5,620  | 198,000  | 1902  | 5,650  | 200,000  | 1912  | 6,940  | 245,000
1863  | 3,340  | 118,000  | 1873  | 5,150  | 182,000  | 1883  | 7,590  | 268,000  | 1893  | 5,710  | 202,000  | 1903  | 5,490  | 194,000  | 1913  | 6,410  | 226,000
1864  | 6,150  | 217,000  | 1874  | 4,680  | 165,000  | 1884  | 5,250  | 185,000  | 1894  | 4,770  | 168,000  | 1904  | 4,940  | 174,000  | 1914  | 6,560  | 232,000
1865  | 5,690  | 201,000  | 1875  | 5,360  | 189,000  | 1885  | 5,430  | 192,000  | 1895  | 6,240  | 220,000  | 1905  | 6,100  | 220,000  | 1915  | 9,540  | 337,000
1866  | 3,780  | 133,000  | 1876  | 7,520  | 266,000  | 1886  | 5,660  | 200,000  | 1896  | 6,470  | 228,000  | 1906  | 6,190  | 219,000  | 1916  | 7,550  | 267,000
1867  | 6,350  | 224,000  | 1877  | 6,660  | 235,000  | 1887  | 5,340  | 189,000  | 1897  | 7,700  | 270,000  | 1907  | 6,770  | 239,000  | 1917  | 6,410  | 226,000
1868  | 5,660  | 200,000  | 1878  | 7,040  | 249,000  | 1888  | 6,800  | 240,000  | 1898  | 4,550  | 161,000  | 1908  | 4,400  | 160,000  | 1918  | 4,300  | 150,000
1869  | 5,370  | 190,000  | 1879  | 8,300  | 290,000  | 1889  | 6,530  | 231,000  | 1899  | 4,500  | 160,000  | 1909  | 5,590  | 197,000  | 1919  | 7,410  | 262,000
1870  | 7,470  | 264,000  | 1880  | 5,660  | 200,000  | 1890  | 4,650  | 164,000  | 1900  | 6,900  | 240,000  | 1910  | 7,450  | 263,000  | 1920  | 6,720  | 237,000
5,483 (193,600) | 6,520 (230,000) | 6,070 (214,000) | 5,790 (204,000) | 5,815 (205,400) | 6,770 (239,000)
Observed
1921  | 3,906  | 137,900  |  | 1931  | 6,706  | 236,800  |  | 1941  | 9,916  | 350,200  |  | 1951  | 6,368  | 224,900  |  | 1961  | 5,860  | 207,000  |  | 1971  | 5,272  | 186,200
1922  | 6,530  | 231,000  | 1932  | 6,181  | 218,300  | 1942  | 7,266  | 256,600  | 1952  | 5,850  | 207,000  | 1962  | 6,628  | 234,100  | 1972  | 6,160  | 218,000
1923  | 6,430  | 227,000  | 1933  | 6,344  | 224,000  | 1943  | 4,308  | 152,100  | 1953  | 6,117  | 216,000  | 1963  | 6,047  | 213,500  | 1973  | 5,766  | 203,600
1924  | 6,700  | 240,000  | 1934  | 5,644  | 199,300  | 1944  | 7,190  | 254,000  | 1954  | 6,168  | 217,800  | 1964  | 5,259  | 185,700  | 1974  | 7,258  | 256,300
1925  | 5,255  | 185,600  | 1935  | 5,718  | 201,900  | 1945  | 5,870  | 207,000  | 1955  | 8,834  | 312,000  | 1965  | 8,400  | 300,000  | 1975  | 7,190  | 254,000
1926  | 8,144  | 287,600  | 1936  | 6,392  | 225,700  | 1946  | 4,684  | 165,400  | 1956  | 7,100  | 250,000  | 1966  | 7,954  | 280,900  | 1976  | 6,567  | 231,900
1927  | 5,990  | 212,000  | 1937  | 8,325  | 294,000  | 1947  | 5,418  | 191,300  | 1957  | 6,254  | 220,900  | 1967  | 7,500  | 260,000  | 1977  | 7,073  | 249,800
1928  | 5,005  | 176,700  | 1938  | 6,867  | 242,500  | 1948  | 6,357  | 224,500  | 1958  | 6,340  | 224,000  | 1968  | 5,660  | 200,000  | 1978  | 7,120  | 251,000
1929  | 5,330  | 188,000  | 1939  | 6,310  | 223,000  | 1949  | 4,301  | 151,900  | 1959  | 5,375  | 189,800  | 1969  | 7,710  | 272,000  | 1979  | 7,747  | 273,600
1930  | 5,197  | 183,500  | 1940  | 9,533  | 336,700  | 1950  | 5,130  | 181,000  | 1960  | 6,514  | 230,000  | 1970  | 9,602  | 339,100  | 1980  | 8,767  | 309,600
5,888 (207,900) | 6,802 (240,200) | 6,044 (213,400) | 6,492 (229,300) | 7,062 (249,400) | 6,892 (243,400)
1981  | 8,172  | 288,600  | 1991  | 6,274  | 221,600  | 2001  | 6,304.3  | 222,630  | 2011  | 5,303  | 187,300  | 2021  | 6,018  | 212,500  |
1982  | 6,700  | 240,000  | 1992  | 5,710.8  | 201,670  | 2002  | 6,837.1  | 241,450  | 2012  | 5,053  | 178,400  | 2022  | 5,753  | 203,200
1983  | 5,543  | 195,700  | 1993  | 4,873  | 172,100  | 2003  | 5,021  | 177,300  | 2013  | 7,164  | 253,000  | 2023  | 6,623.8  | 233,920
1984  | 6,325  | 223,400  | 1994  | 6,031.8  | 213,010  | 2004  | 6,524  | 230,400  | 2014  | 7,446  | 263,000  | 2024  | 5,776.4  | 203,990
1985  | 6,449  | 227,700  | 1995  | 6,223.7  | 219,790  | 2005  | 8,711  | 307,600  | 2015  | 6,138  | 216,800  | 2025  |  |
1986  | 6,257  | 221,000  | 1996  | 7,035.8  | 248,470  | 2006  | 8,428  | 297,600  | 2016  | 6,465  | 228,300  | 2026  |  |
1987  | 6,619  | 233,700  | 1997  | 6,684.2  | 236,050  | 2007  | 5,626  | 198,700  | 2017  | 5,202  | 183,700  | 2027  |  |
1988  | 6,383  | 225,400  | 1998  | 6,804.6  | 240,300  | 2008  | 5,909  | 208,700  | 2018  | 6,487.8  | 229,110  | 2028  |  |
1989  | 5,448  | 192,400  | 1999  | 7,951.5  | 280,800  | 2009  | 6,492  | 229,300  | 2019  | 5,579  | 197,000  | 2029  |  |
1990  | 4,194  | 148,100  | 2000  | 6,580.6  | 232,390  | 2010  | 9,598  | 339,000  | 2020  | 4,893.5  | 172,810  | 2030  |  |
6,209 (219,300) | 6,417 (226,600) | 6,945 (245,300) | 5,973 (210,900) | 6,131.6 (216,540)
Multiannual average discharge 1742 to 2022: ~ 6,500 m3/s (230,000 cu ft/s)
Source:[31][32][33][34][28]

## Tributaries

[edit]

The Tisza is the longest tributary of the Danube

Main article: List of tributaries of the Danube

The land drained by the Danube extends into many other countries. Many Danubian tributaries are important rivers in their own right, navigable by barges and other shallow-draught boats. From its source to its outlet into the Black Sea, its main tributaries are (as they enter):

1. Iller (entering at Ulm)
2. Lech
3. Altmühl (entering at Kelheim)
4. Naab (entering at Regensburg)
5. Regen (entering at Regensburg)
6. Isar
7. Inn (entering at Passau)
8. Ilz (entering at Passau)
9. Enns
10. Morava (entering near Devín Castle)
11. Rába (entering at Győr)
12. Váh (entering at Komárno)
13. Hron (entering at Štúrovo)
14. Ipeľ
15. Sió
16. Drava (entering near Osijek)
17. Vuka (entering at Vukovar)
18.

18\. Tisza (entering near Titel)
19\. Sava (entering at Belgrade)
20\. Timiș (entering at Pančevo)
21\. Great Morava (entering near Smederevo)
22\. Mlava (entering near Kostolac)
23\. Karaš (entering near Banatska Palanka)
24\. Jiu (entering at Bechet)
25\. Iskar (entering near Gigen)
26\. Olt (entering at Turnu Măgurele)
27\. Osam (entering near Nikopol, Bulgaria)
28\. Yantra (entering near Svishtov)
29\. Argeș (entering at Oltenița)
30\. Ialomița
31\. Siret (entering near Galați)
32\. Prut (entering near Galați)

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* The Danube's source confluence in Donaueschingen: the Donauzusammenfluss, the confluence of Breg and Brigach.

* 0 km, Danube Delta, Ukraine

* Where the Danube meets the Black Sea (European Space Agency Sentinel-2 image)

* The Danube discharges into the Black Sea (the upper body of water in the image).

## Cities and towns

[edit]

3-color confluence of (from left to right) Inn, Danube, and Ilz in Passau

Main article: List of cities and towns on the river Danube

The Danube flows through many cities, including four national capitals (shown below in bold), more than any other river in the world. Ordered from source to mouth they are:

* Germany
* Donaueschingen in the State of Baden-Württemberg – rivers Brigach and Breg join to form the Danube
* Möhringen an der Donau in Baden-Württemberg
* Tuttlingen in Baden-Württemberg
* Sigmaringen in Baden-Württemberg
* Riedlingen in Baden-Württemberg
* Munderkingen in Baden-Württemberg
* Ehingen in Baden-Württemberg
* Erbach, Baden-Württemberg in Baden-Württemberg
* Ulm in Baden-Württemberg
* Neu-Ulm in Bavaria
* Günzburg in Bavaria
* Dillingen an der Donau in Bavaria
* Donauwörth in Bavaria
* Neuburg an der Donau in Bavaria
* Ingolstadt in Bavaria
* Kelheim in Bavaria
* Regensburg in Bavaria
* Straubing in Bavaria
* Deggendorf in Bavaria
* Passau in Bavaria

Danube in Linz, Austria

* Austria
* Linz, capital of Upper Austria
* Krems in Lower Austria
* Tulln in Lower Austria
* Vienna – capital of Austria and the most populous city on the Danube, where the Danube floodplain is called the Lobau, though the Innere Stadt is situated away from the main flow of the Danube (it is bounded by the Donaukanal – 'Danube canal').

The Danube in Bratislava, Slovakia

* Slovakia
* Bratislava – capital of Slovakia
* Komárno
* Štúrovo

Basilica of Esztergom, Hungary

* Hungary
* Mosonmagyaróvár
* Győr
* Komárom
* Esztergom
* Visegrád – This section of the river is also called Danube Bend.
* Vác
* Szentendre
* Göd
* Dunakeszi
* Budapest – capital of Hungary, the largest city and the largest agglomeration on Danube (about 3,300,000 people).
* Szigetszentmiklós
* Százhalombatta
* Ráckeve
* Adony
* Dunaújváros
* Dunaföldvár
* Paks
* Kalocsa
* Baja
* Mohács
* Croatia
* Vukovar
* Ilok

Petrovaradin Fortress overlooking the Danube and Novi Sad, regional capital of Vojvodina in Serbia Confluence of river Sava into the Danube beneath Fortress in Belgrade, capital of Serbia

* Serbia
* Apatin
* Bačka Palanka
* Čerević
* Futog
* Veternik
* Novi Sad – regional capital of Vojvodina
* Sremski Karlovci
* Zemun
* Belgrade – capital of Serbia
* Pančevo
* Smederevo
* Kovin
* Veliko Gradište
* Golubac
* Donji Milanovac
* Kladovo

Danube at Nikopol, Bulgaria in winter

* Bulgaria
* Vidin
* Lom
* Kozloduy
* Oryahovo
* Nikopol
* Belene
* Svishtov
* Ruse
* Tutrakan
* Silistra

The Danube in Sulina, Romania

* Romania
* Moldova Nouă
* Orșova
* Drobeta-Turnu Severin
* Calafat
* Bechet
* Dăbuleni
* Corabia
* Turnu Măgurele
* Zimnicea
* Giurgiu
* Oltenița
* Călărași
* Fetești
* Cernavodă
* Hârșova
* Brăila – limit of the maritime sector of the Danube
* Galați – largest port on the Danube
* Isaccea
* Tulcea
* Sulina
* Moldova
* Giurgiulești
* Ukraine
* Reni
* Izmail
* Kiliia
* Vylkove

Panorama of the Danube in Vienna

The Danube Bend is a curve of the Danube in Hungary, near the city of Visegrád. The Transdanubian Mountains lie on the right bank (left side of the picture), while the North Hungarian Mountains on the left bank (right side of the picture).

Panorama of the Danube in Budapest with the Hungarian Parliament (left)

Budapest at night

Panorama of the Danube in Novi Sad from Petrovaradin Fortress, Serbia

The confluence of the Sava into the Danube at Belgrade. Pictured from Belgrade Fortress, Serbia

Panoramic image of the rivers Danube and Sava from Kalemegdan, Belgrade Serbia

The Danube entering the Iron Gate at the Carpathian Mountains. Romania on the left side, Golubac Fortress and Serbia on the right side.

## Islands

[edit]

Further information: List of islands in the Danube

Aerial view of Margaret Island, Budapest, Hungary. There are 15 bridges over the Danube in Budapest. Great War Island in Belgrade, Serbia. It is located at the confluence of the Sava and Danube. Ada Kaleh island in today's Romania was forgotten during the peace talks at the Congress of Berlin in 1878. It was submerged during the construction of the Iron Gates hydroelectric plant in 1970.

* Ada Kaleh Island
* Ostrovul Mare, Gogoșu
* Balta Ialomiței
* Belene Island
* Csepel Island
* Čakljanac Island
* Donauinsel
* Forkontumac Island
* Great Brăila Island
* Great War Island
* Island of Mohács
* Koh Chang Island, Sremski Karlovci
* Kozloduy Island
* Margaret Island
* Ostrovo (Kostolac)
* Ostrovul Ciocănești
* Ostrovul Mare, Islaz
* Paradajz Island
* Ribarsko Оstrvo [sr], Novi Sad
* Island of Šarengrad
* Szigetköz
* Island of Szentendre
* Vardim Island
* Island of Vukovar
* Žitný ostrov

## Sectioning

[edit]

* Upper Section: From spring to Devín Gate, at the border of Austria and Slovakia. Danube remains a characteristic mountain river until Passau, with average bottom gradient 0.12% (1200 ppm), from Passau to Devín Gate the gradient lessens to 0.06% (600 ppm).
* Middle Section: From Devín Gate to Iron Gate, at the border of Serbia and Romania. The riverbed widens and the average bottom gradient becomes only 0.006% (60 ppm).
* Lower Section: From Iron Gate to Pătlăgeanca, with average gradient as little as 0.003% (30 ppm).
* Delta: From Pătlăgeanca to Sulina, where the Danube meets the Black Sea. The river splits into three main distributaries.[35]

## Modern navigation

[edit]

This section needs expansion with: how the "Iron Gate" relates to ship navigation?. You can help by adding to it. (November 2022)

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The Danube in Budapest Fisherman in the Danube Delta Barge being pushed on the Danube near Vienna

The Danube is navigable by ocean ships from the Black Sea to Brăila in Romania (the maritime river sector), and further on by river ships to Kelheim, Bavaria, Germany; smaller craft can navigate further upstream to Ulm, Württemberg, Germany. About 60 of its tributaries are also navigable.

Since the completion of the German Rhine–Main–Danube Canal in 1992, the river has been part of a trans-European waterway from Rotterdam on the North Sea to Sulina on the Black Sea, a distance of 3,500 km (2,200 mi). In 1994 the Danube was declared one of ten Pan-European transport corridors, routes in Central and Eastern Europe that required major investment over the following ten to fifteen years.[citation needed] The amount of goods transported on the Danube increased to about 100 million tons in 1987. In 1999, transport on the river was made difficult by the NATO bombing of three bridges in Serbia during the Kosovo War. Clearance of the resulting debris was completed in 2002, and a temporary pontoon bridge that hampered navigation was removed in 2005.[citation needed]

At the Iron Gate, the Danube flows through a gorge that forms part of the boundary between Serbia and Romania; it contains the Iron Gate I Hydroelectric Power Station dam, followed at about 60 km (37 mi) downstream (outside the gorge) by the Iron Gate II Hydroelectric Power Station. On 13 April 2006, a record peak discharge at Iron Gate Dam reached 15,400 m3/s (540,000 cu ft/s).

There are three artificial waterways built on the Danube: the Danube-Tisa-Danube Canal (DTD) in the Banat and Bačka regions (Vojvodina, northern province of Serbia); the 64 km (40 mi) Danube-Black Sea Canal, between Cernavodă and Constanța (Romania) finished in 1984, shortens the distance to the Black Sea by 400 km (250 mi); the Rhine–Main–Danube Canal is about 171 km (106 mi), finished in 1992, linking the North Sea to the Black Sea.[36] A Danube-Aegean canal has been proposed.[37]

Cruising on the Danube is a popular sightseeing activity, especially between Passau, Germany, to Budapest, Hungary.[38]

## Piracy

[edit]

In 2010–12, shipping companies, especially from Ukraine, claimed that their vessels suffered from "regular pirate attacks" on the Serbian and the Romanian stretches of the Danube.[39][40][41] However, the transgressions may not be considered acts of piracy, as defined according to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, but rather instances of "river robbery".[42]

On the other hand, media reports say the crews on transport ships often steal and sell their own cargo and then blame the plundering on "pirates", and the alleged attacks are not piracy but small-time contraband theft along the river.[43]

## Danube Delta

[edit]

Main article: Danube Delta

Russian-speaking Lipovans in the Danube Delta

The Danube Delta (Romanian: Delta Dunării pronounced [ˈdelta ˈdunərij]; Ukrainian: Дельта Дунаю, romanized: Del'ta Dunayu) is the largest river delta in the European Union. The greater part of the Danube Delta lies in Romania (Tulcea county), while its northern part, on the left bank of the Chilia arm, is situated in Ukraine (Odesa Oblast). The approximate surface is 4,152 km2 (1,603 sq mi), of which 3,446 km2 (1,331 sq mi) are in Romania. If one includes the lagoons of Razim-Sinoe (1,015 km2 (392 sq mi) of which 865 km2 (334 sq mi) water surface), which are located south of the delta proper, but are related to it geologically and ecologically (their combined territory is part of the World Heritage Site), the total area of the Danube Delta reaches 5,165 km2 (1,994 sq mi).

The Danube Delta is also the best-preserved river delta in Europe, a UNESCO World Heritage Site (since 1991) and a Ramsar Site. Its lakes and marshes support 45 freshwater fish species. Its wetlands support vast flocks of migratory birds of over 300 species, including the endangered pygmy cormorant (Phalacrocorax pygmaeus). These are threatened by rival canalization and drainage schemes such as the Bystroye Canal.[44]

## International cooperation

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### Ecology and environment

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Main article: International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River

Pelicans in the Danube Delta, Romania

The International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River (ICPDR) is an organization that consists of 14 member states (Germany, Austria, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, Hungary, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Bulgaria, Romania, Moldova, Montenegro, and Ukraine) and the European Union. The commission, established in 1998, deals with the whole Danube river basin, which includes tributaries and groundwater resources. Its goal is to implement the Danube River Protection Convention by promoting and coordinating sustainable and equitable water management, including conservation, improvement, and rational use of waters and the implementation of the EU Water Framework Directive and the Danube Strategy.

### Navigation

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Main article: Danube Commission

The Danube Commission is concerned with the maintenance and improvement of the river's navigation conditions. It was established in 1948 by seven countries bordering the river. Members include representatives from Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Germany, Hungary, Moldova, Slovakia, Romania, Russia, Ukraine, and Serbia; it meets regularly twice a year. It also convenes groups of experts to consider items provided for in the commission's working plans.

The commission dates to the Paris Conferences of 1856 and 1921, which established for the first time an international regime to safeguard free navigation on the Danube. Today the Commission include riparian and non-riparian states.

## Geology

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Iron Gates, Serbia-Romania border Iron Gate II Hydroelectric Power Station, Romania-Serbia

Although the headwaters of the Danube are relatively small today, geologically, the Danube is much older than the Rhine, with which its catchment area competes in today's southern Germany. This has a few interesting geological complications. Since the Rhine flows north towards the North Sea, a continental divide beginning at Piz Lunghin divides large parts of southern Germany, which is sometimes referred to as the European Watershed.

Before the last ice age in the Pleistocene, the Rhine started at the southwestern tip of the Black Forest, while the waters from the Alps that today feed the Rhine were carried east by the so-called Urdonau (original Danube). Parts of this ancient river's bed, which was much larger than today's Danube, can still be seen in (now waterless) canyons in today's landscape of the Swabian Alb. The erosion of the Upper Rhine valley led to stream capture; waters from the Alps changed their direction and began feeding the Rhine. Today's upper Danube is thus an underfit stream.

The Iron Gate, on the Serbian-Romanian border (Iron Gates natural park and Đerdap national park)

Since the Swabian Alb is largely shaped of porous limestone, and since the Rhine's level is much lower than the Danube's, today subsurface rivers carry much water from the Danube to the Rhine. On many days in the summer, when the Danube carries little water, it completely sinks into these underground channels at two locations in the Swabian Alb, which are referred to as the Donauversickerung (Danube Sink). Most of this water resurfaces only 12 km (7.5 mi) south at the Aachtopf, Germany's wellspring with the highest flow, an average of 8,500 L/s (300 cu ft/s), north of Lake Constance—thus feeding the Rhine. The European Water Divide applies only for those waters that pass beyond this point, which only occurs during the days of the year when the Danube carries enough water to survive the sinkholes in the Donauversickerung.

Since such large volumes of underground water erode much of the surrounding limestone, it is predicted that the Danube upper course will one day disappear entirely in favor of the Rhine, an event called stream capturing.

The hydrological parameters of Danube are regularly monitored in Croatia at Batina, Dalj, Vukovar and Ilok.[45]

## History

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Combat between Russian and Turkish forces on the Danube in 1854, during the Crimean War (1853–1856)

The Danube basin was the site of some of the earliest human cultures. The Danubian Neolithic cultures include the Linear Pottery cultures of the mid-Danube basin. Many sites of the sixth-to-third millennium BCE Vinča culture (Vinča, Serbia), are sited along the Danube. The third millennium BCE Vučedol culture (from the Vučedol site near Vukovar, Croatia) is famous for its ceramics.

Darius the Great, king of Persia, crossed the river in the late 6th century BCE to invade European Scythia and to subdue the Scythians.

Alexander the Great defeated the Triballian king Syrmus and the northern barbarian Thracian and Illyrian tribes by advancing from Macedonia as far as the Danube in 336 BCE.

Under the Romans, the Danube formed the border of the Empire with the tribes to the north almost from its source to its mouth. At the same time, it was a route for the transport of troops and the supply of settlements downstream. From 37 CE to the reign of the Emperor Valentinian I (364–375) the Danubian Limes was the northeastern border of the Empire, with occasional interruptions such as the fall of the Danubian Limes in 259. The crossing of the Danube into Dacia was achieved by the Imperium Romanum, first in two battles in 102 and then in 106 after the construction of a bridge in 101 near the garrison town of Drobeta at the Iron Gate. This victory over Dacia under Decebalus enabled the Province of Dacia to be created, but in 271 it was abandoned by emperor Aurelian.

Avars used the river as their southeastern border in the 6th century.

* An illustration of Trajan's Bridge, the first span of the Lower Danube (located between modern Serbia and Romania). Constructed by Apollodorus of Damascus between 103 and 105 CE, destroyed 270 AD.

* At Esztergom and Štúrovo, the Danube separates Hungary from Slovakia.

* The Danube in Vienna

* The Danube between Belene and Belene Island, Bulgaria

* View upstream from the Donauinsel in Vienna, Austria during an unusually cold winter (February 2006), as the river rarely freezes there.[citation needed]

* Bratislava does not usually suffer major floods, but the Danube sometimes overflows its right bank.

### Ancient cultural perspectives of the lower Danube

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Part of the rivers Danubius or Istros was also known as (together with the Black Sea) the Okeanos in ancient times, being called the Okeanos Potamos (Okeanos River). The lower Danube was also called the Keras Okeanoio (Gulf or Horn of Okeanos) in the Argonautica by Apollonius Rhodos (Argon. IV. 282).

At the end of the Okeanos Potamos, is the holy island of Alba (Leuke, Pytho Nisi, Isle of Snakes), sacred to the Pelasgian (and later, Greek) Apollo, greeting the sun rising in the east. Hecateus Abderitas refers to Apollo's island from the region of the Hyperboreans, in the Okeanos. It was on Leuke, in one version of his legend, that the hero Achilles was buried (to this day, one of the mouths of the Danube is called Chilia). Old Romanian folk songs recount a white monastery on a white island with nine priests.[46]

### Rivalry and trade along the Danube

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The Holy League took Ottoman-held Buda after a long siege in 1686.

Between the late 14th and late 19th centuries, the Ottoman Empire competed first with the Kingdom of Serbia, Second Bulgarian Empire, Kingdom of Hungary, Principality of Wallachia, Principality of Moldavia and later with the Habsburg monarchy, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and Russian Empire for controlling the Danube (طونه, Tuna in Turkish), which became the northern border of the Ottoman Empire for centuries. Many of the Ottoman–Hungarian Wars (1366–1526) and Ottoman–Habsburg wars (1526–1791) were fought along the river.

The most important wars of the Ottoman Empire along the Danube include the Battle of Nicopolis (1396), the Siege of Belgrade (1456), the Battle of Mohács (1526), the first Turkish Siege of Vienna (1529), the Siege of Esztergom (1543), the Long War (1591–1606), the Battle of Vienna (1683), the Great Turkish War (1683–1699), the Crimean War (1853–1856) and the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878).

In the 19th century the beaver was hunted to extinction along the Danube in Bavaria.[47] The Beluga sturgeon population also collapsed, Danube sturgeons had been commercially exploited for meat and caviar since the 5th century BC. River regulation schemes commenced in the 19th century and continued into the 20th century. The Danube river has a total of 18 major dams, including Melk and Freudenau in Vienna.[48]

### Second World War

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During the 2011 renovation of the Margaret Bridge, Budapest, human remains were discovered. The mostly Jewish remains were victims of the far-right Arrow Cross Party, who briefly governed Hungary from 1944.[49]

## Economics

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### Drinking water

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Along its course, the Danube is a source of drinking water for about 20 million people.[50][51] In Baden-Württemberg, Germany, almost 30 percent (as of 2004) of the water for the area between Stuttgart, Bad Mergentheim, Aalen and Alb-Donau (district) comes from purified water of the Danube. Other cities such as Ulm and Passau also use some water from the Danube.

In Austria and Hungary, most water is drawn from ground and spring sources, and only in rare cases is water from the Danube used. Most states also find it too difficult to clean the water because of extensive pollution; only parts of Romania where the water is cleaner still obtain drinking water from the Danube on a regular basis.[52]

### Navigation and transport

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Fishing from a Zille on the Danube in Lower Austria, 1982

In the 19th century, the Danube was an important waterway but was, as The Times of London put it, "annually swept by ice that will lift a large ship out of the water or cut her in two as if she were a carrot."[53]

Today, as "Corridor VII" of the European Union, the Danube is an important transport route. Since the opening of the Rhine–Main–Danube Canal, the river connects the Port of Rotterdam and the industrial centers of Western Europe with the Black Sea and, also, through the Danube – Black Sea Canal, with the Port of Constanța.

The waterway is designed for large-scale inland vessels (110 × 11.45 m) but it can carry much larger vessels on most of its course. The Danube has been partly canalized in Germany (5 locks) and Austria (10 locks). Proposals to build a number of new locks to improve navigation have not progressed, due in part to environmental concerns.

Downstream from the Freudenau locks in Vienna, canalization of the Danube was limited to the Gabčíkovo dam and locks near Bratislava and the two double Iron Gate locks in the border stretch of the Danube between Serbia and Romania. These locks have larger dimensions. Downstream of the Iron Gate, the river is free flowing all the way to the Black Sea, a distance of more than 860 kilometres (530 mi).

The Danube connects with the Rhine–Main–Danube Canal at Kelheim, with the Donaukanal in Vienna, and with the Danube–Black Sea Canal at Cernavodă.

Apart from a couple of secondary navigable branches, the only major navigable rivers linked to the Danube are the Drava, Sava and Tisa. In Serbia, a canal network also connects to the river; the network, known as the Danube–Tisa–Danube Canals, links sections downstream.

In the Austrian and German sections of the Danube, a type of flat-bottomed boat called a Zille was developed for use along the river. Zillen are still used today for fishing, ferrying, and other transport of goods and people in this area.

### Fishing

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The importance of fishing on the Danube, which was critical in the Middle Ages, has declined dramatically. Some fishermen are still active at certain points on the river, and the Danube Delta still has an important industry. However, some of the river's resources have been managed in an environmentally unsustainable manner in the past, leading to damage by pollution, alterations to the channel, and major infrastructure development, including large hydropower dams.[54]

The sturgeon stocks associated with the Danube river basin have, over the centuries, formed the basis of a large and significant commercial fishery, renowned throughout the world. The construction of the dams, besides overfishing and river pollution, has a significant role in sturgeon population decline because it creates a barrier for fish migratory species that usually spawn in the upper parts of the river.[55] The spawning areas of migratory fishes species has been dramatically reduced by the construction of hydropower and navigation systems at Iron Gates I (1974) and Iron Gates II (1984).[56] The initial design of these dams has not included any fish passage facility.[57] The possibility of building a human-made fish pass enabling migration for fish species including the sturgeon, is currently under review by projects such as We Pass.[58]

The Upper Danube ecoregion alone has about 60 fish species and the Lower Danube–Dniester ecoregion has about twice as many.[59] Among these are an exceptionally high diversity of sturgeon, a total of six species (beluga, Russian sturgeon, bastard sturgeon, sterlet, starry sturgeon and European sea sturgeon), but these are all threatened and have largely–or entirely in the case of the European sea sturgeon–disappeared from the river.[59] The huchen, one of the largest species of salmon, is endemic to the Danube basin, but has been introduced elsewhere by humans.[60]

### Tourism

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The ruins of Aggstein Castle above the Danube Wachau Valley near Spitz, Austria

Important tourist and natural spots along the Danube include the Wachau Valley, the Nationalpark Donau-Auen in Austria, Gemenc in Hungary, the Naturpark Obere Donau in Germany, Kopački rit in Croatia, Iron Gate in Serbia and Romania, the Danube Delta in Romania, and the Srebarna Nature Reserve in Bulgaria.

Also, leisure and travel cruises on the river are of significance. Besides the often frequented route between Vienna and Budapest, some ships even go from Passau in Germany to the Danube Delta and back. During the peak season, more than 70 cruise liners are in use on the river, while the traffic-free upper parts can only be discovered with canoes or boats.

The Danube region is not only culturally and historically of importance, but also important for the regional tourism industry due to its fascinating landmarks and sights. With its well established infrastructure regarding cycling, hiking, and travel possibilities, the region along the Danube attracts every year an international clientele. In Austria alone, there are more than 14 million overnight stays and about 6.5 million arrivals per year.[61]

The Danube Banks in Budapest are a part of Unesco World Heritage sites, they can be viewed from a number of sightseeing cruises offered in the city.

The Danube Bend is also a popular tourist destination.

#### Danube Bike Trail

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The Danube Bike Trail running along the Schlögener Schlinge, a water gap in the Bohemian Massif. The Danube Bike Trail leading through the city of Linz

The Danube Bike Trail (also called Danube Cycle Path or the Donauradweg) is a bicycle trail along the river. Especially the parts through Germany and Austria are very popular, which makes it one of the 10 most popular bike trails in Germany.[62]

The Danube Bike Trail starts at the origin of the Danube and ends where the river flows into the Black Sea. It is divided into four sections:

1. Donaueschingen–Passau (559 km or 347 mi)
2. Passau–Vienna (340 km or 210 mi)
3. Vienna–Budapest (306 km or 190 mi)
4. Budapest–Black Sea (1,670 km or 1,040 mi)

#### Sultans Trail

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The Sultans Trail is a hiking trail that runs along the river between Vienna and Smederevo in Serbia. From there the Sultans Trail leaves the Danube, terminating in Istanbul. Sections along the river are as follows.

1. Vienna–Budapest (323 km or 201 mi)
2. Budapest–Smederevo (595 km or 370 mi)

#### Donausteig

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Resting area along the Donausteig hiking trail near Bad Kreuzen

In 2010, the Donausteig, a hiking trail from Passau to Grein, was opened. It is 450 km (280 mi) long and it is divided into 23 stages. The route passes through five Bavarian and 40 Austrian communities. A landscape and viewpoints, which are along the river, are the highlights of the Donausteig.[63]

#### The Route of Emperors and Kings

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The Route of Emperors and Kings is an international touristic route leading from Regensburg to Budapest, calling in Passau, Linz and Vienna.[64] The international consortium ARGE Die Donau-Straße der Kaiser und Könige, comprising ten tourism organisations, shipping companies, and cities, strives for the conservation and touristic development of the Danube region.[61]

In medieval Regensburg, with its maintained old town, stone bridge and cathedral, the Route of Emperors and Kings begins. It continues to Engelhartszell, with the only Trappist monastery in Austria. Further highlight-stops along the Danube, include the "Schlögener Schlinge", the city of Linz, which was European Capital of Culture in 2009 with its contemporary art richness, the Melk Abbey, the university city of Krems and the cosmopolitan city of Vienna. Before the Route of Emperors and Kings ends, you pass Bratislava and Budapest, the latter of which was seen as the twin town of Vienna during the times of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Since ancient Roman times, famous emperors and their retinue traveled on and along the Danube and used the river for travel and transportation. While traveling on the mainland was quite exhausting, most people preferred to travel by ship on the Danube. So the Route of Emperors and Kings was the setting for many important historical events, which characterize the Danube up until today.

The route got its name from the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I of Barbarossa and the crusaders as well as from Richard I of England who had been jailed in the Dürnstein Castle, which is situated above the Danube. The most imperial journeys throughout time were those of the Habsburg family. Once crowned in Frankfurt, the emperors ruled from Vienna and also held in Regensburg the Perpetual Diet of Regensburg. Many famous castles, palaces, residences, and state-run convents were built by the Habsburger along the river. Nowadays they still remind us of the bold architecture of the "Donaubarock".

Today, people can not only travel by boat on the Danube but also by train, by bike on the Danube Bike Trail or walk on the "Donausteig" and visit the UNESCO World Heritage cities of Regensburg, Wachau and Vienna.[65]

## Important national parks

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* Naturpark Obere Donau (Germany)
* Donauauen zwischen Neuburg und Ingolstadt (Germany) – map
* Nature protection area Donauleiten (Germany)
* Nationalpark Donau Auen (Austria) – map
* Chránená krajinná oblasť Dunajské luhy (Slovakia) – map
* Danube-Ipoly National Park (Hungary) – map
* Danube-Drava National Park (Hungary) – map
* Naturalpark Kopački Rit (Croatia) – map
* Gornje Podunavlje Nature Reserve (Serbia) – map
* Fruška Gora National Park (Serbia)
* Koviljsko-petrovaradinski rit Nature Reserve (Serbia)
* Great War Island Nature Reserve (Serbia)
* Đerdap National park (Serbia)
* Iron Gates Natural Park (Romania)
* Persina Nature Park (Bulgaria) – map
* Kalimok-Brushlen Protected Site (Bulgaria) – map
* Srebarna Nature Reserve (Bulgaria) – map
* Măcin Mountains Natural Park (Romania)
* Balta Mică a Brăilei Natural Park (Romania)
* Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve (Romania) – map
* Danube Biosphere Reserve in Ukraine

* Gornje Podunavlje Special Nature Reserve in Serbia

* Golubac Fortress in Đerdap National park, Serbia

## In folklore and literature

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16th-century Danube landscape near Regensburg, by Albrecht Altdorfer – a member of the Danube school

* The Danube is mentioned in the title of a famous waltz by Austrian composer Johann Strauss, The Blue Danube Waltz (On the Beautiful Blue Danube). This piece is well known across the world and is also used widely as a lullaby. The Waves of the Danube (Romanian: Valurile Dunării) is a waltz by the Romanian composer Iosif Ivanovici (1845–1902); as the Anniversary Song, it has been performed by many vocalists, such as Al Jolson, Rosemary Clooney, Vera Lynn, Tom Jones, and countless others. It is most commonly known as the Anniversary Waltz, though that is actually a different song and melody. Joe Zawinul wrote a symphony about the Danube called Stories of the Danube. It was performed for the first time at the 1993 Bruckner festival, at Linz.
* The Danube figures prominently in the Bulgarian National Anthem, as a symbolic representation of the country's natural beauty. In Lithuanian folklore songs, the appearance of Danube (Dunojus, Dunojėlis) is more common than the appearance of the longest Lithuanian river Neman.
* The German and Austrian tradition of landscape painting, the Danube school, developed in the 16th century Danube valley by artists who worked autonomously.[66]
* One of Claudio Magris's masterpieces is called Danube (ISBN 1-86046-823-3). The book, published in 1986, is a large cultural-historical essay, in which Magris travels the Danube from the first sources to the delta, tracing the European ethnic and cultural heritage, literary and ideological history.
* The Great Danube Adventure was published in 1838 as epic travel diary.
* Jules Verne's The Danube Pilot (1908) (Le Pilote du Danube) depicts the adventures of fisherman Serge Ladko as he travels down the river.
* Algernon Blackwood's short story "The Willows" mostly takes place on the river.

## The Danube in popular culture

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* In the Star Trek universe, the Danube-class runabout is a type of starship used by the Federation Starfleet, featured prominently in the Deep Space Nine series.
* Miklós Jancsó's film the Blue Danube Waltz (1992)

## See also

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Portals:

* Germany
* Austria
* Slovakia
* Hungary
* Croatia
* Serbia
* Bulgaria
* Romania
* Moldova
* Ukraine

* 2006 European floods
* Black Sea drainage basin
* Between the Woods and the Water, a travel book telling of a Danubian journey in 1934
* Danube Monarchy
* Danubian Principalities
* Executive Agency for Exploration and Maintenance of the Danube River
* The Ister, 2004 film
* List of cities and towns on the river Danube
* List of crossings of the Danube

## Further reading

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* Lóczy, Dénes. The Danube: Morphology, Evolution, and Environmental Issues. In Avijit Gupta, ed., Large Rivers: Geomorphology and Management. 2nd Ed. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley-Blackwell, 2022, pp. 335–367. ISBN 9781119412601
* Sommerwerk, Nike, Jurg Bloesch, Christian Baumgartner, Thomas Bittl, Dubravka Cerba, Bela Csanyi, Grigore Davideanu, Martin Dokulil, Georg Frank, Iulia Grecu, Thomas Hein, Vladimir Kovac, Ilulian Nichersu, Tibor Mikuska, Karin Pall, Momir Paunovic, Carmen Postolache, Maja Rakovic, Cristina Sandu, Martin Schneider-Jacoby, Katharina Stefke, Klement Tockner, Ion Toderas, and Laurentia Ungureanu. The Danube River Basin. In Klement Tockner, Christiane Zarfl, and Christopher T. Robinson (eds.), Rivers of Europe, 2nd Ed. Cambridge, MA: Elsevier, 2022, pp. 83–181. ISBN 978-0-08-102612-0

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[edit]

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34. ^ "IPCC". Archived from the original on 21 December 2023.
35. ^ Strat, Daniela; Gheorghe, Iuliana (17 April 2023). "Conservation Status and Effectiveness of the National and International Policies for the Protection and Conservation of Sturgeons in the Danube River and Black Sea Basin". Diversity. 15 (4): 568. Bibcode:2023Diver..15..568S. doi:10.3390/d15040568. ISSN 1424-2818.
36. ^ "Danube navigation at a glance". INeS Danube. Archived from the original on 26 February 2021.
37. ^ Tzimas, Stavros (28 August 2017). "Chinese interests could make plan to link Danube and Aegean a reality". eKathimerini.com. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
38. ^ Sarna, Heidi (15 August 2019). "10 Best River Cruises". Frommer's. Archived from the original on 21 September 2023.
39. ^ Piškor, Mate (12 October 2011). "Riječni gusari u Srbiji pljačkaju hrvatske brodove". Jutarnji list (in Croatian). Archived from the original on 1 March 2020.
40. ^ "Ukrainian Danube Shipping Company Says Its Ships Are Being Attacked Frequently in Romanian Part Of River Danube". Ukrainian News. 13 January 2012. Archived from the original on 14 January 2012. Retrieved 11 June 2012.
41. ^ Гордієва, Олена (20 January 2012). "Українські кораблі все частіше стають жертвами румунських піратів" [Romanian Pirates Attack Ukrainian Ships More Frequently]. Gazeta.ua (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 5 April 2023.
42. ^ Ingo_Eigen (27 February 2012). "Pirates on the lower Danube". rivercruiseinfo. Archived from the original on 14 December 2013.
43. ^ Tomiuc, Eugen (5 February 2012). "Reports Of 'Pirates Of The Danube' Get The Old Heave-Ho". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Archived from the original on 9 September 2023.
44. ^ Staras, Mircea (2005). Documentation on the likely significant transboundary impact of the Ukrainian deep-water navigation canal Danube-black sea in the context of Espoo Convention, 1991 (PDF). Tulcea, Romania: Danube Delta National Institute (published February 2005). Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 20 September 2020.
45. ^ "Daily hydrological report". State Hydrometeorological Bureau of the Republic of Croatia. Archived from the original on 30 May 2010. Retrieved 9 September 2010.
46. ^ Dacia Preistorica Archived 7 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Nicolae Densusianu (1913).
47. ^ Isabella Tree (17 September 2015). "Dam it!". The Economist.
48. ^ Klement Tockner; Urs Uehlinger; Christopher T. Robinson, eds. (2009). Rivers of Europe. Academic Press. ISBN 9780080919089.
49. ^ "Hungary buries remains of Holocaust victims executed by Nazis on banks of the Danube River". National Post. The Associated Press. 15 April 2016. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
50. ^ "About Us". International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
51. ^ "Blue River". wwf.panda.org. Archived from the original on 12 April 2021. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
52. ^ "The Danube". International Association of Water Supply Companies in the Danube River Catchment Area. Archived from the original on 19 May 2012. Retrieved 28 July 2012.
53. ^ "The Times & The Sunday Times". The Times.
54. ^ Holcik, Juraj (1989). The freshwater fishes of Europe Vol.I Part II General introduction to fishes. Wiesbaden: Aula Verlag.
55. ^ Hensel, K; Holcik, J (1997). Past and current status of sturgeons in the upper and middle Danube River.
56. ^ Corda (1988). "Iron gates II design and performance of dams- geotechnical considerations" (PDF). International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering.
57. ^ Suciu Radu, Guti Gabor (2012). Have sturgeons a future in the Danube River? (PDF). 39th IAD Conference: Living Danube. Szentendre, Hungary.
58. ^ We Pass – Facilitating Fish Migration and Conservation at the Iron Gates. ICPDR. 11 November 2019. Archived from the original on 15 December 2021.
59. ^ a b Hales, J. (2013). Upper Danube. Freshwater Ecoregions of the World. Retrieved 25 February 2013.
60. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Hucho hucho". FishBase. February 2013 version.
61. ^ a b "Press release of the "ARGE Donau Österreich"" (PDF) (in German). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 March 2014. Retrieved 1 April 2014.
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66. ^ "Danube School". Oxford Reference. Retrieved 7 June 2025.

### Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Flow sequence from the source confluence in Germany to final discharge into the Black Sea via the Danube Delta in Romania and Ukraine.
See also Contents > Geography.
2. ^ Note that the port city of Vidin in Bulgaria is downstream from the town of Moldova Nouă in Romania.

### Sources

[edit]

* James, Alan G. (2020). "The Brittonic Language in the Old North, A Guide to the Place-Name Evidence, Volume 2" (PDF). Scottish Place-Name Society. Retrieved 3 March 2024.

* MacKillop, James (2004). Oxford Dictionary of Celtic Mythology. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0198609674.

* Noble, Gordon; Evans, Nicholas (2022). The Picts: Scourge of Rome, Rulers of the North. Birlinn. ISBN 978-1780277783.

* Roberts, Alice (2015). The Celts: Search for a Civilisation. Heron Books. ISBN 978-1784293321.

## External links

[edit]

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Danube.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Danube.

Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Danube".

* Geographic data related to Danube at OpenStreetMap
* Danube watershed map and information from the World Resources Institute
* Danube Panorama Project Archived 23 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
* сайт о Дунае (in Russian)
* Danube and the sport of rowing[permanent dead link]
* Danube image pool on Flickr
* Danube Tourist Commission Archived 6 February 2022 at the Wayback Machine (in German)
* International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River
* Bridges of Budapest over the river Danube[usurped]
* Description of the Danube estuary in June 1877, The Times of London[dead link]
* Old maps of the Danube, Eran Laor Cartographic Collection, The National Library of Israel

* v
* t
* e

The Danube

Countries|

* Germany
* Austria
* Slovakia
* Hungary
* Croatia
* Serbia
* Bulgaria
* Romania
* Moldova
* Ukraine

Cities|

* Ulm
* Ingolstadt
* Regensburg
* Passau
* Linz
* Vienna
* Bratislava
* Győr
* Budapest
* Vukovar
* Novi Sad
* Belgrade
* Smederevo
* Vidin
* Ruse
* Silistra
* Brăila
* Galați
* Reni
* Izmail
* Kiliia
* Tulcea

Tributaries|

* Iller
* Lech
* Regen
* Isar
* Inn
* Morava
* Váh
* Hron
* Ipeľ/Ipoly
* Drava
* Tisza/Tisa
* Sava
* Timiș/Tamiš
* Great Morava
* Timok
* Jiu
* Iskar
* Vit
* Olt
* Osam
* Yantra
* Vedea
* Argeș
* Ialomița
* Siret
* Prut

Canals|

* Rhine–Main–Danube Canal
* Danube–Black Sea Canal

See also|

* Breg
* Brigach
* Source
* Danube Bend
* Danube Delta
* List of islands in the Danube
* List of crossings of the Danube
* Internationalization

* v
* t
* e

Hydrography of Slovakia

Rivers|

| Black Sea basin|

| Danube basin|

* Danube
* Hron
* Sikenica [sk]
* Slatina
* Ipeľ
* Štiavnica
* Morava
* Malina [sk]
* Myjava
* Rudava
* Váh
* Bebrava
* Belá
* Blava
* Čierna voda
* Dudváh
* Krupinica [sk]
* Kysuca
* Little Danube
* Nitra
* Nitrica [sk]
* Orava
* Rajčanka
* Turiec
* Žitava

|

Tisa basin|

* Tisa
* Bodrog
* Cirocha
* Laborec
* Latorica
* Muráň [sk]
* Ondava
* Topľa
* Uzh
* Slaná
* Blh [sk]
* Bodva
* Ida
* Hnilec
* Hornád
* Oľšava [sk]
* Rimava
* Svinka [sk]
* Torysa
* Turiec

Baltic Sea basin|

| Vistula basin|

* Dunajec
* Poprad

|

Lakes|

| Tarns in Tatra Mountains|

* Veľké Hincovo pleso
* Štrbské Pleso
* Popradské pleso

|

Other natural lakes|

* Morské oko
* Izra

Reservoirs|

| Váh basin|

* Bešeňová [sk]
* Čierny Váh [sk]
* Hričov [sk]
* Kráľová [sk]
* Krpeľany [sk]
* Liptovská Mara
* Nosice [sk]
* Nová Bystrica [sk]
* Orava
* Sĺňava [sk]
* Žilina [sk]

|

Other|

* Gabčíkovo Dam
* Ružín [sk]
* Starina
* Veľká Domaša
* Zemplínska Šírava

River islands|

* Žitný ostrov

* v
* t
* e

Rivers of Germany by drainage basin or main stem

Baltic Sea|

* Oder
* Lusatian Neisse
* Peenestrom
* Peene
* Recknitz
* Schwentine
* Alte Schwentine
* Trave
* Stepenitz
* Uecker
* Warnow
* Nebel

Black Sea|

* Danube
* Abens
* Altmühl
* Brenz
* Friedberger Ach
* Große Laber
* Günz
* Iller
* Ilz
* Inn
* Isar
* Lauchert
* Lech
* Mindel
* Naab
* Paar
* Regen
* Riß
* Rot
* Schwarze Laber
* Vils
* Wörnitz
* Zusam

North Sea|

* Elbe
* Aland
* Alster
* Bille
* Black Elster
* Eger
* Havel
* Ilmenau
* Jeetzel
* Löcknitz
* Mulde
* Ohre
* Oste
* Saale
* Stör
* Stepenitz
* Weißeritz
* Wesenitz
* Eider
* Treene
* Ems
* Hase
* Rhine
* Acher
* Ahr
* Elz
* Emscher
* Erft
* Kinzig
* Lahn
* Lauter
* Lippe
* Main
* Moselle
* Murg
* Nahe
* Neckar
* Pfinz
* Queich
* Rench
* Ruhr
* Sauer
* Selz
* Sieg
* Wied
* Wiese
* Wupper
* Wutach
* Weser
* Aller
* Diemel
* Fulda
* Hunte
* Lesum
* Werra
* Werre

Maas|

* Niers
* Rur
* Inde
* Merzbach
* Wurm

* Germany portal
* Category

* v
* t
* e

Rivers of Ukraine by tributary or drainage basin

Black Sea|

* Alma
* Chorna
* Danube
* Dnieper
* Tylihul
* Uchan-su
* Velykyi Kuialnyk

Bug|

* Poltva
* Solokiia

Danube|

* Prut
* Tisza

Dnieper (Rapids)|

* Bazavluk
* Desna
* Oster
* Seym
* Snov
* Sudost
* Inhulets
* Vysun
* Irpin
* Khorol
* Oril
* Pripyat
* Psel
* Ros
* Samara
* Vovcha
* Sula
* Udai
* Umanka
* Teteriv
* Tiasmyn
* Vorskla

Dniester|

* Barysh
* Bystrytsia Tysmenytska
* Seret
* Tysmenytsia
* Dzhuryn
* Hnyla Lypa
* Hnizna
* Hnizdechna
* Koropets
* Murafa
* Nichlava
* Nichlavka
* Samets
* Stavky
* Seret
* Bila
* Smotrych
* Strwiąż
* Stryi
* Opir
* Zbruch
* Zolota Lypa
* Zubra

Don|

* Derkul
* Polnaya
* Komyshna
* Siverskyi Donets
* Aidar
* Kharkiv
* Kazennyi Torets
* Krasna
* Kundryuchya
* Lopan
* Luhan
* Udy
* Vovcha
* Oskil

Pripyat|

* Horyn
* Sluch
* Stokhid
* Stsviha
* Styr
* Ikva
* Turiia
* Ubort
* Uzh

San|

* Lubaczówka
* Wiar

Sea of Azov|

* Kalmius
* Mius
* Krynka
* Molochna

Southern Bug|

* Chychyklia
* Inhul
* Syniukha
* Hnylyi Tikych
* Velyka Vys

Syvash|

* Salhyr (Zuya)

* v
* t
* e

Hydrography of Croatia

Rivers|

| Black Sea Basin|

* Bednja
* Biđ
* Bijela
* Bjelovacka
* Bosut
* Česma
* Črnec
* Črnec
* Danube
* Dobra
* Drava
* Glina
* Glogovnica
* Ilova
* Karašica
* Karašica
* Korana
* Krapina
* Krka
* Kupa
* Kupčina
* Lika
* Londža
* Lonja
* Mrežnica
* Mura
* Odra
* Orljava
* Pakra
* Plitvica
* Račačka
* Sava
* Slunjčica
* Spačva
* Studva
* Sunja
* Sutla
* Toplica
* Trnava
* Una
* Veliki Strug
* Vuka
* Zelina

|

Adriatic Basin|

* Bijela
* Boljunčica
* Cetina
* Čikola
* Dragonja
* Gacka
* Jadro
* Krka
* Mirna
* Neretva
* Ombla
* Raša
* Rječina
* Zrmanja

Lakes|

* Baćina
* Dubrava
* Krušćica
* Lokve
* Ormož
* Peruća
* Plitvice
* Prokljan
* Trakošćan
* Varaždin
* Vrana (Cres)
* Vrana (Dalmatia)

Valleys, estuaries,
canyons, wetlands|

* Kopački Rit
* Lim
* Lonjsko Polje
* Neretva Delta
* Paklenica
* Spačva basin

Waterfalls|

* Galovački buk
* Skradinski buk
* Roški slap
* Štrbački buk
* Large waterfall (Plitvice)

Canals|

* Bobota Canal
* Danube-Sava Canal (proposed)
* Sava-Odra-Sava Canal

Adriatic Sea|

* Kvarner Gulf
* Bay of Bakar
* Bay of Mali Ston
* Novsko Ždrilo
* Split Channel
* Split Gates
* Gulf of Piran
* Brač Channel
* Hvar Channel
* Velebit Channel
* Vinodol Channel
* St. Anthony Channel
* Zavratnica

Authority control databases

International|

* VIAF

National|

* Germany
* United States
* Japan
* Czech Republic
* Spain
* Greece
* Sweden
* Israel

Geographic|

* Pleiades

Other|

* Historical Dictionary of Switzerland
* NARA
* Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine
* İslâm Ansiklopedisi
* Yale LUX

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