Data storage

Recording of information in a storage medium

This article is about all forms of data storage. For data storage on computers in particular, see computer data storage.

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Edison cylinder phonograph c. 1899. The phonograph cylinder is a storage medium. The phonograph may be considered a storage device especially as machines of this vintage were able to record on blank cylinders. On a reel-to-reel tape recorder (Sony TC-630), the recorder is data storage equipment and the magnetic tape is a data storage medium. Various electronic storage devices DNA and RNA can be considered as biological storage media.[1] Computer memory and computer data storage types

General

* Memory cell
* Memory coherence
* Cache coherence
* Memory hierarchy
* Memory access pattern
* Memory map
* Secondary storage
* MOS memory
* floating-gate
* Continuous availability
* Areal density (computer storage)
* Block (data storage)
* Object storage
* Direct-attached storage
* Network-attached storage
* Storage area network
* Block-level storage
* Single-instance storage
* Data
* Structured data
* Unstructured data
* Big data
* Metadata
* Data compression
* Data corruption
* Data cleansing
* Data degradation
* Data integrity
* Data security
* Data validation
* Data validation and reconciliation
* Data recovery
* Storage
* Data cluster
* Directory
* Shared resource
* File sharing
* File system
* Clustered file system
* Distributed file system
* Distributed file system for cloud
* Distributed data store
* Distributed database
* Database
* Data bank
* Data storage
* Data store
* Data deduplication
* Data structure
* Data redundancy
* Replication (computing)
* Memory refresh
* Storage record
* Information repository
* Knowledge base
* Computer file
* Object file
* File deletion
* File copying
* Backup
* Core dump
* Hex dump
* Data communication
* Information transfer
* Temporary file
* Copy protection
* Digital rights management
* Volume (computing)
* Boot sector
* Master boot record
* Volume boot record
* Disk array
* Disk image
* Disk mirroring
* Disk aggregation
* Disk partitioning
* Memory segmentation
* Locality of reference
* Logical disk
* Storage virtualization
* Virtual memory
* Memory-mapped file
* Software entropy
* Software rot
* In-memory database
* In-memory processing
* Persistence (computer science)
* Persistent data structure
* RAID
* Non-RAID drive architectures
* Memory paging
* Bank switching
* Grid computing
* Cloud computing
* Cloud storage
* Fog computing
* Edge computing
* Dew computing
* Amdahl's law
* Moore's law
* Kryder's law

Volatile

RAM

* Hardware cache
* CPU cache
* Scratchpad memory
* DRAM
* eDRAM
* SDRAM
* SGRAM
* LPDDR
* QDRSRAM
* EDO DRAM
* XDR DRAM
* RDRAM
* DDR
* GDDR
* HBM
* SRAM
* 1T-SRAM
* ReRAM
* QRAM
* Content-addressable memory (CAM)
* Computational RAM
* VRAM
* Dual-ported RAM
* Video RAM (dual-ported DRAM)

Historical

* Williams–Kilburn tube (1946–1947)
* Delay-line memory (1947)
* Mellon optical memory (1951)
* Selectron tube (1952)
* Dekatron
* T-RAM (2009)
* Z-RAM (2002–2010)

Non-volatile

ROM

* Diode matrix
* MROM
* PROM
* EPROM
* EEPROM
* ROM cartridge
* Solid-state storage (SSS)
* Flash memory is used in:
* Solid-state drive (SSD)
* Solid-state hybrid drive (SSHD)
* USB flash drive
* IBM FlashSystem
* Flash Core Module
* Memory card
* Memory Stick
* CompactFlash
* PC Card
* MultiMediaCard
* SD card
* SIM card
* SmartMedia
* Universal Flash Storage
* SxS
* MicroP2
* XQD card
* Programmable metallization cell

NVRAM

* Memistor
* Memristor
* PCM (3D XPoint)
* MRAM
* Electrochemical RAM (ECRAM)
* Nano-RAM
* CBRAM

Early-stage NVRAM

* FeRAM
* ReRAM
* FeFET memory

Analog recording

* Phonograph cylinder
* Phonograph record
* Quadruplex videotape
* Vision Electronic Recording Apparatus
* Magnetic recording
* Magnetic storage
* Magnetic tape
* Magnetic-tape data storage
* Tape drive
* Tape library
* Digital Data Storage (DDS)
* Videotape
* Videocassette
* Cassette tape
* Linear Tape-Open
* Betamax
* 8 mm video format
* DV
* MiniDV
* MicroMV
* U-matic
* VHS
* S-VHS
* VHS-C
* D-VHS
* Hard disk drive

Optical

* 3D optical data storage
* Optical disc
* LaserDisc
* Compact Disc Digital Audio (CDDA)
* CD
* CD Video
* CD-R
* CD-RW
* Video CD
* Super Video CD
* Mini CD
* Nintendo optical discs
* CD-ROM
* Hyper CD-ROM
* DVD
* DVD+R
* DVD-Video
* DVD card
* DVD-RAM
* MiniDVD
* HD DVD
* Blu-ray
* Ultra HD Blu-ray
* Holographic Versatile Disc
* WORM

In development

* CBRAM
* Racetrack memory
* NRAM
* Millipede memory
* ECRAM
* Patterned media
* Holographic data storage
* Electronic quantum holography
* 5D optical data storage
* DNA digital data storage
* Universal memory
* Time crystal
* Quantum memory
* UltraRAM

Historical

* Paper data storage (1725)
* Punched card (1725)
* Punched tape (1725)
* Plugboard
* Drum memory (1932)
* Magnetic-core memory (1949)
* Plated-wire memory (1957)
* Core rope memory (1960s)
* Thin-film memory (1962)
* Disk pack (1962)
* Twistor memory (~1968)
* Bubble memory (~1970)
* Floppy disk (1971)

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Data storage is the recording (storing) of information (data) in a storage medium. Handwriting, phonographic recording, magnetic tape, and optical discs are all examples of storage media. Biological molecules such as RNA and DNA are considered by some as data storage.[1][2] Recording may be accomplished with virtually any form of energy. Electronic data storage requires electrical power to store and retrieve data.

Data storage in a digital, machine-readable medium is sometimes called digital data. Computer data storage is one of the core functions of a general-purpose computer. Electronic documents can be stored in much less space than paper documents.[3] Barcodes and magnetic ink character recognition (MICR) are two ways of recording machine-readable data on paper.

## Recording media

[edit]

A recording medium is a physical material that holds information. Newly created information is distributed and can be stored in four storage media–print, film, magnetic, and optical–and seen or heard in four information flows–telephone, radio and TV, and the Internet[4] as well as being observed directly. Digital information is stored on electronic media in many different recording formats.

With electronic media, the data and the recording media are sometimes referred to as "software" despite the more common use of the word to describe computer software. With (traditional art) static media, art materials such as crayons may be considered both equipment and medium as the wax, charcoal or chalk material from the equipment becomes part of the surface of the medium.

Some recording media may be temporary either by design or by nature. Volatile organic compounds may be used to preserve the environment or to purposely make data expire over time. Data such as smoke signals or skywriting are temporary by nature. Depending on the volatility, a gas (e.g. atmosphere, smoke) or a liquid surface such as a lake would be considered a temporary recording medium if at all.

## Global capacity, digitization, and trends

[edit]

A 2003 UC Berkeley report estimated that about five exabytes of new information were produced in 2002 and that 92% of this data was stored on hard disk drives. This was about twice the data produced in 2000. [5] The amount of data transmitted over telecommunications systems in 2002 was nearly 18 exabytes—three and a half times more than was recorded on non-volatile storage. Telephone calls constituted 98% of the telecommunicated information in 2002. The researchers' highest estimate for the growth rate of newly stored information (uncompressed) was more than 30% per year.

In a more limited study, the International Data Corporation estimated that the total amount of digital data in 2007 was 281 exabytes, and that the total amount of digital data produced exceeded the global storage capacity for the first time.[6]

A 2011 Science Magazine article estimated that the year 2002 was the beginning of the digital age for information storage: an age in which more information is stored on digital storage devices than on analog storage devices.[7] In 1986, approximately 1% of the world's capacity to store information was in digital format; this grew to 3% by 1993, to 25% by 2000, and to 97% by 2007. These figures correspond to less than three compressed exabytes in 1986, and 295 compressed exabytes in 2007.[7] The quantity of digital storage doubled roughly every three years.[8]

It is estimated that around 120 zettabytes of data will be generated in 2023[update], an increase of 60x from 2010, and that it will increase to 181 zettabytes generated in 2025.[9]

## See also

[edit]

* Archival science
* Blank media tax
* Computer data storage
* Computer memory
* Content format
* Data retention
* Data transmission
* Digital dark age
* Digital preservation
* Digital Revolution
* Disaggregated storage
* Distributed block storage
* Disk drive performance characteristics
* Disk storage
* Electronic quantum holography
* External storage
* Format war
* Flip-flop (electronics)
* Fuzzy bit
* Information Age
* IOPS
* Library
* Magnetic tape
* Media (communication)
* Media controls
* Medium format (film)
* Memristor
* Nanodot
* Nonlinear medium (random access)
* Plant-based digital data storage
* Recording format
* Semiconductor memory
* Software-defined storage
* Volatile memory
* Visual arts

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b Gilbert, Walter (Feb 1986). "The RNA World". Nature. 319 (6055): 618. Bibcode:1986Natur.319..618G. doi:10.1038/319618a0. S2CID 8026658.
2. ^ Hubert, Bert (9 January 2021). "DNA seen through the eyes of a coder". Retrieved 12 September 2022.
3. ^ Rotenstreich, Shmuel. "The Difference between Electronic and Paper Documents" (PDF). George Washington University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 12 April 2016.
4. ^ Lyman, Peter; Varian, Hal R. (October 23, 2003). "HOW MUCH INFORMATION 2003?" (PDF). UC Berkeley, School of Information Management and Systems. Archived from the original on December 8, 2017. Retrieved November 25, 2017.
5. ^ Maclay, Kathleen (28 October 2003). "Amount of new information doubled in last three years, UC Berkeley study finds". University of California, Berkeley. Retrieved 2022-09-07.
6. ^ Theirer, Adam (14 March 2008). "IDC's "Diverse & Exploding Digital Universe" report". Retrieved 2008-03-14.
7. ^ a b Hilbert, Martin; López, Priscila (2011). "The World's Technological Capacity to Store, Communicate, and Compute Information". Science. 332 (6025): 60–65. Bibcode:2011Sci...332...60H. doi:10.1126/science.1200970. PMID 21310967. S2CID 206531385.
8. ^ Hilbert, Martin (15 June 2011). "Video animation on The World's Technological Capacity to Store, Communicate, and Compute Information from 1986 to 2010". Archived from the original on 2012-01-18.
9. ^ Duarte, Fabio (April 3, 2023). "Amount of Data Created Daily (2023)". Retrieved August 28, 2023.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Bennett, John C. (1997). "'JISC/NPO Studies on the Preservation of Electronic Materials: A Framework of Data Types and Formats, and Issues Affecting the Long Term Preservation of Digital Material". British Library Research and Innovation Report 50.
* History of Computer Data Storage
* History of Storage from Cave Paintings to Electrons
* The Evolution of Data Storage

* v
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Data

* Acquisition
* Augmentation
* Analysis
* Archaeology
* Big
* Cleansing
* Collection
* Compression
* Corruption
* Curation
* Degradation
* Editing
* ETL/ELT
* Extract
* Transform
* Load
* Farming
* Format management
* Fusion
* Integration
* Integrity
* Library
* Lineage
* Loss
* Management
* Migration
* Mining
* Philanthropy
* Pre-processing
* Preservation
* Processing
* Protection (privacy)
* Publishing
* Recovery
* Reduction
* Retention
* Quality
* Science
* Scraping
* Scrubbing
* Security
* Stewardship
* Storage
* Synchronization
* Type
* Validation
* Warehouse
* Wrangling/munging

* v
* t
* e

Computer files

Types|

* Binary file / text file
* Data file
* File format
* List of file formats
* File signatures
* Magic number
* Open file formats
* Proprietary file formats
* Metafile
* Sidecar file
* Sparse file
* Swap file
* System file
* Temporary file
* Zero-byte file

Properties|

* Filename
* 8.3 filename
* Long filename
* Filename mangling
* Filename extension
* List of filename extensions
* File attribute
* Extended file attributes
* File size
* Hidden file / Hidden directory

Organisation|

* Directory/folder
* NTFS links
* Temporary folder
* Directory structure
* File system
* Filesystem Hierarchy Standard
* Grid file system
* Semantic file system
* Path

Operations|

* Open
* Close
* Read
* Write

Linking|

* File descriptor
* Hard link
* Shortcut
* Alias
* Shadow
* Symbolic link

Management|

* Backup
* File comparison
* File copying
* Data compression
* File manager
* Comparison of file managers
* File system fragmentation
* File-system permissions
* File transfer
* File sharing
* File synchronization
* File verification

* v
* t
* e

Magnetic storage media

* Wire (1898)
* Tape (1928)
* Drum (1932)
* Ferrite core (1949)
* Hard disk (1956)
* Stripe card (1956)
* MICR (1956)
* Thin film (1962)
* CRAM (1962)
* Twistor (~1968)
* Floppy disk (1969)
* Bubble (~1970)
* MRAM (1995)
* Racetrack (2008)

* v
* t
* e

Optical storage media

Blu-ray (2006)|

* BD-R (2006)
* BD-RE (2006)
* BD-R XL (2010)
* BD-RE XL (2010)

Professional Disc (2003)|

* PDD (2004)

DVD (1995)|

* DVD-R (1997)
* DVD-RW (1999)
* DVD+RW (2001)
* DVD+R (2002)
* DVD+R DL (2004)
* DVD-R DL (2005)

Compact disc (1982)|

* CD-R (1988)
* CD-i (1991)
* CD-RW (1997)

Discontinued|

* Microform (1870)
* Optical tape (20th century)
* Optical disc (20th century)
* LaserDisc (1978)
* WORM (1979)
* GD-ROM (1997)
* MIL-CD (1999)
* DataPlay (2002)
* UDO (2003)
* ProData (2003)
* UMD (2004)
* HD DVD (2006)

Magneto-optic Kerr effect (1877)|

* MO disc (1980s)
* MiniDisc (1992)
* MD Data (1993)
* Hi-MD (2004)

Optical Assist|

* Laser turntable (1986)
* Floptical (1991)
* Super DLT (1998)

* v
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Paper data storage media

Antiquity|

* Writing on papyrus (c. 3000 BCE)
* Paper (105 CE)

Modern|

* Index card (1640s)
* Punched tape (mid-1800s)
* Punched card (1880s)
* Edge-notched card (1904)
* Optical mark recognition (1930s)
* Barcode (1948)

* v
* t
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Primary computer data storage technologies

Volatile memory|

| Current|

* DRAM
* e.g., DDR SDRAM
* SRAM

|

Future|

* Z-RAM

Historical|

* Delay-line memory
* Selectron tube
* Williams tube

Non-volatile memory|

| Current|

* RRAM ( 3D XPoint )
* EAROM
* EEPROM
* EPROM
* Flash memory
* PROM
* ROM

|

Future|

* FeRAM
* MRAM
* NRAM
* PRAM
* SONOS

Historical|

* Bubble memory
* Drum memory
* Magnetic-core memory
* Twistor memory

* v
* t
* e

Writing and writing material

Enduring|

| Plant-based|

* Amate
* Trema micrantha
* Ficus aurea
* Bamboo and wooden slips
* Birch bark (Betula)
* Folding-book manuscript
* Streblus asper
* Broussonetia papyrifera
* Ola leaf (Corypha umbraculifera)
* Palm leaf (Borassus)
* Paper
* Papyrus (Cyperus papyrus)

|

Other materials|

* Animal skin
* Parchment
* Vellum
* Ink
* Metals
* Intaglio
* Stamping
* Oracle bone
* Photographic film
* Stone
* Geoglyph
* Petroglyph
* Tablets
* Clay tablet
* Slate
* Wax tablet
* Textile printing
* Silk text

Impermanent|

* Electronic paper
* Screen
* Skywriting

Carrier objects|

* Book
* Codex
* Notebook
* Electronic media
* Hu/Shaku (baton)
* Inscription
* Bas-relief
* Manuscript
* Palimpsest
* Microform
* Scroll
* Sign

Related topics|

* Writing systems
* History of writing
* List of writing systems
* Written language

* v
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Memory cards

Main articles|

* Memory card reader
* Comparison of memory cards

Types|

* CompactFlash (CF, CFast)
* CFexpress
* Express Card
* JEIDA
* MultiMediaCard (MMC)
* Memory Stick (MS, MS-PRO, MS-PRO HG, MS-XC)
* miCard
* Microdrive (MD)
* MiniCard
* NT Card
* P2 (MicroP2)
* PC Card (PCMCIA, CardBus, CardBay)
* Secure Digital (SDSC, SDHC, SDXC)
* SmartMedia (SM)
* SxS
* Universal Flash Storage (UFS)
* xD-Picture
* XQD

Authority control databases: National |

* Czech Republic

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