David

Biblical figure and Israelite monarch

This article is about the Biblical monarch. For the name "David", see David (name). For other uses, see David (disambiguation).

"King David" redirects here. For other uses, see King David (disambiguation).

David
דָּוִד

King David Playing the Harp (1622)
by Gerard van Honthorst

King of Israel
Reign| controversial; between 10th century BCE and 9th century BCE[1]
Predecessor| Ish-bosheth[2][3]
Successor| Solomon

Consort|

8 wives:

* Michal
* Ahinoam
* Abigail
* Maachah
* Haggith
* Abital
* Eglah
* Bathsheba

Issue|

18+ children, including:

* Amnon
* Chileab
* Absalom
* Adonijah
* Shephatiah
* Ithream
* Shammua
* Shobab
* Nathan
* Solomon
* Ibhar
* Elishua
* Eliphalet
* Nogah
* Nepheg
* Japhia
* Elishama
* Eliada
* Jerimoth
* Tamar

House| House of David
Father| Jesse
Mother| Nitzevet (Talmud)
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David (/ˈdeɪvɪd/; Biblical Hebrew: דָּוִד, romanized: Dāwīḏ, "beloved one")[a][5] was a king of ancient Israel and Judah,[6][7] according to the Hebrew Bible and Old Testament.

The Tel Dan stele, an Aramaic-inscribed stone erected by a king of Aram-Damascus in the late 9th/early 8th centuries BCE to commemorate a victory over two enemy kings, contains the phrase bytdwd (𐤁𐤉𐤕𐤃𐤅𐤃), which is translated as "House of David" by most scholars. The Mesha Stele, erected by King Mesha of Moab in the 9th century BCE, may also refer to the "House of David", although this is disputed.[8][9] According to Jewish works such as the Seder Olam Rabbah, Seder Olam Zutta, and Sefer ha-Qabbalah (all written over a thousand years later), David ascended the throne as the king of Judah in 885 BCE.[10] Apart from this, all that is known of David comes from biblical literature, the historicity of which has been extensively challenged,[11] and there is little detail about David that is concrete and undisputed.[12] Debates persist over several controversial issues: the exact timeframe of David's reign and the geographical boundaries of his kingdom; whether the story serves as a political defense of David's dynasty against accusations of tyranny, murder and regicide; the homoerotic relationship between David and Jonathan; whether the text is a Homer-like heroic tale adopting elements from its Ancient Near East parallels; and whether elements of the text date as late as the Hasmonean period.

In the biblical narrative of the Books of Samuel, David is described as a young shepherd and harpist whose heart is devoted to Yahweh, the one true God. He gains fame and becomes a hero by killing Goliath. He becomes a favorite of Saul, the first king of Israel, but is forced to go into hiding when Saul suspects David of plotting to take his throne. After Saul and his son Jonathan are killed in battle, David is anointed king by the tribe of Judah and eventually all the tribes of Israel. He conquers Jerusalem, makes it the capital of a united Israel, and brings the Ark of the Covenant to the city. He commits adultery with Bathsheba and arranges the death of her husband, Uriah the Hittite. David's son Absalom later tries to overthrow him, but David returns to Jerusalem after Absalom's death to continue his reign. David desires to build a temple to Yahweh, but is denied because of the bloodshed of his reign. He dies at age 70 and chooses Solomon, his son with Bathsheba, as his successor instead of his eldest son Adonijah. David is honored as an ideal king and the forefather of the future Hebrew Messiah in Jewish prophetic literature, and many psalms are attributed to him.

David is also richly represented in post-biblical Jewish written and oral tradition and referenced in the New Testament. Early Christians interpreted the life of Jesus of Nazareth in light of references to the Hebrew Messiah and to David; Jesus is described as being directly descended from David in the Gospel of Matthew and the Gospel of Luke. In the Quran and hadith, David is described as an Israelite king as well as a prophet of Allah.[13][14] The biblical David has inspired many interpretations in art and literature over the centuries.

## Biblical account

[edit]

### Family

[edit]

The First Book of Samuel and the First Book of Chronicles both identify David as the son of Jesse, the Bethlehemite, the youngest of eight sons.[15] He also had at least two sisters: Zeruiah, whose sons all went on to serve in David's army, and Abigail, whose son Amasa served in Absalom's army, Absalom being one of David's younger sons.[16] While the Bible does not name his mother, the Talmud identifies her as Nitzevet, a daughter of a man named Adael, and the Book of Ruth claims him as the great-grandson of Ruth, the Moabite, by Boaz.[17]

David is described as cementing his relations with various political and national groups through marriage.[18] According to 1 Samuel 17:25, King Saul said that he would make whoever killed Goliath a very wealthy man, give his daughter to him and declare his father's family exempt from taxes in Israel. Saul offered David his oldest daughter, Merab, a marriage David respectfully declined.[19] Saul then gave Merab in marriage to Adriel the Meholathite.[20] Having been told that his younger daughter Michal was in love with David, Saul gave her in marriage to David upon David's payment in Philistine foreskins[21] (ancient Jewish historian Josephus lists the dowry as 100 Philistine heads).[22] Saul became jealous of David and tried to have him killed. David escaped. Then Saul sent Michal to Galim to marry Palti, son of Laish.[23] David then took wives in Hebron, according to 2 Samuel 3; they were Ahinoam the Yizre'elite; Abigail, the widow of Nabal the Carmelite; Maacah, the daughter of Talmay, king of Geshur; Haggith; Abital; and Eglah. Later, David wanted Michal back and Abner, Ish-bosheth's army commander, delivered her to him, causing Palti great grief.[24]

The Book of Chronicles lists his sons with his various wives and concubines. In Hebron, David had six sons: Amnon, by Ahinoam; Daniel, by Abigail; Absalom, by Maachah; Adonijah, by Haggith; Shephatiah, by Abital; and Ithream, by Eglah (1 Chronicles 3:1–3). By Bathsheba, his sons were Shammua, Shobab, Nathan, and Solomon. David's sons born in Jerusalem of his other wives included Ibhar, Elishua, Eliphelet, Nogah, Nepheg, Japhia, Elishama and Eliada (2 Samuel 5:14–16). Jerimoth, who is not mentioned in any of the genealogies, is mentioned as another of his sons in 2 Chronicles 2 11:18. His daughter Tamar, by Maachah, is raped by her half-brother Amnon. David fails to bring Amnon to justice for his violation of Tamar, because he is his firstborn and he loves him, and so Absalom (her full brother) kills Amnon to avenge Tamar.[25][26]

### Narrative

[edit]

God is angered when Saul, Israel's king, unlawfully offers a sacrifice[27] and later disobeys a divine command both to kill all of the Amalekites and to destroy their confiscated property.[28] Consequently, God sends the prophet Samuel to anoint a shepherd, David, the youngest son of Jesse of Bethlehem, to be king instead.[29]

Samuel anoints David, Dura-Europos synagogue, now in Syria, 3rd century CE

After God sends an evil spirit to torment Saul, his servants recommend that he send for a man skilled in playing the lyre. A servant proposes David, whom the servant describes as "skillful in playing, a man of valor, a warrior, prudent in speech, and a man of good presence; and the Lord is with him." David enters Saul's service as one of the royal armour-bearers and plays the lyre to soothe the king.[30]

David and Goliath (1888), color lithograph by German artist Osmar Schindler.

War comes between Israel and the Philistines, and the giant Goliath challenges the Israelites to send out a champion to face him in single combat.[31] David, sent by his father to bring provisions to his brothers serving in Saul's army, declares that he can defeat Goliath.[32] Refusing the king's offer of the royal armour,[33] he kills Goliath with his sling.[34] Saul inquires the name of the young hero's father.[35]

David raises the head of Goliath, Gustave Doré's illustration (1866), colorized and published in Josephine Pollard's Sweet stories of God (1899).

Saul sets David over his army. All Israel loves David, but his popularity causes Saul to fear him ("What else can he wish but the kingdom?").[36] Saul plots his death, but Saul's son Jonathan, who loves David, warns him of his father's schemes and David flees. He goes first to Nob, where he is fed by the priest Ahimelech and given Goliath's sword, and then to Gath, the Philistine city of Goliath, intending to seek refuge with King Achish there. Achish's servants or officials question his loyalty, and David sees that he is in danger there.[37] He goes next to the cave of Adullam, where his family joins him.[38] From there he goes to seek refuge with the king of Moab, but the prophet Gad advises him to leave and he goes to the Forest of Hereth,[39] and then to Keilah, where he is involved in a further battle with the Philistines. Saul plans to besiege Keilah so that he can capture David, so David leaves the city in order to protect its inhabitants.[40] From there he takes refuge in the mountainous Wilderness of Ziph.[41]

Saul threatening David, by José Leonardo

Jonathan meets with David again and confirms his loyalty to David as the future king. After the people of Ziph notify Saul that David is taking refuge in their territory, Saul seeks confirmation and plans to capture David in the Wilderness of Maon, but his attention is diverted by a renewed Philistine invasion and David is able to secure some respite at Ein Gedi.[42] Returning from battle with the Philistines, Saul heads to Ein Gedi in pursuit of David. Needing privacy "to attend to his needs", Saul enters the cave where, as it happens, David and his supporters are hiding. David realises he has an opportunity to kill Saul, but instead, he secretly cuts off a piece of Saul's robe. When Saul leaves the cave, David comes out to pay homage to the king, and to demonstrate using the piece of robe that he holds no malice towards him. The two are thus reconciled and Saul recognises David as his successor.[43]

A similar passage occurs in 1 Sam 26, when David is able to infiltrate Saul's camp on the hill of Hachilah and remove his spear and a jug of water from his side while he and his guards lie asleep. In this account, David is advised by  Abishai that this is his opportunity to kill Saul, but David declines, saying he will not "stretch out [his] hand against the Lord's anointed".[44] In the morning, David once again demonstrates to Saul that, despite ample opportunity, he did not deign to harm him. Saul, despite having already reconciled with David, confesses that he has been wrong to pursue David, and blesses him.[45]

In 1 Samuel 27:1–4, David begins to doubt Saul's sincerity, and reasons that the king will eventually make another attempt on his life. David appeals to king Achish of Gath to grant him and his family sanctuary. Achish agrees, and upon hearing that David has fled to Philistia, Saul ceases to pursue him,[46] though no such pursuit seemed to be in progress at the time. Achish permits David to reside in Ziklag, close to the border between Philistia and Judah. To further ingratiate himself to Achish and the Philistines, David and his men raid the Geshurites, the Girzites, and the Amalekites, but lead the royal court to believe they are attacking the Israelites, the Jerahmeelites, and the Kenites. While Achish comes to believe that David had become a loyal vassal, the princes (or lords) of Gath remain unconvinced, and at their request, Achish instructs David to remain behind to guard the camp when the Philistines march against Saul.[47] David returns to Ziklag and saves his wives and the citizens from an Amalekite raid.[48] Jonathan and Saul are killed in battle with the Philistines,[49] and after hearing of their deaths, David travels to Hebron, where he is anointed king over Judah.[50] In the north, Saul's son Ish-Bosheth is anointed king of Israel, and war ensues until Ish-Bosheth is murdered.[51]

With the death of Saul's son, the elders of Israel come to Hebron and David is anointed king over all of Israel.[52] He conquers Jerusalem, previously a Jebusite stronghold, and makes it his capital.[53] He brings the Ark of the Covenant to the city,[54] intending to build a temple for God, but the prophet Nathan forbids it, prophesying that the temple would be built by one of David's sons.[55] Nathan also prophesies that God has made a covenant with the house of David stating, "your throne shall be established forever".[56] David wins additional victories over the Philistines, Moabites, Edomites, Amalekites, Ammonites and king Hadadezer of Aram-Zobah, after which they become tributaries. His fame increases as a result, earning the praise of figures like King Toi of Hamath, Hadadezer's rival.[57]

The Prophet Nathan rebukes King David, oil on canvas by Eugène Siberdt, 1866–1931 (Mayfair Gallery, London)

During a siege of the Ammonite capital of Rabbah, David remains in Jerusalem. He spies a woman, Bathsheba, bathing and summons her; she becomes pregnant.[58][59][60] The text in the Bible does not explicitly state whether Bathsheba consented to sex with David.[61][62][63][64] David calls her husband, Uriah the Hittite, back from the battle to rest, hoping that he will go home to have sex with his wife and the child will be presumed to be his. Uriah does not visit his wife, however, so David conspires to have him killed in the heat of battle. David then marries the widowed Bathsheba.[65] In response, Nathan, after trapping the king in his guilt with a parable that actually described his sin in analogy, prophesies the punishment that will fall upon him, stating "the sword shall never depart from your house."[b] When David acknowledges that he has sinned,[68] Nathan advises him that his sin is forgiven and he will not die,[69] but the child will.[70] In fulfillment of Nathan's words, the child born of the union between David and Bathsheba dies, and another of David's sons, Absalom, fueled by vengeance and lust for power, rebels.[71] Thanks to Hushai, a friend of David who was ordered to infiltrate Absalom's court to successfully sabotage his plans, Absalom's forces are routed at the battle of the Wood of Ephraim, and he is caught by his long hair in the branches of a tree where, contrary to David's order, he is killed by Joab, the commander of David's army.[72] David laments the death of his favourite son: "O my son Absalom, my son, my son Absalom! Would I had died instead of you, O Absalom, my son, my son!"[73] until Joab persuades him to recover from "the extravagance of his grief"[74] and to fulfill his duty to his people.[75] David returns to Gilgal and is escorted across the River Jordan and back to Jerusalem by the tribes of Judah and Benjamin.[76]

When David is old and bedridden, Adonijah, his eldest surviving son and natural heir, declares himself king.[77] Bathsheba and Nathan go to David and obtain his agreement to crown Bathsheba's son Solomon as king, according to David's earlier promise, and the revolt of Adonijah is put down.[78] David dies at the age of 70 after reigning for 40 years,[79] and on his deathbed counsels Solomon to walk in the ways of God and to take revenge on his enemies.[80]

### Psalms

[edit]

David Composing the Psalms, Paris Psalter, 10th century[81]

The Book of Samuel calls David a skillful harp (lyre) player[82] and "the sweet psalmist of Israel."[c] Yet, while almost half of the Psalms are headed "A Psalm of David" (also translated as "to David" or "for David") and tradition identifies several with specific events in David's life (e.g., Psalms 3, 7, 18, 34, 51, 52, 54, 56, 57, 59, 60, 63 and 142),[84] the headings are late additions and no psalm can be attributed to David with certainty.[85]

Psalm 34 is attributed to David on the occasion of his escape from Abimelech (or King Achish) by pretending to be insane.[86] According to the parallel narrative in 1 Samuel 21, instead of killing the man who had exacted so many casualties from him, Abimelech allows David to leave, exclaiming, "Am I so short of madmen that you have to bring this fellow here to carry on like this in front of me? Must this man come into my house?"[87]

## Interpretation in Abrahamic tradition

[edit]

### Rabbinic Judaism

[edit]

David is an important figure in Rabbinic Judaism, with many legends about him. According to one tradition, David was raised as the son of his father Jesse and spent his early years herding his father's sheep in the wilderness while his brothers were in school.[88]

David's adultery with Bathsheba is interpreted as an opportunity to demonstrate the power of repentance, and the Talmud says it was not adultery at all, citing a Jewish practice of divorce on the eve of battle. Furthermore, according to Talmudic sources, Uriah's death was not murder, because Uriah had committed a capital offense by refusing to obey a direct command from the King.[89] However, in tractate Sanhedrin, David expressed remorse over his transgressions and sought forgiveness. God ultimately forgave David and Bathsheba but would not remove their sins from Scripture.[90]

In Jewish legend, David's sin with Bathsheba is the punishment for David's excessive self-consciousness. He had besought God to lead him into temptation so that he might give proof of his constancy like Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, who successfully passed the test and whose names later were united with God's, while David failed through the temptation of a woman.[88]

According to midrashim, Adam gave up 70 years of his life for the life of David.[91] Also, according to the Talmud Yerushalmi, David was born and died on the Jewish holiday of Shavuot (Feast of Weeks). His piety was said to be so great that his prayers could bring down things from Heaven.[92]

### Christianity

[edit]

King David the Prophet

King David in Prayer, by Pieter de Grebber (c. 1640)

Holy Monarch, Prophet, Reformer, Spiritual Poet and Musician, Vicegerent of God, Psalm-Receiver
Venerated in| Catholic Church[93]
Eastern Orthodoxy[citation needed]
Oriental Orthodoxy
Feast| December 29, 6 October – Catholicism
Attributes| Psalms, Harp, Head of Goliath

See also: Genealogy of Jesus and Davidic line

The Messiah concept is fundamental in Christianity. Originally an earthly king ruling by divine appointment ("the anointed one", as the title Messiah had it), in the last two centuries BCE the "son of David" became the apocalyptic and heavenly one who would deliver Israel and usher in a new kingdom. This was the background to the concept of Messiahship in early Christianity, which interpreted the career of Jesus "by means of the titles and functions assigned to David in the mysticism of the Zion cult, in which he served as priest-king and in which he was the mediator between God and man".[94]

The early Church believed that "the life of David foreshadowed the life of Christ; Bethlehem is the birthplace of both; the shepherd life of David points out Christ, the Good Shepherd; the five stones chosen to slay Goliath are typical of the five wounds; the betrayal by his trusted counsellor, Ahitophel, and the passage over the Cedron remind us of Christ's Sacred Passion. Many of the Davidic Psalms, as we learn from the New Testament, are clearly typical of the future Messiah."[95] In the Middle Ages, "Charlemagne thought of himself, and was viewed by his court scholars, as a 'new David'. [This was] not in itself a new idea, but [one whose] content and significance were greatly enlarged by him".[96]

Western Christian churches celebrate David's feast day on 29 December or 6 October,[97] Eastern-rite on 19 December.[98] The Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic Churches celebrate the feast day of the "Holy Righteous Prophet and King David" on the Sunday of the Holy Forefathers (two Sundays before the Great Feast of the Nativity of the Lord) and on the Sunday of the Holy Fathers (Sunday before the Nativity), when he is commemorated together with other ancestors of Jesus. He is also commemorated on the Sunday after the Nativity, together with Joseph and James, the Brother of the Lord and on 26 December (Synaxis of the Mother of God).[99]

#### Middle Ages

[edit]

Coat of arms attributed to King David by mediaeval heralds.[100] (Identical to the arms of Ireland)

In European Christian culture of the Middle Ages, David was made a member of the Nine Worthies, a group of heroes encapsulating all the ideal qualities of chivalry. His life was thus proposed as a valuable subject for study by those aspiring to chivalric status. This aspect of David in the Nine Worthies was popularised first through literature, and thereafter adopted as a frequent subject for painters and sculptors.

David was considered a model ruler and a symbol of divinely ordained monarchy throughout medieval Western Europe and Eastern Christendom. He was perceived as the biblical predecessor to Christian Roman and Byzantine emperors and the name "New David" was used as an honorific reference to these rulers.[101] The Georgian Bagratids and the Solomonic dynasty of Ethiopia claimed direct biological descent from him.[102] Likewise, kings of the Frankish Carolingian dynasty frequently connected themselves to David; Charlemagne himself occasionally used "David" his pseudonym.[101]

### Islam

[edit]

Main article: David in Islam

Islamic miniature depicting Dawud besting the army of Jalut with a slingshot from a 1580 Persian Stories of the Prophets manuscript.

David (Arabic: داوود Dā'ūd or Dāwūd) is an important figure in Islam as one of the major prophets God sent to guide the Israelites. He is mentioned several times in the Quran with the Arabic name داود, Dāwūd or Dā'ūd, often with his son Solomon. In the Quran, David killed Goliath (Q2:251), a giant soldier in the Philistine army. When David killed Goliath, God granted him kingship and wisdom and enforced it (Q38:20). David was made God's "vicegerent on earth" (Q38:26) and God further gave David sound judgment (Q21:78; Q37:21–24, Q26) as well as the Psalms, regarded as books of divine wisdom (Q4:163; Q17:55). The birds and mountains united with David in uttering praise to God (Q21:79; Q34:10; Q38:18), while God made iron soft for David (Q34:10),[103] God also instructed David in the art of fashioning chain mail out of iron (Q21:80);[104] this knowledge gave David a major advantage over his bronze and cast iron-armed opponents, not to mention the cultural and economic impact. Together with Solomon, David gave judgment in a case of damage to the fields (Q21:78) and David judged the matter between two disputants in his prayer chamber (Q38:21–23). Since there is no mention in the Quran of the wrong David did to Uriah nor any reference to Bathsheba, Muslims reject this narrative.[105]

Muslim tradition and the hadith stress David's zeal in daily prayer as well as in fasting.[106] Quran commentators, historians and compilers of the numerous Stories of the Prophets elaborate upon David's concise quranic narratives and specifically mention David's gift in singing his Psalms, his beautiful recitation, and his vocal talents. His voice is described as having a captivating power, weaving its influence not only over man but over all beasts and nature, who would unite with him to praise God.[107]

## Historicity

[edit]

See also: Historicity of the Bible and Davidic line § Historicity

### Literary analysis

[edit]

Statue of David (1609–1612) by Nicolas Cordier

Biblical literature and archaeological finds are the only sources that attest to David's life. Some scholars have concluded that this was likely compiled from contemporary records of the 11th and 10th centuries BCE, but that there is no clear historical basis for determining the exact date of compilation.[108] Other scholars believe that the Books of Samuel were substantially composed during the time of Josiah, king of Judah, at the end of the 7th century BCE, extended during the Babylonian captivity and substantially complete by about 550 BCE. Old Testament scholar A. Graeme Auld contends that further editing was done even after then—the silver quarter-shekel Saul's servant offers to Samuel in 1 Samuel 9:8 "almost certainly fixes the date of the story in the Persian or Hellenistic period" because a quarter-shekel was known to exist in Hasmonean times.[109] The authors and editors of Samuel drew on many earlier sources, including, for their history of David, the "history of David's rise"[110] and the "succession narrative".[111][112] The Books of Chronicles, which tells the story from a different point of view, was probably composed in the period 350–300 BCE, and uses Samuel and Kings as its source.[113]

Biblical evidence indicates that David's Judah was something less than a full-fledged monarchy: it often calls him nagid (lit. 'prince, chief'; Hebrew: נָגִיד, romanized: nāgīḏ) rather than melekh (Hebrew: מֶלֶךְ, lit. 'king'); David sets up none of the complex bureaucracy that a kingdom needs. His army is made up of volunteers and his followers are largely relations or from his home region of Hebron.[114]

Beyond this, the full range of possible interpretations is available. A number of scholars consider the David story to be a heroic tale similar to the legend of King Arthur or the epics of Homer,[115][116] while others find such comparisons questionable.[117]

The instance in the Book of Jashar, excerpted in 2 Samuel 1:26, where David "proclaims that Jonathan's love was sweeter to him than the love of a woman", has been compared to Achilles' comparison of Patroclus to a girl and Gilgamesh's love for Enkidu "as a woman".[118][119] Others hold that the David story is a political apology—an answer to contemporary charges against him, of his involvement in murders and regicide.[120] The authors and editors of Samuel and Chronicles aimed not to record history but to promote David's reign as inevitable and desirable, and for this reason there is little about David that is concrete and undisputed.[12] Other scholars argue that, notwithstanding the apologetic tenor of the story, the authors of Samuel were also critical of David in several respects, suggesting that the text presents a complex portrait of him rather than a purely propagandistic one.[121]

Some other studies of David have been written: Baruch Halpern has pictured him as a brutal tyrant, a murderer, and a lifelong vassal of Achish, the Philistine king of Gath;[122] Steven McKenzie argues that David came from a wealthy family, and was an "ambitious and ruthless" tyrant who murdered his opponents, including his sons.[85] Joel S. Baden has called him "an ambitious, ruthless, flesh-and-blood man who achieved power by any means necessary, including murder, theft, bribery, sex, deceit, and treason".[123][page needed] William G. Dever described him as "a serial killer".[124]

Jacob L. Wright has written that the most popular legends about David, including his killing of Goliath, his affair with Bathsheba, and his ruling of the unified Kingdom of Israel rather than just Judah, are the creation of those who lived generations after him, in particular those living in the late Persian or Hellenistic periods.[125]

### Archaeological findings

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Main article: Tel Dan stele

The Tel Dan stele

The Tel Dan stele, discovered in 1993, is an inscribed stone erected by Hazael, a king of Damascus in the late 9th/early 8th centuries BCE. It commemorates the king's victory over two enemy kings, and contains the phrase 𐤁𐤉𐤕𐤃𐤅𐤃, bytdwd, which most scholars translate as "House of David".[126][127] Other scholars have challenged this reading,[128] but this is likely a reference to a dynasty of the Kingdom of Judah which traced its ancestry to a founder named David.[126]

Two epigraphers, André Lemaire and Émile Puech, hypothesised in 1994 that the Mesha Stele from Moab, dating from the 9th century, also contain the words "House of David" at the end of Line 31, although this was considered as less certain than the mention in the Tel Dan inscription.[129] In May 2019, Israel Finkelstein, Nadav Na'aman, and Thomas Römer concluded from the new images that the ruler's name contained three consonants and started with a bet, which excludes the reading "House of David" and, in conjunction with the monarch's city of residence "Horonaim" in Moab, makes it likely that the one mentioned is King Balak, a name also known from the Hebrew Bible.[130][131] Later that year, Michael Langlois used high-resolution photographs of both the inscription itself, and the 19th-century original squeeze of the then still intact stele to reaffirm Lemaire's view that line 31 contains the phrase "House of David".[131][132] Replying to Langlois, Na'aman argued that the "House of David" reading is unacceptable because the resulting sentence structure is extremely rare in West Semitic royal inscriptions.[133]

The Triumphal Relief of Shoshenq I near the Bubastite Portal at Karnak, depicting the god Amun-Re receiving a list of cities and villages conquered by the king in his Near Eastern military campaigns.

Besides the two steles, Bible scholar and Egyptologist Kenneth Kitchen suggests that David's name also appears in a relief of the pharaoh Shoshenq I, who is usually identified with Shishak in the Bible.[134][135] The relief claims that Shoshenq raided places in Palestine in 925 BCE, and Kitchen interprets one place as "Heights of David", which was in southern Judah and the Negev where the Bible says David took refuge from Saul. The relief is damaged and interpretation is uncertain.[135]

### Archaeological analysis

[edit]

Of the evidence in question, John Haralson Hayes and James Maxwell Miller wrote in 2006: "If one is not convinced in advance by the biblical profile, then there is nothing in the archaeological evidence itself to suggest that much of consequence was going on in Palestine during the tenth century BCE, and certainly nothing to suggest that Jerusalem was a great political and cultural center."[136] This echoed the 1995 conclusion of Amélie Kuhrt, who noted that "there are no royal inscriptions from the time of the united monarchy (indeed very little written material altogether), and not a single contemporary reference to either David or Solomon," while noting, "against this must be set the evidence for substantial development and growth at several sites, which is plausibly related to the tenth century."[137]

In 2007, Israel Finkelstein and Neil Asher Silberman stated that the archaeological evidence shows that Judah was sparsely inhabited and Jerusalem no more than a small village. The evidence suggested that David ruled only as a chieftain over an area which cannot be described as a state or as a kingdom, but more as a chiefdom, much smaller and always overshadowed by the older and more powerful kingdom of Israel to the north.[138] They posited that Israel and Judah were not monotheistic at the time and that later 7th-century redactors sought to portray a past golden age of a united, monotheistic monarchy in order to serve contemporary needs.[139] They noted a lack of archeological evidence for David's military campaigns and a relative underdevelopment of Jerusalem, the capital of Judah, compared to a more developed and urbanized Samaria, capital of Israel during the 9th century BCE.[140][141][142]

In 2010, Amihai Mazar wrote that the United Monarchy of the 10th century BCE can be described as a "state in development".[143] He compared David to Labaya, a Caananite warlord living during the time of Pharaoh Akhenaten. While Mazar believes that David reigned over Israel during the 11th century BCE, he argues that much of the Biblical text is of "literary-legendary nature".[144] According to William G. Dever, the reigns of Saul, David and Solomon are reasonably well attested, but "most archeologists today would argue that the United Monarchy was not much more than a kind of hill-country chiefdom".[145][146][147] Avraham Faust and Zev Farber argue that David managed to establish a mini-empire through multiple conquests which are archaeologically attested in destruction layers of many urban centers dating to his time.[148]

Lester L. Grabbe wrote in 2017: "The main question is what kind of settlement Jerusalem was in Iron IIA: was it a minor settlement, perhaps a large village or possibly a citadel but not a city, or was it the capital of a flourishing—or at least an emerging—state? Assessments differ considerably".[149] Isaac Kalimi wrote in 2018, "No contemporaneous extra-biblical source offers any account of the political situation in Israel and Judah during the tenth century BCE, and as we have seen, the archaeological remains themselves cannot provide any unambiguous evidence of events."[11]

The view of Davidic Jerusalem as a village has been challenged by Eilat Mazar's excavation of the Large Stone Structure and the Stepped Stone Structure in 2005.[150] Mazar proposed that these two structures may have been architecturally linked as one unit and that they date to the time of King David. Mazar supports this dating with a number of artifacts, including pottery, two Phoenician-style ivory inlays, a black-and-red jug, and a radiocarbon-dated bone, estimated to be from the 10th century.[151] Dever, Amihai Mazar, Avraham Faust, and Nadav Na'aman have argued in favour of the 10th-century BCE dating and responded to challenges to it.[143][152][153][154][155] In 2010, Eilat Mazar announced the discovery of part of the ancient city walls around the City of David, which she believes date to the 10th century BCE. According to Mazar, this would prove that an organized state did exist in the 10th century.[156] In 2006, Kenneth Kitchen came to a similar conclusion, arguing that "the physical archaeology of tenth-century Canaan is consistent with the former existence of a unified state on its terrain."[157]

Scholars such as Israel Finkelstein, Lily Singer-Avitz, Ze'ev Herzog and David Ussishkin do not accept these conclusions.[158] Finkelstein does not accept the dating of these structures to the 10th century BCE, based in part on the fact that later structures on the site penetrated deep into underlying layers, that the entire area had been excavated in the early 20th century and then backfilled, that pottery from later periods was found below earlier strata, and that consequently the finds collected by E. Mazar cannot necessarily be considered as retrieved in situ.[159] Aren Maeir said in 2010 that he has seen no evidence that these structures are from the 10th century BCE and that proof of the existence of a strong, centralized kingdom at that time remains "tenuous."[156]

Excavations at Khirbet Qeiyafa by archaeologists Yosef Garfinkel and Saar Ganor found an urbanized settlement radiocarbon dated to the 10th century, which supports the existence of an urbanised kingdom. The Israel Antiquities Authority stated: "The excavations at Khirbat Qeiyafa clearly reveal an urban society that existed in Judah already in the late eleventh century BCE. It can no longer be argued that the Kingdom of Judah developed only in the late eighth century BCE or at some other later date."[160] But other scholars have criticized the techniques and interpretations to reach some conclusions related to Khirbet Qeiyafa, such as Israel Finkelstein and Alexander Fantalkin of Tel Aviv University, who have instead proposed that the city is to be identified as part of a northern Israelite polity.[161]

In 2018, Avraham Faust and Yair Sapir stated that a Canaanite site at Tel Eton, about 30 miles from Jerusalem, was taken over by a Judahite community by peaceful assimilation and transformed from a village into a central town at some point in the late 11th or early 10th century BCE. This transformation used some ashlar blocks in construction, which they argued supports the United Monarchy theory.[162][163]

## Art and culture

[edit]

### Literature

[edit]

David mourning the death of Absalom, by Gustave Doré

Literary works about David include:

* 1517 The Davidiad is a Neo-Latin epic poem by the Croatian national poet, Catholic priest, and Renaissance humanist Marko Marulić (whose name is sometimes Latinized as "Marcus Marulus"). In addition to the small portions that attempt to recall the epics of Homer, The Davidiad is heavily modeled upon Virgil's Aeneid. This is so much the case that Marulić's contemporaries called him the "Christian Virgil from Split." The philologist Miroslav Marcovich also detects, "the influence of Ovid, Lucan, and Statius" in the work.
* 1681–82 Dryden's long poem Absalom and Achitophel is an allegory that uses the story of the rebellion of Absalom against King David as the basis for his satire of the contemporary political situation, including events such as the Monmouth Rebellion (1685), the Popish Plot (1678) and the Exclusion Crisis.
* 1893 Sir Arthur Conan Doyle may have used the story of David and Bathsheba as a foundation for the Sherlock Holmes story The Adventure of the Crooked Man. Holmes mentions "the small affair of Uriah and Bathsheba" at the end of the story.[164]
* 1928 Elmer Davis's novel Giant Killer retells and embellishes the biblical story of David, casting David as primarily a poet who managed always to find others to do the "dirty work" of heroism and kingship. In the novel, Elhanan in fact killed Goliath but David claimed the credit; and Joab, David's cousin and general, took it upon himself to make many of the difficult decisions of war and statecraft when David vacillated or wrote poetry instead.
* 1936 William Faulkner's Absalom, Absalom! refers to the story of Absalom, David's son; his rebellion against his father and his death at the hands of David's general, Joab. In addition it parallels Absalom's vengeance for the rape of his sister Tamar by his half-brother, Amnon.
* 1946 Gladys Schmitt's novel David the King was a richly embellished biography of David's entire life. The book took a risk, especially for its time, in portraying David's relationship with Jonathan as overtly homoerotic, but was ultimately panned by critics as a bland rendition of the title character.
* 1966 Juan Bosch, a Dominican political leader and writer, wrote David: Biography of a King, as a realistic portrayal of David's life and political career.
* 1970 Dan Jacobson's The Rape of Tamar is an imagined account, by one of David's courtiers Yonadab, of the rape of Tamar by Amnon.
* 1972 Stefan Heym wrote The King David Report in which the historian Ethan compiles upon King Solomon's orders "a true and authoritative report on the life of David, Son of Jesse"—the East German writer's wry depiction of a court historian writing an "authorized" history, many incidents clearly intended as satirical references to the writer's own time.
* 1974 In Thomas Burnett Swann's biblical fantasy novel How are the Mighty Fallen, David and Jonathan are explicitly stated to be lovers. Moreover, Jonathan is a member of a winged semi-human race (possibly nephilim), one of several such races coexisting with humanity but often persecuted by it.
* 1980 Malachi Martin's factional novel King of Kings: A Novel of the Life of David relates the life of David, Adonai's champion in his battle with the Philistine deity Dagon.
* 1984 Joseph Heller wrote a novel based on David called God Knows, published by Simon & Schuster. Told from the perspective of an aging David, the humanity—rather than the heroism—of various biblical characters is emphasized. The portrayal of David as a man of flaws such as greed, lust, selfishness, and his alienation from God, the falling apart of his family is a distinctly 20th-century interpretation of the events told in the Bible.
* 1993 Madeleine L'Engle's novel Certain Women explores family, the Christian faith, and the nature of God through the story of King David's family and an analogous modern family's saga.
* 1995 Allan Massie wrote King David, a novel about David's career that portrays the king's relationship to Jonathan as sexual.[165]
* 2015 Geraldine Brooks wrote a novel about David, The Secret Chord, told from the point of view of the prophet Nathan.[166][167]
* 2020 Michael Arditti wrote The Anointed, a novel about David told by three of his wives, Michal, Abigail and Bathsheba.[168][169]

### Paintings

[edit]

* 1599 Caravaggio David and Goliath
* c. 1610 Caravaggio David with the Head of Goliath
* 1616 Peter Paul Rubens David Slaying Goliath

### Sculptures

[edit]

David in sculpture

David by Donatello

David by Verrocchio

David by Michelangelo

David by Gian Lorenzo Bernini

* 1440? Donatello, David
* 1473–1475 Verrocchio, David
* 1501–1504 Michelangelo, David
* 1623–1624 Gian Lorenzo Bernini, David

### Film

[edit]

David has been depicted several times in films; these are some of the best-known:

* 1951 David and Bathsheba, directed by Henry King, with Gregory Peck in the role of David.
* 1959 Solomon and Sheba, directed by King Vidor, with Finlay Currie in the role of an aged King David.
* 1961 A Story of David, directed by Bob McNaught, with Jeff Chandler in the role of David.
* 1985 King David, directed by Bruce Beresford, with Richard Gere in the role of David.
* 1996 Dave and the Giant Pickle

### Television

[edit]

* 1976 The Story of David, a made-for-TV film with Timothy Bottoms and Keith Michell as King David at different ages.[170]
* 1997 David, a TV-film with Nathaniel Parker as King David and Leonard Nimoy as the Prophet Samuel.[171]
* 1997 Solomon, a sequel to David, with Max von Sydow playing an older King David.[172]
* 2009 Kings, a re-imagining loosely based on the biblical story, with David played by Christopher Egan.[173]
* King David is the focus of the second episode of History Channel's Battles BC documentary, which detailed all of his military exploits in the bible.[174]
* 2012 Rei Davi, a Brazilian miniseries with Leonardo Brício as David.[175][176]
* 2013 The Bible, a miniseries with Langley Kirkwood in the role of David.
* 2016 Of Kings and Prophets in which David is played by Olly Rix.

### Music

[edit]

David on an Israeli stamp

* The traditional birthday song Las Mañanitas mentions King David as the original singer in its lyrics.
* 1622 Thomas Tomkins's choral anthem "When David Heard", about David's response to the death of his son Absalom, is published in the anthology Songs of 1622.[177]
* 1738 George Frideric Handel's oratorio Saul features David as one of its main characters.[178]
* 1921 Arthur Honegger's oratorio Le Roi David with a libretto by René Morax, instantly became a staple of the choral repertoire.
* 1954 Darius Milhaud's opera David premieres in Jerusalem in celebration of the 3,000th anniversary of the establishment of that city by David.[179]
* 1964 Bob Dylan alludes to David in the last line of his song "When The Ship Comes In" ("And like Goliath, they'll be conquered").
* 1965 Leonard Bernstein described the second movement of his Chichester Psalms, which features a setting of Psalm 23, sung by a boy soloist accompanied by a harp, as a "musical evocation of King David, the shepherd-psalmist".[180]
* 1983 Bob Dylan refers to David in his song "Jokerman" ("Michelangelo indeed could've carved out your features").[181]
* 1984 Leonard Cohen's song "Hallelujah" has references to David ("there was a secret chord that David played and it pleased the Lord", "The baffled king composing Hallelujah") and Bathsheba ("you saw her bathing on the roof") in its opening verses.
* 1990 The song "One of the Broken" by Paddy McAloon, performed by Prefab Sprout on the album Jordan: The Comeback, has a reference to David ("I remember King David, with his harp and his beautiful, beautiful songs, I answered his prayers, and showed him a place where his music belongs").
* 1991 "Mad About You", a song on Sting's album The Soul Cages, explores David's obsession with Bathsheba from David's perspective.[182]
* 2000 The song "Gimme a Stone" appears on the Little Feat album Chinese Work Songs chronicles the duel with Goliath and contains a lament to Absalom as a bridge.[183]

### Musical theater

[edit]

* 1997 King David, sometimes described as a modern oratorio, with a book and lyrics by Tim Rice and music by Alan Menken.

### Radio

[edit]

* 1962 Twilight of a Hero, an Australian radio play that sold to the BBC

### Playing cards

[edit]

For a considerable period, starting in the 15th century and continuing until the 19th, French playing card manufacturers assigned to each of the court cards names taken from history or mythology. In this context, the King of spades was often known as "David".[184][185]

## Image gallery

[edit]

* King David as Orpheus, mosaic of Gaza synagogue, AD 508. Museum of the Good Samaritan near Ma'ale Adumim

* Miniature from the Paris Psalter, David in the robes of a Byzantine emperor.

* King David, stained glass windows from the Romanesque Augsburg Cathedral, late 11th century.

* Caravaggio, 1610, David with the Head of Goliath, Galleria Borghese, Rome

* Matteo Rosselli, 1620, The triumphant David, Galleria Palatina, Florence.

* Rembrandt, c. 1650: Saul and David.

* King David playing the harp, ceiling fresco from Monheim Town Hall, home of a wealthy Jewish merchant.

* Study of King David, by Julia Margaret Cameron. Depicts Sir Henry Taylor, 1866.

* The Ark is brought to Jerusalem (1896 Bible card illustration by the Providence Lithograph Company)

* Arnold Zadikow, 1930: The Young David displayed in the entrance of Berlin's Jewish Museum from 1933 until its loss during the Second World War.

* Replica of Verrocchio's David in the Tower of David, Jerusalem

* King David Monument on Mount Zion

## See also

[edit]

* Judaism portal
* Christianity portal
* Islam portal
* Saints portal
* Latter Day Saints portal

* David and Jonathan
* David's Mighty Warriors
* David's Tomb
* City of David
* Tower of David
* Kings of Israel and Judah
* Large Stone Structure
* Midrash Shmuel (aggadah)
* Sons of David

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Arabic: داود (traditional spelling), داوود, Dāwūd; Koine Greek: Δαυΐδ, romanized: Dauíd; Latin: Davidus, David; Ge'ez: ዳዊት, Dawit; Old Armenian: Դաւիթ, Dawitʿ; Church Slavonic: Давíдъ, Davidŭ; possibly meaning "beloved one".[4]
2. ^ Some commentators believe this meant during David's lifetime.[66] Others say it included his posterity.[67]
3. ^ Other translations say, "the hero of Israel's songs", "the favorite singer of Israel", "the contented psalm writer of Israel", and "Israel's beloved singer of songs".[83]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Frevel, Christian (2023). History of Ancient Israel. Atlanta: SBL Press. pp. 176, 190. ISBN 978-1-62837-514-5. "The geographical extent of David's—even extrabiblically probable—rule as well as its precise date remain controversial in research. Yet, divorced from the biblical findings, there is nothing to suggest it should be dated around 1000 BCE. (p. 176) …the local ruler David, whenever—tenth or ninth century BCE—he is to be dated. (p. 190)"
2. ^ Garfinkel, Yosef; Ganor, Saar; Hasel, Michael G. (2018). In the Footsteps of King David: Revelations from an Ancient Biblical City. Thames & Hudson. p. 182\. ISBN 978-0-50077428-1. Archived from the original on 2020-10-11. Retrieved 2020-10-05.
3. ^ Avioz, Michael (2015). Josephus' Interpretation of the Books of Samuel. Bloomsbury. p. 99\. ISBN 9780567458575. Archived from the original on 2020-10-11. Retrieved 2020-10-04.
4. ^ Botterweck, G. Johannes; Ringgren, Helmer (1977). Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament. Wm. B. Eerdmans. p. 158\. ISBN 978-0-8028-2327-4.
5. ^ "Strong's Hebrew: 1732. דָּוִיד (David) -- perhaps "beloved one," a son of Jesse". biblehub.com.
6. ^ Carr, David M. (2011). An Introduction to the Old Testament: Sacred Texts and Imperial Contexts of the Hebrew Bible. John Wiley & Sons. p. 58\. ISBN 978-1-44435623-6. Archived from the original on 2020-10-11. Retrieved 2020-10-05.
7. ^ Falk, Avner (1996). A Psychoanalytic History of the Jews. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. p. 115\. ISBN 978-0-83863660-2. Archived from the original on 2020-10-11. Retrieved 2020-10-04.
8. ^ "New reading of Mesha Stele could have far-reaching consequences for biblical history". phys.org. Retrieved 2021-07-22.
9. ^ Amanda Borschel-Dan. "High-tech study of ancient stone suggests new proof of King David's dynasty". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 2021-07-22.
10. ^ Ben Halpetha, Jose (1971). M.D. Yerushalmi (ed.). Seder Olam Rabba (in Hebrew). Gil Publishers, in affiliation with the Haredi Youth Organization. OCLC 233090728., s.v. Seder Olam Zutta, p. 107 (who gives the year of his ascension as 2875 anno mundi).
11. ^ a b Writing and Rewriting the Story of Solomon in Ancient Israel; by Isaac Kalimi; page 32; Cambridge University Press, 2018; ISBN 9781108471268
12. ^ a b Moore & Kelle 2011, pp. 232–233.
13. ^ "David". Oxford Islamic Studies. Oxford. Archived from the original on 2018-11-19. Retrieved 2021-03-10.
14. ^ Manouchehri, Faramarz Haj; Khodaverdian, Shahram (2017-09-28). "David (Dāwūd)". Encyclopaedia Islamica. Brill. Retrieved 2021-03-10.
15. ^ "Jesse's Sons – How many sons did Jesse, King David's father, have?". christiananswers.net. Archived from the original on 2019-09-23. Retrieved 2019-09-23.
16. ^ "1 Chronicles 2:16 Their sisters were Zeruiah and Abigail. And the three sons of Zeruiah were Abishai, Joab, and Asahel". biblehub.com. Archived from the original on 2019-09-23. Retrieved 2019-09-23.
17. ^ Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Bava Batra 91a
18. ^ Lemaire 1999, p. [page needed].
19. ^ Brueggemann, Walter (2011). David and His Theologian: Literary, Social, and Theological Investigations of the Early Monarchy. Wipf and Stock. ISBN 9781610975346. Archived from the original on 2020-07-24.
20. ^ "1 Samuel 18:19". Bible Hub. Archived from the original on 2014-05-08. Retrieved 2018-08-17.
21. ^ "1 Samuel 18:18-27". Bible Hub. Archived from the original on 2014-05-08. Retrieved 2018-08-17.
22. ^ Flavius Josephus (1998). "6.10.2". In William Whiston (ed.). Antiquities of the Jews. Thomas Nelson.
23. ^ "1 Samuel 25:14". Bible Hub. Archived from the original on 2015-04-20. Retrieved 2018-08-17.
24. ^ "2 Samuel 3:14". Bible Hub. Archived from the original on 2018-08-17. Retrieved 2018-08-17.
25. ^ According to the Dead Sea Scrolls and Greek version of 2 Samuel 13:21, "... he did not punish his son Amnon, because he loved him, for he was his firstborn." Despite the great sins they had committed, David showed grief at his sons' deaths, weeping twice for Amnon (2 Samuel 13:31–26) and seven times for Absalom.
26. ^ Soṭah, 10b
27. ^ 1 Sam 13:8–14
28. ^ 1 Sam 15:1–28
29. ^ 1 Sam 16:1–13
30. ^ 1 Sam 16:14–23
31. ^ 1 Sam 17:1–11
32. ^ 1 Sam 17:17–37
33. ^ 1 Sam 17:38–39
34. ^ 1 Sam 17:49–50
35. ^ 1 Sam 17:55–56
36. ^ 1 Sam 18:5–9
37. ^ 1 Samuel 21:10–11
38. ^ 1 Samuel 22:1
39. ^ 1 Samuel 22:5
40. ^ 1 Samuel 23:1–13
41. ^ 1 Samuel 23:14
42. ^ 1 Samuel 23:27–29
43. ^ 1 Samuel 24:1–22
44. ^ 1 Samuel 26:11
45. ^ 1 Samuel 26:25
46. ^ cf. 1 Samuel 21:10–15
47. ^ 1 Sam 29:1–11
48. ^ 1 Samuel 30:1
49. ^ 1 Sam 31:1–13
50. ^ 2 Sam 2:1–4
51. ^ 2 Sam 2:8–11
52. ^ 2 Sam 5:1–3
53. ^ 2 Sam 5:6–7
54. ^ 2 Sam 6:1–12
55. ^ 2 Sam 7:1–13
56. ^ 2 Sam 7:16
57. ^ 2 Sam 8:1–14
58. ^ Lawrence O. Richards (2002). Bible Reader's Companion. David C Cook. pp. 210–. ISBN 978-0-7814-3879-7. Archived from the original on 2019-12-16. Retrieved 2017-07-28.
59. ^ Carlos Wilton (June 2004). Lectionary Preaching Workbook: For All Users of the Revised Common, the Roman Catholic, and the Episcopal Lectionaries. Series VIII. CSS Publishing. pp. 189–. ISBN 978-0-7880-2371-2.
60. ^ David J. Zucker (2013). The Bible's Prophets: An Introduction for Christians and Jews. Wipf and Stock Publishers. pp. 51–. ISBN 978-1-63087-102-4.
61. ^ "2 Samuel 11:2–4". Archived from the original on 2018-12-02. Retrieved 2018-12-01.
62. ^ Antony F. Campbell (2005). 2 Samuel. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 104–. ISBN 978-0-8028-2813-2.
63. ^ Sara M. Koenig (2011). Isn't This Bathsheba?: A Study in Characterization. Wipf and Stock Publishers. pp. 69–. ISBN 978-1-60899-427-4.
64. ^ Antony F. Campbell (2004). Joshua to Chronicles: An Introduction. Westminster John Knox Press. pp. 161–. ISBN 978-0-664-25751-4. Archived from the original on 2019-12-16. Retrieved 2017-08-19.
65. ^ 2 Sam 11:14–17
66. ^ "2 Samuel 12:10". Bible Hub. Archived from the original on 2017-08-01.
67. ^ "2 Samuel 12:10". Salem Web Network. Archived from the original on 2017-07-29.; 2 Sam 12:8–10
68. ^ 2 Samuel 12:13
69. ^ Adultery was a capital crime under Mosaic law: Leviticus 20:10
70. ^ 2 Samuel 12:14: NIV translation
71. ^ 2 Sam 15:1–12
72. ^ 2 Sam 18:1–15
73. ^ 2 Sam 18:33
74. ^ "2 Samuel 19". Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges. Archived from the original on 2017-07-31. Retrieved 2017-08-12.
75. ^ 2 Samuel 19:1–8
76. ^ 2 Samuel 19:15–17
77. ^ 1 Kings 1:1–5
78. ^ 1 Kings 1:11–31
79. ^ 2 Sam 5:4
80. ^ 1 Kings 2:1–9
81. ^ Helen C. Evans; William W. Wixom, eds. (1997-03-05). The Glory of Byzantium: Art and Culture of the Middle Byzantine Era, A.D. 843–1261. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 86. ISBN 9780870997778. Retrieved 2018-03-05 - via Internet Archive.
82. ^ 1 Samuel 16:15–18
83. ^ "2 Samuel 23:1". Archived from the original on 2017-07-27.
84. ^ Commentary on II Samuel 22, The Anchor Bible, Vol. 9. II Samuel. P. Kyle McCarter, Jr., 1984. New York: Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-06808-5
85. ^ a b Steven McKenzie. "King David: A Biography". The Bible and Interpretation. Archived from the original on 2012-06-21.
86. ^ Psalm 34, Interlinear NIV Hebrew-English Old Testament, Kohlenberger, J.R, 1987. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan Publishing House ISBN 0-310-40200-X
87. ^ 1 Samuel 21:15
88. ^ a b Ginzberg, Louis (1909). The Legends of the Jews. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society.
89. ^ "David". jewishencyclopedia.com. Archived from the original on 2011-10-11. Retrieved 2014-10-29.
90. ^ Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Sanhedrin. p. 107a.
91. ^ Zohar Bereishis 91b
92. ^ Ginzberg, Louis (1909), "Legends of the Jews", Sefaria, translated by Szold, Henrietta, retrieved 2021-10-26
93. ^ "King David". 2008-10-28. Archived from the original on 2019-04-20. Retrieved 2019-09-16.
94. ^ "David" Archived 2009-08-19 at the Wayback Machine article from Encyclopædia Britannica Online
95. ^ John Corbett (1911) King David Archived 2007-09-25 at the Wayback Machine The Catholic Encyclopedia (New York: Robert Appleton Company)
96. ^ McManners, John (2001-03-15). The Oxford Illustrated History of Christianity. OUP Oxford. p. 101\. ISBN 9780192854391. Archived from the original on 2016-02-09. Retrieved 2016-01-07.
97. ^ Zeno. "Lexikoneintrag zu »David (8)«. Vollständiges Heiligen-Lexikon, Band 1. Augsburg 1858, ..." www.zeno.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-10-09.
98. ^ Saint of the Day Archived 2008-05-30 at the Wayback Machine for December 29 at St. Patrick Catholic Church, Washington, D.C.
99. ^ "Пророк Дави́д Псалмопевец, царь Израильский". azbyka.rudays (in Russian). Retrieved 2021-10-09.
100. ^ Lindsay of the Mount, Sir David (1542). Lindsay of the Mount Roll. Edinburgh, W. & D. Laing. Archived from the original on 2016-02-03. Retrieved 2015-06-21.
101. ^ a b Garipzanov, Ildar H. (2008). The Symbolic Language of Royal Authority in the Carolingian World (c. 751–877). Brill. pp. 128, 225. ISBN 978-9004166691.
102. ^ Rapp, Stephen H. Jr. (1997). Imagining History at the Crossroads: Persia, Byzantium, and the Architects of the Written Georgian Past. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Michigan. p. 528.
103. ^ "Surah Saba - 10".
104. ^ "Surah Al-Anbya - 80".
105. ^ Wheeler, Brannon M. The A to Z of Prophets in Islam and Judaism, "David"
106. ^ "Dawud". Encyclopedia of Islam
107. ^ Stories of the Prophets, Ibn Kathir, "Story of David"
108. ^ Hill, Andrew E.; Walton, John H. (2009) [1991]. A Survey of the Old Testament (3rd ed.). Grand Rapids: Zondervan. p. 258\. ISBN 978-0-310-28095-8. Archived from the original on 2020-10-11. Retrieved 2019-12-27. "The events of the book took place in the last half of the eleventh century and the early part of the tenth century BC, but it is difficult to determine when the events were recorded. There are no particularly persuasive reasons to date the sources used by the compiler later than the events themselves, and good reason to believe that contemporary records were kept (cf. 2 Sam. 20:24–25)."
109. ^ Auld 2003, p. 219.
110. ^ 1 Samuel 16:14–2, 5:10
111. ^ 2 Samuel 9–20 and 1 Kings 1–2
112. ^ Knight 1991, p. 853.
113. ^ McKenzie 2004, p. 32.
114. ^ Moore & Kelle 2011, pp. 220–221.
115. ^ Thompson, Thomas L. (2001). "A view from Copenhagen: Israel and the History of Palestine". The Bible and Interpretation. Retrieved 2020-12-25. "The history of Palestine and of its peoples is very different from the Bible's narratives, whatever political claims to the contrary may be. An independent history of Judea during the Iron I and Iron II periods has little room for historicizing readings of the stories of I-II Samuel and I Kings."
116. ^ Redford 1992, pp. 301–302: One (perversely perhaps) longs to see the result of the application of such a criterion to Geoffrey of Monmouth's treatment of Arthur, to the anonymous Joseph and Asenath, to the Alexander Romances, or a host of other Pseudepigrapha. Mesmerized by the literary quality of much of the writing in 1 and 2 Samuel—it is in truth a damned good story!—many scholars take a further step: "The Succession story must be regarded as the oldest specimen of ancient Israelite history writing."; Pfoh 2016, p. 54 n. 126: Isser links the David story with other heroic tales, like Homer's epics and King Arthur's legend
117. ^ Kalimi, Isaac. Writing and Rewriting the Story of Solomon in Ancient Israel, Cambridge University Press, 2019, p. 53
118. ^ Gordon 1955, p. 89.
119. ^ Horner 1978, p. 19.
120. ^ Baden 2013, p. 12: the biblical narrative may be considered the ancient equivalent of political spin: it is a retelling, even a reinterpretation, of events, the goal of which is to absolve David of any potential guilt and to show him in a positive light.
121. ^ Johnson, Benjamin J. M. (2021). "An Unapologetic Apology: The David Story as a Complex Response to Monarchy". In Kipfer, Sara; Hutton, Jeremy M. (eds.). The Book of Samuel and Its Response to Monarchy. Kohlhammer Verlag. pp. 225–241\. ISBN 978-3-17-037041-8.
122. ^ Carasik, Michael (June 2014). "Review of Baruch Halpern's David's Secret Demons: Messiah, Murderer, Traitor, King" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-08-10.
123. ^ Baden 2013.
124. ^ Dever 2020.
125. ^ "David, King of Judah (Not Israel)". bibleinterp.arizona.edu. July 2014. Retrieved 2017-09-03.
126. ^ a b Pioske 2015, p. 180.
127. ^ Lemaire 1994.
128. ^ Pioske (2015), p. 180: "…the reading of bytdwd as "House of David" has been challenged by those unconvinced of the inscription's allusion to an eponymous David or the kingdom of Judah."
129. ^ Pioske 2015, p. 210, fn. 18.
130. ^ Finkelstein, Na'aman & Römer 2019.
131. ^ a b "New reading of the Mesha Stele inscription has major consequences for biblical history" (news release). American Friends of Tel Aviv University. 2019-05-02. Retrieved 2020-10-22 - via American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS).
132. ^ Langlois 2019.
133. ^ Na'aman 2019, p. 196.
134. ^ 1 Kings 14:25–27
135. ^ a b McKenzie, Steven L. (2000). "One". King David: A Biography. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-513273-4. Archived from the original on 2018-01-19. Retrieved 2018-06-19.
136. ^ A History of Ancient Israel and Judah; ByJames Maxwell Miller & John Haralson Hayes; pages 204; SCM Press, 2006; ISBN 9780334041177
137. ^ Kuhrt, Amélie (1995). The Ancient Near East, c. 3000–330 BC, Band 1. New York: Routledge. p. 438\. ISBN 978-0-41516-762-8.
138. ^ Finkelstein & Silberman 2007, pp. 26–27; Finkelstein & Silberman 2002, pp. 189–190, Chapter 8: Archaeologically and historically, the redating of these cities from Solomon's era to the time of Omrides has enormous implication. It removes the only archeological evidence that there was ever a united monarchy based in Jerusalem and suggests that David and Solomon were, in political terms, little more than hill country chieftains, whose administrative reach remained on a fairly local level, restricted to the hill country.
139. ^ Finkelstein & Silberman 2002, p. 23; 241–247.
140. ^ Finkelstein & Silberman 2002, pp. 158. "We still have no hard archaeological evidence—despite the unparalleled biblical description of its grandeur—that Jerusalem was anything more than a modest highland village in the time of David, Solomon, and Rehoboam."
141. ^ Finkelstein & Silberman 2002, p. 131, Table Two.
142. ^ Finkelstein & Silberman 2002, p. 181\. Speaking of Samaria: "The scale of this project was enormous."
143. ^ a b Mazar, Amihai (2010). "Archaeology and the biblical Narrative: The Case of the United Monarchy" (PDF). One God – One Cult – One Nation: Archaeological and Biblical Perspectives. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-022358-3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-06-11.
144. ^ "First Person: Did the Kingdoms of Saul, David and Solomon Actually Exist?". Biblical Archaeology Society. 2020-12-12. Retrieved 2021-07-20.
145. ^ Dever 2020, Chapter 5.
146. ^ Dever 2017, pp. 322–324.
147. ^ "NOVA | The Bible's Buried Secrets | Archeology of the Hebrew Bible". PBS. Archived from the original on 2008-12-18. Retrieved 2021-07-20. "The stories of Solomon are larger than life. According to the stories, Solomon imported 100,000 workers from what is now Lebanon. Well, the whole population of Israel probably wasn't 100,000 in the 10th century. Everything Solomon touched turned to gold. In the minds of the biblical writers, of course, David and Solomon are ideal kings chosen by Yahweh. So they glorify them. Now, archeology can't either prove or disprove the stories. But I think most archeologists today would argue that the United Monarchy was not much more than a kind of hill-country chiefdom. It was very small-scale."
148. ^ Faust & Farber 2025, pp. 406ff.
149. ^ Ancient Israel: What Do We Know and How Do We Know It? By Lester L. Grabbe; page 77Bloomsbury Publishing, 2017
150. ^ Zachary Thomas, "Debating the United Monarchy: let's see how far we've come." Biblical Theology Bulletin (2016).
151. ^ Mazar, Eilat, Excavations at the Summit of the City of David, Preliminary Report of Seasons 2005–2007, Shoham, Jerusalem and New York, 2009, pp. 52–56.
152. ^ Avraham Faust 2010. "The large stone structure in the City of David: a reexamination." Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins.
153. ^ "The Stepped Stone Structure" in Mazar ed., The Summit of the City of David Excavations 2005–2008: Final Reports Volume I: Area G (2015), pp. 169–88
154. ^ Na'aman 2014.
155. ^ Dever 2017, pp. 277–283.
156. ^ a b 'Jerusalem city wall dates back to King Solomon'; by Abe Selig; Jerusalem Post, 23 February 2010; at [1]
157. ^ Kitchen, K. A. (2006-06-09). On the Reliability of the Old Testament. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8028-0396-2.
158. ^ Has King David's Palace in Jerusalem been Found? By Israel Finkelstein, Lily Singer-Avitz, Ze'ev Herzog & David Ussishkin; Journal of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University, Volume 34, 2007 - Issue 2; Pages 142-164
159. ^ The "Large Stone Structure" in Jerusalem Reality versus Yearning By Israel Finkelstein, 2011; Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palastina-Vereins 127(1):2-10; at [2] Archived 2023-04-19 at the Wayback Machine
160. ^ Garfinkel, Yossi; Ganor, Sa'ar; Hasel, Michael (2012-04-19). "Journal 124: Khirbat Qeiyafa preliminary report". Hadashot Arkheologiyot: Excavations and Surveys in Israel. Israel Antiquities Authority. Archived from the original on 2012-06-23. Retrieved 2018-06-12.
161. ^ Finkelstein, Israel; Fantalkin, Alexander (May 2012). "Khirbet Qeiyafa: an unsensational archaeological and historical interpretation" (PDF). Tel Aviv. 39: 38–63\. doi:10.1179/033443512x13226621280507. ISSN 0334-4355. S2CID 161627736. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-01-31. Retrieved 2018-06-12.
162. ^ Faust & Sapir 2018, p. 1: 'The lack of evidence for public construction and state apparatus in the region of Judah before the 8th century, expressed for example by the total lack of ashlar construction, is one of the oft-quoted evidence against the historical plausibility of a kingdom centered in Judah. The building of the "governor's residency," along with other lines of evidence, suggests that the settlement at Tel'Eton was transformed in the 10th century BCE, lending important support to the historicity of the United Monarchy'
163. ^ Proof Of King David? Not Yet. But Riveting Site Shores Up Roots Of Israelite Era, By Amanda Borschel-Dan; Times Of Israel; 14 May 2018; At [3]
164. ^ The Sherlock Holmes Book: Big Ideas Simply Explained. Dorling Kindersley. 2015-10-01. ISBN 978-0-24124833-1. Archived from the original on 2020-10-11. Retrieved 2018-02-12 - via Google Books.
165. ^ O'Kane, Martin (1999). "The Biblical King David and His Artistic and Literary Afterlives". In Exum, Jo Cheryl (ed.). Beyond the Biblical Horizon: The Bible and the Arts. BRILL. p. 86. ISBN 978-9004112902. Retrieved 2015-08-15.
166. ^ Gilbert, Matthew (2015-10-03). "'The Secret Chord' by Geraldine Brooks". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on 2015-10-05. Retrieved 2015-10-04.
167. ^ Hoffman, Alice (2015-09-28). "Geraldine Brooks reimagines King David's life in 'The Secret Chord'". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2018-03-30. Retrieved 2018-03-29.
168. ^ "Book review: The Anointed, by Michael Arditti". www.scotsman.com. 2020-04-14. Retrieved 2022-09-01.
169. ^ "The Anointed by Michael Arditti — a David less divine". Financial Times. 2020-05-08. Archived from the original on 2022-12-10. Retrieved 2022-09-01.
170. ^ Burnette-Bletsch, Rhonda (2016-09-12). The Bible in Motion: A Handbook of the Bible and Its Reception in Film. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 9781614513261. Archived from the original on 2020-10-11. Retrieved 2018-09-02 - via Google Books.
171. ^ Roberts, Jerry (2009-06-05). Encyclopedia of Television Film Directors. Scarecrow Press. p. 368\. ISBN 9780810863781. Archived from the original on 2020-10-11. Retrieved 2018-02-14 - via Google Books.
172. ^ Richards, Jeffrey (2008-09-01). Hollywood's Ancient Worlds. A&C Black. p. 168\. ISBN 9781847250070. Archived from the original on 2020-10-11. Retrieved 2018-02-14 - via Google Books.
173. ^ "David, My David". Forward. 2009-03-26. Archived from the original on 2018-02-15. Retrieved 2018-02-14.
174. ^ "Battles BC". History. Archived from the original on 2010-02-07.
175. ^ "King David - Record TV Network" Archived 2014-06-18 at the Wayback Machine. recordtvnetwork.com.
176. ^ "Texto bíblico de 'Rei Davi' bate a luxúria de 'As Brasileiras'". Veja (in Portuguese). Editora Abril. 2012-02-24. Archived from the original on 2012-03-27.
177. ^ Anthony Boden, ed. (2017-07-05). "Awfull Majestie". Thomas Tomkins: The Last Elizabethan. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781351539166.
178. ^ "G. F. Handel's Compositions". The Handel Institute. Archived from the original on 2013-09-24. Retrieved 2013-09-28.
179. ^ Peter Gradenwitz (1954-06-02). "'David,' Milhaud's Opera Linking Events Of Bible With Today, Bows in Jerusalem". The New York Times. p. 38.
180. ^ "Works - Chorus & Orchestra - Chichester Psalms (1965)".
181. ^ Rogovoy, Seth (2009-11-24). Bob Dylan: Prophet, Mystic, Poet. Simon & Schuster. p. 237\. ISBN 978-1-41655983-2. Archived from the original on 2020-10-11. Retrieved 2018-02-14 - via Google Books.
182. ^ "Mad About You". Sting.com. Archived from the original on 2017-03-27. Retrieved 2017-03-26.
183. ^ "Lyrics Database". Little Feat website. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2017-07-11.
184. ^ Mikkelson, David (2007-09-29). "Four Kings in Deck of Cards". Snopes. Archived from the original on 2021-11-19. Retrieved 2009-07-16.
185. ^ Madore, David. "Courts on playing cards". Archived from the original on 2012-02-08. Illustrations of the Anglo-American and French court cards

### Sources

[edit]

* Auld, Graeme (2003). "1 & 2 Samuel". In James D. G. Dunn; John William Rogerson (eds.). Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802837110. Archived from the original on 2018-12-25. Retrieved 2016-01-07.
* Baden, Joel (2013-10-08). The Historical David: The Real Life of an Invented Hero. HarperOne. ISBN 978-0-06-218833-5.
* Dever, William G. (2017). Beyond the Texts: An Archaeological Portrait of Ancient Israel and Judah. SBL Press. ISBN 978-0-88414-217-1.
* Dever, William G. (2020). Has Archaeology Buried the Bible?. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4674-5949-5.
* Faust, Avraham; Sapir, Yair (2018). "The "Governor's Residency" at Tel 'Eton, The United Monarchy, and the Impact of the Old-House Effect on Large-Scale Archaeological Reconstructions". Radiocarbon. 60 (3): 801–820\. Bibcode:2018Radcb..60..801F. doi:10.1017/RDC.2018.10. ISSN 0033-8222.
* Faust, Avraham; Farber, Zev I. (2025). The Bible's First Kings: Uncovering the Story of Saul, David, and Solomon. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-009-52633-3.
* Finkelstein, Israel; Na'aman, Nadav; Römer, Thomas (2019). "Restoring Line 31 in the Mesha Stele: The 'House of David' or Biblical Balak?" (PDF). Tel Aviv. 46 (1): 3–11\. doi:10.1080/03344355.2019.1586378. ISSN 0334-4355. S2CID 194331133. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-04-27.
* Finkelstein, Israel; Silberman, Neil Asher (2002). The Bible Unearthed. Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and The Origin of Its Sacred Texts. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-0-7432-2338-6.
* Finkelstein, Israel; Silberman, Neil Asher (2007). David and Solomon: In Search of the Bible's Sacred Kings and the Roots of the Western Tradition. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-0-7432-4363-6. Archived from the original on 2020-10-11. Retrieved 2016-11-12.
* Gordon, Cyrus H. (1955). "Homer And Bible: The Origin and Character of East Mediterranean Literature". Hebrew Union College Annual. 26: 43–108\. JSTOR 23506150.
* Horner, Tom (1978). Jonathan Loved David: Homosexuality in Biblical Times. Westminster: John Knox Press. ISBN 9780664241858.
* Knight, Douglas A (1991). "Sources". In Watson E. Mills, Roger Aubrey Bullard (ed.). Mercer Dictionary of the Bible. Mercer University Press. ISBN 9780865543737. Archived from the original on 2018-12-25. Retrieved 2016-01-07.
* Langlois, Michaël (2019). "The Kings, the City and the House of David on the Mesha Stele in Light of New Imaging Techniques". Semitica. 61: 23–47.
* Lemaire, André (1994). "'House of David' Restored in Moabite Inscription". Biblical Archaeology Review. 20 (3): 30–37\. Archived from the original on 2022-11-22. Retrieved 2021-08-23.
* Lemaire, André (1999). "The united monarchy: Saul, David and Solomon". In Hershel Shanks (ed.). Ancient Israel: From Abraham to the Roman Destruction of the Temple (Revised ed.). Biblical Archaeology Society. ISBN 978-1880317549.
* McKenzie, Steven L. (2004). Abingdon Old Testament Commentaries: I & II Chronicles. Abingdon Press. ISBN 978-1-4267-5980-2. Archived from the original on 2020-10-11. Retrieved 2016-11-12.
* Moore, Megan Bishop; Kelle, Brad E. (2011). Biblical History and Israel's Past. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-8028-6260-0. Archived from the original on 2018-12-25. Retrieved 2016-05-24.
* Na'aman, Nadav (January–February 2014). "The Interchange Between Bible and Archaeology". Biblical Archaeology Review. 40 (1): 57–62. Retrieved 2021-11-04.
* Na'aman, Nadav (2019). "The Alleged 'Beth David' in the Mesha Stele: The Case Against It". Tel Aviv. 46 (2): 192–197\. doi:10.1080/03344355.2019.1650494. ISSN 0334-4355. S2CID 214431108.
* Pfoh, Emanuel (2016-04-01). The Emergence of Israel in Ancient Palestine: Historical and Anthropological Perspectives. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-94775-1.
* Pioske, Daniel (2015). David's Jerusalem: Between Memory and History. Routledge Studies in Religion. Vol. 45\. Routledge. ISBN 978-1317548911. Archived from the original on 2020-06-18. Retrieved 2020-09-16.
* Redford, Donald B. (1992). Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-21465-8.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Alexander, David; Alexander, Pat, eds. (1983). Eerdmans' Handbook to the Bible (New rev. ed.). Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-8028-3486-7.
* Alter, Robert (2009). The David Story: A Translation with Commentary of 1 and 2 Samuel. W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0393320770.
* Bergen, David T. (1996). 1, 2 Samuel. B&H Publishing Group. ISBN 9780805401073. Archived from the original on 2018-12-25. Retrieved 2016-01-07.
* Breytenbach, Andries (2000). "Who Is Behind The Samuel Narrative?". In Johannes Cornelis de Moor; H.F. Van Rooy (eds.). Past, Present, Future: The Deuteronomistic History and the Prophets. Brill. ISBN 978-9004118713. Archived from the original on 2018-12-25. Retrieved 2016-01-07.
* Brettler, Mark Zvi (2007). "Introduction to the Historical Books". In Coogan, Michael David; Brettler, Marc Zvi; Newsom, Carol Ann (eds.). The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195288803.
* Bright, John (1981). A History of Israel (3rd ed.). Philadelphia: Westminster Press. ISBN 978-0-664-21381-7.
* Bruce, F. F. (1963). Israel and the Nations: From the Exodus to the Fall of the Second Temple. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans. OCLC 1026642167.
* Coogan, Michael D. (2009). A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament: the Hebrew Bible in its Context. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199740291.
* Coogan, Michael David (2007). "Cultural Contexts: The Ancient Near East and Israel". In Coogan, Michael David; Brettler, Marc Zvi; Newsom, Carol Ann (eds.). The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195288803.
* Dever, William G. (2001). What did the Bible writers know and when did they know it?. Cambridge, UK: William B. Eerdmans Publ. Co.
* Dick, Michael B (2004). "The History of 'David's Rise to Power' and the Neo-Babylonian Succession Apologies". In Bernard Frank Batto; Kathryn L. Roberts (eds.). David and Zion: biblical studies in honor of J.J.M. Roberts. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 9781575060927. Archived from the original on 2018-12-25. Retrieved 2016-01-07.
* Eynikel, Erik (2000). "The Relation Between the Eli Narrative and the Ark Narratives". In Johannes Cornelis de Moor; H.F. Van Rooy (eds.). Past, present, future: the Deuteronomistic History and the Prophets. Brill. ISBN 978-9004118713. Archived from the original on 2018-12-25. Retrieved 2016-01-07.
* Fridman, Julia (2014-02-20). "The Naked Truth About King David, the 8th Son". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 2017-09-04. Retrieved 2017-09-04.
* Gordon, Robert (1986). I & II Samuel, A Commentary. Paternoster Press. ISBN 9780310230229. Archived from the original on 2018-12-25. Retrieved 2016-01-07.
* Green, Adam (2007). King Saul: The True History of the First Messiah. Cambridge, UK: Lutterworth Press. ISBN 978-0718830748.
* Halpern, Baruch (2000). "David". In Freedman, David Noel; Allen C., Myers (eds.). Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Eerdmans. ISBN 9789053565032.
* Halpern, Baruch (2001). David's Secret Demons: Messiah, Murderer, Traitor, King. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802827975. Archived from the original on 2018-12-25. Retrieved 2016-01-07.
* Harrison, R. K. (1969). An Introduction to the Old Testament. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans. OCLC 814408043.
* Hertzberg, Hans Wilhelm (1964). I & II Samuel, A Commentary (trans. from German 1960 2nd ed.). Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 9780664223182. Archived from the original on 2018-12-25. Retrieved 2016-01-07. `{{cite book}}`: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
* Jones, Gwilym H (2001). "1 and 2 Samuel". In John Barton; John Muddiman (eds.). The Oxford Bible Commentary. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198755005.
* Kidner, Derek (1973). The Psalms. Downers Grove, IL: Inter-Varsity Press. ISBN 978-0-87784-868-4.
* Kirsch, Jonathan (2000). King David: the real life of the man who ruled Israel. Ballantine. ISBN 0-345-43275-4.
* Klein, R.W. (2003). "Samuel, Books of". In Bromiley, Geoffrey W (ed.). The international standard Bible encyclopedia. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802837844. Archived from the original on 2018-12-25. Retrieved 2016-01-07.
* Knight, Douglas A (1995). "Deuteronomy and the Deuteronomists". In James Luther Mays; David L. Petersen; Kent Harold Richards (eds.). Old Testament Interpretation. T&T Clark. ISBN 9780567292896. Archived from the original on 2018-12-25. Retrieved 2016-01-07.
* Noll, K. L. (1997). The Faces of David. Sheffield, UK: Sheffield Acad. Press. ISBN 978-1-85075-659-0.
* Rosner, Steven (2012). A Guide to the Psalms of David. Outskirts Press. Archived from the original on 2018-12-25. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
* Pfoh, Emanuel (2016). The Emergence of Israel in Ancient Palestine: Historical and Anthropological Perspectives. Routledge. ISBN 9781134947751.
* Schleffer, Eben (2000). "Saving Saul from the Deuteronomist". In Johannes Cornelis de Moor; H.F. Van Rooy (eds.). Past, Present, Future: The Deuteronomistic History and the Prophets. Brill. ISBN 978-9004118713. Archived from the original on 2018-12-25. Retrieved 2016-01-07.
* Soggin, Alberto (1987). Introduction to the Old Testament. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 9780664221560. Archived from the original on 2016-02-07. Retrieved 2016-01-07.
* Spieckerman, Hermann (2001). "The Deuteronomistic History". In Leo G. Perdue (ed.). The Blackwell companion to the Hebrew Bible. Blackwell. ISBN 9780631210719. Archived from the original on 2019-01-06. Retrieved 2016-01-07.
* Thompson, J. A. (1986). Handbook of Life in Bible Times. Leicester, UK: Inter-Varsity Press. ISBN 978-0-87784-949-0.
* Tsumura, David Toshio (2007). The First Book of Samuel. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802823595. Archived from the original on 2018-12-25. Retrieved 2016-01-07.
* Van Seters, John (1997). In Search of History: Historiography in the Ancient World and the Origins of Biblical History. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 9781575060132. Archived from the original on 2016-02-09. Retrieved 2016-01-07.
* Walton, John H (2009). "The Deuteronomistic History". In Andrew E. Hill; John H. Walton (eds.). A Survey of the Old Testament. Zondervan. ISBN 9780631210719. Archived from the original on 2019-01-06. Retrieved 2016-01-07.

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to David (Biblical figure).

Wikiquote has quotations related to David.

* Complete Bible Genealogy—David's family tree
* David engravings from the De Verda collection
* King David at the Christian Iconography web site
* The History of David, by William Caxton
* "David" by Kent Harold Richards at Bible Odyssey

David of the United Kingdom of Israel and Judah

House of David

Cadet branch of the Tribe of Judah

Regnal titles
New title

Rebellion from Israel under Ish-bosheth

|  King of Judah | Succeeded by

Solomon

Preceded by

Ish-bosheth

|  King of the United
Kingdom of Israel and Judah

Articles related to David

* v
* t
* e

Rulers of Israel and Judah

* Davidic line
* Kings of Israel and Judah
* Kings of Judah
* Maccabees

Israel
(united monarchy)|

* Saul
* Ish-bosheth
* David
* Solomon

Israel
(northern kingdom)|

* Jeroboam I
* Nadab
* Baasha
* Elah
* Zimri
* Tibni
* Omri
* Ahab (Jezebel)
* Ahaziah
* Jehoram
* Jehu
* Jehoahaz
* Jehoash
* Jeroboam II
* Zechariah
* Shallum
* Menahem
* Pekahiah
* Pekah
* Hoshea

Judah
(southern kingdom)|

* Rehoboam
* Abijam
* Asa
* Jehoshaphat
* Jehoram
* Ahaziah
* Athaliah
* Jehoash
* Amaziah
* Uzziah
* Jotham
* Ahaz
* Hezekiah
* Manasseh
* Amon
* Josiah
* Jehoahaz
* Jehoiakim
* Jeconiah
* Zedekiah

Judea
(Hasmonean dynasty)|

* Simon Thassi
* John Hyrcanus
* Aristobulus I
* Alexander Jannaeus
* Salome Alexandra
* Hyrcanus II
* Aristobulus II
* Antigonus II Mattathias

See also|

* Jewish leadership
* List of Jewish leaders in the Land of Israel

* v
* t
* e

Adam to David according to the Hebrew Bible

Creation to Flood|

* Adam
* Seth
* Enos
* Kenan
* Mahalalel
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* Lamech
* Noah
* Shem

Patriarchs after Flood|

* Arpachshad
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* Shelah
* Eber
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* Terah
* Abraham
* Isaac
* Jacob

Tribe of Judah to Kingdom|

* Judah
* Perez
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Names in italics only appear in the Greek Septuagint version

* v
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* e

Prophets in the Hebrew Bible / Old Testament

Pre-Patriarchal|

* Abel‡
* Enoch‡
* Noah‡ (in rabbinic literature)

Patriarchs / Matriarchs|

* Abraham
* Isaac
* Jacob
* Sarah

Israelite prophets
in the Torah

* Moses (in rabbinic literature)
* Aaron
* Miriam
* Eldad and Medad
* Phinehas

Mentioned in the
Former Prophets

* Joshua
* Deborah
* Gideon
* Samson
* Elkanah
* Hannah
* Abigail
* Samuel
* Gad
* Nathan
* David
* Solomon
* Jeduthun
* Ahijah
* Shemaiah
* Elijah
* Elisha
* Iddo
* Hanani
* Jehu
* Micaiah
* Jahaziel
* Eliezer ben Dodavah
* Zechariah ben Jehoiada
* Huldah

Major|

* Isaiah (in rabbinic literature)
* Jeremiah
* Ezekiel
* Daniel‡ (in rabbinic literature)

Minor|

* Hosea
* Joel
* Amos
* Obadiah
* Jonah (in rabbinic literature)
* Micah
* Nahum
* Habakkuk
* Zephaniah
* Haggai
* Zechariah
* Malachi

Noahide|

* Beor
* Balaam
* Job (in rabbinic literature)

Other|

* Amoz
* Beeri
* Baruch
* Agur
* Uriah
* Buzi
* Mordecai
* Esther (in rabbinic literature)
* Ezra
* Nehemiah
* Ruth
* Oded
* Azariah

* Italics indicate persons whose status as prophets is not universally accepted.
* ‡ indicates persons whose status as prophets is exclusive to Christianity.

* v
* t
* e

Psalms

By number
(Septuagint/Vulgate
numbering
in brackets)|

* 1
* 2
* 3
* 4
* 5
* 6
* 7
* 8
* 9 (9a)
* 10 (9b)
* 11 (10)
* 12 (11)
* 13 (12)
* 14 (13)
* 15 (14)
* 16 (15)
* 17 (16)
* 18 (17)
* 19 (18)
* 20 (19)
* 21 (20)
* 22 (21)
* 23 (22)
* 24 (23)
* 25 (24)
* 26 (25)
* 27 (26)
* 28 (27)
* 29 (28)
* 30 (29)
* 31 (30)
* 32 (31)
* 33 (32)
* 34 (33)
* 35 (34)
* 36 (35)
* 37 (36)
* 38 (37)
* 39 (38)
* 40 (39)
* 41 (40)
* 42 (41)
* 43 (42)
* 44 (43)
* 45 (44)
* 46 (45)
* 47 (46)
* 48 (47)
* 49 (48)
* 50 (49)
* 51 (50)
* 52 (51)
* 53 (52)
* 54 (53)
* 55 (54)
* 56 (55)
* 57 (56)
* 58 (57)
* 59 (58)
* 60 (59)
* 61 (60)
* 62 (61)
* 63 (62)
* 64 (63)
* 65 (64)
* 66 (65)
* 67 (66)
* 68 (67)
* 69 (68)
* 70 (69)
* 71 (70)
* 72 (71)
* 73 (72)
* 74 (73)
* 75 (74)
* 76 (75)
* 77 (76)
* 78 (77)
* 79 (78)
* 80 (79)
* 81 (80)
* 82 (81)
* 83 (82)
* 84 (83)
* 85 (84)
* 86 (85)
* 87 (86)
* 88 (87)
* 89 (88)
* 90 (89)
* 91 (90)
* 92 (91)
* 93 (92)
* 94 (93)
* 95 (94)
* 96 (95)
* 97 (96)
* 98 (97)
* 99 (98)
* 100 (99)
* 101 (100)
* 102 (101)
* 103 (102)
* 104 (103)
* 105 (104)
* 106 (105)
* 107 (106)
* 108 (107)
* 109 (108)
* 110 (109)
* 111 (110)
* 112 (111)
* 113 (112)
* 114 (113a)
* 115 (113b)
* 116 (114–115)
* 117 (116)
* 118 (117)
* 119 (118)
* 120 (119)
* 121 (120)
* 122 (121)
* 123 (122)
* 124 (123)
* 125 (124)
* 126 (125)
* 127 (126)
* 128 (127)
* 129 (128)
* 130 (129)
* 131 (130)
* 132 (131)
* 133 (132)
* 134 (133)
* 135 (134)
* 136 (135)
* 137 (136)
* 138 (137)
* 139 (138)
* 140 (139)
* 141 (140)
* 142 (141)
* 143 (142)
* 144 (143)
* 145 (144)
* 146 (145)
* 147 (146–147)
* 148
* 149
* 150

Apocrypha or
Deuterocanonical

* 151 (Eastern Orthodox)
* 152–155 (Syriac Orthodox)
* Psalms of Solomon

People|

* David
* Ethan
* Heman the Ezrahite
* Asaph
* Achish

Types of psalm|

* Psalms of Asaph
* Communal lament
* Imprecatory
* Invitatory
* Laudate
* Penitential
* Royal
* Song of Ascents

Terminology|

* Psalter
* Hallel
* Hallelujah
* Leviathan
* Miktam
* Rahab
* Selah
* Shoshannim
* Queen of Psalm 45

Psalm phrases|

* Beatus vir
* It is time to work for the Lord
* My cup runneth over
* They have pierced my hands and my feet

Psalmody|

* Exclusive psalmody
* Gaelic
* Gelineau
* Responsorial

Related|

* Kathisma
* Perek Shirah
* Pater Noster cord
* Tikkun HaKlali
* Zabur
* Midrash Tehillim

Manuscripts|

* 4Q448
* Great Psalms Scroll
* Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 5101
* Vindobonensis Greek 39777
* P. Lond.Lit.207
* Taylor-Schechter 16.320
* Ambrosiano O 39 sup.

* v
* t
* e

First Book of Samuel

Bible chapters|

1 Samuel 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15 • 16 • 17 • 18 • 19 • 20 • 21 • 22 • 23 • 24 • 25 • 26 • 27 • 28 • 29 • 30 • 31

Places|

* Adullam
* Aijalon
* Ammon
* Aphek
* Aroer
* Ashdod
* Ashkelon
* Azekah
* Beersheba
* Besor
* Bethcar
* Bethel
* Bethlehem(-Judah)
* Bethshan
* Beth Shemesh
* Carmel
* Dan
* Ebenezer
* Edom
* Ekron
* Endor
* Engedi
* Ephesdammim
* Ephraim, Mount
* Eshtemoa
* Gallim
* Gath
* Gaza
* Geba
* Gibeah
* Gilboa
* Gilgal
* Hachilah
* Hareth
* Havilah
* Hebron
* Hormah
* Jabesh-Gilead
* Jattir
* Jezreel
* Jordan River
* Keilah
* Kiriath Jearim
* Maon
* Michmash
* Migron
* Mizpah
* Mizpeh in Moab
* Moab
* Naioth
* Nob
* Ophrah
* Paran
* Ramah
* Ramoth
* Shaaraim
* Shen
* Shiloh
* Shochoh
* Shunem
* Shur
* Tabor
* Valley of Elah
* Zeboim
* Zelzah
* Ziklag
* Zobah
* Zuph, Land of

Persons|

| Rulers/leaders|

* David
* Eli
* Samuel
* Saul

|

Others|

* Abiathar
* Abiel
* Abigail
* Abishai
* Abner
* Achish
* Agag
* Ahijah
* Ahinoam
* Ahimaaz
* Ahimelech
* Ahinoam
* Ahitub
* Amalekites
* Ammon
* Amorites
* Children of Israel
* Elkanah
* Hannah
* Hophni
* Ichabod
* Ishui
* Israelites
* Joab
* Jonathan
* Joshua the Bethshemite
* Kenites
* Kish
* Laish
* Man of God
* Matri
* Melchishua
* Merab
* Michal
* Ner
* Phalti
* Peninnah
* Philistines
* Phinehas
* Phinehas's wife
* Witch of Endor
* Zeruiah

Phrases/events|

* Ark of the Covenant
* Ashtaroth
* Baalim
* Battle of Aphek
* Battle of Michmash
* David and Goliath
* Ephod
* Kohen
* Philistine captivity of the Ark
* Pim weight

Manuscripts|

* The Samuel Scroll

Textual analysis|

* Court History of David
* Deuteronomistic history
* Books of the Kingdoms
* David and Jonathan

Sources|

Hebrew Bible • Septuagint • Wycliffe Bible • King James Version • American Standard Version • World English Version

* v
* t
* e

Prophets in the Quran

| آدَم| إِدرِيس| نُوح| هُود| صَالِح| إِبْرَاهِيْم| لُوط| إِسْمَاعِيْل

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

* Adam
* Adam

* Idris
* Enoch (?)

* Nuh
* Noah

* Hud
* Eber (?)

* Salih
* Selah (?)

* Ibrahim
* Abraham

* Lut
* Lot

* Ismail
* Ishmael

| إِسْحَاق| يَعْقُوب| يُوسُف| أَيُّوْب| شُعَيْب| مُوسَى| هَارُون| ذُو الكِفْل| دَاوُد

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

* Is'haq
* Isaac

* Yaqub
* Jacob

* Yusuf
* Joseph

* Ayyub
* Job

* Shuayb
* Jethro (?)

* Musa
* Moses

* Harun
* Aaron

* Dhu l-Kifl
* Ezekiel (?)
* Gautama Buddha (?)

* Dawud
* David

| سُلَيْمَان| إِلْيَاس| اليَسَع| يُونُس| زَكَرِيَّا| يَحْيَى| عِيسَى| مُحَمَّد

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

* Sulayman
* Solomon

* Ilyas
* Elijah

* Al-Yasa
* Elisha

* Yunus
* Jonah

* Zakariya
* Zechariah

* Yahya
* John

* Isa
* Jesus

* Muhammad
* Muhammad

Note: Muslims believe that there were many prophets sent by God to mankind. The Islamic prophets above are only the ones mentioned by name in the Quran.

* v
* t
* e

Solomon

Family and
reputed relations|

* David
* Davidic line
* Menelik I
* Solomonic dynasty
* Naamah
* Pharaoh's daughter
* Queen of Sheba
* Rehoboam

Occurrences|

* Judgement of Solomon
* Solomon and Marcolf
* Solomon in Islam
* Solomon's shamir
* Solomon's Temple
* Throne of Solomon
* Valley of the ants

Reputed works|

* Protocanonical
* Ecclesiastes
* Proverbs
* Psalm 72
* Psalm 127
* Song of Songs
* Deuterocanonical
* Book of Wisdom
* Apocryphal
* Odes of Solomon
* Prayer of Solomon
* Psalms of Solomon
* Testament of Solomon
* Grimoires
* Key of Solomon
* The Lesser Key of Solomon
* Magical Treatise of Solomon

Related articles|

* Boaz and Jachin
* Goetia
* King Solomon's Mines
* Seal of Solomon
* Solomonic column
* Solomon's knot
* Solomon's Pools
* United Monarchy

* v
* t
* e

Saints of the Catholic Church

Dicastery for the Causes of Saints
Stages of canonization: Servant of God →  Venerable →  Blessed →  Saint

Virgin Mary|

* Mother of God (Theotokos)
* Immaculate Conception
* Perpetual virginity
* Assumption
* Marian apparition
* Titles of Mary
* Joseph (husband)

Apostles|

* Andrew
* Barnabas
* Bartholomew
* James of Alphaeus
* James the Great
* John
* Jude
* Matthew
* Matthias
* Paul
* Peter
* Philip
* Simon
* Thomas

Archangels|

* Gabriel
* Michael in the Catholic Church
* Raphael

Confessors|

* Anatolius
* Anthony of Kiev
* Athanasius the Confessor
* Chariton the Confessor
* Dominic
* Edward the Confessor
* Francis of Assisi
* Francis Borgia
* Homobonus
* John Henry Newman
* Lazarus Zographos
* Louis Bertrand
* Martin de Porres
* Martin of Tours
* Maximus the Confessor
* Michael of Synnada
* Paphnutius the Confessor
* Paul I of Constantinople
* Peter Claver
* Salonius
* Sergius of Radonezh
* Theophanes the Confessor
* Pio of Pietrelcina

Disciples|

* Apollos
* Mary of Bethany
* Mary Magdalene
* Priscilla and Aquila
* Silvanus
* Stephen
* Timothy
* Titus
* Seventy disciples

Doctors of the Church|

* Gregory the Great
* Ambrose
* Augustine of Hippo
* Jerome
* John Chrysostom
* Basil of Caesarea
* Gregory of Nazianzus
* Athanasius of Alexandria
* Cyril of Alexandria
* Cyril of Jerusalem
* John of Damascus
* Bede the Venerable
* Ephrem the Syrian
* Thomas Aquinas
* Bonaventure
* Anselm of Canterbury
* Isidore of Seville
* Peter Chrysologus
* Leo the Great
* Peter Damian
* Bernard of Clairvaux
* Hilary of Poitiers
* Alphonsus Liguori
* Francis de Sales
* Peter Canisius
* John of the Cross
* Robert Bellarmine
* Albertus Magnus
* Anthony of Padua
* Lawrence of Brindisi
* Teresa of Ávila
* Catherine of Siena
* Thérèse of Lisieux
* John of Ávila
* Hildegard of Bingen
* Gregory of Narek
* Irenaeus
* John Henry Newman

Evangelists|

* Matthew
* Mark
* Luke
* John

Church
Fathers|

* Alexander of Alexandria
* Alexander of Jerusalem
* Ambrose of Milan
* Anatolius
* Athanasius of Alexandria
* Augustine of Hippo
* Caesarius of Arles
* Caius
* Cappadocian Fathers
* Clement of Alexandria
* Clement of Rome
* Cyprian of Carthage
* Cyril of Alexandria
* Cyril of Jerusalem
* Damasus I
* Desert Fathers
* Desert Mothers
* Dionysius of Alexandria
* Dionysius of Corinth
* Dionysius
* Ephrem the Syrian
* Epiphanius of Salamis
* Fulgentius of Ruspe
* Gregory the Great
* Gregory of Nazianzus
* Gregory of Nyssa
* Hilary of Poitiers
* Hippolytus of Rome
* Ignatius of Antioch
* Irenaeus of Lyons
* Isidore of Seville
* Jerome of Stridonium
* John Chrysostom
* John of Damascus
* Maximus the Confessor
* Melito of Sardis
* Quadratus of Athens
* Papias of Hierapolis
* Peter Chrysologus
* Polycarp of Smyrna
* Theophilus of Antioch
* Victorinus of Pettau
* Vincent of Lérins
* Zephyrinus

Martyrs|

* Abda and Abdisho
* Boris and Gleb
* Charles de Foucauld
* Canadian Martyrs
* Carthusian Martyrs
* Child Martyrs of Tlaxcala
* Christina of Persia
* Dominguito del Val
* Devasahayam Pillai
* Dismas the Good Thief
* Forty Martyrs of England and Wales
* Four Crowned Martyrs
* Gerard of Csanád
* Great Martyr
* The Holy Innocents
* Irish Martyrs
* John Fisher
* Korean Martyrs
* Lorenzo Ruiz
* Martyrs of Lübeck
* Luigi Versiglia
* Martyrology
* Martyrs of Albania
* Martyrs of Algeria
* Martyrs of Cajonos
* Martyrs of Compiègne
* Martyrs of Drina
* Martyrs of China
* Martyrs of Gorkum
* Martyrs of Japan
* 21 Martyrs of Libya
* Martyrs of La Rioja
* Martyrs of Damascus
* Martyrs of Laos
* Martyrs of Natal
* Martyrs of Otranto
* Martyrs of Prague
* Martyrs of Sandomierz
* Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War
* Martyrs of Zenta
* Maximilian Kolbe
* Óscar Romero
* Pedro Calungsod
* Perpetua and Felicity
* Peter Chanel
* Pietro Parenzo
* Philomena
* Saints of the Cristero War
* Stephen
* Teresa Benedicta of the Cross
* Titus Brandsma
* 17 Thomasian Martyrs
* Thomas Becket
* Thomas More
* Three Martyrs of Chimbote
* Ulma Family
* Uganda Martyrs
* Vietnamese Martyrs
* Valentine of Rome
* Victor and Corona
* Zanitas and Lazarus of Persia

Missionaries|

* Ansgar
* Augustine of Canterbury
* Boniface
* Cyril and Methodius
* Damien of Molokai
* Evermode of Ratzeburg
* Francis Xavier
* François de Laval
* Gregory the Illuminator
* Junípero Serra
* Nino of Georgia
* Patrick of Ireland
* Remigius
* Sava of Serbia

Patriarchs|

* Adam
* Abel
* Abraham
* Isaac
* Jacob
* Joseph
* Joseph (father of Jesus)
* David
* Noah
* Solomon
* Matriarchs

Popes|

* Adeodatus I
* Adeodatus II
* Adrian III
* Agapetus I
* Agatho
* Alexander I
* Anacletus
* Anastasius I
* Anicetus
* Anterus
* Benedict II
* Boniface I
* Boniface IV
* Caius
* Callixtus I
* Celestine I
* Celestine V
* Clement I
* Cornelius
* Damasus I
* Dionysius
* Eleuterus
* Eugene I
* Eusebius
* Eutychian
* Evaristus
* Fabian
* Felix I
* Felix III
* Felix IV
* Gelasius I
* Gregory I
* Gregory II
* Gregory III
* Gregory VII
* Hilarius
* Hormisdas
* Hyginus
* Innocent I
* John I
* John XXIII
* John Paul II
* Julius I
* Leo I
* Leo II
* Leo III
* Leo IV
* Leo IX
* Linus
* Lucius I
* Marcellinus
* Marcellus I
* Mark
* Martin I
* Miltiades
* Nicholas I
* Paschal I
* Paul I
* Paul VI
* Peter
* Pius I
* Pius V
* Pius X
* Pontian
* Sergius I
* Silverius
* Simplicius
* Siricius
* Sixtus I
* Sixtus II
* Sixtus III
* Soter
* Stephen I
* Stephen IV
* Sylvester I
* Symmachus
* Telesphorus
* Urban I
* Victor I
* Vitalian
* Zachary
* Zephyrinus
* Zosimus

Prophets|

* Agabus
* Amos
* Anna
* Baruch ben Neriah
* David
* Elijah
* Ezekiel
* Habakkuk
* Haggai
* Hosea
* Isaiah
* Jeremiah
* Job
* Joel
* John the Baptist
* Jonah
* Judas Barsabbas
* Malachi
* Melchizedek
* Micah
* Moses
* Nahum
* Obadiah
* Samuel
* Seven Maccabees and their mother
* Simeon
* Zechariah (prophet)
* Zechariah (NT)
* Zephaniah

Virgins|

* Agatha of Sicily
* Agnes of Rome
* Angela of the Cross
* Æthelthryth
* Bernadette Soubirous
* Catherine of Bologna
* Brigid of Kildare
* Catherine Labouré
* Catherine of Siena
* Cecilia
* Clare of Assisi
* Eulalia of Mérida
* Euphemia
* Faustina Kowalska
* Faustina and Liberata of Como
* Genevieve
* Hiltrude of Liessies
* Joan of Arc
* Josephine Bakhita
* Kateri Tekakwitha
* Lucy of Syracuse
* Maria Goretti
* María de las Maravillas de Jesús
* Narcisa de Jesús
* Patricia of Naples
* Rosalia
* Rose of Lima
* Teresa of the Andes
* Teresa of Calcutta
* Trasilla and Emiliana
* Ubaldesca Taccini

See also|

* Calendar of saints
* Four Holy Marshals
* Fourteen Holy Helpers
* Martyr of charity
* Military saints
* Athleta Christi
* Miles Christianus
* Church Militant
* Seven Champions
* Venerated couples
* Virtuous pagan

* Catholic Church portal
* Saints portal

* v
* t
* e

Rulers of the ancient Near East

|  | Territories/
dates
[1][2][3][4][5] | Egypt | Canaan | Ebla | Mari | Kish/
Assur | Akshak/
Akkad | Uruk | Adab | Umma
| Lagash | Ur | Elam

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

4000–3200 BCE  | Naqada I
Naqada II
| Egypt–Mesopotamia relations | Pre-Dynastic period (4000–2900 BCE)  | Susa I

Uruk period
(4000–3100 BCE)

(Anu Ziggurat, 4000 BCE)

(Anonymous "King-priests")  | Susa II

(Uruk influence or control)
3200–3100 BCE  | Proto-Dynastic period
(Naqada III)
Early or legendary kings:
Upper Egypt
Finger Snail Fish Pen-Abu Animal Stork Canide Bull Scorpion I Shendjw Iry-Hor Ka Scorpion II Narmer / Menes | Lower Egypt
Hedju Hor Ny-Hor Hsekiu Khayu Tiu Thesh Neheb Wazner Nat-Hor Mekh Double Falcon Wash
3100–2900 BCE  | Early Dynastic Period
First Dynasty of EgyptNarmer Palette
Narmer Menes Neithhotep♀ (regent) Hor-Aha Djer Djet Merneith♀ (regent) Den Anedjib Semerkhet Qa'a Sneferka Horus Bird | Canaanites | Jemdet Nasr period
(3100–2900 BCE)  | Proto-Elamite
period
(Susa III)
(3100–2700 BCE)
2900 BCE  | Second Dynasty of Egypt

Hotepsekhemwy Nebra/Raneb Nynetjer Ba Nubnefer Horus Sa Weneg-Nebty Wadjenes Senedj Seth-Peribsen Sekhemib-Perenmaat Neferkara I Neferkasokar Hudjefa I Khasekhemwy
| Early Dynastic Period I (2900–2700 BCE)
First Eblaite
Kingdom
| First kingdom of Mari
| Kish I dynasty
Jushur, Kullassina-bel
Nangishlishma,
En-tarah-ana
Babum, Puannum, Kalibum
2800 BCE

| Kalumum Zuqaqip Atab
Mashda Arwium Etana
Balih En-me-nuna
Melem-Kish Barsal-nuna | Uruk I dynasty
Meshkiangasher
Enmerkar ("conqueror of Aratta")
2700 BCE  | Early Dynastic Period II (2700–2600 BCE)
|  | Zamug, Tizqar, Ilku
Iltasadum | Lugalbanda
Dumuzid, the Fisherman
Enmebaragesi ("made the land of Elam submit")[6]
Aga of Kish | Gilgamesh | Old Elamite period
(2700–1500 BCE)

Indo-Mesopotamia relations
2600 BCE  | Third Dynasty of Egypt

Djoser

(First Egyptian pyramids)
Sekhemkhet Sanakht Nebka Khaba Qahedjet Huni | Early Dynastic Period III (2600–2340 BCE)
Sagisu
Abur-lim
Agur-lim
Ibbi-Damu
Baba-Damu |  | Kish II dynasty
(5 kings)
Uhub
Mesilim | Ur-Nungal
Udulkalama
Labashum | Lagash
En-hegal
Lugal-
shaengur | Ur
A-Imdugud
Ur-Pabilsag
Meskalamdug
(Queen Puabi)
Akalamdug
Enun-dara-anna
Mesh-he
Melem-ana
Lugal-kitun | Adab
Nin-kisalsi
Me-durba
Lugal-dalu |
2575 BCE  | Old Kingdom of Egypt
Fourth Dynasty of Egypt
Snefru Khufu

Djedefre Khafre Bikheris Menkaure Shepseskaf Thamphthis | Ur I dynasty
Mesannepada
"King of Ur and Kish", victorious over Uruk
2500 BCE  | Phoenicia (2500–539 BCE)  | Second kingdom of Mari

Ikun-Shamash
Iku-Shamagan

Ansud
Sa'umu
Ishtup-Ishar
Ikun-Mari
Iblul-Il
Nizi
Enna-Dagan | Kish III dynasty
Ku-Baba♀ | Akshak dynasty
Unzi
Undalulu | Uruk II dynasty
Ensha-
kushanna | Mug-si | Umma I dynasty

Pabilgagaltuku | Lagash I dynasty

Ur-Nanshe

Akurgal | A'annepada
Meskiagnun
Elulu
Balulu | Awan dynasty
Peli
Tata
Ukkutahesh
Hishur
2450 BCE  | Fifth Dynasty of Egypt

Userkaf Sahure Neferirkare Kakai Neferefre Shepseskare Nyuserre Ini Menkauhor Kaiu Djedkare Isesi Unas | Enar-Damu
Ishar-Malik | Ush
Enakalle
Elamite invasions
(3 kings)[6] | Shushun-Tarana
Napi-Ilhush
2425 BCE  | Kun-Damu | Eannatum
(King of Lagash, Sumer, Akkad, conqueror of Elam)
2400 BCE  | Adub-Damu
Igrish-Halam
Irkab-Damu | Kish IV dynasty
Puzur-Suen
Ur-Zababa | Urur | Lugal-kinishe-dudu
Lugal-kisalsi | E-iginimpa'e
Meskigal | Ur-Lumma

Gishakidu
(Queen Bara-irnun)  | Enannatum
Entemena
Enannatum II
Enentarzi | Ur II dynasty
Nanni
Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna II | Kikku-Siwe-Temti
2380 BCE  | Sixth Dynasty of Egypt
Teti Userkare Pepi I Merenre Nemtyemsaf I Pepi II Merenre Nemtyemsaf II Netjerkare Siptah
| Adab dynasty
Lugal-Anne-Mundu
"King of the four quarters of the world"
2370 BCE  | Isar-Damu | Enna-Dagan
Ikun-Ishar
Ishqi-Mari | Invasion by Mari
Anbu, Anba, Bazi, Zizi of Mari, Limer, Sharrum-iter[6] | Ukush | Lugalanda
Urukagina | Luh-ishan
2350 BCE  |  | Puzur-Nirah
Ishu-Il
Shu-Sin | Uruk III dynasty
Lugal-zage-si
(Governor of Umma, King of all Sumer)
2340 BCE  |  | Akkadian Period (2340–2150 BCE)
Akkadian Empire

Sargon of Akkad Rimush Manishtushu | Akkadian Governors:
Eshpum
Ilshu-rabi
Epirmupi
Ili-ishmani
2250 BCE  | Naram-Sin | Lugal-ushumgal
(vassal of the Akkadians)
2200 BCE  | First Intermediate Period
Seventh Dynasty of Egypt
Eighth Dynasty of Egypt
Menkare Neferkare II Neferkare Neby Djedkare Shemai Neferkare Khendu Merenhor Neferkamin Nikare Neferkare Tereru Neferkahor Neferkare Pepiseneb Neferkamin Anu Qakare Ibi Neferkaure Neferkauhor Neferirkare | Second Eblaite
Kingdom | Third kingdom of Mari
(Shakkanakku
dynasty)

Ididish
Shu-Dagan
Ishma-Dagan
(vassals of the Akkadians)  |
Shar-Kali-Sharri
Igigi, Imi, Nanum, Ilulu (3 years)
Dudu
Shu-turul | Uruk IV dynasty
Ur-nigin
Ur-gigir |  | Lagash II dynasty
Puzer-Mama
Ur-Ningirsu I
Pirig-me
Lu-Baba
Lu-gula
Ka-ku
| Hishep-ratep
Helu
Khita
Puzur-Inshushinak
2150 BCE  | Ninth Dynasty of Egypt
Meryibre Khety Neferkare VII Nebkaure Khety Setut | Ur III period (2150–2000 BCE)
Nûr-Mêr
Ishtup-Ilum

Ishgum-Addu
Apil-kin | Gutian dynasty
(21 kings)

La-erabum
Si'um | Kuda (Uruk)
Puzur-ili
Ur-Utu |  | Umma II dynasty
Lugalannatum
(vassal of the Gutians)  | Ur-Baba
Gudea
Ur-Ningirsu
Ur-gar
Nam-mahani

Tirigan
2125 BCE  | Tenth Dynasty of Egypt
Meryhathor Neferkare VIII Wahkare Khety Merikare

| Uruk V dynasty
Utu-hengal
2100 BCE  | (Vassals of UR III)  | Iddi-ilum
Ili-Ishar
Tura-Dagan
Puzur-Ishtar
(vassals of Ur III)[7] | Ur III dynasty
"Kings of Ur, Sumer and Akkad"
Ur-Nammu Shulgi Amar-Sin Shu-Sin
2025–1763 BCE  | Amorite invasions | Ibbi-Sin | Elamite invasions
Kindattu (Shimashki Dynasty)
Middle Kingdom of Egypt
Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt
Mentuhotep I Intef I Intef II Intef III Mentuhotep II Mentuhotep III Mentuhotep IV
Third Eblaite
Kingdom
(Amorites)
Ibbit-Lim

Immeya Indilimma | (Amorite Shakkanakkus)
Hitial-Erra
Hanun-Dagan
(...)

Lim Dynasty
of Mari
(Amorites)
Yaggid-Lim Yahdun-Lim Yasmah-Adad Zimri-Lim (Queen Shibtu)  | Old Assyria
Puzur-Ashur I
Shalim-ahum
Ilu-shuma
Erishum I
Ikunum
Sargon I
Puzur-Ashur II
Naram-Sin
Erishum II | Isin-Larsa period
(Amorites)
Dynasty of Isin: Ishbi-Erra Shu-Ilishu Iddin-Dagan Ishme-Dagan Lipit-Ishtar Ur-Ninurta Bur-Suen Lipit-Enlil Erra-imitti Enlil-bani Zambiya Iter-pisha Ur-du-kuga Suen-magir Damiq-ilishu
Dynasty of Larsa: Naplanum Emisum Samium Zabaia Gungunum Abisare Sumuel Nur-Adad Sin-Iddinam Sin-Eribam Sin-Iqisham Silli-Adad Warad-Sin Rim-Sin I (...) Rim-Sin II
Uruk VI dynasty: Alila-hadum Sumu-binasa Naram-Sin of Uruk Sîn-kāšid Sîn-iribam Sîn-gāmil Ilum-gamil An-am Irdanene Rîm-Anum Nabi-ilišu  | Sukkalmah dynasty

Siwe-Palar-Khuppak
Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt
Amenemhat I Senusret I Amenemhat II Senusret II Senusret III Amenemhat III Amenemhat IV Sobekneferu♀
1800–1595 BCE  | Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt
Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt | Abraham
(Biblical)
Kings of Byblos
Kings of Tyre
Kings of Sidon | Yamhad
(Yamhad dynasty)
(Amorites)  | Old Assyria

(Shamshi-Adad dynasty
1808–1736 BCE)
(Amorites)
Shamshi-Adad I Ishme-Dagan I Mut-Ashkur Rimush Asinum Ashur-dugul Ashur-apla-idi Nasir-Sin Sin-namir Ipqi-Ishtar Adad-salulu Adasi

(Non-dynastic usurpers
1735–1701 BCE)
Puzur-Sin Ashur-dugul Ashur-apla-idi Nasir-Sin Sin-namir Ipqi-Ishtar Adad-salulu Adasi

(Adaside dynasty
1700–722 BCE)
Bel-bani Libaya Sharma-Adad I Iptar-Sin Bazaya Lullaya Shu-Ninua Sharma-Adad II Erishum III Shamshi-Adad II Ishme-Dagan II Shamshi-Adad III Ashur-nirari I Puzur-Ashur III Enlil-nasir I Nur-ili Ashur-shaduni Ashur-rabi I Ashur-nadin-ahhe I Enlil-Nasir II Ashur-nirari II Ashur-bel-nisheshu Ashur-rim-nisheshu Ashur-nadin-ahhe II

| First Babylonian dynasty
("Old Babylonian Period")
(Amorites)
Sumu-abum Sumu-la-El Sabium Apil-Sin Sin-Muballit Hammurabi Samsu-iluna Abi-Eshuh Ammi-Ditana Ammi-Saduqa Samsu-Ditana

Early Kassite rulers |

Second Babylonian dynasty
("Sealand Dynasty")
Ilum-ma-ili Itti-ili-nibi Damqi-ilishu
Ishkibal Shushushi Gulkishar
mDIŠ+U-EN Peshgaldaramesh Ayadaragalama
Akurduana Melamkurkurra Ea-gamil

Second Intermediate Period
Sixteenth
Dynasty of Egypt
Abydos
Dynasty
Seventeenth
Dynasty of Egypt

| Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt
("Hyksos")
Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a Hyksos
Semqen 'Aper-'Anati Sakir-Har Khyan Apepi Khamudi | Mitanni
(1600–1260 BCE)
Kirta Shuttarna I Baratarna
1531–1155 BCE  | TutankhamunNew Kingdom of Egypt
Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt
Ahmose I Amenhotep I | Third Babylonian dynasty (Kassites)
Agum-Kakrime Burnaburiash I Kashtiliash III Ulamburiash Agum III Karaindash Kadashman-Harbe I Kurigalzu I Kadashman-Enlil I Burna-Buriash II Kara-hardash Nazi-Bugash Kurigalzu II Nazi-Maruttash Kadashman-Turgu Kadashman-Enlil II Kudur-Enlil Shagarakti-Shuriash Kashtiliash IV Enlil-nadin-shumi Kadashman-Harbe II Adad-shuma-iddina Adad-shuma-usur Meli-Shipak II Marduk-apla-iddina I Zababa-shuma-iddin Enlil-nadin-ahi | Middle Elamite period

(1500–1100 BCE)
Kidinuid dynasty
Igehalkid dynasty
Untash-Napirisha

Thutmose I Thutmose II Hatshepsut♀ Thutmose III
Amenhotep II Thutmose IV Amenhotep III Akhenaten Smenkhkare Neferneferuaten♀ Tutankhamun Ay Horemheb | Hittite Empire (1450–1180 BCE)
Suppiluliuma I Mursili II Muwatalli II Mursili III Hattusili III Tudhaliya IV Suppiluliuma II

Ugarit (vassal of Hittites)
Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt
Ramesses I Seti I Ramesses II Merneptah Amenmesses Seti II Siptah Tausret♀ | Elamite Empire
Shutrukid dynasty
Shutruk-Nakhunte
1155–1025 BCE  | Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt

Setnakhte Ramesses III Ramesses IV Ramesses V Ramesses VI Ramesses VII Ramesses VIII Ramesses IX Ramesses X Ramesses XI

Third Intermediate Period

Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt
Smendes Amenemnisu Psusennes I Amenemope Osorkon the Elder Siamun Psusennes II

| Phoenicia
Kings of Byblos
Kings of Tyre
Kings of Sidon

Kingdom of Israel
Saul
Ish-bosheth
David
Solomon | Syro-Hittite states
Carchemish
Tabal | Middle Assyria
Eriba-Adad I Ashur-uballit I Enlil-nirari Arik-den-ili Adad-nirari I Shalmaneser I Tukulti-Ninurta I Ashur-nadin-apli Ashur-nirari III Enlil-kudurri-usur Ninurta-apal-Ekur Ashur-dan I Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur Mutakkil-Nusku Ashur-resh-ishi I Tiglath-Pileser I Asharid-apal-Ekur Ashur-bel-kala Eriba-Adad II Shamshi-Adad IV Ashurnasirpal I Shalmaneser II Ashur-nirari IV Ashur-rabi II Ashur-resh-ishi II Tiglath-Pileser II Ashur-dan II | Fourth Babylonian dynasty ("Second Dynasty of Isin")
Marduk-kabit-ahheshu Itti-Marduk-balatu Ninurta-nadin-shumi Nebuchadnezzar I Enlil-nadin-apli Marduk-nadin-ahhe Marduk-shapik-zeri Adad-apla-iddina Marduk-ahhe-eriba Marduk-zer-X Nabu-shum-libur | Neo-Elamite period (1100–540 BCE)
1025–934 BCE  | Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Babylonian dynasties ("Period of Chaos")
Simbar-shipak Ea-mukin-zeri Kashshu-nadin-ahi Eulmash-shakin-shumi Ninurta-kudurri-usur I Shirikti-shuqamuna Mar-biti-apla-usur Nabû-mukin-apli
911–745 BCE  | Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt
Shoshenq I Osorkon I Shoshenq II Takelot I Osorkon II Shoshenq III Shoshenq IV Pami Shoshenq V Pedubast II Osorkon IV

Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt
Harsiese A Takelot II Pedubast I Shoshenq VI Osorkon III Takelot III Rudamun Menkheperre Ini

Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt
Tefnakht Bakenranef

| Kingdom of Samaria

Kingdom of Judah | Neo-Assyrian Empire
Adad-nirari II Tukulti-Ninurta II Ashurnasirpal II Shalmaneser III Shamshi-Adad V Shammuramat♀ (regent) Adad-nirari III Shalmaneser IV Ashur-Dan III Ashur-nirari V | Eight Babylonian Dynasty
Ninurta-kudurri-usur II Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina Shamash-mudammiq Nabu-shuma-ukin I Nabu-apla-iddina Marduk-zakir-shumi I Marduk-balassu-iqbi Baba-aha-iddina (five kings) Ninurta-apla-X Marduk-bel-zeri Marduk-apla-usur Eriba-Marduk Nabu-shuma-ishkun Nabonassar Nabu-nadin-zeri Nabu-shuma-ukin II Nabu-mukin-zeri
| Humban-Tahrid dynasty

Urtak
Teumman
Ummanigash
Tammaritu I
Indabibi
Humban-haltash III
745–609 BCE  | Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt
Taharqa("Black Pharaohs")
Piye Shebitku Shabaka Taharqa Tanutamun | Neo-Assyrian Empire

(Sargonid dynasty)
Tiglath-Pileser† Shalmaneser† Marduk-apla-iddina II Sargon† Sennacherib† Marduk-zakir-shumi II Marduk-apla-iddina II Bel-ibni Ashur-nadin-shumi† Nergal-ushezib Mushezib-Marduk Esarhaddon† Ashurbanipal Ashur-etil-ilani Sinsharishkun Sin-shumu-lishir Ashur-uballit II

Assyrian conquest of Egypt | Assyrian conquest of Elam
626–539 BCE  | Late Period
Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt
Necho I Psamtik I Necho II Psamtik II Wahibre Ahmose II Psamtik III | Neo-Babylonian Empire
Nabopolassar Nebuchadnezzar II Amel-Marduk Neriglissar Labashi-Marduk Nabonidus | Median Empire
Deioces Phraortes Madyes Cyaxares Astyages
539–331 BCE  | Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt
(First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt)  | Kings of Byblos
Kings of Tyre
Kings of Sidon | Achaemenid Empire
Cyrus Cambyses Darius I Xerxes Artaxerxes I Darius II Artaxerxes II Artaxerxes III Artaxerxes IV Darius III
Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt
Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt
Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt
Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt
331–141 BCE  | Argead dynasty and Ptolemaic Egypt
Ptolemy I Soter Ptolemy Ceraunus Ptolemy II Philadelphus Arsinoe II♀ Ptolemy III Euergetes Berenice II Euergetis♀ Ptolemy IV Philopator Arsinoe III Philopator♀ Ptolemy V Epiphanes Cleopatra I Syra♀ Ptolemy VI Philometor Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator Cleopatra II Philometor Soteira♀ Ptolemy VIII Physcon Cleopatra III♀ Ptolemy IX Lathyros Cleopatra IV♀ Ptolemy X Alexander Berenice III♀ Ptolemy XI Alexander Ptolemy XII Auletes Cleopatra V♀ Cleopatra VI Tryphaena♀ Berenice IV Epiphanea♀ Ptolemy XIII Ptolemy XIV Cleopatra VII Philopator♀ Ptolemy XV Caesarion Arsinoe IV♀ | Hellenistic Period
Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from BabylonArgead dynasty: Alexander III Philip III Alexander IV
Antigonid dynasty: Antigonus I
Seleucid Empire: Seleucus I Antiochus I Antiochus II Seleucus II Seleucus III Antiochus III Seleucus IV Antiochus IV Antiochus V Demetrius I Alexander III Demetrius II Antiochus VI Dionysus Diodotus Tryphon Antiochus VII Sidetes
141–30 BCE  | Kingdom of Judea
Simon Thassi John Hyrcanus Aristobulus I Alexander Jannaeus Salome Alexandra♀ Hyrcanus II Aristobulus II Antigonus II Mattathias | Alexander II Zabinas Seleucus V Philometor Antiochus VIII Grypus Antiochus IX Cyzicenus Seleucus VI Epiphanes Antiochus X Eusebes Antiochus XI Epiphanes Demetrius III Eucaerus Philip I Philadelphus Antiochus XII Dionysus Antiochus XIII Asiaticus Philip II Philoromaeus | Parthian Empire
Mithridates I Phraates Hyspaosines Artabanus Mithridates II Gotarzes Mithridates III Orodes I Sinatruces Phraates III Mithridates IV Orodes II Phraates IV Tiridates II Musa Phraates V Orodes III Vonones I Artabanus II Tiridates III Artabanus II Vardanes I Gotarzes II Meherdates Vonones II Vologases I Vardanes II Pacorus II Vologases II Artabanus III Osroes I
30 BCE–116 CE  | Roman Empire
(Roman conquest of Egypt)
Province of Egypt | Judaea | Syria
116–117 CE  | Province of Mesopotamia under Trajan | Parthamaspates of Parthia
117–224 CE  | Syria Palaestina | Province of Mesopotamia | Sinatruces II Mithridates V Vologases IV Osroes II Vologases V Vologases VI Artabanus IV
224–270 CE  | Sasanian Empire
Province of Asoristan
Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint.Ardashir I Shapur I Hormizd I Bahram I Bahram II Bahram III Narseh Hormizd II Adur Narseh Shapur II Ardashir II Shapur III Bahram IV Yazdegerd I Shapur IV Khosrow Bahram V Yazdegerd II Hormizd III Peroz I Balash Kavad I Jamasp Kavad I Khosrow I Hormizd IV Khosrow II Bahram VI Chobin Vistahm
270–273 CE  | Palmyrene Empire
Vaballathus Zenobia♀ Antiochus
273–395 CE  | Roman Empire
Province of Egypt | Syria Palaestina | Syria | Province of Mesopotamia
395–618 CE  | Byzantine Empire
Byzantine Egypt | Palaestina Prima, Palaestina Secunda | Byzantine Syria | Byzantine Mesopotamia
618–628 CE  | (Sasanian conquest of Egypt)
Province of Egypt
Shahrbaraz Shahralanyozan Shahrbaraz | Sasanian Empire
Province of Asoristan
Khosrow II Kavad II
628–641 CE  | Byzantine Empire | Ardashir III Shahrbaraz Khosrow III Boran♀ Shapur-i Shahrvaraz Azarmidokht♀ Farrukh Hormizd Hormizd VI Khosrow IV Boran Yazdegerd III Peroz III Narsieh
Byzantine Egypt | Palaestina Prima, Palaestina Secunda | Byzantine Syria | Byzantine Mesopotamia
639–651 CE  | Muslim conquest of Egypt | Muslim conquest of the Levant | Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia and Persia
Chronology of the Neolithic period |  Rulers of ancient Central Asia

1. ^ Rulers with names in italics are considered fictional.
2. ^ Hallo, William W.; Simpson, William Kelly (1971). The Ancient Near East: A History. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. pp. 48–49\. ISBN 978-0-15-502755-8.
3. ^ "Rulers of Mesopotamia". CDLI:wiki. Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative.
4. ^ Thomas, Ariane; Potts, Timothy, eds. (2020). Mesopotamia: Civilization Begins. Los Angeles: The J. Paul Getty Museum. p. 14\. ISBN 978-1-60606-649-2.
5. ^ Roux, Georges (1992). Ancient Iraq. London: Penguin Books Limited. pp. 532–534 (Chronological Tables). ISBN 978-0-14-193825-7.
6. ^ a b c Per the Sumerian King List.
7. ^ Unger, Merrill F. (2014). Israel and the Aramaeans of Damascus: A Study in Archaeological Illumination of Bible History. Eugene, Oregon: Wipf and Stock. p. 5\. ISBN 978-1-62564-606-4.

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