David Crane (programmer)

American video game designer and programmer

David Crane

Crane in 2013

Born| 1954 (age 69-70)

Nappanee, Indiana, United States

Nationality| American
Alma mater| DeVry University
Occupation(s)| Game designer
Game programmer
Employer(s)| Atari, Inc.
Activision
Known for| Co-founder of Skyworks Interactive and Audacity Games
Notable work| Pitfall!
Ghostbusters
Little Computer People
A Boy and His Blob

David Crane (born 1954) is an American video game designer and programmer. Crane grew up fascinated by technology and went to DeVry Institute of Technology. Following college, he went to Silicon Valley and got his first job at National Semiconductor. Through his friend Alan Miller he learned about potential video game design work at Atari, Inc. and began work there in 1977.

After Crane and other programmers felt they were not being paid fairly at Atari, he left the company in 1979. Crane and Miller formed Activision, the first company to independently publish games for the Atari 2600. The company grew to be massively successful, with Crane's game Pitfall! (1982) being one the biggest sellers for the company.[1] Crane continued to work for Activision making several games for the Atari 2600 and later the Commodore 64. After Activision hired Bruce Davis as the new CEO, Crane left Activison and later joined Garry Kitchen at Absolute Entertainment. At Absolute, Crane began working on several games for the Atari 2600, Nintendo Entertainment System and Super Nintendo Entertainment System.

After Absolute closed in 1995, Crane formed Skyworks Technologies who would make browser games in the mid-1990s and was among the first developers of games that would later be known as advergames. While at Skyworks, Crane designed two of the companies biggest App store sellers with Arcade Bowling and Arcade Hoops Basketball. In the 2010s, Crane would develop games for AppStar for iPhone and iPad and by the end of the decade created Audacity Games, a company that would develop games for older consoles such as the Atari 2600.

## Biography

[edit]

### Early life

[edit]

David Crane was born in Nappanee, Indiana in 1954.[2][3] When he was young, Crane was fascinated by technology and engineering. He would dismantle a black and white television to create a channel tuner near his bedside and make a TV in a cabinet on his wall and create a laser that could ignite a match at the end of a workbench. He intended to work on making gadgets that would help people in their lives, but on reflection in 2010, he stated "Ironically, video game design was even a better fit for that combination of skills. But as I was growing up there was no such thing as a videogame, so how could I know?"[4] Crane's first encounter with a video game was with the Magnavox Odyssey that his parents bought him. He later admitted he was "bored by the rudimentary games" but was fascinated by the technology's potential.[5]

Crane first encountered a computer through a Boy Scout master who worked in data processing and began learning Hollerith code for punched cards.[4][5] He attended a computer programming extension campus.[5] Once Crane graduated in 1972, he could code in three different programming languages.[5][6] Crane went to the DeVry Institute of Technology in Phoenix, Arizona.[6] He completed the four-year course in 33 months and received his degree in electrical engineering.[6][7]

### National Semiconductor and Atari

[edit]

Crane assisted with building the operating system for the Atari 8-bit computers (Atari 800 pictured).

Following college, he moved to Silicon Valley and got his first job at National Semiconductor in 1975.[5][7][6] At the company, he worked on linear integrated circuits in order to become proficient in electronic design.[8]

While playing tennis with Alan Miller, he was told by his friend that Atari was looking for game programmers. After proofreading a newspaper ad his friend had made for the position, Crane wrote a resume, was interviewed the next day at 10 am and had the job by 2 pm.[9] Crane joined Atari in the third quarter of 1977 and first began producing Arcade-inspired titles such as Outlaw and Canyon Bomber for the Atari VCS (later known as the Atari 2600).[9][7] Crane was initially unsure about programming games, but found he enjoyed microprocessor programming and game design.[8] Atari began their new line of computers with the Atari 800 and required help with software development. This led to Atari having all of its game designers, including Crane, step in to work on the machine's operating system.[8]

In 1979, Crane and other game developers at Atari, including Miller, Larry Kaplan, and Bob Whitehead received a memo indicating that their games were the most financially successful for Atari, making up $60 million of Atari's $100 million game cartridge sales in 1978.[9][8] As they were making a salary of $30,000, they asked for a raise and, according to Crane, were told by Ray Kassar that Crane was "no more important to the success of those products than the person on the assembly line who puts them together."[9][8]

### Activision

[edit]

Crane and Miller left Atari in August 1979. They had a plan to create an independent development and publishing company to produce games for Atari's VCS console, which had not been attempted previously.[1] Crane was suggested by a lawyer to Jim Levy in 1979.[3] Levy had been working for GRT Records and was raising money to go into business making cassette tape software and believed abilities in marketing and the business skills to help create their new company Activision.[1]

Initially working out of Crane's apartment, Miller and Crane began programming a development system for Activision. Whitehead and Kaplan would join shortly after.[1] Activision had a five-year business plan, to initially make video games during the slow growth of the home computer and switch over to computers in the future.[9] Activision's first games came out in 1980, including Crane's Dragster and Fishing Derby.[1][10] The following year saw the release of Crane's other games Freeway while Crane would also contribute to other developer's games such as the code for the graphics in Kaplan's Kaboom!.[1][11] In 1982, Activision released Crane's game Pitfall! which would be one the biggest sellers for the company.[1][12]

Activision went public in 1983. Crane spoke positively about working at the company in the early 1980s, saying that due to their rapid success "everyone wanted to work [at Activision]. [...] When Activision reached sales of $60 million, we had 60 employees. People have to work pretty hard for a company to have revenues of $1 million per employee."[1] Crane would follow up Pitfall! with two games: The Activision Decathlon (1983), which was developed with the impetus that the Olympics would be returning to the United States in 1984, and a sequel titled Pitfall II: Lost Caverns (1984).[13] Crane stated he made the sequel to Pitfall! "at a time when the Atari 2600 should have been replaced by a new gaming system." and designed a custom computer chip called the Display Processor Chip that was unique to Pitfall II: Lost Caverns.[14][15][16]

Following the video game crash of 1983 and the release of Pitfall II, Crane began focusing to transition into developing computer games at Activision.[9][17] Crane felt the Commodore 64 (C64) had sold well enough to be a good platform to design games for.[17] Crane reflected on adapting to programming for the C64 as a "mixed blessing", specifically finding that the tools he had been using were now obsolete and that they needed to create new development systems, compressors and decompressors, audio and sound effect drivers.[18] He summarized it as "imagine, in whatever your job might be, that every two years or so, everything changes."[18] The first game he made, Ghostbusters (1984) which was finished in six weeks using work Crane had been developing for a game called Car Wars.[19][20] The game went on to become the Activision title that was received the most ports across consoles and home computers.[21] His next game, Little Computer People (1985) was a critical success while failing commercially.[22] Crane later said that "there was so much programming in [Little Computer People] that it cost more to produce than it made at retail. We had dozens of ideas for follow-up products, but if those ideas were going to lose money the company couldn't afford to produce them. I regret that we were unable to follow those ideas to see what might have become of the first large-scale simulated life form on a computer."[22] In 1985, Activision began the process of acquiring game company Infocom. As the deal was signed, Activision's board of directors replaced Levy and brought in Bruce Davis as the new CEO.[1] Crane would leave Activision in 1987 later explaining that Activision's management "had no creative vision at all, I left when I could no longer affect the future of the company."[23] He also noted a pay issue, saying that "the new president, Bruce Davis, asked me to take a fraction of my salary, with the rest made up through an incentive bonus. I asked him to put the bonus in clear terms in writing and he couldn't [...] He just slashed my salary without a compensating bonus. So I left."[9]

### Absolute Entertainment

[edit]

Following Activision, Crane worked independently, including finishing research work on a video game system for Hasbro.[1][24] By January 1989, Crane became the Senior Designer at the publishing company Absolute Entertainment, a company formed by former Activision staff member Garry Kitchen.[25][26] Kitchen contacted the Japanese company Nintendo for the rights to develop games for their Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) console, which led to him being continuously rejected by the company.[27] This led to Crane creating a development system for the NES, making them be the first company in North America to be licensed to program games for the NES.[28]

At Absolute, Crane would work on titles for the Atari 2600, the NES, and the Super Nintendo Entertainment System. Among these games at were Super Skateboardin', several games based on The Simpsons license, and two of his own creations: A Boy and his Blob (1990) and David Crane's Amazing Tennis (1992).[24]

Crane recalled in a 2005 interview with Frank Cifaldi that the team "had a lot of fun on the development side, but under the rule of Nintendo, the publishing side of the game business was really tough."[24] Crane said that to make any profit, the publisher had to predict how many games would sell in the market, saying that "If their estimate was off by 10% either way they were likely to lose money on the game."[24] Absolute closed in 1995. Crane recalled that "It was painful to close down Absolute, but the same was happening to small publishers all around the world."[26]

### Skyworks Technologies

[edit]

Following the demise of Absolute, Kitchen and Crane went into business making games that did not require inventory and began developing games for web browsers. Believing that audiences would be too afraid to give out information such as credit cards online, they developed a business model that would later be known as advergaming which involved allowing their games to be played for free while licensing them to companies to put on their websites.[26]

Among the games they developed built and launched Candystand for The Lifesavers Company. Crane and Skyworks would take a percentage of their promotions budget and built a place to play games.[29][26] Crane and company would also develop a similar site to Candystand with ESPN. Crane called this "moderately successful arrangement, only limited by the learning curve of their salespeople who could never quite understand the difference between sponsorship and advertising."[30] While at Skyworks, Crane designed two of the company's biggest App store sellers with Arcade Bowling and Arcade Hoops Basketball.[31]

### Later work

[edit]

Garry Kitchen in 2013. Crane would work with Kitchen at several companies including Absolute Entertainment, AppStar, and Audacity Games.

In 2010, Crane and Kitchen began work at AppStar. Kitchen served as president and CEO while Crane was the company's chief technical officer. They published their first game, Iron Horse in 2010.[31][32] Crane began reflecting on his career in 2010 and started writing and gathering material about working on Atari 2600 games. He considered publishing them to magazines or as a book, but opted to release them through AppStar Games on the iPhone, initially writing a work on Dragster but starting with a 2600 primer titled 2600 Magic as an app.[33] Crane later created a crowdfunding campaign Kickstarter in 2012 to fund a spiritual successor to Pitfall!, which fell far short of his funding goal.[34][35]

In the late 2010s, Crane and Kitchen created a company focused on hardware technology that would make cartridges and rom boards privately for development of Atari 2600 games.[36] Early in 2021, Crane, Garry Kitchen and his brother Dan Kitchen launching Audacity Games, a company dedicated to making new games for old consoles. Their first title was for the Atari 2600 with Circus Convoy which was released in 2021.[7][37]

## Legacy

[edit]

In January 1983, The Video Game Update awarded David Crane as the Designer of the Year for Pitfall! in their Awards of Excellence for 1982.[38] Pitfall! remained the game that Crane has been most associated with. In 2012, he stated that "I suppose that's not a bad problem to have, It's not a dark shadow. But I'm not just a classic gaming guy. This is what I do for a living!"[34]

In February 2010, Crane became the first recipient of the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences Pioneer award.[33] The award is reserved for people whose work has shaped and defined the interactive entertainment industry.[39]

IGN listed David Crane on their list of the top 100 game creators of all time at number 12.[40]

## Personal life

[edit]

Outside engineering and video game development, Crane was an avid tennis player. Crane had played tournament tennis for decades, as well as playing in doubles with Alan Miller.[36] While working at Absolute, Crane felt his video game career did not allow him to play enough tennis and enrolled at an expert tennis class at Cañada College.[36] Crane said that during his adult life, he performed at the rating of 5.0 on the NTRP (National Tennis Rating Program) scale, a standardized scale Crane described as being from 1.0 for beginner to "7.0 for Roger Federer".[41] In 2010, Crane said he still plays tennis in tournament league competitions, but due to age and injuries he is no longer at the 5.0 level.[41]

Despite his love for the sport, Crane stated he never had interest in developing a tennis-themed game until he began developing games for the Super Nintendo, specifically with David Crane's Amazing Tennis.[36]

## Select works

[edit]

Year | Game title | Role

|
|

1978 | Outlaw | Lead designer[42]
1979 | Canyon Bomber | Developer[43][44]
1979 | Slot Machine | Developer[43][44]
1980 | Dragster | Conceiver, designer[45][46]
1980 | Fishing Derby | Conceiver, designer[45][47]
1981 | Laser Blast | Conceiver, designer[45][48]
1981 | Freeway | Conceiver, designer[45][49][50]
1981 | Kaboom! | Graphics code[11][50]
1982 | Grand Prix | Conceiver, designer[51][52]
1982 | Pitfall! | Designer[53][12]
1983 | The Activision Decathlon | Designer[54][55]
1984 | Pitfall II: Lost Caverns | Designer[55][56]
1984 | Ghostbusters | Developer[57][58]
1985 | Little Computer People | Programming[59]
1986 | Transformers: The Battle to Save the Earth | Designer[60][61]
1990 | A Boy and His Blob: Trouble on Blobolonia | Designer[62][63]
1990 | The Rescue of Princess Blobette | Designer and program[64][65]
1991 | The Simpsons: Bart vs. the Space Mutants | Additional programming[66][67]
1991 | The Simpsons: Bart vs. the World | Additional programming and design[68][67]
1991 | Bart Simpson's Escape from Camp Deadly | Program and design[69][70]
1992 | David Crane's Amazing Tennis | Designer, programming[71][72]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Fleming 2007.
2. ^ Cohen 1982, p. 104.
3. ^ a b Covert 1984, p. 48.
4. ^ a b Hunt 2010, p. 86.
5. ^ a b c d e Hunt 2010, p. 88.
6. ^ a b c d Covert 1984, p. 51.
7. ^ a b c d Drury 2021, p. 86.
8. ^ a b c d e Hunt 2010, p. 89.
9. ^ a b c d e f g Donovan 2011.
10. ^ Hunt 2010, p. 87.
11. ^ a b Hunt 2012, p. 81.
12. ^ a b Blanchet 1982, p. C6.
13. ^ Drury 2021, p. 87.
14. ^ Hunt 2012, p. 83.
15. ^ Weiss 2014, p. 172.
16. ^ Mercer 2004, p. 11.
17. ^ a b Mott 2007, p. 102.
18. ^ a b Drury & Fisher 2022, p. 31.
19. ^ Mott 2007, p. 101.
20. ^ Drury 2021, p. 87-88.
21. ^ Mott 2007, p. 103.
22. ^ a b Hunt 2010, p. 93.
23. ^ Mott 2004, p. 95.
24. ^ a b c d Cifaldi 2005.
25. ^ Computer Entertainer includes The Video Game Update 1989, p. 11.
26. ^ a b c d Hunt 2010, p. 91.
27. ^ Packwood 2021, pp. 53–54.
28. ^ Packwood 2021, p. 54.
29. ^ "Alumnus Profile". Archived from the original on January 10, 2010. Retrieved February 21, 2024.
30. ^ Hunt 2010, pp. 91–92.
31. ^ a b Cowan 2010.
32. ^ Patterson 2010.
33. ^ a b Jones 2010, p. 13.
34. ^ a b Cifaldi 2012.
35. ^ Kohler 2012.
36. ^ a b c d Drury 2021, p. 91.
37. ^ Packwood 2021, p. 52.
38. ^ The Video Game Update 1983.
39. ^ Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences.
40. ^ "Top 100 Game Creators of All Time". IGN. Archived from the original on May 23, 2010. Retrieved February 22, 2024.
41. ^ a b Hunt 2010, p. 92.
42. ^ Bunch 2023, p. 148.
43. ^ a b Montfort & Bogost 2009, p. 6.
44. ^ a b "Brand New! 8 New Cartridges". New York Daily News. March 22, 1979. p. 115. Retrieved February 22, 2024 - via Newspapers.com.
45. ^ a b c d "Activision Announces Two New Game Titles: Tennis and Laser Blast". Activision News Release. December 12, 1980. ""Activision's First Four Game Cartridges -- Boxing, Dragster, Checkers and Fishing Derby -- were released last summer and are available at retail now."
46. ^ Dragster (Back cover). Activision. 1980.
47. ^ Fishing Derby (Back cover). Activision. 1980.
48. ^ Laser Blast (Back cover). Activision. 1981.
49. ^ Freeway (Back cover). Activision. 1981.
50. ^ a b "Video Etc". Chicago Tribune. p. 8. Retrieved February 22, 2024 - via Newspapers.com.
51. ^ "Dateline". Activisions. Vol. 2\. Winter 1982. "Barnstorming & Grand Prix. These two exciting new Activision cartridges will reach stores around the country in March."
52. ^ "Coming Soon". Activisions. Vol. 2\. Winter 1982. "Grand Prix [...] Conceived and designed by David Crane."
53. ^ Activision Pitfall! Instructions. Activision. 1982. AX-018-03. "Tips from David Crane, designer of Pitfall!"
54. ^ Official Rules The Activision Decathalon. Activision. 1983. AZ-030-03. "Tips from David Crane, the designer of The Activision Decathlon"
55. ^ a b "Availability Update". The Video Game Update includes Computer Entertainer. Vol. 2, no. 6\. September 1983. p. 96.
56. ^ Stuckey, Scott (September 1984). "Hobby Hows". Boy's Life. Vol. 74, no. 9\. p. 23.
57. ^ "Ghostbusters". United States Copyright Office. Archived from the original on February 22, 2024. Retrieved February 22, 2024.
58. ^ "The Making of...Ghostbusters". Retro Gamer. No. 25\. p. 57.
59. ^ "The Making of... Little Computer People". Edge. No. 147\. Future Publishing. March 2005. pp. 105–106. ISSN 1350-1593.
60. ^ Activision (1986). Transformers: The Battle to Save the Earth (Commodore 64). "Designed by David Crane"
61. ^ "Availability Update". Computer Entertainer. Vol. 5, no. 8\. November 1986. p. 14.
62. ^ Absolute Entertainment (1990). A Boy and His Blob: Trouble on Blobolonia (Nintendo Entertainment System). "Designed by David Crane"
63. ^ The Official Game Pak Directory Compliments of Nintendo Power. Nintendo Power. May 1993. p. 12.
64. ^ Absolute Entertainment (1990). The Rescue of Princess Blobette (Game Boy). "Game Design and Program David Crane"
65. ^ "不思議なブロビー -プリンセス・ブロブを救え!-" (in Japanese). Jaleco. Archived from the original on April 22, 2012. Retrieved February 22, 2024. "1990年11月9日"
66. ^ Absolute Entertainment (1991). The Simpsons: Bart vs. the Space Mutants (Nintendo Entertainment System). "Additional programming ... David Crane"
67. ^ a b The Official Game Pak Directory Compliments of Nintendo Power. Nintendo Power. May 1993. p. 14.
68. ^ Absolute Entertainment (1991). The Simpsons: Bart vs. the World (Nintendo Entertainment System). "Additional programming and Design David Crane"
69. ^ Acclaim (1991). Bart Simpson's Escape from Camp Deadly (Game Boy). "Program and Design David Crane"
70. ^ The Official Game Pak Directory Compliments of Nintendo Power. Nintendo Power. May 1993. p. 6.
71. ^ Absolute Entertainment (1992). David Crane's Amazing Tennis (Super Nintendo Entertainment System). "Designed and Programming by David Crane"
72. ^ The Official Game Pak Directory Compliments of Nintendo Power. Nintendo Power. May 1993. p. 1.

### Sources

[edit]

* "D.I.C.E. Special Awards". Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved May 28, 2024.
* "David Crane Joins Design Staff of Absolute Entertainment". Computer Entertainer includes The Video Game Update. Vol. 7, no. 10\. January 1989. ISSN 0890-2143.
* "Awards of Excellence for 1982". The Video Game Update. Vol. 1, no. 10\. January 1983. ISSN 0890-2143.
* Blanchet, Michael (July 31, 1982). "How to Beat the Video Games". The Santa Fe New Mexican. p. C6. Retrieved June 10, 2023 - via Newspapers.com.
* Bunch, Kevin (2023). Atari Archive: Vol.1 1977-1978. Press Run Books. ISBN 978-1-955183-21-5.
* Cifaldi, Frank (December 6, 2005). "Playing Catch-Up: 'A Boy And His Job: Activision's David Crane'". Gamasutra. UBM plc. Archived from the original on 21 March 2011. Retrieved April 14, 2011.
* Cifaldi, Frank (September 6, 2012). "Living in Pitfall!'s Shadow". Gamasutra. Archived from the original on October 19, 2012. Retrieved June 11, 2023.
* Cohen, Daniel (1982). Video Games. New York: Pocket Books. ISBN 0-671-45872-8.
* Cowan, Danny (February 15, 2010). "Industry Veterans Crane, Kitchen Launch Smartphone Publisher AppStar Games". Game Developer. Archived from the original on February 22, 2024. Retrieved February 21, 2024.
* Covert, Colin (January 1984). "Meet David Crane: Video Games Guru". Hi-Res Magazine. Vol. 1, no. 2\. Compupress, Inc.
* Donovan, Tristan (January 3, 2011). "The Replay Interviews: David Crane". Game Developer. Archived from the original on April 13, 2024. Retrieved February 21, 2024.
* Drury, Paul (July 2021). "Collected Works: David Crane". Edge. No. 359\. United Kingdom: Future Publishing. ISSN 1350-1593.
* Drury, Paul; Fisher, Andrew (2022). "40 Years of the Commodore 64". Retro Gamer. No. 238\. Future Publishing. ISSN 1742-3155.
* Fleming, Jeffrey (July 30, 2007). "The History of Activision". Game Developer. Archived from the original on May 21, 2024. Retrieved February 21, 2024.
* Hunt, Stuart (2010). "In the Chair With... David Crane". Retro Gamer. No. 79\. Imagine Publishing Ltd. ISSN 1742-3155.
* Hunt, Stuart (2012). "The History of Pitfall!". Retro Gamer. No. 107\. Imagine Publishing. ISSN 1742-3155.
* Jones, Darran, ed. (2010). "Learn the Crane Technique". Retro Gamer. No. 76\. Imagine Publishing. ISSN 1742-3155.
* Kohler, Chris (August 11, 2012). "Pitfall! Creator David Crane Seeks $900K to Kickstart JungleVenture". Wired. Archived from the original on March 11, 2015. Retrieved June 11, 2023.
* Mercer, Jaysen (May 2004). "David Crane - Then: Console Guru". Manci Games. Vol. 1, no. 1.
* Montfort, Nick; Bogost, Ian (2009). Racing the Beam. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-01257-7.
* Mott, Tony, ed. (December 2004). "Activisionaries". Edge. Future Publishing. ISSN 1350-1593.
* Mott, Tony, ed. (May 2007). "The Making Of... Ghostbusters". Edge. Future Publishing. ISSN 1350-1593.
* Packwood, Lewis (2021). "The Making of: The Simpsons: Bart Vs. The Space Mutants". Retro Gamer. ISSN 1742-3155.
* Patterson, Blake (May 4, 2010). "Timing Game 'Iron Horse' Marks AppStar's First iPhone Release". toucharcade. Archived from the original on September 8, 2024. Retrieved February 21, 2024.
* Weiss, Brett (2014). The 100 Greatest Console Video Games 1977-1987. Schiffer Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7643-4618-7.

## External links

[edit]

Media related to David Crane (programmer) at Wikimedia Commons

* David Crane's profile at MobyGames
* Legends of the C64 article on David Crane and Activision
* Meet David Crane: Video Games Guru magazine interview from 1983
* The Dot Eaters article Archived 2013-10-23 at the Wayback Machine featuring Crane, Pitfall! and Activision, retrieved December 2013
* David Crane at IMDB
* David Crane at RAWG

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