Death and state funeral of Joseph Stalin

Death of the second Soviet leader

"Death of Stalin" redirects here. For the 2017 film, see The Death of Stalin. For other uses, see Death of Stalin (disambiguation).

Death and state funeral of Joseph Stalin

Stalin's funeral procession on Okhotny Ryad

Date| 5-9 March 1953
Location| Red Square, Moscow, Russian SFSR, USSR
Organized by| Soviet state
Participants| Nikita Khrushchev, Georgy Malenkov, Vyacheslav Molotov, Lavrentiy Beria, Patriarch Alexy I, Nicholas (Yarushevich) and other Soviet, Church and foreign dignitaries
Deaths| 109 – 1000+ [1]

Joseph Stalin, second leader of the Soviet Union, died on 5 March 1953 at his Kuntsevo Dacha after suffering a stroke, at age 74. He was given a state funeral in Moscow on 9 March, with four days of national mourning declared. On the day of the funeral, of the hundreds of thousands of Soviet citizens visiting the capital to pay their respects, at least 109 were later acknowledged to have died in a human crush.[1][2]

Stalin's body was embalmed and interred in Lenin's Mausoleum until 1961, when it was moved to the Kremlin Wall Necropolis. The members of Stalin's inner circle in charge of organizing his funeral were Nikita Khrushchev, then-head of the Moscow branch of the Communist Party; Lavrentiy Beria, head of the NKVD; Georgy Malenkov, the chairman of the Presidium; and Vyacheslav Molotov, previously the Soviet Union's Minister of Foreign Affairs.

## Illness and death

[edit]

Joseph Stalin's health had begun to deteriorate towards the end of the Second World War. He had atherosclerosis as a result of heavy smoking, a mild stroke around the time of the Victory Parade in May 1945, and a severe heart attack in October 1945.[3]

The last three days of Stalin's life have been described in detail, first in the official Soviet announcements in Pravda, and then in a complete English translation which followed shortly thereafter in The Current Digest of the Soviet Press.[4] Decades later, former senior officer and historian Dmitry Volkogonov[5] described how, on 28 February 1953, Stalin and a small number of his inner circle, consisting of Lavrentiy Beria, Nikita Khrushchev, Georgy Malenkov, Vyacheslav Molotov and a few others, gathered together for an evening of entertainment and drinking. After the guests dispersed at approximately 4:00 a.m. on 1 March, Stalin retired to his private quarters with strict instructions that he was not to be disturbed until sounds were heard indicating that he had awakened. Time passed and no sounds were heard throughout the day. At approximately 11:00 p.m. on 1 March, Stalin's housekeeper cautiously entered his room and found him lying on the floor, wearing his pajama trousers and a shirt. He was unconscious, breathing heavily, incontinent and unresponsive to attempts to rouse him.

At 7:00 a.m. on 2 March, Beria and a group of medical experts were summoned to examine Stalin. Based on their examination, which revealed blood pressure of 190/110 and right-sided hemiplegia, they concluded that Stalin, who had a known history of uncontrolled hypertension, had sustained a hemorrhagic stroke involving the left middle cerebral artery. Over the next two days he received a variety of treatments. In an attempt to decrease his blood pressure, which had risen to 210/120, two separate applications of eight leeches each were applied to his neck and face over the next two days. However, Stalin's condition continued to deteriorate and he died at 9:50 p.m. on 5 March 1953. His death was announced the next day on Radio Moscow by Yuri Levitan.[6]

Stalin's body was then taken to an unspecified location and an autopsy performed, after which it was embalmed for public viewing. Attempts to locate and access the original autopsy report were unsuccessful until the 2010s,[7][8] but the most important findings were reported in a special bulletin in Pravda on 7 March 1953, as follows:

> "Pathological-Anatomical Examination of the Body of J. V. Stalin"

> Pathologic examination revealed a large hemorrhage, localized to the area of subcortical centers of the left cerebral hemisphere. This hemorrhage destroyed important areas of the brain and resulted in irreversible changes in the respiration and circulation. In addition to the brain hemorrhage, there were found significant hypertrophy of the left ventricle (of the heart), numerous hemorrhages in the myocardium, in the stomach and intestinal mucosa; atherosclerotic changes in the vessels, more prominent in the cerebral arteries. These are the result of hypertension. The results of the pathologic examination revealed the irreversible character of J.V. Stalin's disease from the moment of brain hemorrhage. Therefore, all treatment attempts could not have led to a favorable outcome and prevent a fatal end."[9]

As summarized above, rather than suggesting a plot by Beria, on whom suspicion fell for his purportedly telling Molotov that he "took him out"[10] at one point, and his seemingly willful delay in obtaining medical treatment for Stalin, the physical changes seen during autopsy were consistent with extracranial changes that often occur in stroke victims.

Beria's son, Sergo Beria, later recounted that after Stalin's death, his mother Nina told her husband that, "Your position now is even more precarious than when Stalin was alive."[11] This turned out to be correct; several months later, in June 1953, Beria was arrested and charged with a variety of crimes but, significantly, none relating to Stalin's death.[12] He was subsequently found guilty of treason, terrorism and counter-revolutionary activity by the Supreme Court of the Soviet Union on 23 December 1953,[13][14] and executed the same day, shot by General Pavel Batitsky.[15]

## Funeral service

[edit]

External videos

Official Soviet documentary on Stalin's funeral
Part of Soviet footage of Stalin's funeral

On 6 March, the coffin containing Stalin's body was put on display at the Hall of Columns in the House of the Unions, remaining there for three days.[16] On 9 March, the body was delivered to Red Square[17] prior to interment in Lenin's Mausoleum.[18][19] Speeches were delivered by Khrushchev, Malenkov, Molotov and Beria, after which pallbearers carried the coffin to the mausoleum. As Stalin's body was being interred, a moment of silence was observed nationwide at noon Moscow time. As the bells of the Kremlin Clock chimed the hour, sirens and horns wailed nationwide, along with a 21-gun salute fired from within the precincts of the Kremlin. Similar observances were also held in other Eastern Bloc countries including Mongolia, China and North Korea. Immediately after the silence ended, a military band played the Soviet State Anthem, and then a military parade of the Moscow Garrison was held in Stalin's honor.

In their efforts to pay their respects to Stalin, a number of Soviet citizens, many of whom had travelled from across the country to attend the funeral, were crushed and trampled to death in a crowd crush.[20] They were crushed against building walls and Soviet Army trucks, which had been deployed to block off side streets. Mourners, along with mounted police and their horses, were trampled to death in Trubnaya Square [ru].[21] The Soviet government did not initially report the event, and the exact number of casualties is unknown.[2] Khrushchev later provided an estimate that 109 people died in the crowd.[1]

## Foreign dignitaries in attendance

[edit]

According to Ogoniok, the mourners included the following foreign dignitaries (listed alphabetically by last name):[22]

* Bolesław Bierut – Prime Minister of Poland, Secretary General of the Polish United Workers' Party
* Valko Chervenkov – Prime Minister of Bulgaria, General Secretary of the Communist Party of Bulgaria
* Jacques Duclos – Interim General Secretary of the French Communist Party
* Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej – President of the State Council and Prime Minister of Romania, First Secretary of the Romanian Workers' Party
* Klement Gottwald – President of Czechoslovakia, Chairman of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia
* Otto Grotewohl – Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the German Democratic Republic
* Dolores Ibárruri – General Secretary of the Communist Party of Spain
* Urho Kekkonen – Prime Minister of Finland[23]
* Spiro Koleka – Vice-Premier of the People's Republic of Albania
* Johann Koplenig – Chairman of the Communist Party of Austria
* Pietro Nenni – Secretary of the Italian Socialist Party
* Harry Pollitt – General Secretary of the Communist Party of Great Britain
* Mátyás Rákosi – General Secretary of the Hungarian Working People's Party
* Max Reimann – Chairman of the West German Communist Party
* Konstantin Rokossovsky – Defence Minister of Poland
* Palmiro Togliatti – General Secretary of the Italian Communist Party
* Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal – Prime Minister of Mongolia
* Walter Ulbricht – First Secretary of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany, Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the German Democratic Republic
* Zhou Enlai – Premier of the People's Republic of China

Czechoslovak leader Gottwald died shortly after attending Stalin's funeral, on 14 March 1953, after one of his arteries burst.[24]

## Other tributes

[edit]

Fearing their departure might encourage rivals within the ranks of the Party of Labour of Albania, neither Prime Minister Enver Hoxha nor Deputy Prime Minister Mehmet Shehu risked traveling to Moscow to attend the funeral, with Hoxha instead pledging eternal allegiance to the late Soviet leader.[25]

Guatemalan officials in the government of Jacobo Árbenz eulogized Stalin as a "great statesman and leader ... whose passing is mourned by all progressive men".[26] The Guatemalan Congress paid tribute to Stalin with a "minute of silence".[27] At the request of President Eisenhower, Secretary of State John Foster Dulles transmitted a message of condolence through the American Embassy to the Soviet Foreign Ministry.[28]

## Church tributes

[edit]

After Stalin's death, Patriarch Alexy I composed a personal statement of condolence to the Soviet Council of Ministers:

> "His death is a heavy grief for our Fatherland and for all the people who inhabit it. The whole Russian Orthodox Church, which will never forget his benevolent attitude to Church needs, feels great sorrow at his death. The bright memory of him will live ineradicably in our hearts. Our Church proclaims eternal memory to him with a special feeling of abiding love."[29]

Alexy I also gave a eulogy on the day of Stalin's funeral.[30] Other Orthodox officials, including Nicholas (Yarushevich), attended the funeral and mourned for Stalin.[31]

## Aftermath

[edit]

Stalin left neither a designated successor nor a framework within which a peaceful transfer of power could take place.[32] The Central Committee met on the day of his death, after which Malenkov, Beria, and Khrushchev emerged as the party's dominant figures.[33] The system of collective leadership was restored, and measures introduced to prevent any one member from attaining autocratic domination.[34] The collective leadership included eight senior members of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, namely Georgy Malenkov, Lavrentiy Beria, Vyacheslav Molotov, Kliment Voroshilov, Nikita Khrushchev, Nikolai Bulganin, Lazar Kaganovich and Anastas Mikoyan.[35] Reforms to the Soviet system were immediately implemented.[36] Economic reform scaled back the mass construction projects, placed a new emphasis on house building, and eased the levels of taxation on the peasantry to stimulate production.[37] The new leaders sought rapprochement with Yugoslavia and a less hostile relationship with the U.S.,[38] and they pursued a negotiated end to the Korean War in July 1953.[39][40] The doctors who had been imprisoned were released and the anti-Semitic purges ceased.[41] A mass amnesty for certain categories of convicts was issued, halving the country's inmate population, while the state security and Gulag systems were reformed, with torture being banned in April 1953.[37]

## Gallery

[edit]

* Stalin's funeral procession

* Floristry at the funeral procession

* Aircraft (Ilyushin Il-28) of the Soviet Air Force during the military parade

* BTR-152 APCs en route to Red Square

* The first report about Stalin's illness appeared in Pravda three days after the stroke (1 March) and one day before he died. Pravda issue 63 (12631), dated 4 March 1953.

* Another report on Stalin's medical condition was published four days after the stroke (1 March) and 7 hours before he died. Pravda issue 64 (12632), dated 5 March 1953.

## See also

[edit]

* Soviet Union portal

* Death and state funeral of Vladimir Lenin
* Death and state funeral of Leonid Brezhnev
* The Death of Stalin, a 2017 film directed by Armando Iannucci

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b c Khlevniuk, Oleg (2017). Stalin: New Biography of a Dictator. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-21978-4.
2. ^ a b Langewiesche, William (9 January 2018). "The 10-Minute Mecca Stampede That Made History". Vanity Fair. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
3. ^ Medvedev, Zhores A. (2006). The Unknown Stalin. London: I.B. Tauris. p. 6\. ISBN 978-1-85043-980-6.
4. ^ "Announcement of Stalin's Illness and Death". The Current Digest of the Soviet Press. V (6): 24. 1953.
5. ^ Volkogonov, D. (1999). Autopsy for an Empire. The Free Press.
6. ^ Victor Zorza (7 March 1953). "How Moscow broke the news of Stalin's death". The Guardian. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
7. ^ Chigirin, I (2018). Stalin, Illness and Death. Moscow: Publisher Veche. ISBN 978-5-4484-0279-1.
8. ^ Barth, Rolf F.; Brodsky, Sergey V.; Ruzic, Miroljub (2019). "What did Joseph Stalin really die of? A reappraisal of his illness, death, and autopsy findings". Cardiovascular Pathology. 40: 55–58. doi:10.1016/j.carpath.2019.02.003. PMID 30870795. S2CID 78094148.
9. ^ Pravda, vol. 66, no. 1264, p. 2, March 7, 1953 (translated by S. Brodsky and M. Ruzic)
10. ^ Radzinsky, E (1997). Stalin. Anchor Books.
11. ^ Beria, S (2001). My Father: Inside Stalin's Kremlin. Gerald Duckworth, and Co. Ltd.
12. ^ Knight, A (1993). Beria: Stalin's First Lieutenant. Princeton University Press.
13. ^ Kramer, Mark (1999). "The Early Post-Stalin Succession Struggle and Upheavals in East-Central Europe: Internal-External Linkages in Soviet Policy Making (Part 2)". Journal of Cold War Studies. 1 (2): 3–38. ISSN 1520-3972. JSTOR 26925014.
14. ^ Schwartz, Harry (24 December 1953). "Beria Trial Shows Army's Rising Role; Beria Trial Shows Army's Rising Role". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 23 October 2021.
15. ^ "Лаврентия Берию в 1953 году расстрелял лично советский маршал" (in Russian). 24 June 2010.
16. ^ Ganjushin, Alexander (6 March 2013). "Joseph Stalin's funeral: how it happened". Rossiyskaya Gazeta. Retrieved 17 January 2018 - via Russia Beyond. "On 6 March, the coffin with Stalin's body was displayed at the Hall of Columns in the House of Trade Unions."
17. ^ "The Manhoff Archive: Stalin's Funeral - Part One". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 17 August 2019.
18. ^ Ganjushin, Alexander (5 March 2013). "Russia on the day of Stalin's funeral: A photo look back". Rossiyskaya Gazeta. Retrieved 17 January 2018 - via Russia Beyond. "On 9 March, Stalin's embalmed body was interred in the Lenin Mausoleum, which was renamed the Lenin–Stalin Mausoleum from 1953 to 1961."
19. ^ Rosenberg, Jennifer. "Why Did Russia Move Stalin's Body?". ThoughtCo. Retrieved 6 August 2017.
20. ^ Evtushenko, Evgenii (1963). "Mourners Crushed at Stalin's Funeral". Seventeen Moments in Soviet History. Retrieved 5 May 2018.
21. ^ Pozner, Vladimir (1990). Parting with illusions. Atlantic Monthly Press. pp. 77–78. ISBN 0-87113-287-7.
22. ^ "Mourning of millions". Ogoniok. Vol. 11, no. 1344\. 15 March 1953.
23. ^ Tikka, Juha-Pekka (18 October 2017). "Kun Josif Stalin kuoli – näin Urho Kekkonen ryntäsi tilaisuuteen" [When Josef Stalin died - Urho Kekkonen rushed to the event]. Verkkouutiset (in Finnish). Retrieved 10 December 2017.
24. ^ "Czechoslovakia: Death No. 2". Time. 23 March 1953. Retrieved 17 August 2019.
25. ^ Pearson, Owen (8 September 2006). Albania as Dictatorship and Democracy. I.B. Tauris. p. 454\. ISBN 978-1-84511-105-2.
26. ^ Gleijeses 1992, pp. 141–181.
27. ^ Gleijeses 1992, pp. 181–379.
28. ^ "Message Conveying the Government' s Official Condolences on the Death of Joseph Stalin | The American Presidency Project". www.presidency.ucsb.edu. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
29. ^ Religion in the Soviet Union. Walter Kolarz. 1966. p. 65.
30. ^ "Патриарх Алексий. Речь перед панихидой по И. В. Сталине".
31. ^ Generalissimo Stalin Funeral, 30 December 2010, retrieved 14 November 2022
32. ^ Khlevniuk 2015, p. 310.
33. ^ Service 2004, pp. 586–587.
34. ^ Khlevniuk 2015, p. 312.
35. ^ Ra'anan 2006, p. 20.
36. ^ Service 2004, p. 591.
37. ^ a b Khlevniuk 2015, p. 315.
38. ^ Service 2004, p. 593.
39. ^ Khlevniuk 2015, p. 316.
40. ^ Cohen, Warren I. (2013). "The Korean War and Its Consequences". The New Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations. Vol. 4: Challenges to American Primacy, 1945 to the Present. Cambridge University Press. pp. 58–78. doi:10.1017/CHO9781139032513.006. ISBN 9781139032513.
41. ^ Etinger 1995, pp. 120–121; Conquest 1991, p. 314; Khlevniuk 2015, p. 314.

### Sources

[edit]

* Conquest, Robert (1991). Stalin: Breaker of Nations. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-016953-9.
* Etinger, Iakov (1995). "The Doctors' Plot: Stalin's Solution to the Jewish Question". In Ro'i, Yaacov (ed.). Jews and Jewish Life in Russia and the Soviet Union. The Cummings Center Series. Frank Cass. pp. 103–124. ISBN 0-7146-4619-9.
* Gleijeses, Piero (1992). Shattered hope: the Guatemalan revolution and the United States, 1944–1954. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-02556-8.
* Khlevniuk, Oleg V. (2015). Stalin: New Biography of a Dictator. Translated by Nora Seligman Favorov. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-16388-9.
* Ra'anan, Uri, ed. (2006). Flawed Succession: Russia's Power Transfer Crises. Lexington Books. ISBN 978-0-7391-1403-2. Archived from the original on 1 January 2021. Retrieved 18 October 2020.
* Service, Robert (2004). Stalin: A Biography. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72627-3.

* v
* t
* e

Joseph Stalin

* General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1922–1952)
* Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union (1946–1953)

History
and politics|

| Overviews|

* Early life
* Russian Revolution, Russian Civil War, Polish–Soviet War
* Rise
* Rule as Soviet leader
* Political views
* Cult of personality
* Death and state funeral
* Death toll

|

Chronology|

* August Uprising
* Anti-religious campaign (1921–1928)/(1928–1941)
* Collectivization
* Kolkhoz
* Sovkhoz
* Chinese Civil War
* First five-year plan
* Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)
* 16th / 17th Congress of the Communist Party
* 1931 Menshevik Trial
* Spanish Civil War
* Soviet invasion of Xinjiang
* Soviet–Japanese border conflicts
* 1937 Islamic rebellion in Xinjiang
* 1937 legislative election
* 18th Congress of the Communist Party
* Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
* World War II
* Invasion of Poland
* Winter War
* Moscow Peace Treaty
* Occupation of the Baltic states
* German–Soviet Axis talks
* Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact
* Great Patriotic War
* Tehran Conference
* Yalta Conference
* Potsdam Conference
* Soviet atomic bomb project
* Ili Rebellion
* Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance
* 1946 legislative election
* Cold War
* 1946 Iran crisis
* Turkish Straits crisis
* First Indochina War
* Eastern Bloc
* Comecon
* Cominform
* Greek Civil War
* 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état
* Berlin Blockade
* Korean War
* Sino-Soviet Treaty
* Tito–Stalin split
* 1950 legislative election
* 19th Congress of the Communist Party

Concepts|

* Stalinism
* Neo-Stalinism
* Korenizatsiya
* Socialism in One Country
* Great Break
* Socialist realism
* Stalinist architecture
* Aggravation of class struggle under socialism
* Five-year plans
* Great Construction Projects of Communism
* Engineers of the human soul
* 1936 Soviet Constitution
* New Soviet man
* Stakhanovite
* Transformation of nature
* Backwardness brings on beatings by others

Crimes, repressions,
and controversies|

* 1906 Bolshevik raid on the Tsarevich Giorgi
* 1907 Tiflis bank robbery
* National delimitation in the Soviet Union
* Georgian Affair
* Decossackization
* Dekulakization
* Wittorf affair
* Great Break
* Demolition of Cathedral of Christ the Saviour
* Soviet famine of 1932–33
* Holodomor
* Gulag
* Murder of Sergey Kirov
* Great Purge
* Case of Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Military Organization
* NKVD prisoner massacres
* Berezhany
* Berezwecz
* Dubno
* Chortkiv
* Kurapaty
* Katyn
* Lutsk
* Lviv
* Medvedev Forest
* Sambir
* Valozhyn
* Vileyka
* Vinnytsia
* Zolochiv
* Moscow Trials
* Hotel Lux
* Repressions in Azerbaijan
* Ideological repression in science
* Suppressed research
* Lysenkoism
* Japhetic theory, Slavists case
* 1937 Soviet Census
* 1941 Red Army purge
* Soviet offensive plans controversy
* Hitler Youth Conspiracy
* Soviet war crimes
* Allegations of antisemitism
* Population transfer (German–Soviet)
* Deportations
* Operation "Lentil"
* Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
* Koreans
* Operation "North"
* Operation "Priboi"
* Nazino affair
* Forced settlement
* Tax on trees
* 1946-1947 Soviet famine
* Leningrad Affair
* Mingrelian Affair
* Rootless cosmopolitan
* Night of the Murdered Poets
* Doctors' plot
* Censorship of images

Works|

* "Anarchism or Socialism?"
* "Marxism and the National Question"
* "Foundations of Leninism"
* "Dizzy with Success"
* "Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia"
* "Ten Blows" speech
* Alleged 19 August 1939 speech
* Falsifiers of History
* Stalin Note
* The History of the Communist Party
* 1936 Soviet Constitution
* Stalin's poetry
* Dialectical and Historical Materialism
* Order No. 227
* Order No. 270
* "Marxism and Problems of Linguistics"
* Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR

De-Stalinization|

* 20th Congress of the Communist Party
* Pospelov Commission
* Rehabilitation
* Khrushchev Thaw
* On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences
* Gomulka thaw (Polish October)
* Soviet Nonconformist Art
* Shvernik Commission
* 22nd Congress of the Communist Party
* Era of Stagnation

Criticism and
opposition

* Stalin Epigram
* Lenin's Testament
* Ryutin Affair
* Anti-Stalinist left
* Trotskyism
* Kremlin Plot
* True Communists
* Darkness at Noon
* Animal Farm
* Nineteen Eighty-Four
* Comparison of Nazism and Stalinism
* The Soviet Story
* Antisemitism

Remembrance|

* Iosif Stalin tank
* Iosif Stalin locomotive
* Generalissimo of the Soviet Union
* Stalin statues
* Pantheon, Moscow
* 1956 Georgian demonstrations
* List of awards and honours bestowed upon Joseph Stalin
* Statue of Joseph Stalin, Berlin
* Stalin Monument in Budapest
* Stalin Monument in Prague
* Joseph Stalin Museum, Gori
* Batumi Stalin Museum
* Places named after Stalin
* State Stalin Prize
* Stalin Peace Prize
* Stalin Society
* Stalin Bloc – For the USSR

Cultural depictions|

* Apocalypse: Stalin

Family|

* Besarion Jughashvili (father)
* Keke Geladze (mother)
* Kato Svanidze (first wife)
* Yakov Dzhugashvili (son)
* Konstantin Kuzakov (son)
* Artyom Sergeyev (adopted son)
* Nadezhda Alliluyeva (second wife)
* Vasily Stalin (son)
* Svetlana Alliluyeva (daughter)
* Yevgeny Dzhugashvili (grandson)
* Galina Dzhugashvili (granddaughter)
* Joseph Alliluyev (grandson)
* Sergei Alliluyev (second father-in-law)
* Alexander Svanidze (brother-in-law)
* Yuri Zhdanov (son-in-law)
* William Wesley Peters (son-in-law)

Stalin's residences|

* Stalin's house, Gori
* Tiflis Seminary
* Kureika
* Room at Kremlin
* Dachas
* Kuntsevo
* Sochi
* Uspenskoye
* Semyonovskoye
* New Athos
* Kholodnaya Rechka
* Lake Ritsa
* Sukhumi
* Stalin's bunker

* Category

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template