Defense of the Great Wall

Army campaign between China and Japan before the Second Sino-Japanese War

Defense of the Great Wall

Part of the Inner Mongolian Campaign

Great Wall, 1933
| Date|  (1933-01-01) (1933-05-31)January 1 – May 31, 1933
(4 months, 4 weeks and 2 days)

|

Location|

Eastern end of the Great Wall of China

Result|

* Japanese-Manchukuo victory
* Tanggu Truce

Belligerents
China|

Japan

* Manchukuo

Commanders and leaders

* Zhang Xueliang
* He Yingqin
* Xu Tingyao
* Song Zheyuan
* Tong Linge
* Zhang Zizhong
* Zhao Dengyu

* Nobuyoshi Mutō
* Zhang Haipeng

Strength
Northeastern Army: 50,000+|  Japan: 50,000
Manchukuo: 42,000
Casualties and losses
From 1 January until 24 May 1933:[1]
518 officers and 15,248 soldiers killed
1,122 officers and 21,501 soldiers wounded|

From January until May 1933:[2] 2,400 casualties

In the Rehe Campaign (24 February until 18 March 1933):[1] 171 combat deaths.

* v
* t
* e

Second Sino-Japanese War

1931–1937 (pre-war skirmishes)

* Manchuria
* Mukden
* Lytton Report
* Jiangqiao
* Nenjiang Bridge
* Jinzhou
* Harbin
* 1st Shanghai
* Pacification of Manchukuo
* Inner Mongolia
* Great Wall
* Rehe
* Suiyuan

1937–1939

* Marco Polo Bridge
* Beiping–Tianjin
* Chahar
* 2nd Shanghai
* Sihang Warehouse
* Railway Operation
* Beiping–Hankou
* Tianjin–Pukou
* Taiyuan
* Pingxingguan
* Xinkou
* Nanking
* Massacre
* Xuzhou
* Taierzhuang
* North-East Henan
* Lanfeng
* Amoy
* Chongqing
* Yellow River flood
* Wuhan
* Wanjialing
* Wenxi fire
* Canton
* Hainan
* Nanchang
* Suixian–Zaoyang
* Swatow
* 1st Changsha
* South Guangxi
* Kunlun Pass
* Winter Offensive
* West Suiyuan
* Wuyuan

1940–1942

* Zaoyang–Yichang
* Hundred Regiments
* North Vietnam
* Central Hubei
* South Anhui
* South Henan
* West Hubei
* Shanggao
* South Shanxi
* 2nd Changsha
* 3rd Changsha
* Yunnan-Burma Road
* Tachiao
* Oktwin
* Toungoo
* Yenangyaung
* Zhejiang–Jiangxi
* Sichuan (cancelled)

1943–1945

* West Hubei
* North Burma and West Yunnan
* Myitkyina
* Mount Song
* Changde
* Ichi-Go
* 4th Changsha
* Hengyang
* Guilin–Liuzhou
* West Henan–North Hubei
* West Hunan
* Guangxi

Air War

* Taihoku

* v
* t
* e

Military campaigns of the Empire of Japan

Meiji period

* Taiwan (1874)
* Ganghwa (1875)
* Ryukyu (1879)
* Manchuria, Korea, and Taiwan (1894–1895)
* Liaodong Peninsula (1895)
* China (1899–1901)
* Manchuria and Korea (1904–1905)
* Korea (1910)

Taishō period

* Tsingtao (1914)
* German Pacific possesions (1914)
* Siberia (1918–1922)

Shōwa period

* Manchuria and Inner Mongolia (1931–1936)
* China (1937–45)
* French Indochina (1940)
* Asia-Pacific (1941–1945)

The defense of the Great Wall (simplified Chinese: 长城抗战; traditional Chinese: 長城抗戰; pinyin: Chángchéng Kàngzhàn) (January 1 – May 31, 1933) was a campaign between the armies of Republic of China and Empire of Japan, which took place before the Second Sino-Japanese War officially commenced in 1937 and after the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931. It is known in Japanese as Operation Nekka (熱河作戰, Nekka Sakusen) and in many English sources as the First Battle of Hopei.

During this campaign, Japan successfully captured the Inner Mongolian province of Rehe from the Chinese warlord Zhang Xueliang, and incorporated it into the newly created state of Manchukuo, whose southern frontier was thus extended to the Great Wall of China.

## Battle of Shanhai Pass

[edit]

Shanhaiguan is the fortified eastern end of the Great Wall of China, where the Great Wall meets the ocean. Per the terms of the 1901 Boxer Rebellion accord, the Imperial Japanese Army maintained a small garrison of around 200 men at Shanhaiguan. On the night of 1 January 1933, the Japanese garrison commander staged an "incident" by exploding a few hand grenades and firing a few shots.[3] The Kwantung Army used this as an excuse to demand that the Chinese 626th Regiment of the Northeastern Army, guarding Shanhaiguan, evacuate the pass defenses.

When the Chinese garrison refused, the Japanese 8th Division issued an ultimatum, and then attacked the pass with the support of 4 armored trains and 10 tanks.[4] The Japanese attack was supported by close air support from bombers, and by shelling by warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy's IJN 2nd Fleet with a dozen warships offshore. On January 3, Chinese regimental commander Shi Shian, unable to withstand this attack, was forced to evacuate from his positions after losing half of his force.[3]

## Battle of Rehe

[edit]

Main article: Battle of Rehe

The province of Rehe, on the northern side of the Great Wall, was the next target. Declaring the province to be historically a portion of Manchuria, the Japanese Army initially hoped to secure it through the defection of General Tang Yulin to the Manchukuo cause. When this failed, the military option was put into action. The Japanese army's Chief of Staff requested Emperor Hirohito's sanction for the 'strategic operation' against Chinese forces in Rehe. Hoping that it was the last of the army's operations in the area and that it would bring an end to the Manchurian matter, the Emperor approved, while stating explicitly that the army was not to go beyond the Great Wall.[3] On February 23, 1933, the offensive was launched. On February 25, Chaoyang and Kailu were taken. On March 2, the Japanese 4th Cavalry Brigade encountered resistance from the forces of Sun Dianying, and after days of fighting, took Chifeng. On March 4, Japanese cavalry and the 1st Special Tank Company took Chengde the capital of Rehe.

Falling back from Rehe, Wan Fulin's 32nd Army retreated to Lengkou Pass, while the 29th Army of General Song Zheyuan also fell back, Zhang Zuoxiang's 37th Division retreated to Xifengkou Pass, General Guan Linzheng's 25th Division to the Gubeikou Pass.

On March 4, the 139th Division of the KMT 32nd Army managed to hold Lengkou Pass, and on March 7, the KMT 67th Army withstood attacks by the 16th Brigade of the Japanese 8th Division, at Gubeikou Pass.

On March 9, Chiang Kai-shek held discussions with Zhang Xueliang in Baoding about resisting the Japanese invasion. Chiang Kai-shek began to relocate his forces away from his campaign against the Jiangxi Soviet, which would include the forces of Huang Jie, Xu Tingyao and Guan Linzheng. Chiang Kai-shek also called over Fu Zuoyi's 7th Army from Suiyuan. However, his actions were too late and the reinforcements were of insufficient strength to stop the Japanese advance.

On March 11, Japanese troops pushed up to the Great Wall itself. On March 12, Zhang Xueliang resigned his post to He Yingqin who, as the new leader of the Northeastern Army, was assigned the duty of securing defensive positions along the Great Wall.

Chinese soldiers armed with dadaos

Over twenty close assaults were launched, with sword-armed Northwestern Army soldiers repelling them. However, on March 21, the Japanese took Yiyuankou Pass. The KMT 29th Army evacuated from Xifengkou Pass on April 8. On April 11, Japanese troops retook Lengkou Pass after dozens of seesaw fights over the pass defenses and Chinese forces at Jielingkou abandoned that pass.[5] The Chinese army was significantly underarmed in comparison to the Japanese and many units were predominantly equipped with handguns, hand grenades, and traditional Chinese swords, with limited supplies of trench mortars, heavy machine guns, light machine guns and rifles. Beaten back by overwhelming Japanese firepower, on May 20, the Chinese army retreated from their remaining positions on the Great Wall.

Although the National Revolutionary Army (NRA) suffered defeat in the end, several individual NRA units like the He Zhuguo platoon managed to hold off the better equipped Japanese army for up to three days before being overrun. Some NRA Divisions also managed to win major victories in passes like Xifengkou and Gubeikou by using the ramparts to move soldiers from one sector to another in the Great Wall, just like the Ming dynasty soldiers before them.[6]

## Aftermath

[edit]

Main article: Tanggu Truce

On May 22, 1933, Chinese and Japanese representatives met at Tanggu, Tianjin, to negotiate an end of the conflict. The resulting Tanggu Truce created a demilitarized zone extending one hundred kilometers south of the Great Wall, which the Chinese army was prohibited from entering, thus greatly reducing the territorial security of China proper, whereas the Japanese were permitted to use reconnaissance aircraft or ground units to make sure that the Chinese complied. Furthermore, the Chinese government was forced to acknowledge the de facto independence of Manchukuo and the loss of Rehe.

## See also

[edit]

* Japan portal
* China portal

* Events preceding World War II in Asia
* Jinan incident (May 1928)
* Huanggutun incident (Japanese assassination of the Chinese head of state Generalissimo Zhang Zuolin on 4 June 1928)
* Japanese invasion of Manchuria
* Mukden Incident (18 September 1931)
* January 28 Incident (Shanghai, 1932)
* Marco Polo Bridge Incident (7 July 1937)
* List of military engagements of the Second Sino-Japanese War
* Order of battle Operation Jehol
* Order of battle Defense of the Great Wall
* Baimaguan Fort
* Suiyuan campaign
* North China Buffer State Strategy
* Chahar People's Anti-Japanese Army

## References

[edit]

### Citations

[edit]

1. ^ a b Keshi, Jiang (2020-02-10). "热河作战日军的死亡人数考证". blog.wenxuecity.com. Retrieved 2025-01-12.
2. ^ Zhongliang, Zhang (2014). 抗战文学与正面战场. 社会科学文献出版社. p. 172.
3. ^ a b c "Battles of the Great Wall". Retrieved 13 August 2016.
4. ^ Guo Rugui, 第二部分：从"九一八"事变到西安事变 榆关 热河失守 1
5. ^ Hsu Long-hsuen and Chang Ming-kai, History of The Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945) 2nd Ed. ,1971. Translated by Wen Ha-hsiung, Chung Wu Publishing; 33, 140th Lane, Tung-hwa Street, Taipei, Taiwan Republic of China. Pg. 159–161.
6. ^ Osprey Publishing: The Great Wall of China 221 BC–AD 1644. Stephen Turnbull. Paperback January 2007 ISBN 978-1-84603-004-8

### Sources

[edit]

* Guo, Rugui (2005). 《中国抗日战争正面战场作战记》 [China's Anti-Japanese War Combat Operations] (in Chinese (China)). Jiangsu People's Publishing House. ISBN 7-214-03034-9.
* Young, Louise (1999). Japan's Total Empire: Manchuria and the Culture of Wartime Imperialism. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-21934-1.

## External links

[edit]

* Battles of the Great Wall Archived 2022-10-17 at the Wayback Machine
* The History of Battles of Imperial Japanese Tanks
* Jehol 1933 Japanese photos from Operation Nekka.
* "On Bended Knee". Time. January 23, 1933.
* "Bumps & Blood". Time. February 27, 1933.
* "War of Jehol". Time. March 6, 1933.
* "Two-Gun Tang". Time. March 6, 1933.
* "Glorious 16th". Time. March 13, 1933.

### Topographic maps

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* Cheng-te nk50-11 SW Jehol Province, SE Chahar Province, NW Hebei Province (north of Beijing, Gubeikou Pass)
* Lin-yu nk50-12 S Jehol Province, NE Hebei Province, Great Wall to Shanhaikuan upper Luan River area
* Ch'ang-Li nj50-4 NE Hebei Luan River area

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