Democratic Party of the Left

Italian political party

Democratic Party of the Left

Partito Democratico della Sinistra

Secretary|

* Achille Occhetto (1991–1994)
* Massimo D'Alema (1994–1998)

Founded| 3 February 1991; 33 years ago (1991-02-03)
Dissolved| 14 February 1998; 26 years ago (1998-02-14)
Preceded by| Italian Communist Party
Succeeded by| Democrats of the Left
Newspaper| L'Unità
Youth wing| Youth Left
Membership|

* 989,708 (1991)
* 613,412 (1998)

Ideology|

* Democratic socialism
* Social democracy

Political position| Left-wing
National affiliation|

* Alliance of Progressives (1994)
* The Olive Tree (1995–1998)

European affiliation| Party of European Socialists (1993–1998)
International affiliation| Socialist International (1993–1998)
European Parliament group|

* European United Left (1991–1993)
* Party of European Socialists (1993–1998)

Colors|  Red

* Politics of Italy
* Political parties
* Elections

The Democratic Party of the Left (Italian: Partito Democratico della Sinistra, PDS) was a democratic-socialist and social-democratic political party in Italy. Founded in February 1991 as the post-communist evolution of the Italian Communist Party,[1][2][3] the party was the largest in the Alliance of Progressives and The Olive Tree coalitions. In February 1998, the party merged with minor parties to form Democrats of the Left. At its peak in 1991, the party had a membership of 989,708; by 1998, it was reduced to 613,412.[4]

## History[edit]

The PDS evolved from the Italian Communist Party (PCI), the largest Communist party in the Western Bloc for most of the Cold War. Since 1948, it had been the second-largest party in Italian Parliament. The PCI moved away from Communist orthodoxy in the late 1960s, when it opposed the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia. In the 1970s, it was one of the first parties to embrace Eurocommunism. By the late 1980s, the PCI had ties with social democratic and democratic socialist parties, and it was increasingly apparent that it was no longer a Marxist–Leninist party. With this in mind, the PCI dissolved itself and refounded itself as the PDS in 1991,[5] reforming its ideology to adopt acceptance of a multi-party system and the mixed economy.[6]

The party's first leader was Achille Occhetto, the final party secretary of the PCI. Although Ochetto had proclaimed the end of Communism, the new party's logo consisted of an oak tree sprouting from the previous symbol of the PCI in a roundel at the tree's roots. This logo was adopted not only to allow the PDS to trade on the PCI's roots but to keep any potential splinter party from immediately adopting the old PCI symbol. This did not prevent hard-liners leaving the party and launching the Communist Refoundation Party (PRC).[7] In 1993, the PDS was admitted into both the Socialist International and the Party of European Socialists (PES).[8] In the same year, the party's Members of the European Parliament moved from the European United Left to the PES group in the European Parliament.[9] In 1996, the PDS explored the possibility of adopting the fist and rose emblem of the Socialist International but was prevented to do it by the Transnational Radical Party, which had obtained the right to use it in Italy in the 1970s.[10]

In the 1992 Italian general election, the PDS reached second place with 107 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 64 in the Senate. The PDS had briefly entered the national unity government of the Ciampi Cabinet, headed by Carlo Azeglio Ciampi, on 29 April 1993, holding three ministries. Both the PDS and Federation of the Greens quickly withdrew from the cabinet on 4 May 1993 in protest against the Chamber's refusal to begin prosecution of former Prime Minister Bettino Craxi.[11] The party's transformation from the PCI to the PDS happened with the background of Tangentopoli and the end of the First Republic, when the dominant Christian Democracy and four other establishment parties collapsed and were replaced by new political formations during 1992–1994.[12]

In the following 1994 Italian general election, Occhetto was the leader of the Alliance of Progressives, a left-wing coalition of which the PDS was the largest single party. He lost to the centre-right coalition, organised during the election as the Pole of Freedoms and Pole of Good Government jointly led by Silvio Berlusconi, who became Prime Minister of Italy for the first time. In the aftermath of the election, Massimo D'Alema was elected new party secretary. In the 1996 Italian general election, after the collapse of Berlusconi's coalition, the PDS was the largest component of the centre-left coalition, winning the election under the banner of The Olive Tree led by Romano Prodi. It became the largest single party in the legislature, with 146 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 102 in the Senate. The Prodi I Cabinet included 16 PDS ministers and 10 PDS junior ministers; it was the first time that former Communists had taken part in government in half a century. Walter Veltroni, a leading member of the PDS, served as Deputy Prime Minister of Italy, while another leading member, Giorgio Napolitano, became the Italian Minister of the Interior.

In 1997, D'Alema called for the party to become a full-fledged European social-democratic party. In accordance with this call, the PDS merged in 1998 with the Labour Federation (splinters of the Italian Socialist Party), the Social Christians (including also several former Christian Democrats), the Republican Left (splinters of the Italian Republican Party), the Movement of Unitarian Communists (splinters of the PRC), the Reformists for Europe (mostly former members of the Italian Socialist Party), and the Democratic Federation (a Sardinian party formed by the Italian Democratic Socialist Party, along with former Republicans and Socialists) to form the Democrats of the Left (DS). On that occasion, the DS decided to replace the hammer and sickle of its logo with the red rose of European social democracy.

## Popular support[edit]

The electoral results of PDS in general (Chamber of Deputies) and European Parliament elections from 1992 to 1996 are shown in the chart below.

Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.

|

## Electoral results[edit]

### Italian Parliament[edit]

Chamber of Deputies

Election year  | Votes  | %  | Seats  | +/−  | Leader
1992 | 6,321,084 (2nd)  | 16.1  |

107 / 630

Achille Occhetto

1994 | 7,881,646 (2nd)  | 20.4  |

116 / 630

Achille Occhetto

1996 | 7,894,118 (1st)  | 21.1  |

172 / 630

Massimo D'Alema

Senate of the Republic

Election year  | Votes  | %  | Seats  | +/−  | Leader
1992 | 5,663,976 (2nd)  | 17.0  |

66 / 315

Achille Occhetto

1994 | with AdP | –  |

76 / 315

Achille Occhetto

1996 | with Olive Tree | –  |

98 / 315

Massimo D'Alema

### European Parliament[edit]

European Parliament

Election year  | Votes  | %  | Seats  | +/−  | Leader
1994 | 6,281,354 (2nd)  | 19.1  |

16 / 87

Massimo D'Alema

## Leadership[edit]

* Secretary: Achille Occhetto (1991–1994), Massimo D'Alema (1994–1998)
* Coordinator: Massimo D'Alema (1991–1993), Davide Visani (1993–1994), Mauro Zani (1994–1996), Marco Minniti (1996–1998)
* Organizational Secretary: Piero Fassino (1991–1992), Mauro Zani (1992–1994), Marco Minniti (1994–1996), Pietro Folena (1996–1998)
* President: Stefano Rodotà (1991–1992), Giglia Tedesco Tatò (1993–1998)
* Party Leader in the Chamber of Deputies: Giulio Quercini (1991–1992), Massimo D'Alema (1992–1994), Luigi Berlinguer (1994–1996), Fabio Mussi (1996–1998)
* Party Leader in the Senate: Ugo Pecchioli (1991–1992), Giuseppe Chiarante (1992–1994), Cesare Salvi (1994–1998)
* Party Leader in the European Parliament: Luigi Alberto Colajanni (1991–1994), Renzo Imbeni (1994–1998)

## References[edit]

1. ^ Simon Parker (1996). The New Italian Republic: New. Taylor & Francis. p. 42\. ISBN 978-0-415-12162-0. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
2. ^ Svante Ersson; Jan-Erik Lane (1998). Politics and Society in Western Europe. SAGE. p. 100\. ISBN 978-0-7619-5862-8. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
3. ^ Richard J. Samuels (2005). Machiavelli's Children: Leaders And Their Legacies In Italy And Japan. Cornell University Press. p. 309\. ISBN 978-0-8014-8982-2. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
4. ^ "Gli iscritti ai principali partiti politici italiani della Prima Repubblica dal 1945 al 1991". Cattaneo Institute. Archived from the original (Microsoft Excel) on 10 November 2013.
5. ^ Alan Renwick (2010). The Politics of Electoral Reform: Changing the Rules of Democracy. Cambridge University Press. p. 121–. ISBN 978-1-139-48677-4.
6. ^ Donald F. Busky (2002). Communism in History and Theory: The European Experience. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 57\. ISBN 978-0-275-97734-4. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
7. ^ Marco Giugni (2004). Social Protest and Policy Change: Ecology, Antinuclear, and Peace Movements in Comparative Perspective. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 171\. ISBN 978-0-7425-1827-8. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
8. ^ Dimitri Almeida (2012). The Impact of European Integration on Political Parties: Beyond the Permissive Consensus. Routledge. p. 80\. ISBN 978-0-415-69374-5. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
9. ^ William Heller; Carol Mershon (2009). Political Parties and Legislative Party Switching. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 153\. ISBN 978-0-230-62255-5.
10. ^ Maestri, Gabriele (2006). "Senza rosa e senza pugno? Considerazioni giuridico-simboliche sulla presenza elettorale dei Radicali in Italia" (PDF). Nomos – le attualità del diritto (in Italian). Rome. 2016–1. ISSN 2279-7238. Retrieved 20 November 2022.
11. ^ "Pds e Verdi abbandonano Ciampi. Fuori i ministri". Italia Oggi. No. 100\. 30 April 1993. p. 3. Retrieved 3 February 2023.
12. ^ Carol Diane St Louis (2011). Negotiating Change: Approaches to and the Distributional Implications of Social Welfare and Economic Reform. Stanford University. p. 119\. STANFORD:RW793BX2256. Retrieved 17 August 2012.

## Further reading[edit]

* Bull, Martin J. (1996). The Great Failure? The Democratic Party of the Left in Italy's Transition. The New Italian Republic: From the Fall of the Berlin Wall to Berlusconi. Routledge. pp. 159–172.

* v
* t
* e

Historical political parties in Italy

Communist|

* Proletarian Unity Party (1972–1984)
* Italian Communist Party (1921–1991)
* Proletarian Democracy (1978–1991)
* Party of Italian Communists (1998–2014)

Democratic socialist|

* Italian Revolutionary Socialist Party (1881–1893)
* Italian Workers' Party (1882–1892)
* Italian Socialist Party of Proletarian Unity (1964–1972)
* Democratic Party of the Left (1991–1998)
* Democratic Left (2007–2010)
* Left Ecology Freedom (2010-2016)

Social-democratic|

* Italian Reformist Socialist Party (1912–1926)
* Unitary Socialist Party (1922–1930)
* Action Party (1929–1947)
* Unitary Socialist Party (1949–1951)
* Unified Socialist Party (1966–1969)
* Italian Socialist Party (1892–1994)
* Italian Democratic Socialist Party (1947–1998)
* Democrats of the Left (1998–2007)
* Italian Democratic Socialists (1998–2007)
* Article One (2017–2023)

Green|

* Rainbow Greens (1989–1990)
* Federation of Green Lists (1986–1990)
* Federation of the Greens (1990–2021)

Radical and social-liberal|

* Action Party (1853–1867)
* Italian Radical Party (1904–1922)
* Democratic Party (1913–1919)
* Constitutional Democratic Party (1913–1919)
* Italian Democratic Liberal Party (1919–1926)
* Social Democracy (1922–1926)
* Labour Democratic Party (1943–1948)
* Republican Democratic Concentration (1946)
* Radical Party (1955–1989)
* Democratic Alliance (1993–1997)
* The Network (1991–1999)

Centrist and liberal|

* Liberal Union (1913–1922)
* Democratic Union for the Republic (1998–1999)
* Union for the Republic
* Italian Renewal (1996–2002)
* The Democrats (1999–2002)
* Segni Pact (1993–2003)
* Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy (2002–2007)
* Civic Choice (2013–2019)
* Liberal Popular Alliance (2015–2018)

Regionalist and federalist|

* Movement for the Independence of Sicily (1943–1951)
* Federalists and Liberal Democrats (1994–1996)
* Federalist Italian League (1995–1996)
* Great South (2011–2013)

Christian-democratic|

* Italian Catholic Electoral Union (1906–1919)
* Conservative Catholics (1913–1919)
* Italian People's Party (1919–1926)
* Christian Democracy (1943–1994)
* Italian People's Party (1994–2002)
* Christian Democrats for the Republic (1998)
* Christian Democratic Centre (1994–2002)
* United Christian Democrats (1995–2002)
* European Democracy (2001–2002)
* Christian Democracy for Autonomies (2005–2009)
* Union of Democrats for Europe (1999–2013)

Liberal-conservative|

* Economic Party (1919–1924)
* National Democratic Alliance (1953–1954)
* Italian Liberal Party (1922–1994)
* Forza Italia (1994–2009)
* The People of Freedom (2009–2013)
* Future and Freedom (2010–2014)
* New Centre-Right (2013–2017)
* Conservatives and Reformists (2015–2017)
* Direction Italy (2017–2019)

National-conservative|

* Common Man's Front (1946–1949)
* Monarchist National Party (1946–1959)
* People's Monarchist Party (1954–1959)
* Italian Democratic Party of Monarchist Unity (1959–1972)
* National Democracy (1977–1979)
* National Alliance (1995–2009)

Nationalist|

* Italian Nationalist Association (1910–1923)
* Combatants' Party (1919–1923)
* National Fascist Party (1921–1943)
* Republican Fascist Party (1943–1945)
* Italian Social Movement (1946–1995)

* List of political parties in Italy
* 19th-century Italian political groups
* Early 20th-century Italian political parties
* 1950s–1990s Italian political parties
* Current Italian political parties

* v
* t
* e

Italian Communist Party

Leadership|

| General Secretary|

* Amadeo Bordiga (1922–1923)
* Executive Committee (1923–1924)
* Antonio Gramsci (1924–1927)
* Camilla Ravera (1927–1930)
* Palmiro Togliatti (1930–1934)
* Ruggero Grieco (1934–1938)
* Palmiro Togliatti (1938–1964)
* Luigi Longo (1964–1972)
* Enrico Berlinguer (1972–1984)
* Alessandro Natta (1984–1988)
* Achille Occhetto (1988–1991)

|

President|

* Luigi Longo (1972–1980)
* Alessandro Natta (1989–1990)
* Aldo Tortorella (1990–1991)

Leader in the Chamber of Deputies|

* Luigi Longo (1946–1947)
* Palmiro Togliatti (1947–1964)
* Pietro Ingrao (1964–1972)
* Alessandro Natta (1972–1979)
* Fernando Di Giulio (1979–1981)
* Giorgio Napolitano (1981–1986)
* Renato Zangheri (1986–1990)
* Giulio Quercini (1990–1991)

Leader in the Senate|

* Mauro Scoccimarro (1948–1958)
* Umberto Terracini (1958–1973)
* Edoardo Pema (1973–1986)
* Gerardo Chiaromonte (1983–1986)
* Ugo Pecchioli (1986–1991)

Leader in the European Parliament|

* Giorgio Amendola (1979–1980)
* Guido Fanti (1980–1984)
* Giovanni Cervetti (1984–1989)
* Luigi Alberto Colajanni (1989–1991)

Publications|

* l'Unità (1924–1991)
* Vie Nuove (1946–1978)
* Pattuglia (1948–1953)
* Rinascita (1944–1991)

Related articles|

* Italian Socialist Party
* Culturalists
* XII International Brigade (Garibaldi Battalion)
* Italian resistance movement
* National Liberation Committee
* May 1947 crises
* AvtoVAZ
* Tolyatti
* Italian Communist Youth Federation
* Marxism–Leninism
* Bordigism
* Eurocommunism
* Migliorismo

Derivatives|

* International Communist Party
* Communist Party of Italy (Marxist–Leninist) / Italian Marxist–Leninist Party
* Italian (Marxist–Leninist) Communist Party
* Democratic Party of the Left / Democrats of the Left / Democratic Party
* Communist Refoundation Party / Party of Italian Communists

Alliances|

* Popular Democratic Front (1947–1948)
* Historic Compromise (1976–1980)

Authority control databases

International|

* ISNI
* VIAF

National|

* France
* BnF data
* Israel
* United States
* Czech Republic

Other|

* IdRef

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template