Demographic economics

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Application of economic analysis to demography

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Demographic economics or population economics is the application of economic analysis to demography, the study of human populations, including size, growth, density, distribution, and vital statistics.[1][2]

## Aspects

[edit]

Aspects of the subject include:

* marriage and fertility[1][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]
* the family[11][12][13][14][15][16][17]
* divorce[18][19][20]
* morbidity[21] and life expectancy/mortality[22][23][24]
* dependency ratios[1][3][25][26][27]
* migration[28][29][30]
* population growth[31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38]
* population size[39][40][41]
* public policy[1][42][43][44][45][46][47][48]
* the demographic transition from "population explosion" to (dynamic) stability[49] or decline.[50][51][52]

Other subfields include measuring value of life[53][54] and the economics of the elderly[55][56][57] and the handicapped[58][59][60] and of gender,[61][62][63] race, minorities, and non-labor discrimination.[64][65] In coverage and subfields, it complements labor economics[66][67] and implicates a variety of other economics subjects.[68][69][70]

Further information: Econography

## Subareas

[edit]

The Journal of Economic Literature classification codes are a way of categorizing subjects in economics. There, demographic economics is paired with labour economics as one of 19 primary classifications at JEL: J.[71] It has eight subareas:

General
Demographic Trends and Forecasts
Marriage; Marital Dissolution; Family Structure
Fertility; Family Planning; Child Care; Children; Youth
Economics of the Elderly; Economics of the Handicapped
Economics of Minorities and Races; Non-labor Discrimination
Economics of Gender; Non-labor Discrimination
Value of life; Foregone Income
Public Policy

## See also

[edit]

* Cost of raising a child
* Family economics
* Generational accounting
* Growth economics
* Retirement age, international comparison

Related:

* Income and fertility
* Demographic dividend
* Demographic transition
* Demographic gift
* Demographic window
* Demographic trap
* Preston curve
* Development economics

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ a b c d Kelley, Allen C.; Schmidt, Robert M. (2008). "Economic Demography". The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. London: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 655\. doi:10.1057/9780230226203.0428. ISBN 978-0-333-78676-5.
2. ^ van Praag, Bernard M. S. (1988). The notion of population economics. Vol. 1\. pp. 5–16. doi:10.1007/bf00171507. JSTOR 20007247. PMID 12342564. `{{cite encyclopedia}}`: `|journal=` ignored (help)
3. ^ a b Foster, Andrew (2008). "Marriage Markets". The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. London: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 356\. doi:10.1057/9780230226203.1044. ISBN 978-0-333-78676-5.
4. ^ Schultz, T. Paul (2008). "Fertility in Developing Countries". The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics (PDF). London: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 291\. doi:10.1057/9780230226203.0560. ISBN 978-0-333-78676-5.
5. ^ Galor, Oded (2008). "Economic Growth in the Very Long Run". The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics (PDF). London: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 685\. doi:10.1057/9780230226203.0434. ISBN 978-0-333-78676-5.
6. ^ Adsera, Alicia (2008). "Fertility in Developed Countries". The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. London: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 286\. doi:10.1057/9780230226203.0559. ISBN 978-0-333-78676-5.
7. ^ Montgomery, Mark; Trussell, James (1986). Models of marital status and childbearing. Handbook of Labor Economics. Vol. 1\. pp. 205–71. doi:10.1016/S1573-4463(86)01006-4. ISBN 978-0-444-87856-4.
8. ^ Galor, Oded (2005). "The Demographic Transition and the Emergence of Sustained Economic Growth" (PDF). Journal of the European Economic Association. 3 (2–3): 494–504. doi:10.1162/jeea.2005.3.2-3.494. hdl:10419/80187. JSTOR 40004992.
9. ^ Hanushek, Eric A (1992). "The Trade-Off between Child Quantity and Quality" (PDF). Journal of Political Economy. 100 (1): 84–117. doi:10.1086/261808. JSTOR 2138807. S2CID 154820218.
10. ^ Lehrer, Evelyn L. (1996). "Religion as a determinant of marital fertility". Journal of Population Economics. 9 (2): 173–96. doi:10.1007/s001480050013. JSTOR 20007500. PMID 12320501. S2CID 24326107.
11. ^ Ermisch, John (2008). "Family Economics". The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. London: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 260\. doi:10.1057/9780230226203.0550. ISBN 978-0-333-78676-5.
12. ^ Ermisch, John (2003). An Economic Analysis of the Family. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-09667-4.[page needed]
13. ^ Becker, Gary S. (2008). "Family". The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. London: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 1\. doi:10.1057/9780230226203.2528. ISBN 9780333786765.
14. ^ Becker, Gary S. (1991) [1981]. A Treatise on the Family. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-90698-3.[page needed]
15. ^ Becker, Gary S. (1988). "Family Economics and Macro Behavior" (PDF). American Economic Review. 78 (1): 1–13.
16. ^ Lehrer, Evelyn (2007). Religion, Economics and Demography: The Effects of Religion on Education, Work, and the Family. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-70194-5.[page needed]
17. ^ Lehrer, Evelyn L. (2004). "Religion as a Determinant of Economic and Demographic Behavior in the United States". Population and Development Review. 30 (4): 707–726. doi:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2004.00038.x. hdl:10419/20687. JSTOR 3657335. S2CID 4981446.
18. ^ Weiss, Yoram (2008). "Marriage and Divorce". The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. London: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 347\. doi:10.1057/9780230226203.1043. ISBN 978-0-333-78676-5.
19. ^ Lehrer, Evelyn L.; Chiswick, Carmel U. (August 1993). "Religion as a Determinant of Marital Stability". Demography. 30 (3): 385–404. doi:10.2307/2061647. JSTOR 2061647. PMID 8405605.
20. ^ de la Croix, David; Mariani, Fabio (2015-01-07). "From Polygyny to Serial Monogamy: a Unified Theory of Marriage Institutions*". The Review of Economic Studies. 82 (2): 565–607. doi:10.1093/restud/rdv001. hdl:2078.1/110739. ISSN 0034-6527.
21. ^ Canning, David; Bloom, David E. (2008). "Population Health, Economic Implications of". The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. London: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 516\. doi:10.1057/9780230226203.1310. ISBN 978-0-333-78676-5.
22. ^ Vaupel, James W.; Von Kistowski, Kristín G.; Rau, Roland (2008). "Mortality". The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. London: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 781\. doi:10.1057/9780230226203.1141. ISBN 978-0-333-78676-5.
23. ^ Preston, Samuel H. (1975). "The Changing Relation between Mortality and level of Economic Development". Population Studies. 29 (2): 231–248. doi:10.1080/00324728.1975.10410201. PMC 2572360. PMID 11630494.
24. ^ Bloom, D. E; Canning, D. (2007). "Commentary: The Preston Curve 30 years on: Still sparking fires". International Journal of Epidemiology. 36 (3): 498–9, discussion 502–3. doi:10.1093/ije/dym079. PMID 17550948.
25. ^ Kelley, AC; Schmidt, RM (1996). "Saving, dependency and development". Journal of Population Economics. 9 (4): 365–86. doi:10.1007/BF00573070. PMID 12292225. S2CID 1440355.
26. ^ Weil, David N. (May 1999). "Population Growth, Dependency, and Consumption". The American Economic Review. 89 (2): 251–5. doi:10.1257/aer.89.2.251. JSTOR 117115.
27. ^ Denton, Frank T.; Spencer, Byron G. (2010). "Population Aging and Its Economic Costs: A Survey of the Issues and Evidence". Canadian Journal on Aging. 19: 1–31. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.613.1972. doi:10.1017/S071498080001463X. S2CID 79567183.
28. ^ Ioannides, Yannis M.; Rossi-Hansberg, Esteban (2008). "Urban Growth". The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. London: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 544\. doi:10.1057/9780230226203.1772. ISBN 978-0-333-78676-5.
29. ^ Walker, James R. (2008). "Internal Migration". The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. London: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 421\. doi:10.1057/9780230226203.0824. ISBN 978-0-333-78676-5.
30. ^ Borjas, George J. (2008). "International Migration". The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. p. 453\. doi:10.1057/9780230226203.0830. ISBN 978-0-333-78676-5.
31. ^ Lee, Ronald D. (2008). "Population Dynamics". The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. London: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 512\. doi:10.1057/9780230226203.1309. ISBN 978-0-333-78676-5.
32. ^ Galor, Oded (2008). "Human Capital, Fertility and Growth". The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics (PDF). London: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 109\. doi:10.1057/9780230226203.0755. ISBN 978-0-333-78676-5.
33. ^ Galor, Oded; Weil, David N. (September 2000). "Population, Technology, and Growth: From Malthusian Stagnation to the Demographic Transition and beyond". The American Economic Review. 90 (4): 806–28. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.195.5342. doi:10.1257/aer.90.4.806. JSTOR 117309.
34. ^ Johnson, David Gale; Lee, Ronald Demos, eds. (1987). Population Growth and Economic Development: Issues and Evidence. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-11130-4.[page needed]
35. ^ Kelley, Allen C. (1988). "Economic Consequences of Population Change in the Third World". Journal of Economic Literature. December (4): 1685–728. JSTOR 2726858.
36. ^ Brander, James A.; Dowrick, Steve (1994). "The role of fertility and population in economic growth". Journal of Population Economics. 7 (1): 1–25. doi:10.1007/BF00160435. PMID 12287546. S2CID 20943767.
37. ^ Kremer, Michael (August 1993). "Population Growth and Technological Change: One Million B.C. to 1990". The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 108 (3): 681–716. doi:10.2307/2118405. JSTOR 2118405.
38. ^ Dasgupta, Partha (December 1995). "The Population Problem: Theory and Evidence". Journal of Economic Literature. 33 (4): 1879–902. JSTOR 2729316.
39. ^ Arrow, K.; Bolin, B.; Costanza, R.; Dasgupta, P.; Folke, C.; Holling, C. S.; Jansson, B.-O.; Levin, S.; Mäler, K.-G.; Perrings, C.; Pimentel, D. (1995). "Economic Growth, Carrying Capacity, and the Environment". Science. 268 (5210): 520–1. Bibcode:1995Sci...268..520A. doi:10.1126/science.268.5210.520. PMID 17756719.
40. ^ Cohen, J. (1995). "Population growth and earth's human carrying capacity". Science. 269 (5222): 341–6. Bibcode:1995Sci...269..341C. doi:10.1126/science.7618100. PMID 7618100.
41. ^ Cohen, Joel E. (1995). How Many People Can the Earth Support?. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-31495-3.[page needed]
42. ^ Currie, Janet (2008). "Child Health and Mortality". The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. London: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 769\. doi:10.1057/9780230226203.0228. ISBN 978-0-333-78676-5.
43. ^ National Research Council (1986). Population Growth and Economic Development: Policy Questions. National Academies Press. ISBN 978-0-309-03641-2.[page needed]
44. ^ Theodore W. Schultz, 1981. Investing in People: The Economics of Population Quality, University of California Press. Description and chapter-preview links.
45. ^ Sen, Amartya (1995). "Authoritarianism versus Cooperation" (PDF). International Lecture Series on Population Issues. John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-06-23. Republished as Sen, Amartya (1997). "Population policy: Authoritarianism versus cooperation". Journal of Population Economics. 10 (1): 3–22. doi:10.1007/s001480050029. JSTOR 20007525. S2CID 154992419.
46. ^ Birdsall, Nancy; Kelley, Allen C.; Sinding, Steven W., eds. (2001). Population Matters: Demographic Change, Economic Growth, and Poverty in the Developing World. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-152953-5.[page needed]
47. ^ Samuelson, Paul A. (December 1958). "An Exact Consumption-Loan Model of Interest with or without the Social Contrivance of Money". Journal of Political Economy. 66 (6): 467–82. doi:10.1086/258100. JSTOR 1826989. S2CID 153586213.
48. ^ Gokhale, Jagadeesh (2008). "Generational Accounting". The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. London: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 630\. doi:10.1057/9780230226203.0627. ISBN 978-0-333-78676-5.
49. ^ Tuljapurkar, Shripad (2008). "Stable Population Theory". The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. London: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 826\. doi:10.1057/9780230226203.1602. ISBN 978-0-333-78676-5.
50. ^ Greenwood, Jeremy; Seshadri, Ananth; Vandenbroucke, Guillaume (2005). "The Baby Boom and Baby Bust". American Economic Review. 95: 183–207. doi:10.1257/0002828053828680.
51. ^ Mosk, Carl (2008). "Historical Demography". The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. London: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 38\. doi:10.1057/9780230226203.0738. ISBN 978-0-333-78676-5.
52. ^ Lee, Ronald D. (2008). "Demographic Transition". The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. London: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 433\. doi:10.1057/9780230226203.0374. ISBN 978-0-333-78676-5.
53. ^ Kip Viscusi, W. (2008). "Value of Life". The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. London: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 586\. doi:10.1057/9780230226203.1784. ISBN 978-0-333-78676-5.
54. ^ Becker, Gary S; Philipson, Tomas J; Soares, Rodrigo R (2005). "The Quantity and Quality of Life and the Evolution of World Inequality". American Economic Review. 95 (1): 277–291. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.589.702. doi:10.1257/0002828053828563. PMID 29120118. S2CID 12760521.
55. ^ Hurd, Michael (2008). "Retirement". The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. London: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 130\. doi:10.1057/9780230226203.1431. ISBN 978-0-333-78676-5.
56. ^ Weil, David N. (2008). "Population Ageing". The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. London: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 499\. doi:10.1057/9780230226203.1307. ISBN 978-0-333-78676-5.
57. ^ Clark, Robert Louis; Spengler, Joseph John (1998). The Economics of Individual and Population Aging. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-22883-1.[page needed]
58. ^ Blanchet, Didier; Fleurbaey, Marc (2006). "Selfishness, altruism and normative principles in the economic analysis of social transfers". Handbook of the Economics of Giving, Altruism and Reciprocity. Vol. 2\. p. 1465\. doi:10.1016/S1574-0714(06)02024-0. ISBN 9780444521453.
59. ^ Tomlinson, Sally (1985). "The Expansion of Special Education". Oxford Review of Education. 11 (2): 157–165. doi:10.1080/0305498850110203. JSTOR 1050498.
60. ^ Bubolz, Margaret M.; Whiren, Alice P. (January 1984). "The Family of the Handicapped: An Ecological Model for Policy and Practice". Family Relations. 33 (1): 5–12. doi:10.2307/584584. JSTOR 584584.
61. ^ Galor, Oded; Weil, David N. (June 1996). "The Gender Gap, Fertility, and Growth". The American Economic Review. 86 (3): 374–87. JSTOR 2118202.
62. ^ Jacobsen, Joyce P. (2008), "gender roles and division of labour", in Durlauf, Steven N.; Blume, Lawrence E. (eds.), The new Palgrave dictionary of economics (2nd ed.), Basingstoke, Hampshire New York: Palgrave Macmillan, p. 582, ISBN 9780333786765. Also available online.
63. ^ Jacobsen, Joyce P. (2007). The economics of gender (3rd ed.). Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 9781405161824.
64. ^ Sowell, Thomas (1975). Race and Economics. McKay.[page needed]
65. ^ Sowell, Thomas (1995). Race and Culture: A World View. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-06797-8.
66. ^ JEL classification codes#Labor and demographic economics JEL: J Subcategories.
67. ^ Labor and Demographic Economics: Demographic Economics, NBER Working Paper abstract links from the National Bureau of Economic Research.
68. ^ Assaf Razin and Efraim Sadka, 1996. Population Economics. MIT Press. Description & chapter previews.
69. ^ Rosenzweig, Mark R.; Stark, Oded (1997). "Introduction: Population and family economics". Handbook of Population and Family Economics. Vol. 1\. p. 1. doi:10.1016/S1574-003X(97)80018-9. ISBN 9780444826459.
70. ^ Search of The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics Online, "population OR demography".
71. ^ Of which a complete list for JEL: J with corresponding Wikipedia links is at JEL classification codes#Labor and demographic economics JEL: J Subcategories.

## References

[edit]

* John Eatwell, Murray Milgate, and Peter Newman, ed. ([1987] 1989\. Social Economics: The New Palgrave, pp. v-vi. Arrow-page searchable links to entries for:

"Ageing Populations," pp. 1-3, by Robert L. Clark
"Declining Population," pp. 10-15, by Robin Barlow
"Demographic Transition," pp. 16-23, by Ansley J. Coale
"Extended Family," pp. 58-63, by Oliva Harris
"Family," pp. 65-76, by Gary S. Becker
"Fertility," pp.77-89, by Richard A. Easterlin
"Gender," pp. 95-108, by Francine D. Blau
"Race and Economics," pp. 215-218, by H. Stanback
"Value of Life," pp.289-76, by Thomas C. Schelling

* Nathan Keyfitz, 1987. "demography," The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics, v. 1, pp. 796–802.
* T. Paul Schultz, 1981. Economics of Population. Addison-Wesley. Book review.
* John B. Shoven, ed., 2011. Demography and the Economy, University of Chicago Press. Scroll-down description[permanent dead link] and preview.
* Julian L. Simon, 1977. The Economics of Population Growth. Princeton,
* _____, [1981] 1996. The Ultimate Resource 2, rev. and expanded. Princeton. Description and preview links.
* Dennis A. Ahlburg, 1998. "Julian Simon and the Population Growth Debate," Population and Development Review, 24(2), pp. 317-327.
* M. Perlman, 1982. [Untitled review of Simon, 1977 & 1981], Population Studies, 36(3), pp. 490-494.
* Julian L. Simon, ed., 1997. The Economics Of Population: Key Modern Writings. Description.[permanent dead link]
* _____, ed., 1998. The Economics of Population: Classic Writings. Description and scroll to chapter-preview links.
* Joseph J. Spengler 1951\. "The Population Obstacle to Economic Betterment," American Economic Review, 41(2), pp. 343-354.
* _____, 1966. "The Economist and the Population Question," American Economic Review, 56(1/2), pp. 1–24.

## Journals

[edit]

* Demography – Scope and links to issue contents & abstracts.
* Journal of Population Economics – Aims and scope and 20th Anniversary statement, 2006.
* Population and Development Review – Aims and abstract & supplement links.
* Population Bulletin – Each issue on a current population topic.
* Population Studies —Aims and scope.
* Review of Economics of the Household

* v
* t
* e

Lists of countries by population statistics

Global|

* Current population
* United Nations
* Demographics of the world

Continents/subregions|

* Africa
* Antarctica
* Asia
* Europe
* North America
* Caribbean
* Oceania
* South America

Intercontinental|

* Americas
* Arab world
* Commonwealth of Nations
* Eurasia
* European Union
* Islands
* Latin America
* Middle East

Cities/urban areas|

* World cities
* National capitals
* Megacities
* Megalopolises

Past and future|

* Past and future population
* World population estimates
* 1
* 1000
* 1500
* 1600
* 1700
* 1800
* 1900
* 1939
* 1989
* 2000
* 2005
* 2010
* 2015
* Population milestones

Population density|

* Current density
* Past and future population density
* Person-to-arable land ratio

Growth indicators|

* Population growth rate
* Natural increase
* Net reproduction rate
* Number of births
* Number of deaths
* Birth rate
* Mortality rate
* Fertility rate
* Past fertility rate

Life expectancy|

* world
* Africa
* Asia
* Europe
* North America
* Oceania
* South America
* world regions
* past life expectancy

Other demographics|

* Age at childbearing
* Age at first marriage
* Age structure
* Dependency ratio
* Divorce rate
* Ethnic and cultural diversity level
* Ethnic composition
* Immigrant population
* Linguistic diversity
* Median age
* Net migration rate
* Number of households
* Religion / Irreligion
* Sex ratio
* Urban population
* Urbanization

Health|

* Antidepressant consumption
* Antiviral medications for pandemic influenza
* HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate
* Infant and under-five mortality rates
* Maternal mortality rate
* Obesity rate
* Percentage suffering from undernourishment
* Health expenditure by country by type of financing
* Suicide rate
* Total health expenditure per capita
* Total healthcare spending as % of GDP
* Body mass index (BMI)

Education and innovation|

* Bloomberg Innovation Index
* Education Index
* Global Innovation Index
* International Innovation Index
* Literacy rate
* Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies
* Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA)
* Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS)
* Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS)
* Tertiary education attainment
* World Intellectual Property Indicators

Economic|

* Access to financial services
* Development aid donors
* Official Development Assistance received
* Employment rate
* Irrigated land area
* Human Development Index
* by country
* inequality-adjusted
* planetary pressures–adjusted HDI
* Human Poverty Index
* Imports
* Exports
* Income equality
* Labour force
* Share of income of top 1%
* Number of millionaires (US dollars)
* Number of billionaires (US dollars)
* Percentage living in poverty
* Public sector
* Unemployment rate
* Wealth inequality

* List of international rankings
* Lists by country

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