Demographic history of Poland

Aspect of Polish history

The Poles come from different West Slavic tribes living on territories belonging later to Poland in the early Middle Ages.

## Kingdom of Poland (966–1569)

[edit]

Around the year 1000, the population of the Duchy of Poland is estimated at 1,000,000[1] to 1,250,000.[2] Around 1370 Poland had 2 million inhabitants with a population density of 8.6 per square kilometer.[3] Poland was less affected by the Black Death than Western Europe.[3]

Although the population of the Kingdom of Poland in late Middle Ages consisted mostly of Poles, the influx of other cultures was significant: particularly notable were Jewish and German settlers, who often formed significant minorities or even majorities in urban centers. Sporadically migrants from other places like Scotland, and Netherlands settled in Poland as well. At that time other notable minorities included various incompletely assimilated people from other Slavic tribes (some of whom would eventually merge totally into the Polish people, while others merged into neighboring nations).

Around 1490, the combined population of Poland and Lithuania, in a personal union (the Polish–Lithuanian union) since the Union of Krewo a century before, is estimated at 8 million.[4] An estimate for 1493 gives the combined population of Poland and Lithuania at 7.5 million (including 3.9 million in the Kingdom of Poland[5]), breaking them down by ethnicity at 3.25 million Poles, 3.75 million Ruthenians and 0.5 million Lithuanians.[6] The Ruthenians composed most of the population of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania: this is the reason that the late GDL is often called a Slavic country, alongside Poland, Russia, etc. In time, the adjective "Lithuanian" came to denote a Slav of the Grand Duchy.[7]

Eventually, the Lithuanian speakers came to be known as Samogitians (see also Samogitian nobility), after the province in which they were the dominant majority.[7] Another estimate for the combined population at the beginning of the 16th century gives 7.5 million, roughly split evenly, due to the much larger territory of the Grand Duchy (with about 10-15 people per square km in Poland and 3-5 people per square km in the Grand Duchy, and even less in the south-east Cossack borderlands).[3][8] By 1500, about 15% of Poland's population lived in urban centers (settlements with over 500 people).[9]

Number of inhabitants of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth per voivodeship in 1790 Population density per voivodeships in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1790

## Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1795)

[edit]

By 1600, about 25% of Poland's population lived in urban centers (settlements with over 500 people).[9] Major towns in Poland included: Gdańsk (70,000), Kraków (28,000), Warsaw (20,000-30,000), Poznań (20,000), Lwów (Lviv) (20,000), Elbląg (Elbing) (15,000), Toruń (Thorn) (12,000), Sandomierz (4,000-5,000), Kazimierz Dolny (4,000-5,000) and Gniezno (4,000-5,000).[9]

The population of the Commonwealth of both nations was never overwhelmingly either Roman Catholic or Polish. This resulted from Poland's possession of Ukraine and federation with Lithuania; in both these countries ethnic Poles were a distinct minority. The Commonwealth comprised primarily four nations: Poles, Lithuanians, and Ukrainians and Belarusians (the latter two usually referred to together as Ruthenians). Shortly after the Union of Lublin (1569), at the turn of the 16th to 17th century, the Commonwealth population was around 7 million, with a rough breakdown of 4.5m Poles, 0.75m Lithuanians, 0.7m Jews and 2m Ruthenians.[10] In 1618, after the Truce of Deulino the Commonwealth population increased together with its territory, reaching 12 million that could be roughly divided into: Poles – 4.5m, Ukrainians – 3.5m, Belarusians – 1.5m, Lithuanians – 0.75m, Prussians – 0.75m, Jews – 0.5m, Livonians – 0.5m; at that time nobility formed 10% and burghers, 15%.[11] Population losses of 1648–1667 are estimated at 4m.[11] Coupled with further population and territorial losses, by 1717 the Commonwealth population had fallen to 9m: roughly 4.5m Poles, 1.5m Ukrainians, 1.2m Belarusians, 0.8m Lithuanians, 0.5m Jews, 0.5m others[11] The urban population was hit hard, falling to below 10%.[12]

From 1648 to 1660, the Commonwealth lost between 30% and 50% of its population.[13] During the Great Northern War, Poland's population contracted by 25% in 1709–1711.[14]

To be Polish, in the non-Polish lands of the Commonwealth, was then much less an index of ethnicity than of religion and rank; it was a designation largely reserved for the landed noble class (szlachta), which included Poles but also many members of non-Polish origin who converted to Catholicism in increasing numbers with each following generation. For the non-Polish nobility such conversion meant a final step of Polonization that followed the adoption of the Polish language and culture.[15] Poland, as the culturally most advanced part of the Commonwealth, with the royal court, the capital, the largest cities, the second-oldest university in Central Europe (after Prague), and the more liberal and democratic social institutions proved an irresistible magnet for the non-Polish nobility in the Commonwealth.[16]

As a result, in the eastern territories a Polish (or Polonized) aristocracy dominated a peasantry whose great majority was neither Polish nor Roman Catholic. Moreover, the decades of peace brought huge colonization efforts to Ukraine, heightening the tensions among nobles, Jews, Cossacks (traditionally Orthodox), Polish and Ruthenian peasants. The latter, deprived of their native protectors among the Ruthenian nobility, turned for protection to cossacks that facilitated violence that in the end broke the Commonwealth. The tensions were aggravated by conflicts between Eastern Orthodoxy and the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church following the Union of Brest, overall discrimination of Orthodox religions by dominant Catholicism,[17] and several Cossack uprisings. In the west and north, many cities had sizable German minorities, often belonging to Reformed churches. The Commonwealth had also one of the largest Jewish diasporas in the world.

Until the Reformation, the szlachta were mostly Catholic or Eastern Orthodox. However, many families quickly adopted the Reformed religion. After the Counter-Reformation, when the Roman Catholic Church regained power in Poland, the szlachta became almost exclusively Roman Catholic, despite the fact that Roman Catholicism was not a majority religion (the Roman Catholic and Orthodox churches counted approximately 40% of the population each, while the remaining 20% were Jews and members of various Protestant churches).[18] The Counter-Reformation in Poland, influenced by the Commonwealth tradition of religious tolerance, was based mostly on Jesuit propaganda, and was very peaceful when compared to excesses such as the Thirty Years' War elsewhere in Europe.[19][20]

In the late 18th century, the first statistical estimates of Commonwealth population appeared. Aleksander Busching estimated the number of Commonwealth population for 8.5 million; Józef Wybicki in 1777 for 5,391,364; Stanisław Staszic in 1785 for 6 million; and Fryderyk Moszyński in 1789 for 7,354,620.[21] Modern estimates tend to be higher; by 1770, on the eve of the partitions, Commonwealth had a population of about 11m[22]-14m,[23][24] about 10% of that - Jewish.[22] The nobility constituted about 10%, the burghers, about 7-8%.[22]

## Partitions (1795–1918)

[edit]

By the First Partition in 1772, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth lost about 211 000 km2 (30% of its territory, amounting at that time to about 733 000 km2),[25] with a population of over four to five million people (about a third of its population of 14 million before the partitions).[24]

After the Second Partition, Commonwealth lost about 307 000 km2, being reduced to 223 000 km2.[25] Only about 4 million people remained in Poland at that time, which makes for a loss of another third of its original population, about a half of the remaining.[26]

After the Third Partition, overall, Austria had gained about 18 percent of the former Commonwealth territory (130,000 km2) and about 32 percent of the population (3.85 million people).[27] Prussia had gained about 20 percent of the former Commonwealth territory 149,000 km2) and about 23 percent of the population (2.6 million people).[27] Russia had gained about 62 percent of the former Commonwealth territory (462,000 km2) and about 45 percent of the population (3.5 million people).[27]

An estimate for 1815 gives 11.5 million Poles, out of which 5m were under Russian control (4 million in Congress Poland and 1 million in the territories incorporated into the Russian Empire), 3.5m in the Prussian partition territories and 3m in the Austrian partition territories.[28]

Congress Poland had a population of about 4.25 million around 1830.[29] In the Russian partition, the Pale of Settlement resulted in resettlement of many Russian Jews to the western fringes of Russian Empire, which now included part of Poland. This further increased the sizable community of Polish Jews. By 1914, about 31 million people inhabited the territories that would become the Second Polish Republic, the First World War saw the population of those territories drop to 26 million.[23]

Mother tongue in Poland, based on 1931 census

## Second Polish Republic and World War II (1918–1945)

[edit]

Before World War II, the Polish lands were noted for the variety of their ethnic communities. Following the Polish-Soviet War, a large part of its population belonged to national minorities. The census of that year allocates 30.8% of the population in the minority.[30] In 1931, the population of Poland was 31,916,000, including 15,428,000 males and 16,488,000 females. By January 1939, the population of Poland increased to 35,100,000. This total included 240,000 in Trans-Olza which was under Polish control from October 1938 until August 1939.[31] The population density was 90 persons per square km. In 1921, 24% of the population lived in towns and cities, by 1931 the ratio grew to 27%. Altogether, in 1921, there were 611 towns and cities in the country, by 1931 there were 636 municipalities. The six biggest cities of Poland (as of 1 January 1939) were Warsaw, Łódź, Lwów, Poznań, Kraków and Vilnius (Wilno). In 1931, Poland had the second largest Jewish population in the world, and one-fifth of all Jews resided within Poland's borders (approx. 3,136,000, roughly 10% of the entire Polish population).[30]

According to historian Norman Davies the Polish census of 1931 listed the nationalities by language as Polish, 69% of the population, Ukrainian, 15%, Jews 8.5%, Belarusian, 4.70%, German, 2.2%, Russian 0.25%, Lithuanian, 0.25%, Czech 0.09%,[32] Norman Davies included the Ruthenians with the Ukrainians however the Polish census figures list them as separate group with 3.82% of the population. The classification of the ethnic groups in Poland during the Second Polish Republic is a disputed topic, Tadeusz Piotrowski maintains that the 1931 Polish census "involved questionable methodology, especially the use of mother tongue as an indicator of nationality", noting that it had underestimated the number of non-Poles. The official figures for nationality from the 1931 Polish census based on the mother tongue put the percentage of ethnic Poles at 68.9%, Jews 8.6% and other minority groups 22.5%. Piotrowski cited a study by the Polish historian Jerzy Tomaszewski that puts that the adjusted census figures (taking religious affiliation into account) of ethnic Poles at 64.7%, Jews 9.8% and other minority groups 25.5% of Poland's population.[33] Polish demographer Piotr Eberhardt maintains that it is commonly agreed that the criterion of declared language to classify ethnic groups led to an overestimation of the number of Poles in pre-war Poland. He notes that in general, the numbers declaring a particular language do not mesh with the numbers declaring the corresponding nationality. Members of ethnic minority groups believe that the language criterion led to an overestimation of Poles.[34]

The detailed figures for the census published by the Polish government provided a breakdown by religion for the various language groups, the details of the Polish census of 1931 published by the Central Statistical Office the Polish Republic according to language and religion are as follows.:[35]

Breakdown of Total 1931 Polish Population by Language and Religion

Language | Total | Roman Catholics | Greek Catholics | Eastern Orthodox | Protestant | Other Christian | Jewish | Other

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Polish | 21,993,444 | 20,333,333 | 487,034 | 497,290 | 218,993 | 55,148 | 371,821 | 4,410
Ukrainian | 3,221,975 | 12,617 | 1,676,763 | 1,501,308 | 6,705 | 23,241 | 255 | 31
Ruthenian | 1,219,647 | 12,914 | 1,163,749 | 38,754 | 541 | 2,694 | 292 | 84
Belarusian | 989,852 | 77,790 | 2,303 | 903,557 | 519 | 4,153 | 200 | 1,020
Russian | 138,713 | 18,777 | 908 | 99,636 | 5769 | 34,957 | 444 | 105
Lithuanian | 83,116 | 82,723 | 5 | 105 | 200 | 11 | 18 | 1
Czech | 38,097 | 8,984 | 251 | 21,672 | 5,769 | 1,237 | 95 | 2
German | 740,992 | 118,470 | 284 | 64 | 598,944 | 15,863 | 6,827 | 8
Yiddish | 2,489,034 | - | - | - | - | - | 2,487,844 | 0
Hebrew | 243,539 | - | - | - | - | - | 243,527 | 0
Local | 707,088 | 1,477 | 524 | 696,397 | 786 | 7,678 | 75 | 42
Other | 11,119 | 6,088 | 581 | 1,157 | 1384 | 269 | 454 | 940
Not Declared | 39,163 | 13,778 | 3,762 | 2,544 | 758 | 167 | 2081 | 107
Total | 31,915,779 | 20,670,051 | 3,336,164 | 3,762,484 | 835,258 | 145,418 | 3,113,933 | 6,750

Figures may not add due to omitted answers and those not practicing or declaring a religion. Source: Polish Main Statistical Office (1931)

Breakdown of Total 1931 Polish Population by Language and Religion Figures as % of Total Population

Language | Total | Roman Catholics | Greek Catholics | Eastern Orthodox | Protestant | Other Christian | Jewish | Other

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Polish | 68.91% | 63.71% | 1.53% | 1.56% | 0.69% | 0.17% | 1.17% | 0.01%
Ukrainian | 10.10% | 0.04% | 5.25% | 4.70% | 0.02% | 0.2% | - | \-
Ruthenian | 3.82% | 0.04% | 3.65% | 0.12% | - | - | - | \-
Belarusian | 3.10% | 0.24% | - | 2.83% | - | 0.01% | - | \-
Russian | 0.43% | 0.06% | - | 0.31% | 0.02% | 0.2% | 0.11% | \-
Lithuanian | 0.26% | 0.26% | - | - | - | - | - | \-
Czech | 0.12% | 0.03% | - | 0.07% | 0.02% | - | - | \-
German | 2.32% | 0.37% | - | - | 1.88% | 0.05% | 0.02% | \-
Yiddish | 7.8% | - | - | - | - | - | 7.8% | \-
Hebrew | 0.76% | - | - | - | - | - | 0.76% | \-
Local | 3.10% | - | - | 2.18% | - | 0.02% | - | \-
Other | 0.03% | 0.02% | - | - | - | - | - | \-
Total | 100% | 64.76% | 10.45% | 11.79% | 2.62% | .46% | 9.76% | 0.02%

Figures may not add due to omitted answers and those not practicing or declaring a religion. Source: Polish Main Statistical Office (1931)

In the southeast, Ukrainian settlements were present in the regions east of Chełm and in the Carpathians east of Nowy Sącz. The three main native highlander populations were Łemkowie, Bojkowie and Huculi. In all the towns and cities there were large concentrations of Yiddish-speaking Jews. The Polish ethnographic area stretched eastward: in eastern Lithuania, Belarus, and western Ukraine, all of which had a mixed population, Poles predominated not only in the cities but also in numerous rural districts. There were significant Polish minorities in Daugavpils (in Latvia), Minsk (in Belarus), Bucovina (in Romania), and Kyiv (in Ukraine) (see Polish minority in the Soviet Union, Polish Autonomous District).

### Second World War (1939–1945)

[edit]

See supplements: Occupation of Poland, World War II crimes in Poland, Holocaust in Poland
Population of Poland 1900-2010

In the beginning of the war (September 1939) the territory of Poland was divided between the Nazi Germany and the USSR. By late-1941 following Operation Barbarossa Nazi Germany controlled the entire territory of the former Second Polish Republic, but in 1944-1945 the Red Army's offensive claimed the region for the USSR.

After both occupiers divided the territory of Poland between themselves, they conducted a series of actions aimed at suppression of Polish culture and repression of much of the Polish people. In August 2009 the Polish Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) researchers estimated Poland's dead (including Polish Jews) at between 5.47 and 5.67 million (due to German actions) and 150,000 (due to Soviet), or around 5.62 and 5.82 million total.[36] About 90% of Polish Jews were killed during the Holocaust; many others emigrated in the succeeding years.

Poland's Population Balance (1939–1950)[37][38] Description (see: Legend)  | Total  | Poles | Jews  | Germans  | Others
(Ukrainians/Belarusians)

|
|
|
|
|

1. Population 1939 (by Language Spoken) | 35,000,000 | 24,300,000 | 3,200,000 | 800,000 | 6,700,000
2. Natural Increase 1939-1945 | 1,300,000 | 1,000,000 |  |  | 300,000
3. Transfer of German Population | (760,000) |  |  | (760,000) |
4 A. Deaths Due to German Occupation | (5,670,000) | (2,770,000) | (2,800,000) |  | (100,000)
4 B. Deaths Due to Soviet Occupation | (150,000) | (150,000) |  |  |
5. Population Remaining in the USSR | (7,800,000) | (1,000,000) | (100,000) | 0 | (6,700,000)
6. Emigration to the West | (480,000) | (280,000) | (200,000) |  |
7. Population gain Recovered Territories | 1,260,000 | 1,130,000 | 0 | 130,000 | 0
8. Re-Immigration 1946-50 | 200,000 | 200,000 | 0 | 0 | 0
9. Natural Increase 1946-1950 | 2,100,000 | 2,100,000 | 0 | 0 | 0
10. Population 1950 | 25,000,000 | 24,530,000 | 100,000 | 170,000 | 200,000

1\. Population 1939 -Polish sources allocate the population by the primary language spoken, not by religion. Most Jews spoke Yiddish, however included with the Poles are about 200,000 Polish speaking Jews who are classified with the Polish group. Included with the Poles are 1,300,000 Eastern Orthodox & Greek Catholic adherents who are sometimes classified with the Ukrainian and Belarusian groups.[39]

2\. Natural Increase October 1939-December 1945 -After the war Polish demographers calculated the estimated natural population growth that occurred during the war.[40]

3\. Transfer of German Population Most of the ethnic German population fled during the war. Many of them were sent to forced labour.[41][circular reference]. In 1950 only about 40,000 of the pre-war ethnic German group remained in Poland in 1950, most of whom emigrated later in the 1950s.[42] Others were also expelled [43][circular reference].

4\. War Dead In August 2009 the Polish Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) put the figure of Poland's dead at between 5,620,000 and 5,820,000. The IPN's figures include 3 million Polish Jews who were murdered in the Holocaust (200,000 included with Polish speakers); as well as Poles killed in 1943-44 during the massacres of Poles in Volhynia.[44][45][46] The figures also include 150,000 victims of Soviet repression.

Deaths Due to German Occupation
Poles-The Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) figure for deaths of Poles due to the German occupation is 2,770,000. This figure includes "Direct War Losses" -543,000; "Murdered in Camps and in Pacification" -506,000; "Deaths in prisons and Camps" 1,146,000; "Deaths outside of prisons and Camps" 473,000; "Murdered in Eastern Regions" 100,000; "Deaths in other countries" 2,000. These figures include about 200,000 Polish speaking Jews who are considered Poles in Polish sources.[47]

Jews-Polish researchers have determined that the Nazis murdered 1,860,000 Polish Jews in the extermination camps in Poland, plus another 1.0 million Polish Jewish deaths in prisons and ghettos. In addition 970,000 Jews from other nations were murdered in the Nazi extermination camps in Poland.[48]

In the Polish figures of war dead are included 2.0 million Polish citizens of the Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union, that were occupied by German Nazy forces after 22 June 1941.[49] Contemporary Russian sources include these losses with Soviet war deaths.[50]

Deaths Due to Soviet Occupation

The Polish Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) researchers estimated that 150,000 Polish citizens were executed due to Soviet repressions or died during deportations. Since the collapse of the USSR, Polish scholars have been able to do research in the Soviet archives on Polish losses during the Soviet occupation.[51] Andrzej Paczkowski puts the number of Polish deaths at 90–100,000 of the 1.0 million persons deported and 30,000 executed by the Soviets.[52]

5\. Population Remaining in the USSR The number of Poles and Jews who remained in the USSR after the war was estimated at 1.4 million by Polish scholar and historian Krystyna Kersten. Included with the Poles remaining in the USSR are about 700,000 Eastern Orthodox & Greek Catholic adherents who are sometimes classified with the Ukrainian and Belarusian groups.[49]

6\. Emigration to the West Poles and Jews who remained in non communist countries after the war.

7\. Population gain Recovered Territories Germans remaining in Poland after the war in the Recovered Territories. This group included 1,130,000 bi-lingual Polish-German persons who declared their allegiance to Poland. Also remaining in 1950 were 94,000 German nationals, 36,000 Germans from pre-war Danzig and 1,500 ethnic Germans of other nations. Most of this group emigrated to Germany after 1956. The ethnic German population remaining in the 1990s was about 300,000.[53]

8\. Reimmigration 1946-50 Poles resident in western Europe before the war, primarily in Germany and France, who returned to Poland after the war.[54]

9\. Natural Increase 1946-1950 This is the official Polish government data for births and natural deaths from January 1946 until the census of December 1950.[54]

10\. Population December 1950 Per Census The total population per the December 1950 census was 25 million. A breakdown by ethnic group was not given. However, we can estimate the Jewish population based on the postwar census taken by the Jewish community. Data for the Germans and others who remained in Poland after the war can be estimated using the 1946 Polish census[54]

## Post-Second World War (1945–present)

[edit]

### Early post-war period

[edit]

Before World War II, a third of Poland's population was composed of ethnic minorities. After the war, however, Poland's minorities were mostly gone, due to the 1945 revision of borders, and the Holocaust. Under the National Repatriation Office (Państwowy Urząd Repatriacyjny), millions of Poles were forced to leave their homes in the eastern Kresy region and settle in the western former German territories. At the same time approximately 5 million remaining Germans (about 8 million had already fled or had been expelled and about 1 million had been killed in 1944–46) were similarly expelled from those territories into the Allied occupation zones. Ukrainian and Belarusian minorities found themselves now mostly within the borders of the Soviet Union; those who opposed this new policy (like the Ukrainian Insurgent Army in the Bieszczady Mountains region) were suppressed by the end of 1947 in the Operation Vistula.

The population of Jews in Poland, which formed the largest Jewish community in pre-war Europe at about 3.3 million people, was all but destroyed by 1945. Approximately 3 million Jews died of starvation in ghettos and labor camps, were slaughtered at the German Nazi extermination camps or by the Einsatzgruppen death squads. Between 40,000 and 100,000 Polish Jews survived the Holocaust in Poland, and another 50,000 to 170,000 were repatriated from the Soviet Union, and 20,000 to 40,000 from Germany and other countries. At its postwar peak, there were 180,000 to 240,000 Jews in Poland, settled mostly in Warsaw, Łódź, Kraków and Wrocław.[55]

Poland's population diminished from 35 million in 1939 to just under 24 million in 1946.[56] According to the national census, which took place on 14 February 1946, the number of inhabitants was 23,930,000, out of which 32% lived in cities and towns, and 68% lived in the countryside. The 1950 census (3 December 1950) showed the population rise to 25,008,000, and the 1960 census (6 December 1960) placed the population of Poland at 29,776,000.[57] In 1950, Warsaw was the biggest city of the country, with population of 804,000. Second was Lodz (pop. 620,000), third Kraków (pop. 344,000), fourth Poznan (pop. 321,000), and fifth Wroclaw (pop. 309,000).

Females were in the majority in the country. In 1931, there were 105.6 women for 100 men. In 1946, the difference grew to 118.5/100, but in subsequent years, number of males grew, and in 1960, the ratio was 106.7/100.

### Current situation

[edit]

Demographics of Poland, Data of FAO, 1961–2010; Number of inhabitants in millions.

Further information: Demographics of Poland

Most Germans were expelled from Poland and the annexed east German territories at the end of the war, while many Ukrainians, Rusyns and Belarusians lived in territories incorporated into the USSR. Small Ukrainian, Belarusian, Slovak, and Lithuanian minorities reside along the borders, and a German minority is concentrated near the southwestern city of Opole and in Masuria. Groups of Ukrainians and Polish Ruthenians also live in western Poland, where they were forcefully resettled by communists.

As a result of the migrations and the Soviet Unions radically altered borders under the rule of Joseph Stalin, the population of Poland became one of the most ethnically homogeneous in the world. Virtually all people in Poland claim Polish nationality, with Polish as their native tongue. Ukrainians resp. Rusyns, the largest minority group, are scattered in various northern districts. Lesser numbers of Belarusians and Lithuanians live in areas adjoining Belarus and Lithuania. The Jewish community, almost entirely Polonized, has been greatly reduced. In Silesia a significant segment of the population, of mixed Polish and German ancestry, tends to declare itself as Polish or German according to political circumstances. Minorities of Germans remain in Pomerania, Silesia, East Prussia, and Lubus.

Small populations of Polish Tatars still exist. Some Polish towns, mainly in northeastern Poland have mosques. Tatars arrived as mercenary soldiers beginning in the late 14th century. The Tatar population reached approximately 100,000 in 1630 but is less than 500 in 2000. See also Islam in Poland.[58]

A recent large migration of Poles took place following Poland's accession to the European Union and opening of the EU's labor market; with an approximate number of 2 million primarily young Poles taking up jobs abroad.[59]

## General statistics

[edit]

Demographics estimates for period before statistics and reliable data collection from censuses should be seen as giving only a rough order of magnitude, not any precise number.[3]

### Changes of Poland's population through centuries

[edit]

Date | Population | Population density
km2 | State

|
|
|

2009 | 38,130,302[60] |  | Poland
2006 | 38 125 000 | 122,0 | Poland
2000 | 38 253 955 | 122,0 | Poland
1995 | 38 610 000 |  | Poland
1990 | 38 183 000 |  | Poland
7 XII 1988 | 37 879 000 | 121,1 | People's Republic of Poland
7 XII 1978 | 35 061 000 | 112,2 | People's Republic of Poland
8 XII 1970 | 32 642 000 | 104,4 | People's Republic of Poland
6 XII 1960 | 29 776 000 | 95,3 | People's Republic of Poland
3 XII 1950 | 25 008 000 | 80,0 | People's Republic of Poland
14 II 1946 | 23 930 000 | 76,6 | People's Republic of Poland
31 XII 1938 | 34 849 000 | 89,7 | Second Polish Republic
9 XII 1931 | 32 107 000 | 82,6 | Second Polish Republic
30 IX 1921 | 27 177 000 | 69,9 | Second Polish Republic
1911 | 21 220 000 |  | Partitioned Poland
1846 | 11 107 000 |  | Partitioned Poland
c. 1772 | 14 000 000 | 19 | Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
c. 1650 | 11 000 000 |  | Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
c. 1500 | 7 500 000 | 15 in Poland
5 in Grand Duchy | Polish–Lithuanian union
1370 | 2 500 000 | 9,3 | Kingdom of Poland
1320 | 1 750 000 | 8 | Kingdom of Poland
c. 1000 | 1 800 000 | 7 | Kingdom of Poland

Sources: GUS, The World Factbook

### Urban demographics statistics

[edit]

Changes in the population of major Polish cities.

Note that this table contains information on some cities that are not within the borders of modern Poland, and others that have not been within those borders for many centuries. See Territorial changes of Poland for more details on that issue.
Year
/City | Warszawa
(Warsaw) | Kraków | Poznań[61] | Wrocław
(Breslau) | Gdańsk
(Danzig) | Toruń | Szczecin
(Stettin) | Lublin | Wilno
(Vilnius) | Lwów
(Lviv) | Kijów
(Kyiv) | Ryga
(Riga) | Łódź | Bydgoszcz

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

1150 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7000[62] |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1200 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 30000 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1242 |  |  |  | 12000[62] |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1300 |  | 14000[62] |  | 14000[62] |  |  | 6000[62] |  | 20000[62] |  |  |  |  |
1325 |  |  |  | 15000[62] |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1329 |  |  |  | 16000[62] |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1348 |  |  |  | 22000[62] |  | 10000 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1367 |  |  |  |  | 7700[62] |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1378 |  |  |  |  | 8500[62] | 12000 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1387 |  |  |  |  |  | 13000 |  |  | 30000[62] |  |  |  |  |
1400 |  | 18000[62] |  | 21000[62] |  |  | 10000[62] |  | 20000[62] |  |  |  |  |
1430 |  |  |  |  | 20000[62] | 10000 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1470 |  |  |  | 21000[62] |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1500 | 6500[9] | 18000[9]
-22000[62] | 6500[9]
-20000[62] | 21000[62] | 30000[9][62] | 8000[9]
-10000 |  |  | 25000[62] | 8000[9] |  |  |  |
1525 |  |  |  | 22000[62] |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1534 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 650 |
1549 |  |  | 22000[62] |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1550 | 9000[62] |  |  | 35000[62] |  |  |  |  | 30000[62] |  |  |  |  |
1564 | 10000[62] |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1579 |  |  |  | 34200[62] |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1595 | 20000[62] | 22000[63] | 20000[63] |  | 40000[63] |  |  |  |  | 20000[63] |  |  |  |
1600 | 25000[9]
-35000[62] | 26000[62]
-28000[9] | 20000[9][64]
-25000[62] | 33000[62] | 49000[62]
-70000[9] | 12000[9]
-15000 | 12000[62] |  | 40000[62] | 10000[62]
-20000[9] |  |  |  |
1609 |  |  |  | 37000[62] |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1620 | 8000[65] |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1622 |  |  |  |  | 70000 | 18000 |  | 8400 |  |  | 10500[62] |  |  |
1624 | 48000[62] |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1647 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 15000 |  |
1650 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6025 | 45000[62] |  |  |  |  |
1653 |  |  | 21000[62] |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1655 |  |  | 14000[64] |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1662 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 18500 |  |  |  |  |
1669 | 14500[62] |  |  |  | 12000 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1677 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 23000 |  |  |  |  |
1700 | 21000[62] | 30000[62] |  | 40000[62] | 50000[62] |  |  |  | 40000[62] | 20000[62] |  |  |  |
1709 |  |  | 12000[64] |  |  |  | 11000[62] |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1711 |  |  |  | 41000[62] |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1727 |  |  |  | 41000[62] |  |  |  |  |  |  | 11000[62] |  |  |
1742 |  |  |  | 41000[62] |  |  |  |  |  |  | 20000[62] |  |  |
1747 |  |  |  | 50000[62] |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1750 | 28000[62] |  |  | 51000[62] | 48000[62] |  | 13000[62] |  | 21000[62] | 25000[62] | 22000[62] |  |  |
1756 |  |  |  | 55000[62] |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1760 | 30000[62] |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1766 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 60000[66] |  | 29000[62] |  |  |
1772 |  | 15000[62] |  |  |  |  |  |  | 21000[62] | 30000[62] |  |  |  | 700
1775 |  |  |  |  |  | 10000 |  |  |  | 39000[62] |  |  |  |
1788 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 23000[67] |  |  |  |  |
1791 |  | 23591 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1792 | 120000[62] |  | 15000[64] |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1796 |  | 22000 | 16000[64] |  |  | 6200 |  |  | 17,500 |  | 19000[62] |  | 191 |
1797 |  |  | 12000[62] |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1798 |  | 24500[62] |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1800 | 75000[62] | 25000[62] | 19000[64] | 65000[62] | 41000[62] | 18500[62] | 6900 |  | 25500[62] | 42000[62] | 19000[62] | 29500 | 428 | 4691
1802 |  | 27000[62] |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1803 |  |  | 16000[62]
-18000[64] |  |  | 7000 |  |  |  | 44500 |  |  |  |
1811 |  |  |  | 62504 |  |  |  |  | 56300 |  | 23000[62] |  |  |
1817 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6910
1818 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 33600 |  |  |  |  |
1822 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 43900 |  |  |  |  |
1824 |  |  | 22000[64] |  |  | 8500 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1829 | 140000[62] |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1830 | 139700 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 42000 |  |  |  | 4343
1831 |  |  | 31000[64] |  |  | 8600 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1834 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 52400 |  |  |  |  |
1836 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 56100 |  |  |  |  |
1839 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 54700 |  |  |  |  |
1843 |  | 42900 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1845 |  |  |  |  |  | 11000 |  |  |  |  | 50000[62] |  |  |
1846 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 54200 |  |  |  |  |
1848 |  |  | 42000[64] |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1849 |  |  | 48000[62] | 111000[62] | 64000[62] | 10500 | 47000[62] |  | 45000[62] | 75000[62] |  |  |  | 10263
1850 | 163000[62] | 42000[62] | 43000[62] | 115000[62] | 64000[62] |  | 48000[62] |  | 56000[62] | 71000[62] |  | 60000 | 15764
1851 | 164000[62] |  |  | 121000[62] |  |  |  |  |  | 80000[62] |  |  |  |
1852 |  |  | 44000[62] | 121052 | 67000[62] | 11592 | 52000[62] |  | 65400 |  | 56000[62] |  |  | 12900
1860 | 158000 | 50000 | 43000[64]
-51000 |  |  |  |  |  | 60000 | 68000 |  |  | 32639 |
1870 |  | 66000 | 54400[64] |  |  |  |  |  | 64200 |  |  |  |  |
1875 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 82700 |  |  |  |  |
1880 |  |  | 65713[68] | 272912[69] | 108551[70] | 20617[71] | 91756[72] |  |  |  |  |  |  | 34044[73][74]
1882 | 383000 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1885 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 102900 |  |  |  |  |
1886 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 232000 |
1890 | 383000 | 69100 | 69627[68]
-69900[64] | 335186[69] | 120338[70] | 27018[71] | 116228[72] |  | 90000 | 110000 |  |  |  | 41399[73]
1895 |  |  | 73200[64] |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 46400
1897 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 46301 | 154500 |  |  | 255879 | 283206 |
1900 | 593800 | 85000 | 110000[64]
-117033[68] | 422709[69] | 140563[70] | 29635[71] | 210702[72] | 53600 | 139000 | 150000 |  |  | 314020 | 52204[73]
1905 |  |  | 136800[64] |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 343944 |
1909 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 205200 |  |  |  |  |
1910 | 781000 | 143000 | 156691[68] | 512105[69] | 170337[70] | 46227[71] | 236113[72] |  | 181000 | 196000 |  |  |  | 57696[73]
1911 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 238600 |  |  |  |  |
1916 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 140800 |  |  |  |  |
1917 |  |  | 156400[64] |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1919 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 128500 |  |  |  |  |
1921 | 936700 | 184000 | 169400[64] |  |  | 37400 |  | 94412 | 129000 | 219000 |  |  | 452000 | 90095
1931 | 1179500 | 219000 | 246700[64] |  |  | 54280 |  | 112539 | 195071 | 312000 | 586000 |  | 605467 | 117528
1939 | 1289000 | 259000 | 275000[64] | 629565 |  | 80000 | 287419 | 122000 | 209400 | 318000 | 846724 |  | 672000 | 143100
1946 | 478755 | 299396 | 268000[64] | 170656 | 117894 | 68000 | 72948 | 99400 |  |  |  |  | 496929 | 134614
1950 | 822036 | 343638 | 320670 | 308925 | 194633 | 80600 | 178907 | 116629 |  |  |  | 482300 | 620273 | 162524
1960 | 1139189 | 481296 | 408100[64] | 430522 | 286940 | 104900 | 269318 | 181304 |  |  |  |  | 709698 | 232007
1970 | 1315648 | 583444 | 471900[64] | 526000 | 365600 | 129900 | 338000 | 238500 | 372100 | 553500 | 1631908 | 731800 | 762699 | 282200
1975 | 1436122 | 684600 | 516000[64] | 575890 | 420977 | 149200 | 369690 | 271955 |  |  |  | 795600 | 798263 | 322657
1980 | 1596073 | 715707 | 552900[64] | 617687 | 456707 | 174400 | 388322 | 304424 |  |  | 2191500 |  | 835658 | 348631
1985 | 1659385 | 740122 | 575134 | 637207 | 468616 | 191305 | 392309 | 326991 | 544400 |  | 2461000 |  | 847864 | 366424
1990 | 1655661 | 750540 | 590000 | 643218 | 465143 | 202200 | 413437 | 351353 | 597000 |  |  | 909135 | 848258 | 381534
1995 | 1653112 | 744987 | 578900 | 641974 | 463019 | 204700 | 418156 | 354552 | 578327 |  |  | 824988 | 823215 | 386056
2000 | 1610471 | 758715 | 571600 | 633857 | 456574 | 204300 | 416485 | 358933 | 554281 |  | 2615300 | 764329 | 793217 | 375676
2004 | 1692854 | 757430 | 570778 | 636268 | 459072 | 208278 | 411900 | 355998 | 548418 |  |  | 735241 | 774004 | 368235
2010 | 1720398 | 756183 | 555614 | 632996 | 456967 | 208278 | 405606 | 348450 | 542828 | 757600 | 2786518 | 705703 | 730633 | 364443
2015 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 698086[75] |  |

## See also

[edit]

* Demographics of Poland
* Polish diaspora
* Prehistory and protohistory of Poland

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Jerzy Lukowski, Hubert Zawadzki, A Concise History of Poland, Cambridge University Press, 2001, ISBN 0-521-55917-0, Google Print, p.6
2. ^ Henryk Łowmiański, Economic problems of the early feudal Polish State, Acta Poloniae Historica, III (1960), p.7-32. ISSN 0001-6829
3. ^ a b c d Aleksander Gieysztor, Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania, in Christopher Allmand (ed.), The New Cambridge Medieval History, Cambridge University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-521-38296-3, Print, p.727
4. ^ Jerzy Lukowski, Hubert Zawadzki, A Concise History of Poland, Cambridge University Press, 2001, ISBN 0-521-55917-0, Google Print, p.6
5. ^ Samsonowicz, Henryk (1997). "Probe einer demograpischen Einschätzung Polen um das Jahr 1500". Studia Historiae Oeconomicae (in German). 22: 17–24.
6. ^ Based on 1493 population map (p.92) from Iwo Cyprian Pogonowski, Poland a Historical Atlas, Hippocrene Books, 1987, ISBN 0-88029-394-2
7. ^ a b Stephen R. Burant and Voytek Zubek, Eastern Europe's Old Memories and New Realities: Resurrecting the Polish–Lithuanian Union, East European Politics and Societies 1993; 7; 370, online, p.4
8. ^ Amdrzej Janeczek, Town and Country in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, in S. R. Epstein, Town and Country in Europe, 1300-1800, Cambridge University Press, 2004, ISBN 0-521-54804-7, Google Print, p.156
9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Robert Bideleux, Ian Jeffries, A History of Eastern Europe: Crisis and Change, Routledge, 1998, ISBN 0-415-16112-6, Google Print, p.129
10. ^ Total and Jewish population based on Frazee; others are estimations from Pogonowski (see following reference). Charles A. Frazee, World History the Easy Way, Barron's Educational Series, ISBN 0-8120-9766-1, Google Print, 50
11. ^ a b c Based on 1618 population map Archived 2013-02-17 at the Wayback Machine (p.115), 1618 languages map (p.119), 1657-1667 losses map (p.128) and 1717 map Archived 2013-02-17 at the Wayback Machine (p.141) from Iwo Cyprian Pogonowski, Poland a Historical Atlas, Hippocrene Books, 1987, ISBN 0-88029-394-2
12. ^ Robert Bideleux, Ian Jeffries, A History of Eastern Europe: Crisis and Change, Routledge, 1998, ISBN 0-415-16112-6, Google Print, p.151
13. ^ Lukowski, Jerzy (2014). Liberty's Folly. The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 18th Century, 1687-1795. Routledge. p. 147\. ISBN 978-1138009127.
14. ^ Šapoka, Mindaugas (2017). Warfare, Loyalty, and Rebellion The Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Great Northern War, 1709–1717. Routledge. p. 44\. ISBN 978-1472484352.
15. ^ Linda Gordon, Cossack Rebellions: Social Turmoil in the Sixteenth Century Ukraine, SUNY Press, 1983, ISBN 0-87395-654-0, Google Print, p.51
16. ^ Aleksander Gella, Development of Class Structure in Eastern Europe: Poland and Her Southern Neighbors, SUNY Press, 1998, ISBN 0-88706-833-2, Google Print, p.13
17. ^ "Poland, history of" Encyclopædia Britannica from Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service. [1] [Accessed February 10, 2006]. and "Ukraine" Encyclopædia Britannica from Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service. [2] [Accessed February 14, 2006].
18. ^ Edward Fram, Ideals face reality: Jewish law and life in Poland, 1550-1655, Hebrew Union College Press, 1997, ISBN 0-87820-420-2, Google Print, p.16-18
19. ^ Haig A. Bosmajian (2006). Burning Books. McFarland. p. 103\. ISBN 978-0-7864-2208-1.
20. ^ Robert Bideleux; Ian Jeffries (10 April 2006). A History of Eastern Europe: Crisis and Change. Routledge. pp. 150–154\. ISBN 978-1-134-71984-6.
21. ^ Czesław Domański Zasłużeni statystycy dla nauki
22. ^ a b c Robert Bideleux, Ian Jeffries, A History of Eastern Europe: Crisis and Change, Routledge, 1998, ISBN 0-415-16112-6, Google Print, p.155
23. ^ a b Norman Davies, God's Playground: A History of Poland in Two Volumes, Oxford University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-19-925340-4, Google Print, p.132
24. ^ a b Jerzy Lukowski; W. H. Zawadzki (2001). A Concise History of Poland: Jerzy Lukowski and Hubert Zawadzki. Cambridge University Press. pp. 96–98\. ISBN 978-0-521-55917-1. Retrieved 8 January 2013.
25. ^ a b Davies, Norman (2005). God's Playground. A History of Poland. The Origins to 1795. Vol. I (revised ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 394\. ISBN 978-0-19-925339-5.
26. ^ Jerzy Lukowski; W. H. Zawadzki (2001). A Concise History of Poland: Jerzy Lukowski and Hubert Zawadzki. Cambridge University Press. pp. 101–103\. ISBN 978-0-521-55917-1. Retrieved 8 January 2013.
27. ^ a b c Piotr Stefan Wandycz, The Price of Freedom: A History of East Central Europe from the Middle Ages to the Present, Routledge (UK), 2001, ISBN 0-415-25491-4, Google Print, p.133
28. ^ Based on 1815 population map (p.161-163) from Iwo Cyprian Pogonowski, Poland a Historical Atlas, Hippocrene Books, 1987, ISBN 0-88029-394-2
29. ^ Jerzy Lukowski, Hubert Zawadzki, A Concise History of Poland, Cambridge University Press, 2001, ISBN 0-521-55917-0, Google Print
30. ^ a b Joseph Marcus, Social and Political History of the Jews in Poland, 1919-1939, Mouton Publishing, 1983, ISBN 90-279-3239-5, Google Books, p. 17
31. ^ London Nakl. Stowarzyszenia Prawników Polskich w Zjednoczonym Królestwie [1941], Polska w liczbach. Poland in numbers. Zebrali i opracowali Jan Jankowski i Antoni Serafinski. Przedmowa zaopatrzyl Stanislaw Szurlej. The Polish government in exile also included the 240,000 inhabitants of Cieszyn with the Polish population.
32. ^ Norman Davies, Gods Playground Vol 2, p. 460.
33. ^ Tadeusz Piotrowski Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918-1947 McFarland & Company, 1997 ISBN 0786403713 page 294
34. ^ Piotr Eberhardt, Ethnic Groups and Population Changes in Twentieth-Century Central-Eastern Europe: History, Data, Analysis M.E. Sharpe, 2002ISBN 0-7656-0665-8 p. 112
35. ^ "Główny Urząd Statystyczny Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej, drugi powszechny spis ludności z dn. 9.XII 1931 r. - Mieszkania i gospodarstwa domowe ludność" [Central Statistical Office the Polish Republic, the second census dated 9.XII 1931 - Abodes and household populace] (PDF) (in Polish). Central Statistical office of the Polish Republic. 1938. p. 15\. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-03-17.
36. ^ Wojciech Materski and Tomasz Szarota (eds.).Polska 1939–1945. Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami.Institute of National Remembrance(IPN) Warszawa 2009 ISBN 978-83-7629-067-6 (Introduction reproduced here Archived 2012-03-23 at the Wayback Machine)
37. ^ Piesowicz, Kazimierz. Demographic effects of World War II. [Demograficzne skutki II wojny swiatowej.] Studia Demograficzne, No. 1/87, 1987. 103-36 pp. Warsaw, Poland. (Piesowicz put the total war dead at 6.0 million. He also notes that all the figures are approximated.)
38. ^ Wojciech Materski and Tomasz Szarota. Polska 1939–1945. Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami.Institute of National Remembrance(IPN) Warszawa 2009 ISBN 978-83-7629-067-6
39. ^ U.S. Bureau of the Census The Population of Poland Ed. W. Parker Mauldin, Washington-1954
40. ^ U.S. Bureau of the Census The Population of Poland Ed. W. Parker Mauldin, Washington-1954. ( In 1938 the birth rate was 2.45%, natural deaths 1.4%. The birth rate (1938 =100)in 1939=98,1940=93, 1941=88,1942=84,1943=78,1944=80 1945=90 If we take these birth rates and the 1.4% natural death rate of 1938 as being constant, we will derive an increase of 1.300 million from 1939-45.)
41. ^ pl:Deportacje z terenów Śląska do Związku Radzieckiego w 1945 roku[circular reference]
42. ^ Stanisław Jankowiak, Wysiedlenie i emigracja ludności niemieckiej w polityce władz polskich w latach 1945-1970, p.211-212, Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Warszawa 2005, ISBN 83-89078-80-5
43. ^ Upper Silesia
44. ^ Wojciech Materski and Tomasz Szarota. Polska 1939–1945. Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami. Institute of National Remembrance(IPN) Warszawa 2009 ISBN 978-83-7629-067-6,
45. ^ "Thenews.pl :: News from Poland". Retrieved 20 June 2015.
46. ^ Gniazdowski, Mateusz. Losses Inflicted on Poland by Germany during World War II. Assessments and Estimates—an Outline  The Polish Quarterly of International Affairs, 2007, no. 1. This article is available for purchase from the Central and Eastern European Online Library at http://www.ceeol.com
47. ^ Wojciech Materski and Tomasz Szarota. Polska 1939–1945. Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami. Institute of National Remembrance(IPN) Warszawa 2009 ISBN 978-83-7629-067-6, Pages 29-30
48. ^ Wojciech Materski and Tomasz Szarota. Polska 1939–1945. Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami. Institute of National Remembrance(IPN) Warszawa 2009 ISBN 978-83-7629-067-6, Page 32
49. ^ a b Krystyna Kersten, Szacunek strat osobowych w Polsce Wschodniej. Dzieje Najnowsze Rocznik XXI- 1994.
50. ^ Rossiiskaia Akademiia nauk. Liudskie poteri SSSR v period vtoroi mirovoi voiny: sbornik statei. Sankt-Peterburg 1995 ISBN 5-86789-023-6.
51. ^ Wojciech Materski and Tomasz Szarota. Polska 1939–1945. Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami. Institute of National Remembrance(IPN) Warszawa 2009 ISBN 978-83-7629-067-6, Pages 201-327
52. ^ Stephane Courtois, The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression, Harvard Univ Pr, 1999 ISBN 0-674-07608-7 Page 372
53. ^ Stanisław Jankowiak, Wysiedlenie i emigracja ludności niemieckiej w polityce władz polskich w latach 1945-1970, Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Warszawa 2005, ISBN 83-89078-80-5 p.211-212
54. ^ a b c Ludnosc Polski w XX wieku / Andrzej Gawryszewski. Warsaw 2005.
55. ^ "Jews in Poland Since 1939" (PDF) Archived November 7, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe, Yale University Press, 2005
56. ^ Jerzy Lukowski; Hubert Zawadzki (2006). A Concise History of Poland. Cambridge University Press. p. 281\. ISBN 978-1-107-78265-5.
57. ^ [Statistical Yearbook of Poland, Warsaw, 1965]
58. ^ (in Polish) Mniejszości narodowe i etniczne w Polsce Archived 2011-11-07 at the Wayback Machine on the pages of Polish Ministry of Internal Affairs and Administration. Retrieved on 9 September 2007.
59. ^ http://wiadomosci.onet.pl/swiat/sueddeutsche-zeitung-polska-przezywa-najwieksza-fale-emigracji-od-100-lat/yrtt0"Sueddeutsche Zeitung": Polska przeżywa największą falę emigracji od 100 lat
60. ^ "Eurostat: Country Profiles: Poland". Statistical Office of the European Communities. 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-28.
61. ^ See details: Historical population of Poznań
62. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df Tertius Chandler, 1987, Four Thousand Years of Urban Growth: An Historical Census. Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellon Press
63. ^ a b c d M. Bogucka, H. Samsonowicz, Dzieje miast i mieszczaństwa w Polsce przedrozbiorowej, Wrocław 1986
64. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Jerzy Topolski (ed.) Dzieje Poznania, Warszawa-Poznań 1988-, Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe ISBN 83-01-08194-5
Maria Trzeciakowska, Lech Trzeciakowski, W dziewiętnastowiecznym Poznaniu. Życie codzienne miasta 1815-1914, Poznań 1982, Wydawnictwo Poznańskie ISBN 83-210-0316-8
65. ^ Bogucka, Maria; Kwiatkowska, Maria; Kwiatkowski, Marek; Tomkiewicz, Władysław; Zahorski, Andrzej. Warszawa w latach 1526-1795 [Warsaw in the years 1526-1795].
66. ^ Lexykon Geograficzny Dla Gruntownego Poięcia Gazet I Historyi (in Polish). Vilnius. 1766. p. 602.
67. ^ J. Ochmański, Historia Litwy, Warszawa 1982, s. 170; idem, Zaludnienie Litwy w r. 1790, „Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Adama Mickiewicz w Poznaniu, Historia” 1967, t. 7, s. 269–279.
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