Demographics of Afghanistan

This article is about the population of the country of Afghanistan. For ethnic groups, see Ethnic groups in Afghanistan.

Demographics of Afghanistan

Afghanistan population pyramid in 2020

Population| 41,454,761[1] (2023)
Growth rate|  +2.85% (2023)[2]
Birth rate| 35.44/1000 (2023)[3]
Death rate| 5.80/1000 (2023)[4]
Life expectancy|  59.1 years at birth (2021)[1]
Fertility rate| 4.84 children per woman (2023)[5]
Infant mortality rate| ▼44.0/1000 (2023)[6]
Nationality
Nationality| Afghan
Major ethnic|

*     * Iranian
* Hazara
* Tajiks
* Pamiris
* Other Tajiks
* Pashtuns
* Baloch
* Shughni
* Isolated
* Hazara
* Turkic
* Uzbeks
* Turkmen
* Kyrgyz

Minor ethnic|

*     * Indo-Aryan
* Pashayis
* Nuristani
* Kalash (negligible)
* Other Nuristanis
* Gujjars
* Dravidian
* Brahui
* Isolated
* Burusho
* Other Isolates
* Semitic
* Localized Arabs
* Others
* Unidentified
* Localized Soviets

Population, fertility rate and net reproduction rate, United Nations estimates

The population of Afghanistan is around 49.5 million as of 2025.[7] The nation is composed of a multi-ethnic and multilingual society, reflecting its location astride historic trade and invasion routes between Central Asia, South Asia, and Western Asia. Ethnic groups in the country include Pashtun, Tajik, Hazara, Uzbek, as well as smaller groups such as Baloch, Nuristani, Turkmen, Aimaq, Mongol and some others which are less known.[8][9][10][11][12][13][14] Together they make up the contemporary Afghan people.

Approximately 43% of the population is under 15 years of age, and 74% of all Afghans live in rural areas.[15] The average woman gives birth to five children during her entire life, the highest fertility rate outside of Africa. About 6.8% of all babies die in child-birth or infancy.[15] The average life expectancy of the nation was reported in 2019 at around 63 years,[16][17] and only 0.04% of the population has HIV.[13]

Pashto (پښتو) and Dari are the official languages of the country.[18] Dari functions as the inter-ethnic lingua franca for the vast majority. Pashto is widely used in the regions south of the Hindu Kush mountains and as far as the Indus River in neighbouring Pakistan. Uzbek and Turkmen are smaller languages spoken in parts of the north.[13] Multilingualism is common throughout the country, especially in the major cities.

Up to 89.7% of the population practices Sunni Islam and belongs to the Hanafi Islamic law school, while 10–15% are followers of Shia Islam;[13][19] the majority of whom belong to the Twelver branch, with smaller numbers of Ismailis. The remaining 0.3% practice other religions such as Sikhism and Hinduism. Excluding urban populations in the principal cities, most people are organised into tribal and other kinship-based groups, who follow their own traditional customs.

## Population size and structure

[edit]

Further information: Afghan diaspora

Anatol Lieven of Georgetown University in Qatar wrote in 2021 that "it may be noted that in the whole of modern Afghan history there has never been a census that could be regarded as remotely reliable."[20]

### Historical

[edit]

Sport fans inside the Ghazi Stadium in the capital of Kabul, which is multi-ethnic and the largest city of Afghanistan.

The first and only nationwide census of Afghanistan was carried out in 1979. It revealed a population of 13,051,358 (rural 11,037,231, urban 2,014,127).[21] Previously there had been scattered attempts to conduct censuses in individual cities.[22] According to the 1876 census, Kabul had a population of 140,700 people.[23] In Kandahar in 1891 a population census was carried out, according to which 31,514 people lived in the city, of which 16,064 were men and 15,450 were women.[24]

From 1979 until the end of 1983, some 5 million people left the country to take shelter in neighbouring northwestern Pakistan and eastern Iran. This exodus was largely unchecked by any government. The Afghan government in 1983 reported a population of 15.96 million, which presumably included the exodus.[25]

It is assumed that roughly 600,000 to as high as 2 million Afghans may have been killed during the various 1979–2001 wars.[26] These figures are questionable and no attempt has ever been made to verify if they were actually killed or had moved to neighbouring countries as refugees.[25]

As no census has been performed after 1979 and millions of people may have left the country, the current population of Afghanistan can only be guessed.

### Current and latest

[edit]

As of 2021, the total population of Afghanistan is around 37.5 million,[13][27] which includes the 3 million Afghan nationals living in both Pakistan and Iran.[28] About 26% of the population is urbanite and the remaining 74% lives in rural areas.[13]

Afghanistan's Central Statistics Organization (CSO) stated in 2011 that the total number of Afghans living inside Afghanistan was about 26 million[28] and by 2017 it reached 29.2 million. Of this, 15 million are males and 14.2 million are females.[29] The country's population is expected to reach 82 million by 2050.[30]

Urban areas have experienced rapid population growth in the last decade, which is due to the return of over 5 million expats. The only city in Afghanistan with over a million residents is its capital, Kabul.

### Structure of the population

[edit]

An Afghan family from the Pashtun ethnicity in their home in Kabul

Structure of the population (2012.01.07) (Data refer to the settled population based on the 1979 Population Census and the latest household prelisting. The refugees of Afghanistan in Iran, Pakistan, and an estimated 1.5 million nomads, are not included):[31]

Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2012) (Data refer to the settled population based on the 1979 Population Census and the latest household prelisting. The refugees of Afghanistan in Iran, Pakistan, and an estimated 1.5 million nomads, are not included.):

Age Group  | Male  | Female  | Total  | %

|
|
|
|

Total  | 13,044,400  | 12,455,700  | 25,500,100  | 100
0–4  | 2,422,244  | 2,556,304  | 4,978,548  | 19.52
5–9  | 1,941,363  | 1,880,407  | 3,821,770  | 14.99
10–14  | 1,556,158  | 1,401,695  | 2,957,853  | 11.60
15–19  | 1,276,563  | 1,140,810  | 2,417,373  | 9.48
20–24  | 1,059,939  | 1,009,807  | 2,069,746  | 8.12
25–29  | 843 967  | 864 738  | 1,708,705  | 6.70
30–34  | 678 577  | 745 534  | 1,424,111  | 5.58
35–39  | 598 045  | 652 326  | 1,250,371  | 4.90
40–44  | 546 102  | 533 524  | 1,079,626  | 4.23
45–49  | 495 190  | 440 789  | 935 979  | 3.67
50–54  | 435 143  | 354 633  | 789 776  | 3.10
55–59  | 360 394  | 275 468  | 635 862  | 2.49
60–64  | 281 627  | 209 152  | 490 779  | 1.92
65–69  | 204 376  | 150 137  | 354 513  | 1.39
70–74  | 141 729  | 102 048  | 243 777  | 0.96
75–79  | 91 164  | 64 658  | 155 822  | 0.61
80–84  | 55 446  | 38 699  | 94 145  | 0.37
85+  | 56 373  | 34 971  | 91 344  | 0.36
Age group  | Male  | Female  | Total  | Percent
0–14  | 5,919,765  | 5,838,406  | 11,758,171  | 46.11
15–64  | 6,575,547  | 6,226,781  | 12,802,328  | 50.21
65+  | 549 088  | 390 513  | 939 601  | 3.68

Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2020) (Data refer to the settled population based on the 1979 Population Census and the latest household prelisting. The refugees of Afghanistan in Iran, Pakistan, and an estimated 1.5 million nomads, are not included.):[32]

Age Group  | Male  | Female  | Total  | %

|
|
|
|

Total  | 15,981,303  | 15,408,868  | 31,390,171  | 100
0–4  | 2,853,288  | 2,743,103  | 5,596,391  | 17.83
5–9  | 2,542,405  | 2,379,618  | 4,922,023  | 15.68
10–14  | 2,220,065  | 2,026,796  | 4,246,861  | 13.53
15–19  | 1,840,432  | 1,727,287  | 3,567,719  | 11.37
20–24  | 1,371,188  | 1,463,797  | 2,834,985  | 9.03
25–29  | 1,079,117  | 1,177,555  | 2,256,672  | 7.19
30–34  | 828 055  | 818 313  | 1,646,368  | 5.24
35–39  | 674 920  | 661 949  | 1,336,869  | 4.26
40–44  | 577 135  | 611 016  | 1,188,151  | 3.79
45–49  | 480 700  | 511 608  | 992 308  | 3.16
50–54  | 381 772  | 396 026  | 777 798  | 2.48
55–59  | 320 024  | 308 966  | 628 990  | 2.00
60–64  | 286 732  | 229 605  | 516 337  | 1.64
65–69  | 222 590  | 161 851  | 384 441  | 1.22
70–74  | 150 436  | 99 412  | 249 848  | 0.80
75–79  | 70 271  | 42 288  | 112 559  | 0.36
80–84  | 48 540  | 26 549  | 75 089  | 0.24
85+  | 33 633  | 23 129  | 56 762  | 0.18
Age group  | Male  | Female  | Total  | Percent
0–14  | 7,615,758  | 7,149,517  | 14,765,275  | 47.04
15–64  | 7,840,075  | 7,906,122  | 15,746,197  | 50.16
65+  | 525 470  | 353 229  | 878 699  | 2.80

## Vital statistics

[edit]

### UN estimates

[edit]

[33]

Period  | Population  | Live births  | Deaths  | Natural change  | Crude birth rate (per 1000)  | Crude death rate (per 1000)  | Natural Change (per 1000)  | Crude Migration rate (per 1000)  | Total fertility rate  | Life expectancy (in years)  | Infant mortality rate (per 1000 births)

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

1950  | 7,480,464  | 365,303  | 283,668  | +1.09%  | 48.9  | 37.9  | 10.9  |  | 7.25  | 27.73  | 285.8
1951  | 7,571,542  | 372,040  | 282,577  | +1.18%  | 49.1  | 37.3  | 11.8  | 0.2  | 7.26  | 27.96  | 283.6
1952  | 7,667,534  | 378,290  | 280,803  | +1.27%  | 49.3  | 36.6  | 12.7  | −0.2  | 7.26  | 28.45  | 278.8
1953  | 7,764,549  | 384,933  | 279,684  | +1.35%  | 49.5  | 36.0  | 13.5  | −1.0  | 7.27  | 28.93  | 273.9
1954  | 7,864,289  | 390,412  | 280,476  | +1.40%  | 49.6  | 35.6  | 14.0  | −1.3  | 7.25  | 29.23  | 269.4
1955  | 7,971,933  | 397,156  | 277,695  | +1.50%  | 49.8  | 34.8  | 15.0  | −1.5  | 7.26  | 29.92  | 264.1
1956  | 8,087,730  | 404,134  | 277,328  | +1.57%  | 49.9  | 34.3  | 15.7  | −1.4  | 7.27  | 30.41  | 259.3
1957  | 8,210,207  | 410,977  | 276,560  | +1.64%  | 50.0  | 33.7  | 16.4  | −1.5  | 7.26  | 30.95  | 254.4
1958  | 8,333,827  | 418,266  | 275,681  | +1.71%  | 50.1  | 33.0  | 17.1  | −2.3  | 7.27  | 31.51  | 249.5
1959  | 8,468,220  | 425,334  | 274,920  | +1.78%  | 50.2  | 32.5  | 17.8  | −1.9  | 7.28  | 32.04  | 244.9
1960  | 8,622,473  | 434,057  | 275,239  | +1.84%  | 50.3  | 31.9  | 18.4  | −0.5  | 7.28  | 32.54  | 240.5
1961  | 8,790,140  | 443,319  | 275,508  | +1.91%  | 50.4  | 31.3  | 19.1  | 0  | 7.28  | 33.07  | 236.2
1962  | 8,969,055  | 453,468  | 276,593  | +1.97%  | 50.6  | 30.8  | 19.7  | 0.2  | 7.29  | 33.55  | 232.2
1963  | 9,157,463  | 464,225  | 277,961  | +2.03%  | 50.7  | 30.4  | 20.3  | 0.3  | 7.30  | 34.02  | 228.2
1964  | 9,355,510  | 475,452  | 279,368  | +2.10%  | 50.8  | 29.9  | 21.0  | 0.2  | 7.30  | 34.49  | 224.3
1965  | 9,565,154  | 486,406  | 281,003  | +2.15%  | 50.9  | 29.4  | 21.5  | 0.4  | 7.31  | 34.95  | 220.6
1966  | 9,783,153  | 498,801  | 282,463  | +2.21%  | 51.0  | 28.9  | 22.1  | 0.2  | 7.32  | 35.45  | 216.6
1967  | 10,010,037  | 511,245  | 284,203  | +2.27%  | 51.1  | 28.4  | 22.7  | 0.0  | 7.34  | 35.92  | 212.9
1968  | 10,247,782  | 524,167  | 285,867  | +2.33%  | 51.1  | 27.9  | 23.3  | −0.1  | 7.36  | 36.42  | 209.1
1969  | 10,494,491  | 537,318  | 287,557  | +2.38%  | 51.2  | 27.4  | 23.8  | −0.3  | 7.39  | 36.91  | 205.3
1970  | 10,752,973  | 549,695  | 288,979  | +2.42%  | 51.1  | 26.9  | 24.2  | −0.2  | 7.40  | 37.42  | 201.5
1971  | 11,015,853  | 564,040  | 290,646  | +2.48%  | 51.2  | 26.4  | 24.8  | −0.9  | 7.43  | 37.92  | 197.7
1972  | 11,286,753  | 577,071  | 291,819  | +2.53%  | 51.1  | 25.8  | 25.3  | −1.3  | 7.45  | 38.44  | 194.0
1973  | 11,575,308  | 591,855  | 292,915  | +2.58%  | 51.1  | 25.3  | 25.8  | −0.9  | 7.49  | 39.00  | 190.1
1974  | 11,869,881  | 607,606  | 294,363  | +2.64%  | 51.1  | 24.8  | 26.4  | −1.6  | 7.53  | 39.55  | 186.2
1975  | 12,157,390  | 621,494  | 295,301  | +2.68%  | 51.0  | 24.2  | 26.8  | −3.2  | 7.54  | 40.10  | 182.2
1976  | 12,425,276  | 635,188  | 295,770  | +2.72%  | 50.9  | 23.7  | 27.2  | −5.6  | 7.56  | 40.65  | 178.3
1977  | 12,687,308  | 648,307  | 295,112  | +2.77%  | 50.9  | 23.2  | 27.7  | −7.0  | 7.59  | 41.23  | 174.2
1978  | 12,938,864  | 660,606  | 310,376  | +2.69%  | 50.8  | 23.9  | 26.9  | −7.5  | 7.60  | 40.27  | 172.7
1979  | 12,986,378  | 671,213  | 328,042  | +2.64%  | 50.7  | 24.8  | 25.9  | −22.7  | 7.61  | 39.09  | 171.7
1980  | 12,486,640  | 660,892  | 316,937  | +2.75%  | 50.5  | 24.2  | 26.3  | −67.5  | 7.59  | 39.62  | 167.8
1981  | 11,155,196  | 614,273  | 288,555  | +2.92%  | 50.3  | 23.6  | 26.7  | −148.6  | 7.57  | 40.16  | 163.6
1982  | 10,088,290  | 520,603  | 266,040  | +2.52%  | 50.1  | 25.6  | 24.5  | −131.0  | 7.55  | 37.77  | 165.2
1983  | 9,951,447  | 503,887  | 252,318  | +2.50%  | 50.1  | 25.1  | 25.0  | −38.8  | 7.54  | 38.19  | 161.4
1984  | 10,243,689  | 506,571  | 302,824  | +2.02%  | 50.2  | 30.0  | 20.2  | 8.3  | 7.51  | 33.33  | 169.7
1985  | 10,512,220  | 536,861  | 314,987  | +2.09%  | 50.6  | 29.7  | 20.9  | 4.6  | 7.52  | 33.55  | 166.4
1986  | 10,448,447  | 541,017  | 252,810  | +2.76%  | 50.7  | 23.7  | 27.0  | −33.7  | 7.52  | 39.40  | 150.3
1987  | 10,322,767  | 535,214  | 245,107  | +2.81%  | 50.8  | 23.3  | 27.6  | −40.3  | 7.53  | 39.84  | 146.5
1988  | 10,383,459  | 531,795  | 208,051  | +3.10%  | 51.0  | 19.9  | 31.0  | −25.2  | 7.53  | 43.96  | 136.0
1989  | 10,673,172  | 546,142  | 203,321  | +3.21%  | 51.2  | 19.0  | 32.1  | −5.0  | 7.53  | 45.16  | 131.1
1990  | 10,694,804  | 567,256  | 203,514  | +3.40%  | 51.4  | 18.4  | 33.0  | −32.0  | 7.56  | 45.97  | 127.0
1991  | 10,745,168  | 555,610  | 192,531  | +3.38%  | 51.8  | 17.9  | 33.8  | −29.1  | 7.61  | 46.66  | 123.4
1992  | 12,057,436  | 578,891  | 191,913  | +3.21%  | 51.9  | 17.2  | 34.7  | 76.7  | 7.66  | 47.60  | 118.3
1993  | 14,003,764  | 698,469  | 199,165  | +3.57%  | 52.0  | 14.8  | 37.2  | 103.3  | 7.72  | 51.47  | 110.8
1994  | 15,455,560  | 789,282  | 222,214  | +3.67%  | 52.2  | 14.7  | 37.5  | 57.2  | 7.72  | 51.50  | 107.0
1995  | 16,418,911  | 853,355  | 230,943  | +3.80%  | 52.1  | 14.1  | 38.0  | 20.7  | 7.71  | 52.54  | 104.2
1996  | 17,106,600  | 886,917  | 232,991  | +3.82%  | 51.9  | 13.6  | 38.2  | 2.0  | 7.71  | 53.24  | 101.2
1997  | 17,788,818  | 914,412  | 237,216  | +3.81%  | 51.4  | 13.3  | 38.1  | 0.3  | 7.67  | 53.63  | 98.9
1998  | 18,493,134  | 940,233  | 250,677  | +3.73%  | 50.9  | 13.6  | 37.3  | 0.8  | 7.64  | 52.94  | 97.0
1999  | 19,262,854  | 967,977  | 239,604  | +3.79%  | 50.4  | 12.5  | 37.9  | 2.1  | 7.60  | 54.85  | 93.4
2000  | 19,542,986  | 995,813  | 242,535  | +3.76%  | 49.7  | 12.1  | 37.6  | −23.3  | 7.53  | 55.30  | 90.8
2001  | 19,688,634  | 969,246  | 231,795  | +3.73%  | 49.0  | 11.7  | 37.3  | −29.9  | 7.45  | 55.80  | 88.4
2002  | 21,000,258  | 980,458  | 229,450  | +3.58%  | 48.2  | 11.3  | 36.9  | 26.7  | 7.34  | 56.45  | 85.8
2003  | 22,645,136  | 1,063,246  | 240,215  | +3.63%  | 47.4  | 10.7  | 36.7  | 36.3  | 7.22  | 57.34  | 82.6
2004  | 23,553,554  | 1,097,160  | 243,367  | +3.61%  | 46.3  | 10.3  | 36.1  | 2.5  | 7.07  | 57.94  | 79.9
2005  | 24,411,196  | 1,099,366  | 241,454  | +3.53%  | 45.3  | 9.9  | 35.3  | −0.2  | 6.91  | 58.36  | 77.5
2006  | 25,442,946  | 1,136,774  | 246,037  | +3.50%  | 44.7  | 9.7  | 35.0  | 5.6  | 6.72  | 58.68  | 74.9
2007  | 25,903,306  | 1,156,957  | 246,898  | +3.51%  | 43.9  | 9.4  | 34.5  | −17.3  | 6.53  | 59.11  | 71.9
2008  | 26,427,204  | 1,091,824  | 232,339  | +3.27%  | 41.5  | 8.8  | 32.7  | −12.9  | 6.38  | 59.85  | 69.2
2009  | 27,385,310  | 1,128,666  | 234,065  | +3.26%  | 41.2  | 8.5  | 32.6  | 2.4  | 6.24  | 60.36  | 67.2
2010  | 28,189,672  | 1,147,643  | 233,308  | +3.23%  | 40.6  | 8.3  | 32.3  | −3.8  | 6.10  | 60.85  | 64.8
2011  | 29,249,156  | 1,157,518  | 230,346  | +3.19%  | 39.9  | 7.9  | 31.9  | 4.3  | 5.96  | 61.42  | 62.3
2012  | 30,466,484  | 1,217,396  | 234,629  | +3.23%  | 40.0  | 7.7  | 32.3  | 7.7  | 5.83  | 61.92  | 60.0
2013  | 31,541,216  | 1,248,455  | 235,744  | +3.21%  | 39.6  | 7.5  | 32.1  | 2.0  | 5.70  | 62.42  | 57.8
2014  | 32,716,214  | 1,274,665  | 241,055  | +3.17%  | 39.1  | 7.4  | 31.7  | 4.2  | 5.56  | 62.55  | 56.3
2015  | 33,753,500  | 1,315,633  | 248,560  | +3.15%  | 38.8  | 7.3  | 31.5  | −0.8  | 5.41  | 62.66  | 54.5
2016  | 34,636,212  | 1,315,746  | 245,452  | +3.09%  | 37.9  | 7.1  | 30.9  | −5.4  | 5.26  | 63.14  | 52.5
2017  | 35,643,420  | 1,332,116  | 250,677  | +3.03%  | 37.3  | 7.0  | 30.3  | −2.0  | 5.13  | 63.02  | 49.4
2018  | 36,686,788  | 1,355,895  | 256,314  | +2.99%  | 36.9  | 7.0  | 29.9  | −1.5  | 5.00  | 63.08  | 47.8
2019  | 37,769,496  | 1,377,704  | 256,564  | +2.97%  | 36.5  | 6.8  | 29.7  | −1.0  | 4.87  | 63.57  | 46.7
2020  | 38,972,236  | 1,402,265  | 276,683  | +2.89%  | 36.1  | 7.1  | 28.9  | 2.0  | 4.75  | 62.58  | 45.8
2021  | 40,099,460  | 1,440,941  | 295,236  | +2.85%  | 35.8  | 7.3  | 28.5  | −0.4  | 4.64  | 61.98  | 44.7
2022  | 41,128,771  |  |  | +2.82%  | 35.14  | 6.91  | 28.23  | −3.2  | 4.52  | 62.88  | 44.8
2023  | 42,239,854  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4.41  | 64.23  | 37.7

millionyear51015202530354045195019601970198019902000201020202030population (million)Afghanistan Total Population

‰years10152025303540195019601970198019902000201020202030Natural change (per 1000)Afghanistan Population Change

‰years050100150200250300195019601970198019902000201020202030Infant Mortality (per 1000 live births)Afghanistan Infant Mortality Rate

TFRyears4.555.566.577.58195019601970198019902000201020202030Total Fertility RateAfghanistan TFR

### Demographic and Health Surveys

[edit]

Afghanistan 2024 total fertility rate has been estimated at 4.4. [34] In 2022 it was 4.5, about twice the world average rate.[35] The rate has fallen since the early 1990s.[36]

Crude Birth Rate (CBR), Total Fertility Rate (TFR) and Wanted Fertility Rate (WFR):[37]

year  | crude birth rate (CBR)  | total fertility rate (TFR)  | wanted fertility rate (WFR)

|
|
|

total | urban | rural  | total | urban | rural  | total | urban | rural
2010  | 35.6  | 34.7  | 35.9  | 5.1  | 4.5  | 5.2  |  |  |
2015  | 36.8  | 35.8  | 37.1  | 5.3  | 4.8  | 5.4  | 4.4  | 3.7  | 4.6
2022–23  | 36.0  | 32.0  | 38.0  | 5.4  | 4.3  | 5.8  |  |  |

Fertility data by province in 2015 DHS Survey[38] and 2022–23 MICS Survey:[39]

Province  | TFR

|

2015 | 2023
Afghanistan | 5.3 | 5.4
Kabul | 4.6 | 3.8
Kapisa | 4.8 | 5.6
Parwan | 5.7 | 5.0
Wardak | 4.2 | 5.3
Logar | 4.2 | 6.2
Nangarhar | 6.4 | 5.6
Laghman | 7.3 | 6.2
Panjshir | 3.2 | 3.5
Baghlan | 4.4 | 5.4
Bamyan | 5.4 | 4.2
Ghazni | 2.8 | 5.6
Paktika | 5.3 | 6.3
Paktia | 5.2 | 5.7
Khost | 5.6 | 5.3
Kunar | 6.8 | 6.4
Nuristan | 8.9 | 5.6
Badakhshan | 5.3 | 5.1
Takhar | 5.7 | 5.9
Kunduz | 4.4 | 6.4
Samangan | 5.1 | 4.3
Balkh | 5.5 | 4.9
Sar-e Pol | 4.8 | 5.5
Ghor | 5.8 | 4.8
Daykundi | 5.2 | 4.8
Urozgan | 8.8 | 5.6
Zabul | 5.1 | 7.8
Kandahar | 6.5 | 6.3
Jawzjan | 3.9 | 5.5
Faryab | 6.2 | 6.4
Helmand | 4.7 | 7.3
Badghis | 6.6 | 5.8
Herat | 4.8 | 4.4
Farah | 5.4 | 7.1
Nimruz | 5.4 | 6.2

### Life expectancy

[edit]

Life expectancy at birth in Afghanistan Period  | Life expectancy in
Years  | Period  | Life expectancy in
Years

|
|
|

1950–1955  | 28.6  | 1985–1990  | 47.7
1955–1960  | 31.1  | 1990–1995  | 51.7
1960–1965  | 33.4  | 1995–2000  | 54.2
1965–1970  | 35.6  | 2000–2005  | 56.9
1970–1975  | 37.8  | 2005–2010  | 60.0
1975–1980  | 40.4  | 2010–2015  | 62.3
1980–1985  | 43.6  | 2015–2020  | 63.2

Source: UN World Population Prospects[40]

Gathering of students in 2006 at a school in Nangarhar Province.

## Ethnic groups

[edit]

Further information: Ethnic groups in Afghanistan

An approximate distribution of the ethnolinguistic groups are listed in the chart below:[citation needed]

A CIA map showing the various Afghan tribal territories in 2005 Ethnolinguistic groups in Afghanistan in 2001 Ethnolinguistic groups in Afghanistan and nearby regions in 1982 Ethnic groups in Afghanistan based on alternative estimates  Ethnic group  | Image  |  estimate based on native mother tongue[41][42] | The World Factbook

[43][44]

| Library of Congress Country Studies [45] | Gulf/2000 Project [46][47]

|
|
|
|
|

Pashtun |  | 38.5%_42%  | 42%  | 40%  | 38.5%
Tajik |  | 58.2%[A] | 27%  | 25.3%  | 24.5%
Hazara |  | 9%  | 18%  | 24.5%
Uzbek |  | 5%  | 9%  | 6.3%  | 6%
Aimak |  | –  | 4%  | –  | In many sources, the Aimaks are considered part of the Tajiks.
Turkmen |  | 1.2%  | 3%  | 2.5%  | 1.2%
Baloch |  | 1%  | 2%  | –  | 0.5%
Others (Pashai, Nuristani, Arab, Brahui, Qizilbash, Pamiri, etc.)  |  | 2.1%  | 4%  | 7.9%  | 4.9%

1. ^ This number represents Dari Persian native speakers including Tajiks, Hazaras, Aimaks, Qizilbash and other smaller ethnicities.

The recent estimate in the above chart is somewhat supported by the below national opinion polls, which were aimed at knowing how a group of about 804 to 8,706 local residents in Afghanistan felt about the current war, political situation, as well as the economic and social issues affecting their daily lives. Ten surveys were conducted between 2004 and 2015 by the Asia Foundation (a sample is shown in the table below; the survey in 2015 did not contain information on the ethnicity of the participants) and one between 2004 and 2009 by a combined effort of the broadcasting companies NBC News, BBC, and ARD.[48][49]

Answers regarding ethnicity provided by 804 to 13,943 Afghans in national opinion polls  Ethnic group  | "Afghanistan: Where Things Stand" (2004)[49]
"A survey of the Afghan people" (2004)[48] | "Afghanistan: Where Things Stand" (2005)[49] | "Afghanistan: Where Things Stand" (2006)[49] | "Afghanistan: Where Things Stand" (2007)[49] | "A survey of the Afghan people" (2007)[48] | "Afghanistan: Where Things Stand" (2009)[49] | "A survey of the Afghan people" (2012)[48] | "A survey of the Afghan people" (2014)[48] | "A survey of the Afghan people" (2018)[48] | "A survey of the Afghan people" (2019)[48]

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Pashtun  | 56%  | 50%  | 52%  | 48%  | 50.1%  | 50%  | 50%  | 50%  | 48%  | 49%
Tajik  | 29%  | 27%  | 27%  | 28%  | 25.1%  | 27%  | 23%  | 26%  | 27%  | 27%
Hazara  | 6%  | 13%  | 12%  | 6%  | 10.0%  | 11%  | 11%  | 10%  | 10%  | 11%
Uzbek  | 6%  | 6%  | 5%  | 6%  | 8.1%  | 7%  | 9%  | 8%  | 9%  | 8%
Aimak  | 0%  | 0%  | 0%  | 0%  | 0.8%  | 0%  | 1%  | 1%  | 1%  | <0.5%
Turkmen  | 1%  | 1%  | 3%  | 2%  | 3.1%  | 2%  | 2%  | 2%  | 2%  | 2%
Baloch  | 0%  | 0%  | 0%  | 3%  | 0.7%  | 1%  | 1%  | 1%  | 1%  | <0.5%
Others (Pashayi, Nuristani, Kurdish, Arab, Qizilbash.)  | 3%  | 3%  | 1%  | 5%  | 2.1%  | 3%  | 3%  | 2%  | 2%  | 3%
Don't know  | -%  | -%  | -%  | -%  | -%  | -%  | -%  | -%  | 1%  | -%

## Languages

[edit]

Main article: Languages of Afghanistan

Map of Pashto-speaking areas in Afghanistan and Pakistan

Dari and Pashto are both official languages of Afghanistan.[18] Uzbek and Turkmen are spoken as native languages in northern provinces, mainly among the Uzbeks and Turkmens. Smaller number of Afghans are also fluent in English, Urdu, Balochi, Arabic and other languages. An approximate distribution of languages spoken in the country is shown in the chart below:

Languages of Afghanistan Language  | Recent estimate
including both L1
and L2 speakers[50] | Pre-1992 estimates[51][52][53]

|
|

Dari
(incl. Eastern, Kabuli, Hazaragi & Aimaqi)  | 77%  | 25–35% (L1)
Pashto
(incl. Northern and Southern)  | 48%  | 50–55% (L1)
<10% (L2)
Turkic languages
(incl. Uzbek and Turkmen)  | 11% (Uzbek)
3% (Turkmen)  | 11% (L1)
other indigenous languages
(incl. Pashayi, Balochi, Nuristani)  | 1% (Pashayi)
1% (Balochi)
1% (Nuristani)  | 4% (L1)
other non-indigenous languages | 6% English
3% Urdu
1% Arabic |
1 note: data represent most widely spoken languages; shares sum to more than 100% because there is much bilingualism in the country and because respondents were allowed to select more than one language
note: the Turkic languages Uzbek and Turkmen, as well as Balochi, Pashayi, Nuristani, and Pamiri are the third official languages in areas where the majority speaks them[50]

Based on information from the latest national opinion polls, up to 51% stated that they can speak or understand Pashto and up to 79% stated that they can speak or understand Dari. Uzbek was spoken or understood by up to 11% and Turkmen by up to 7%. Other languages that can be spoken are Arabic (4%) and Balochi (2%).[48][49]

## Religion

[edit]

Main article: Religion in Afghanistan

Religion in Afghanistan (2015)[54]

Religion |  | Percent
Sunni Islam |

| 89.7%
Shia Islam |

| 10%
others |

| 0.3%

Almost the entire Afghan population is Muslim, with less than 1% being non-Muslim. Despite attempts to secularise Afghan society, Islamic practices pervade all aspects of life. Likewise, Islamic religious tradition and codes, together with traditional practices, provide the principal means of controlling personal conduct and settling legal disputes. Islam was used as the main basis for expressing opposition to the progressive reforms of Afghanistan by King Amanullah in the 1920s.

The members of Sikh and Hindu communities are mostly concentrated in urban areas. They numbered hundreds of thousands in the 1970s but over 90% have since fled due to the Afghan wars and persecution.[55]

* Islam: 99.7% of the total population
* Sunni Muslim: 84.7–89.7%[13][19]
* Shia Muslim: 7[19]-15%[13][19]
* others: 0.3%
* Baha'is In the hundreds
* Sikhism: In the hundreds
* Hinduism: In the hundreds
* Zoroastrianism: Unknown/unreported
* Christianity: Unknown
* Judaism: 0[56][57]
* Buddhism: Unknown

National opinion polls (religion)  Religion  | "A survey of the Afghan people" (2004)[48] | "A survey of the Afghan people" (2006)[48] | "A survey of the Afghan people" (2007)[48] | "A survey of the Afghan people" (2008)[48] | "A survey of the Afghan people" (2009)[48] | "A survey of the Afghan people" (2010)[48] | "A survey of the Afghan people" (2011)[48] | "A survey of the Afghan people" (2012)[48]

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Sunni Islam | 92%  | "  | 87.3%  | "  | "  | "  | "  | "
Shia Islam | 7%  | "  | 12.3%  | "  | "  | "  | "  | "
Ismailism | 1%  | "  | 0.4%  | "  | "  | "  | "  | "
Hinduism | 0%  | "  | 0.1%  | "  | "  | "  | "  | "
Buddhism | 0%  | "  | 0%  | "  | "  | "  | "  | "
Sikhism | 0%  | "  | 0%  | "  | "  | "  | "  | "

## See also

[edit]

* Afghanistan portal

Main articles: Health in Afghanistan, Healthcare in Afghanistan, and Education in Afghanistan

* Culture of Afghanistan
* Baloch of Afghanistan
* Turks in Afghanistan
* Tajiks in Afghanistan
* Afghan Turkmens
* Afghan Kurds

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[edit]

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* "Afghanistan in 2019 – A survey of the Afghan people" (PDF). Kabul, Afghanistan: The Asia Foundation. p. 277\. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 September 2021. Retrieved 15 September 2021. "D-14. Which ethnic group do you belong to?"
* "Afghanistan in 2018 – A survey of the Afghan people" (PDF). Kabul, Afghanistan: The Asia Foundation. p. 243\. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 August 2019. Retrieved 31 December 2018. "D-14. WHICH ETHNIC GROUP DO YOU BELONG TO?"
* "Afghanistan in 2012 – A survey of the Afghan people" (PDF). Kabul, Afghanistan: The Asia Foundation. p. 182\. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 November 2012. Retrieved 28 November 2012. "Ethnicity Status"
* "Afghanistan in 2010 – A survey of the Afghan people" (PDF). Kabul, Afghanistan: The Asia Foundation. 2010. pp. 225–226\. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 20 March 2011. "D-9. Which ethnic group do you belong to? SINGLE RESPONSE ONLY Pashtun 48%, Tajik 25%, Uzbek 9%, Hazara 10%, Turkmen 2%, Baloch 1%, Nuristani 1%, Aimak 2%, Arab 2%"
* "Afghanistan in 2009: A Survey of the Afghan People" (PDF). Kabul, Afghanistan: The Asia Foundation. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 September 2012. Retrieved 28 November 2012. "The 2009 survey interviewed 6,406 Afghans (53% men and 47% women)"
* "Afghanistan in 2010 – A survey of the Afghan people" (PDF). Kabul, Afghanistan: The Asia Foundation. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 September 2012. Retrieved 28 November 2012. "The 2008 survey interviewed 6,593 Afghans..."
* "Afghanistan in 2007 – A survey of the Afghan people" (PDF). Kabul, Afghanistan: The Asia Foundation. 2010. pp. 225–226\. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 August 2011. Retrieved 20 March 2011. "The 2007 survey interviewed 6,406 Afghans, Which ethnic group do you belong to? SINGLE RESPONSE ONLY Pashtun 55%, Tajik 25%, Uzbek 8%, Hazara 15%, Turkmen 8%, Baloch 1%, Nuristani 1%, Aimak 1%, Arab 1%"
* "Afghanistan in 2006 – A survey of the Afghan people" (PDF). Kabul, Afghanistan: The Asia Foundation. pp. 83–88\. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 April 2012. Retrieved 28 November 2012. "A total of 6,226 respondents were surveyed in the study, out of which 4888 (78.5%) were from the rural areas and 1338 (22%) were from the urban areas. Ethnicity: Pashtun 49.9, Tajik 27.1, Uzbek 9.2, Hazara 9.2, Turkmen 1.7, Baloch 0.5, Nuristani 0.4, Aimak 0.1, Arab 0.7, Pashayi 0.3"
* "Afghanistan in 2004 – A survey of the Afghan people" (PDF). Kabul, Afghanistan: The Asia Foundation. 2004. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 September 2012. Retrieved 28 November 2012. "The 2004 survey interviewed 804 Afghans, Which ethnic group do you belong to? Pashtun 50%, Tajik 29%, Uzbek 6%, Hazara 6%, Turkmen 1%, Baloch 0%, Nuristani 1%, Aimak 0%, Arab 1%, Pashaye 0%, Other 1%."
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51. ^ "The World Factbok – Afghanistan". The World Factbook/Central Intelligence Agency. University of Missouri. 15 October 1991. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 20 March 2011. "Ethnic divisions: 50% Pashtun, 25% Tajik, 9% Uzbek, 12–15% Hazara[,] minor ethnic groups include Chahar Aimaks, Turkmen, Baloch, and others […] Language: 50% Pashtu, 35% Afghan Persian (Dari), 11% Turkic languages (primarily Uzbek and Turkmen), 4% thirty minor languages (primarily Balochi and Pashai)[,] much bilingualism"
52. ^ "AFGHANISTAN v. Languages". Ch. M. Kieffer. Encyclopædia Iranica. 15 December 1983. Archived from the original on 29 April 2011. Retrieved 16 January 2025. " Official languages. Paṧtō (1) promoted to the status of official language by royal decree in 1936, is the native tongue of 50 to 55 percent of Afghans; as a second language it is spoken by less than 10 percent of the population. The Paṧtō-speaking areas are located in the east, the south, and the southwest of the country. Important colonies of nāqelīn (displaced populations) have settled in Bactria. Persian (2) is the language most spoken in Afghanistan. The native tongue of twenty five percent of the population, it is split into numerous dialects."
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## Further reading

[edit]

* Banting, Erinn. Afghanistan the People. Crabtree Publishing Company, 2003. ISBN 0-7787-9336-2.
* Caroe, Olaf (1958). The Pathans: 500 B.C.-A.D. 1957. Oxford in Asia Historical Reprints. Oxford University Press, 1983. ISBN 0-19-577221-0.
* Dupree, Nancy Hatch. An Historical Guide to Afghanistan. 2nd Edition. Revised and Enlarged. Afghan Air Authority, Afghan Tourist Organization, 1977.
* Elphinstone, Mountstuart. 1819. An account of the kingdom of Caubul, and its dependencies in Persia, Tartary, and India: Comprising a view of the Afghaun nation, and a history of the Dooraunee monarchy. Printed for Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, and J. Murry, 1819.
* Habibi, Abdul Hai. 2003. "Afghanistan: An Abridged History." Fenestra Books. ISBN 1-58736-169-8.
* Hopkins, B. D. 2008. The Making of Modern Afghanistan. Palgrave Macmillan, 2008. ISBN 0-230-55421-0.
* Reddy, L. R. Inside Afghanistan: end of the Taliban era?. APH Publishing, 2002. ISBN 81-7648-319-2.
* Amy Romano. A Historical Atlas of Afghanistan. The Rosen Publishing Group, 2003. ISBN 0-8239-3863-8.
* Vogelsang, Willem. The Afghans. Wiley-Blackwell, 2002. Oxford, UK & Massachusetts, US. ISBN 0-631-19841-5.

## External links

[edit]

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