Demographics of Brazil

Population pyramid of Brazil in 2022

Population|  212,583,750 (2024 est.)[1]
203,080,756 (2022 census)[2]
Density|  25/km2 (65/sq mi) (2024 est.)
Growth rate|  0.61% (2024 est.)
Birth rate|  10.04 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)
Death rate|  7 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)
Life expectancy|  78.37 years (2024 est.)
• male|  75.3 years
• female|  82.2 years
Fertility rate|  1.57 children born/woman (2024 est.)
Infant mortality rate|  10.01 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)
Net migration rate|  −0.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)
Age structure
0–14 years|  19.0%
15–64 years|  69.5%
65 and over|  11.4% (2024 est.)
Sex ratio
Total| 0.97 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
At birth| 1.04 male(s)/female
Under 15| 1.04 male(s)/female
15–64 years| 0.98 male(s)/female
65 and over| 0.75 male(s)/female
Nationality
Nationality| Brazilian
Major ethnic|

*     * Mixed (45.34%)[3]
* White (43.46%)[3]
* Portuguese (50-70%)
* Italian (10.4%)
* Spanish (5.2%)
* Arab (0,5%)
* German (4%)
* Others (N/D)

Minor ethnic|

*     * Black (10.17%)[3]
* Native (0.60%)[3]
* Tupi (0.08%)
* Others (0.52%)
* East Asian (0.42%)[3]
* Japanese (1%)
* Chinese (0.13%)
* Others (N/D)

Language
Official| Portuguese
Spoken| Languages of Brazil

Brazil had an official resident population of 203 million in 2022, according to IBGE.[4] Brazil is the seventh most populous country in the world and the second most populous in the Americas and Western Hemisphere.

Brazilians are mainly concentrated in the eastern part of the country, which comprises the Southeast, South, and Northeast. But it also has a significant presence in large cities in the Center-West and North.[5] According to the 2022 census, Brazil had 88,252,121 White people, 92,083,286 Mixed people, 20,656,458 Black people, 850,132 Asian people, and 1,227,640 Indigenous people.[2]

Population density, administrative divisions and economic regions of Brazil (1977) Map of Brazilian municipalities by population density

## Population size and structure

[edit]

Census populationYear| Pop.| ±% p.a.

|
|

1890 | 14,333,915| —
1900 | 17,438,434| +1.98%
1920 | 30,635,605| +2.86%
1940 | 41,236,315| +1.50%
1950 | 51,944,397| +2.34%
1960 | 70,992,343| +3.17%
1970 | 94,508,583| +2.90%
1980 | 121,150,573| +2.51%
1991 | 146,917,459| +1.77%
2000 | 169,872,856| +1.63%
2010 | 190,755,799| +1.17%
2022 | 203,080,756| +0.52%
Source:[6][7]
Historical population of Brazil Population of Brazil, 1550–2005 Life expectancy in Brazil since 1900 Life expectancy in Brazil since 1960 by gender

According to the 2008 PNAD (National Household Sample Survey), conducted by the IBGE, the Brazilian Statistics bureau, there were about 189,953,000 inhabitants in 2008.[8] As of the latest (2022) census, the Brazilian government estimates its population at 203 million.

The population of Brazil is estimated based on various sources from 1550 to 1850. The first official census took place in 1872. From that year, every 10 years (with some exceptions) the population is counted.[9]

Brazil is the seventh most populated country in the world.

* 1550 – 15,000
* 1600 – 100,000
* 1660 – 184,000
* 1700 – 300,000
* 1766 – 1,500,000
* 1800 – 3,250,000
* 1820 – 4,717,000
* 1850 – 7,256,000
* 1872 – 9,930,478
* 1890 – 14,333,915
* 1900 – 17,438,434
* 1920 – 30,635,605
* 1940 – 41,236,315
* 1950 – 51,944,397
* 1960 – 70,119,071
* 1970 – 93,139,037
* 1980 – 119,070,865
* 1991 – 146,917,459
* 1996 – 157,079,573
* 2000 – 169,544,443
* 2010 – 190,755,799[10]
* 2022 – 203,080,756[2]

Map of Brazilian states by population

Population distribution in Brazil is very uneven. The majority of Brazilians live within 300 km (190 mi) of the coast, while the interior in the Amazon Basin is highly remote. Therefore, the densely populated areas are on the coast and the sparsely populated areas are in the interior.

### UN estimates

[edit]

According to the 2022 revision of the World Population Prospects[11][12] the population was 214,326,223 in 2021, compared to only 53,975,000 in 1950. The proportion of children below the age of 15 in 2015 was 20.7%, 69.8% was between 15 and 61 years of age, while 9.5% was 65 years or older.[13]

Year  | Total population
( × 1000)  | Population percentage in age bracket

|
|

aged <15  | aged 15–64  | aged 65+
1950  | 53 975  |

41.6%

55.5%

3.0%

1955  | 62 656  |

42.0%

55.0%

3.0%

1960  | 72 494  |

43.1%

53.7%

3.1%

1965  | 84 130  |

43.6%

53.0%

3.4%

1970  | 95 982  |

42.3%

54.2%

3.5%

1975  | 108 431  |

40.2%

56.0%

3.8%

1980  | 122 200  |

38.4%

57.6%

4.0%

1985  | 136 836  |

36.9%

59.0%

4.1%

1990  | 150 393  |

35.4%

60.1%

4.5%

1995  | 162 755  |

32.4%

62.6%

5.0%

2000  | 175 786  |

29.7%

64.7%

5.6%

2005  | 188 479  |

27.5%

66.2%

6.3%

2010  | 198 614  |

24.9%

68.4%

6.7%

2015  | 207 848  |

22.5%

69.5%

9.0%

2020  | 215 963  |

19.7%

69.8%

10.5%

### Structure of the population

[edit]

Population by Sex and Age Group (Census 30.VII.2010):[14]

Age Group  | Male  | Female  | Total  | %

|
|
|
|

Total  | 93 406 990  | 97 348 809  | 190 755 799  | 100
0–4  | 7 016 987  | 6 779 171  | 13 796 158  | 7.23
5–9  | 7 624 144  | 7 345 231  | 14 969 375  | 7.85
10–14  | 8 725 413  | 8 441 348  | 17 166 761  | 9.00
15–19  | 8 558 868  | 8 432 004  | 16 990 872  | 8.91
20–24  | 8 630 229  | 8 614 963  | 17 245 192  | 9.04
25–29  | 8 460 995  | 8 643 419  | 17 104 414  | 8.97
30–34  | 7 717 658  | 8 026 854  | 15 744 512  | 8.25
35–39  | 6 766 664  | 7 121 915  | 13 888 579  | 7.28
40–44  | 6 320 568  | 6 688 796  | 13 009 364  | 6.82
45–49  | 5 692 014  | 6 141 338  | 11 833 352  | 6.20
50–54  | 4 834 995  | 5 305 407  | 10 140 402  | 5.32
55–59  | 3 902 344  | 4 373 877  | 8 276 221  | 4.34
60–64  | 3 041 035  | 3 468 085  | 6 509 120  | 3.41
65-69  | 2 224 065  | 2 616 745  | 4 840 810  | 2.54
70-74  | 1 667 372  | 2 074 264  | 3 741 636  | 1.96
75-79  | 1 090 517  | 1 472 930  | 2 563 447  | 1.34
80-84  | 668 623  | 998 349  | 1 666 972  | 0.87
85-89  | 310 759  | 508 724  | 819 483  | 0.43
90-94  | 114 964  | 211 594  | 326 558  | 0.17
95-99  | 31 529  | 66 806  | 98 335  | 0.05
100+  | 7 247  | 16 989  | 24 236  | 0.01
Age group  | Male  | Female  | Total  | Percent
0–14  | 23 366 544  | 22 565 750  | 45 932 294  | 24.08
15–64  | 63 925 370  | 66 816 658  | 130 742 028  | 68.54
65+  | 6 115 076  | 7 966 401  | 14 081 477  | 7.38

Population by Sex and Age Group (Census 01.VIII.2022):[2]

Age Group  | Male  | Female  | Total  | %

|
|
|
|

Total  | 98 532 431  | 104 548 325  | 203 080 756  | 100
0–4  | 6 461 689  | 6 243 171  | 12 704 860  | 6.26
5–9  | 7 011 282  | 6 738 158  | 13 749 440  | 6.77
10–14  | 6 992 746  | 6 682 215  | 13 674 961  | 6.73
15–19  | 7 317 515  | 7 058 427  | 14 375 942  | 7.08
20–24  | 7 767 306  | 7 699 157  | 15 466 463  | 7.62
25–29  | 7 627 458  | 7 842 265  | 15 469 723  | 7.62
30–34  | 7 537 285  | 7 935 832  | 15 473 117  | 7.62
35–39  | 7 827 333  | 8 345 458  | 16 172 791  | 7.96
40–44  | 7 781 059  | 8 291 111  | 16 072 170  | 7.91
45–49  | 6 549 109  | 7 091 003  | 13 640 112  | 6.72
50–54  | 6 014 391  | 6 584 190  | 12 598 581  | 6.20
55–59  | 5 419 505  | 6 149 601  | 11 569 106  | 5.70
60–64  | 4 605 834  | 5 338 555  | 9 944 389  | 4.90
65-69  | 3 588 052  | 4 288 180  | 7 876 232  | 3.88
70-74  | 2 615 350  | 3 243 186  | 5 858 536  | 2.88
75-79  | 1 657 786  | 2 189 593  | 3 847 379  | 1.89
80-84  | 1 009 852  | 1 465 178  | 2 475 030  | 1.22
85-89  | 493 649  | 835 554  | 1 329 203  | 0.65
90-94  | 194 341  | 385 388  | 579 729  | 0.29
95-99  | 50 319  | 114 859  | 165 178  | 0.08
100+  | 10 570  | 27 244  | 37 814  | 0.02
Age group  | Male  | Female  | Total  | Percent
0–14  | 20 465 717  | 19 663 544  | 40 129 261  | 19.76
15–64  | 68 446 795  | 72 335 599  | 140 782 394  | 69.32
65+  | 9 619 919  | 12 549 182  | 22 169 101  | 10.92

Census 30 July 2010  | Brazil 100%  | European 47.73%  | African 7.61%  | Asian 1.09%  | Pardo (Multiracial) 43.13%  | Native Indigenous 0.43%

|
|
|
|
|
|

Population 0–14  | 45,932,294 | 20,460,482 | 2,698,639 | 420,952 | 22,055,573 | 295,862
Percent group 0–14 in race  | 24.08% | 22.47% | 18.59% | 20.02% | 26.81% | 36.17%
Population 0–14 compared to racial groups  | 100% | 44.54% | 5.88% | 0.92% | 48.02% | 0.64%
Population 15–49  | 105,816,285 | 49,381,206 | 8,693,350 | 1,178,391 | 46,156,227 | 402,079
Proportions 0–14 to 15–49  | 0,43407 | 0,41434 | 0,31043 | 0,35723 | 0,47785 | 0,73583
Age group  | Brazil 100% (percent of the population)  | European 47.73% (percent in the race/percent in the age group)  | African 7.61% (percent in the race/percent in the age group)  | Asian 1.09% (percent in the race/percent in the age group)  | Pardo (Multiracial) 43.13% (percent in the race/percent in the age group)  | Native Indigenous 0.43% (percent in the race/percent in the age group)

|
|
|
|
|
|

Population | 190,755,799 | 91,051,646 | 14,517,961 | 2,084,288 | 82,277,333 | 817,963 | 6,608
0–4 | 13,796,158 (7.23%) | 6,701,186 (7.36%/48.57%) | 655,958 (4.52%/4.75%) | 119,956 (5.76%/0.87%) | 6,217,638 (7.56%/45.07%) | 101,195 (12.37%/0.73%) | 225
5–9 | 14,969,375 (7.85%) | 6,562,558 (7.21%/43.84%) | 887,209 (6.11%/5.93%) | 139,543 (6.69%/0.93%) | 7,279,983 (8.85%/48.63%) | 99,841 (12.21%/0.67%) | 241
10–14 | 17,166,761 (9.00%) | 7,196,738 (7.90%/41.92%) | 1,155,472 (7.96%/6.73%) | 161,453 (7.75%/0.94%) | 8,557,952 (10.40%/49.85%) | 94,826 (11.59%/0.55%) | 320
15–19 | 16,990,872 (8.91%) | 7,311,734 (8.03%/43.03%) | 1,264,183 (8.71%/7.44%) | 177,008 (8.49%/1.04%) | 8,155,126 (9.91%/48.00%) | 82,500 (10.86%/0.49%) | 321
20–24 | 17,245,192 (9.04%) | 7,774,488 (8.54%/45.08%) | 1,381,677 (9.52%/8.01%) | 200,060 (9.60%/1.16%) | 7,814,487 (9.50%/45.31%) | 73,387 (8.97%/0.43%) | 1 093
25–29 | 17,104,414 (8.97%) | 7,936,115 (8.72%/46.40%) | 1,443,820 (9.95%/8.44%) | 202,733 (9.73%/1.19%) | 7,455,402 (9.06%/43.59%) | 65,104 (7.96%/0.38%) | 1 240
30–34 | 15,744,512 (8.25%) | 7,344,600 (8.07%/46.65%) | 1,360,298 (9.37%/8.64%) | 182,150 (8.74%/1.16%) | 6,800,175 (8.26%/43.19%) | 56,326 (6.89%/0.36%) | 963
35–39 | 13,888,579 (7.28%) | 6,596,137 (7.24%/47.49%) | 1,175,333 (8.10%/8.46%) | 152,546 (7.32%/1,10%) | 5,915,773 (7.18%/42.59%) | 48,167 (5.89%/0.35%) | 623
40–44 | 13,009,364 (6.82%) | 6,365,363 (6.99%/48.93%) | 1,095,301 (7.54%/8.42%) | 139,230 (6.68%/1.07%) | 5,368,059 (6.52%/41.26%) | 40,950 (5.01%/0.31%) | 461
45–49 | 11,833,352 (6.20%) | 6,052,769 (6.65%/51.15%) | 972,738 (6.70%/8.22%) | 124,664 (5.98%/1.05%) | 4,647,205 (5.65%/39.27%) | 35,645 (4.36%/0.30%) | 331
50–54 | 10,140,402 (5.32%) | 5,286,559 (5.81%/52.13%) | 848,098 (5.84%/8.36%) | 106,539 (5.11%/1.05%) | 3,869,792 (4.70%/38.16%) | 29,156 (3.56%/0.29%) | 258
55–59 | 8,276,221 (4.34%) | 4,404,057 (4.84%/53.21%) | 675,404 (4.65%/8.16%) | 95,149 (4.57%/1.15%) | 3,076,630 (3.74%/37.17%) | 24,800 (3.03%/0.30%) | 181
60–69 | 11,349,930 (5.95%) | 6,158,001 (6.76%/54.26%) | 906,487 (6.24%/7.99%) | 152,099 (7.30%/1.34%) | 4,097,068 (4.98%/36.10%) | 36,062 (4.41%/0.32%) | 213
70+ | 9,240,667 (4.84%) | 5,361,341 (5.89%/58.02%) | 695,983 (4.79%/7.53%) | 131,158 (6.29%/1.42%) | 3,022,043 (3.67%/32.70%) | 30,004 (3.67%/0.32%) | 138

### Urbanization

[edit]

Main article: List of cities in Brazil by population

In Brazil, most important cities are on the coast or close to it. State capitals are also, commonly, the largest city of their states. Notable exceptions to this are Vitória, the capital of Espírito Santo, and Florianópolis, the capital of Santa Catarina.

There are also non-capital metropolitan areas, for example, in São Paulo state (Campinas, Santos, Paraíba Valley, Sorocaba, Ribeirão Preto and Franca), Minas Gerais (Steel Valley), Rio Grande do Sul (Sinos Valley), and Santa Catarina (Itajaí Valley), amongst others.

São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro are far larger than any other Brazilian cities. São Paulo's influence in most economic aspects can be noted in a national (and even international) scale; Rio de Janeiro – partially due to its former status as the national capital – still host various large corporations' headquarters, besides being Brazil's cultural center with respect to film production and other such televised media. Brasília, the capital of Brazil, is its 3rd biggest city.

## Vital statistics

[edit]

### Vital statistics from 1996

[edit]

[15][16][17] [18]

Year  | Population  | Live births  | Deaths  | Natural increase  | Crude birth rate  | Crude death rate  | Rate of natural increase  | TFR

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

1994  |  | 2,571,571  | 908,883  | 2,036,542  |  |  |  |
1995  |  | 2,824,729  | 908,883  | 2,036,542  |  |  |  |
1996  |  | 2,945,425  | 908,883  | 2,036,542  |  |  |  |
1997  |  | 3,026,658  | 903,516  | 2,123,142  |  |  |  |
1998  |  | 3,148,037  | 931,895  | 2,216,142  |  |  |  |
1999  |  | 3,256,433  | 938,658  | 2,317,775  |  |  |  |
2000 | 169,590,693  | 3,206,761  | 946,686  | 2,260,075  | 18.8  | 5.6  | 13.2  |
2001  | 176,208,646  | 3,115,474  | 961,492  | 2,153,982  | 17.7  | 5.5  | 12.2  |
2002  | 178,499,255  | 3,059,402  | 982,807  | 2,076,595  | 17.1  | 5.5  | 11.6  |
2003  | 180,708,344  | 3,038,251  | 1,005,882  | 2,420,845  | 19.0  | 5.6  | 13.4  |
2004  | 182,865,043  | 3,026,548  | 1,025,981  | 2,303,139  | 18.2  | 5.6  | 12.6  |
2005  | 184,991,143  | 3,035,096  | 1,010,052  | 2,319,379  | 18.0  | 5.5  | 12.5  |
2006  | 187,061,610  | 2,944,828  | 1,037,504  | 2,134,496  | 17.0  | 5.5  | 11.5  |
2007  | 189,038,268  | 2,891,328  | 1,050,408  | 2,029,858  | 16.3  | 5.6  | 10.7  |
2008  | 191,010,274  | 2,934,828  | 1,074,889  | 2,033,038  | 16.3  | 5.6  | 10.7  |
2009  | 192,980,905  | 2,881,581  | 1,098,384  | 1,947,312  | 15.8  | 5.7  | 10.1  | 1.906
2010 | 195,497,797  | 2,861,868  | 1,132,701  | 1,852,705  | 15.3  | 5.8  | 9.5  | 1.869
2011  | 197,397,018  | 2,913,160  | 1,163,740  | 1,880,854  | 15.4  | 5.9  | 9.5  | 1.833
2012  | 199,242,462  | 2,905,789  | 1,172,443  | 1,857,921  | 15.2  | 5.9  | 9.3  | 1.801
2013  | 201,032,714  | 2,904,027  | 1,195,913  | 1,794,068  | 14.9  | 5.9  | 8.9  | 1.770
2014  | 202,768,562  | 2,979,259  | 1,208,587  | 1,832,981  | 15.0  | 6.0  | 9.0  | 1.742
2015  | 204,450,649  | 3,017,668  | 1,244,558  | 1,814,225  | 15.0  | 6.1  | 8.9  | 1.716
2016  | 206,081,432  | 2,857,800  | 1,288,856  | 1,615,077  | 14.1  | 6.3  | 7.8  | 1.692
2017  | 207,660,929  | 2,923,535  | 1,292,297  | 1,670,518  | 14.3  | 6.2  | 8.0  | 1.63
2018  | 208,494,900  | 2,944,932  | 1,298,579  | 1,684,988  | 14.3  | 6.2  | 8.1  | 1.61
2019  | 210,147,125  | 2,849,146  | 1,332,466  | 1,555,752  | 13.7  | 6.3  | 7.4  | 1.59
2020  | 211,242,542  | 2,730,145  | 1,524,949  | 1,203,324  | 12.9  | 7.2  | 5.7  | 1.57
2021  | 213,317,639  | 2,677,101  | 1,802,487  | 906,397  | 12.7  | 8.5  | 4.2  | 1.53
2022 | 203,080,756  | 2,561,922  | 1,524,731  | 1,096,284  | 12.9  | 7.5  | 5.4  | 1.6(e)
2023  | 204,153,622  | 2,537,576  | 1,450,421  | 1,147,868  | 12.7  | 7.1  | 5.6  | 1.57(e)
2024  |  | 2,260,034  | 1,426,346  | 833,688  |  |  |  | 1.47(e)

### Current vital statistics

[edit]

Period  | Live births  | Deaths  | Natural increase

|
|
|

January – November 2023 | 2,343,573  | 1,343,627  | +999,946
January – November 2024 | 2,177,214  | 1,380,830  | +796,384
Difference |  -166,359 (-7.1%)  |  +37,203 (+2.7%)  |  -203,562
Source:[19][20][21]

millionsyear160170180190200210220200020052010201520202025PopulationBrazil Population

See or edit source data.

The legacy Graph extension is no longer supported.

This graph is unavailable due to a known technical issue. It needs to be converted to use the new Chart extension.

|

### Total fertility rate by regions and states

[edit]

[22]

2024  region  | TFR

|

North Region | 1.81
Central-West Region | 1.67
Northeast Region | 1.54
South Region | 1.53
Southeast Region | 1.45
2024  states  | TFR

|

Roraima | 2.02
Mato Grosso | 1.90
Amazonas | 1.89
Amapá | 1.86
Acre | 1.87
Tocantins | 1.81
Mato Grosso do Sul | 1.80
Alagoas | 1.72
Pará | 1.70
Rondônia | 1.67
Espírito Santo | 1.64
Maranhão | 1.61
Goiás | 1.60
Paraíba | 1.60
Piauí | 1.58
Paraná | 1.55
Santa Catarina | 1.53
Sergipe | 1.52
Pernambuco | 1.51
Ceará | 1.49
Rio Grande do Sul | 1.49
Minas Gerais | 1.46
Rio Grande do Norte | 1.46
São Paulo | 1.45
Distrito Federal | 1.42
Bahia | 1.40
Rio de Janeiro | 1.32

#### Regional and racial differences

[edit]

In some states in the North and Northeast, the fertility rate was higher than the national average in 2021. The highest rate was in Acre, with 1.98 children per woman. Other regions with high fertility include Amapá, with 1.87 children per woman, Amazonas, 1.85 in Roraima, 1.84, in Maranhão, 1.82, and Pará, 1.79.

On the other hand, São Paulo is the state with the lowest rate, 1.26 children per woman. Other states with low fertility include Santa Catarina, with 1.28, Rio Grande do Sul, 1.3, in Rio de Janeiro, 1.32 in Paraná and Minas Gerais, 1.33.

Regarding race of mothers, between 2015 and 2021, the fertility rate of all racial groups fell below replacement rate. Black fertility fell from 2.01 to 1.76, Pardo/Mixed fertility fell from 1.95 to 1.73 and white fertility fell from 1.60 to 1.55. There was no information regarding Asian fertility rates. Indigenous fertility was calculated at 3.87 children per women in 2010.[23]

According to the 2022 census, the total fertility by race was:[24]

* 1.35 for white Brazilians
* 1.59 for black Brazilians
* 1.22 for yellow Brazilians
* 1.68 for mixed/pardos Brazilians
* 2.84 for indigenous Brazilians

### Total fertility rate from 1940 to 1990

[edit]

The total fertility rate is the number of children born per woman. It is based on fairly good data for the entire period. Sources: Our World In Data and Gapminder Foundation.[25]

Years | 1940 | 1941 | 1942 | 1943 | 1944 | 1945 | 1946 | 1947 | 1948 | 1949 | 1950[25]

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Total fertility rate in Brazil | 5.9 | 5.92 | 5.95 | 5.98 | 6.01 | 6.04 | 6.07 | 6.09 | 6.12 | 6.15 | 6.14
Map of Brazilian states by population density Years | 1951 | 1952 | 1953 | 1954 | 1955 | 1956 | 1957 | 1958 | 1959 | 1960[25]

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Total fertility rate in Brazil | 6.13 | 6.1 | 6.09 | 6.08 | 6.07 | 6.07 | 6.07 | 6.08 | 6.08 | 6.07
Years | 1961 | 1962 | 1963 | 1964 | 1965 | 1966 | 1967 | 1968 | 1969 | 1970[25]

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Total fertility rate in Brazil | 6.05 | 6 | 5.94 | 5.85 | 5.73 | 5.6 | 5.45 | 5.3 | 5.15 | 5.01
Years | 1971 | 1972 | 1973 | 1974 | 1975 | 1976 | 1977 | 1978 | 1979 | 1980[25]

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Total fertility rate in Brazil | 4.88 | 4.76 | 4.65 | 4.55 | 4.46 | 4.39 | 4.31 | 4.24 | 4.16 | 4.07
Years | 1981 | 1982 | 1983 | 1984 | 1985 | 1986 | 1987 | 1988 | 1989 | 1990[25]

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Total fertility rate in Brazil | 3.97 | 3.86 | 3.74 | 3.62 | 3.49 | 3.36 | 3.23 | 3.11 | 3.01 | 2.91
Years | 1991 | 1992 | 1993 | 1994 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000[25]

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Total fertility rate in Brazil | 2.83 | 2.76 | 2.69 | 2.64 | 2.59 | 2.54 | 2.48 | 2.43 | 2.37 | 2.3
Years | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010[25]

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Total fertility rate in Brazil | 2.23 | 2.16 | 2.1 | 2.03 | 1.98 | 1.93 | 1.91 | 1.89 | 1.87 | 1.85
Years | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2018[25][26]

|
|
|
|
|

Total fertility rate in Brazil | 1.84 | 1.80 | 1.78 | 1.77 | 1.71

Registration of vital events in Brazil has considerably improved during the past decades but is still not considered complete, especially in the northern part of the country. The Population Division of the United Nations prepared the following estimates and forecasts.[13]

Period  | Live births
per year  | Deaths
per year  | Natural change
per year  | CBR*  | CDR*  | NC*  | TFR*  | IMR*  | Life expectancy

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Total  | Males  | Females
1950–1955 | 2 578 000 | 908,000 | 1 670 000 | 44.2 | 15.6 | 28.6 | 6.15 | 135 | 50.9 | 49.2 | 52.6
1955–1960 | 2 923 000 | 956,000 | 1 967 000 | 43.3 | 14.1 | 29.1 | 6.15 | 122 | 53.3 | 51.5 | 55.2
1960–1965 | 3 315 000 | 988,000 | 2 327 000 | 42.3 | 12.6 | 29.7 | 6.15 | 109 | 55.7 | 53.8 | 57.6
1965–1970 | 3 345 000 | 975,000 | 2 370 000 | 37.2 | 10.8 | 26.4 | 5.38 | 100 | 57.6 | 55.7 | 59.6
1970–1975 | 3 462 000 | 973,000 | 2 489 000 | 33.9 | 9.5 | 24.4 | 4.72 | 91 | 59.5 | 57.3 | 61.8
1975–1980 | 3 788 000 | 1 035 000 | 2 753 000 | 32.9 | 9.0 | 23.9 | 4.31 | 79 | 61.5 | 59.2 | 63.9
1980–1985 | 4 006 000 | 1 078 000 | 2 928 000 | 28.9 | 8.3 | 22.6 | 3.30 | 63 | 63.4 | 60.4 | 66.8
1985–1990 | 3 790 000 | 1 079 000 | 2 711 000 | 24.4 | 7.5 | 18.9 | 2.95 | 52 | 65.3 | 61.9 | 69.1
1990–1995 | 3 547 000 | 1 074 000 | 2 473 000 | 22.0 | 6.9 | 15.8 | 2.40 | 43 | 67.3 | 63.6 | 71.2
1995–2000 | 3 658 000 | 1 052 000 | 2 606 000 | 20.6 | 6.2 | 15.4 | 2.21 | 34 | 70.3 | 66.5 | 74.3
2000–2005 | 3 370 000 | 1 102 000 | 2 268 000 | 17.8 | 5.9 | 13.9 | 2.05 | 27 | 71.9 | 68.2 | 75.8
2005–2010 | 3 066 000 | 1 149 000 | 1 917 000 | 15.4 | 5.9 | 10.5 | 1.81 | 24 | 73.2 | 69.7 | 76.9
2010–2015 | 2 975 000 | 1 227 000 | 1 748 000 | 13.0 | 5.9 | 9.1 | 1.76 | 19 | 74.8 | 71.2 | 78.5
2015–2020 | 2 934 000 | 1 338 000 | 1 596 000 | 11.8 | 6.3 | 7.5 | 1.63 | 16 | 76.5 | 73.0 | 80.1
2020–2025 | 2 763 000 | 1 477 000 | 1 286 000 | 10.7 | 6.7 | 6.0 |  |  |  |  |
2025–2030 | 2 585 000 | 1 625 000 | 960 000 | 11.7 | 7.1 | 4.6 |  |  |  |  |
2030–2035 | 2 445 000 | 1 781 000 | 664 000 | 10.9 | 7.7 | 3.2 |  |  |  |  |
2035–2040 | 2 318 000 | 1 945 000 | 373 000 | 10.3 | 8.3 | 2.0 |  |  |  |  |

CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); CDR = crude death rate (per 1000); NC = natural change (per 1000); IMR = infant mortality rate per 1000 births; TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman)

### Childlessness and education

[edit]

The color or race of the woman and the level of education has also shown to influence the fact of not having children. In 2013, among white women aged 15 to 55 years, 41.5% had no children, while among black and brown women, the percentage was 35.8%.

The proportional difference is even greater among white women compared to black and brown 25–29 years. While the proportion among white women childless was 48.1% among black and brown women was 33.8%.

Regarding education, among women 15–49 years of age with more than eight years of schooling, 50% had no children in 2013, while among those with up to seven years of study this figure was 5%.

Schooling among women 25–29 years has shown an even greater disparity. Among the less educated, 16.3% had no children, while among the more educated 54.5% had no children. The proportion of women aged 45 to 49 without children was 8.2% in 2013 among those with less education and 15.1% among those with more years of schooling.

### Census 1 August 2022

[edit]

[27]

| Total 100%  | European 43.46%  | African 10.17%  | Asian 0.42%  | Pardo (Multiracial) 45.34%  | Native Indigenous 0.60%

|
|
|
|
|
|

Population 0–14  | 40 129 261 | 16 928 202 | 2 931 938 | 96 204 | 19 768 271 | 403 008
Percent group 0–14 by race  | 19.76% | 19.18% | 14.19% | 11.32% | 21.47% | 32.83%
Population 0–14 compared to racial groups
[clarification needed] | 100% | 42.18% | 7.31% | 0.24% | 49.26% | 1.00%
Population 15–49  | 106 670 318 | 43 655 766 | 11 919 890 | 394 574 | 50 071 944 | 621 087
Ratio 0–14 to 15–49  | 0.3762 | 0.3878 | 0.2460 | 0.2438 | 0.3948 | 0.6489
Age group  | Brazil 100% (percent of the population)  | European 43.46%  | African 10.17%  | Asian 0.42%  | Pardo (Multiracial) 45.34%  | Native Indigenous 0.60%  | [Definition
missing]

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

(percent in the race/percent in the age group)
Total | 203 080 756 | 88 252 121 | 20 656 458 | 850 130 | 92 083 286 | 1 227 642 | 11 119
0–4 | 12 704 860 (6.26%) | 5 784 444 (6.55%/45.53%) | 801 774 (3.88%/6.31%) | 27 148 (3.19%/0.21%) | 5 951 556 (6.46%/46.84%) | 139 379 (11.35%/1.10%) | 559
5–9 | 13 749 440 (6.77%) | 5 734 804 (6.50%/41.71%) | 1 020 633 (4.94%/7.42%) | 33 191 (3.90%/0.24%) | 6 824 824 (7.41%/49.64%) | 135 440 (11.03%/0.99%) | 548
10–14 | 13 674 961 (6.73%) | 5 408 954 (6.13%/39.55%) | 1 109 531 (5.37%/8.11%) | 35 865 (4.22%/0.26%) | 6 991 891 (7.59%/51.13%) | 128 189 (10.44%/0.94%) | 531
15–19 | 14 375 942 (7.08%) | 5 610 575 (6.36%/39.03%) | 1 403 059 (6.79%/9.76%) | 42 066 (4.95%/0.29%) | 7 196 383 (7.82%/50.06%) | 123 236 (10.04%/0.86%) | 623
20–24 | 15 466 463 (7.62%) | 6 076 604 (6.89%/39.29%) | 1 725 800 (8.35%/11.16%) | 49 540 (5.83%/0.32%) | 7 500 613 (8.15%/48.50%) | 112 621 (9.17%/0.73%) | 1 285
25–29 | 15 469 723 (7.62%) | 6 182 951 (7.01%/39.97%) | 1 782 294 (8.63%/11.52%) | 51 685 (6.08%/0.33%) | 7 355 701 (7.99%/47.55%) | 95 762 (7.8%/0.62%) | 1 330
30–34 | 15 473 117 (7.62%) | 6 375 027 (7.22%/41.20%) | 1 747 944 (8.46%/11.30%) | 56 875 (6.69%/0.37%) | 7 208 525 (7.83%/46.59%) | 83 594 (6.81%/0.54%) | 1 152
35–39 | 16 172 791 (7.96%) | 6 725 099 (7.62%/41.58%) | 1 850 687 (8.96%/11.44%) | 65 073 (7.65%/0.40%) | 7 452 696 (8.09%/46.08%) | 78 225 (6.37%/0.48%) | 1 011
40–44 | 16 072 170 (7.91%) | 6 827 463 (7.74%/42.48%) | 1 851 159 (8.96%/11.52%) | 69 575 (8.18%/0.43%) | 7 253 228 (7.88%/45.13%) | 69 796 (5.69%/0.43%) | 949
45–49 | 13 640 112 (6.72%) | 5 858 047 (6.64%/42.95%) | 1 558 947 (7.55%/11.43%) | 59 760 (7.03%/0.44%) | 6 104 798 (6.63%/44.76%) | 57 853 (4.71%/0.42%) | 707
50–54 | 12 598 581 (6.20%) | 5 628 210 (6.38%/44.67%) | 1 403 801 (6.80%/11.14%) | 56 819 (6.68%/0.45%) | 5 460 379 (5.93%/43.34%) | 48 764 (3.97%/0.39%) | 608
55–59 | 11 569 106 (5.70%) | 5 442 507 (6.17%/47.04%) | 1 225 630 (5.93%/10.59%) | 55 775 (6.56%/0.48%) | 4 802 770 (5.22%/41.51%) | 41 912 (3.41%/0.36%) | 512
60–64 | 9 944 389 (4.90%) | 4 851 865 (5.50%/48.79%) | 1 038 306 (5.03%/10.44%) | 53 220 (6.26%/0.54%) | 3 965 766 (4.31%/39.88%) | 34 801 (2.83%/0.35%) | 431
65-69 | 7 876 232 (3.88%) | 3 979 726 (4.51%/50.53%) | 795 018 (3.85%/10.09%) | 52 667 (6.20%/0.67%) | 3 021 587 (3.28%/38.36%) | 26 946 (2.19%/0.34%) | 288
70-74 | 5 858 536 (2.88%) | 3 072 479 (3.48%/52.44%) | 571 071 (2.76%/9.75%) | 50 568 (5.95%/0.86%) | 2 144 482 (2.33%/36.60%) | 19 686 (1.60%/0.34%) | 250
75-79 | 3 847 379 (1.89%) | 2 091 008 (2.37%/54.35%) | 357 500 (1.73%/9.29%) | 39 386 (4.63%/1.02%) | 1 345 830 (1.46%/34.98%) | 13 528 (1.10%/0.35%) | 127
80-84 | 2 475 030 (1.22%) | 1 380 516 (1.56%/55.78%) | 225 159 (1.09%/9.10%) | 27 271 (3.21%/1.10%) | 832 790 (0.90%/33.65%) | 9 171 (0.75%/0.37%) | 123
85-89 | 1 329 203 (0.65%) | 771 547 (0.87%/58.05%) | 116 147 (0.56%/8.74%) | 14 890 (1.75%/1.12%) | 421 745 (0.46%/31.73%) | 4 823 (0.39%/0.36%) | 51
90-94 | 579 729 (0.29%) | 341 266 (0.39%/58.87%) | 50 582 (0.24%/8.73%) | 6 520 (0.77%/1.12%) | 179 016 (0.19%/30.88%) | 2 319 (0.19%/0.40%) | 26
95-99 | 165 178 (0.08%) | 92 544 (0.10%/56.03%) | 15 990 (0.08%/9.68%) | 1 924 (0.23%/1.16%) | 53 733 (0.06%/32.53%) | 983 (0.08%/0.60%) | 4
100+ | 37 814 (0.02%) | 16 485 (0.02%/43.59%) | 5 426 (0.03%/14.35%) | 312 (0.04%/0.83%) | 14 973 (0.02%/39.60%) | 614 (0.05%/1.62%) | 4
0-14 | 40 129 261 (19.76%) | 16 928 202 (19.18%/42.18%) | 2 931 938 (14.19%/7.31%) | 96 204 (11.32%/0.24%) | 19 768 271 (21.47%/49.26%) | 403 008 (32.83%/1.00%) | 1 638
15-64 | 140 782 394 (69.32%) | 59 578 348 (67.51%/42.32%) | 15 587 627 (75.46%/11.07%) | 560 388 (65.92%/0.40%) | 64 300 859 (69.83%/45.67%) | 746 564 (60.81%/0.53%) | 8 608
65+ | 22 169 101 (10.92%) | 11 745 571 (13.31%/52.98%) | 2 136 893 (10.34%/9.64%) | 193 538 (22.77%/0.87%) | 8 014 156 (8.70%/36.15%) | 78 070 (6.36%/0.35%) | 873

## Migration

[edit]

### Summary

[edit]

The United Nations reported in the International Migration Stock that 64 countries had significant emigration or immigration with Brazil in 2020.[28][29] The Migration Policy Institute defines significant migration if 1,000+ people are in the emigration or/and migration group.[30] Venezuela, Haiti, Portugal, Bolivia, and Uruguay have the most positive net migration, while the United States, Japan, Spain, Italy, and France have the most negative net migration.

Country  | Immigrants  | Emigrants  | Net migration

|
|
|

Rank | People  | Rank | People  | Rank | People
Venezuela | 1 | 248,105 | 30 | 5,680 | 1 | +242,425
Portugal | 2 | 175,251 | 3 | 154,017 | 3 | +21,234
Japan | 3 | 62,296 | 2 | 204,814 | 63 | -142,518
Paraguay | 4 | 49,842 | 6 | 79,897 | 54 | -30,055
Bolivia | 5 | 49,289 | 15 | 28,612 | 4 | +20,677
Italy | 6 | 47,193 | 4 | 133,398 | 61 | -86,205
Spain | 7 | 39,028 | 5 | 133,244 | 62 | -94,216
Argentina | 8 | 36,910 | 10 | 49,267 | 49 | -12,357
Haiti | 9 | 32,796 | 86 | 0 | 2 | +32,796
Uruguay | 10 | 30,537 | 21 | 14,762 | 5 | +15,775
China | 11 | 24,632 | 9 | 57,602 | 55 | -32,970
United States | 12 | 22,410 | 1 | 517,519 | 64 | -495,109
Germany | 13 | 20,625 | 7 | 70,888 | 59 | -50,263
Chile | 14 | 19,596 | 18 | 18,976 | 28 | +620
Peru | 15 | 19,074 | 19 | 16,458 | 17 | +2,616
Lebanon | 16 | 15,664 | 86 | 0 | 6 | +15,664
Cuba | 17 | 14,798 | 86 | 0 | 7 | +14,798
France | 18 | 12,138 | 8 | 65,761 | 60 | -53,623
South Korea | 19 | 10,981 | 86 | 0 | 8 | +10,981
Colombia | 20 | 8,700 | 32 | 4,685 | 14 | +4,015
Angola | 21 | 8,184 | 86 | 0 | 9 | +8,184
Syria | 22 | 8,003 | 86 | 0 | 10 | +8,003
United Kingdom | 23 | 6,281 | 11 | 44,175 | 56 | -37,894
Senegal | 24 | 6,267 | 46 | 670 | 11 | +5,597
Bangladesh | 25 | 5,384 | 22 | 14,628 | 47 | -9,244
Poland | 26 | 4,421 | 51 | 340 | 13 | +4,081
DR Congo | 27 | 4,375 | 86 | 0 | 12 | +4,375
Netherlands | 28 | 4,219 | 17 | 22,974 | 51 | -18,755
Egypt | 29 | 3,957 | 67 | 130 | 15 | +3,827
Switzerland | 30 | 3,789 | 13 | 42,715 | 57 | -38,926
Nigeria | 31 | 3,505 | 86 | 0 | 16 | +3,505
Mexico | 32 | 3,400 | 27 | 6,964 | 39 | -3,564
Austria | 33 | 2,968 | 29 | 6,173 | 38 | -3,205
Israel | 34 | 2,554 | 25 | 8,673 | 44 | -6,119
Ghana | 35 | 2,459 | 83 | 13 | 18 | +2,446
Guyana | 36 | 2,407 | 42 | 1,260 | 26 | +1,147
Ecuador | 37 | 2,195 | 37 | 2,774 | 32 | -579
Romania | 38 | 2,164 | 44 | 690 | 21 | +1,474
Belgium | 39 | 2,151 | 20 | 16,345 | 50 | -14,194
Pakistan | 40 | 2,094 | 86 | 0 | 19 | +2,094
Canada | 41 | 2,014 | 14 | 31,568 | 53 | -29,554
South Africa | 42 | 2,014 | 35 | 3,535 | 35 | -1,521
Greece | 43 | 1,956 | 39 | 2,258 | 31 | -302
Hungary | 44 | 1,936 | 41 | 1,321 | 29 | +615
Mozambique | 45 | 1,809 | 86 | 0 | 20 | +1,809
Russia | 46 | 1,761 | 50 | 431 | 22 | +1,330
Cabo Verde | 47 | 1,516 | 52 | 301 | 24 | +1,215
Jordan | 48 | 1,338 | 70 | 105 | 23 | +1,233
Dominican Republic | 50 | 1,274 | 45 | 671 | 30 | +603
Guinea-Bissau | 51 | 1,199 | 86 | 0 | 25 | +1,199
India | 52 | 1,118 | 86 | 0 | 27 | +1,118
French Guiana | 54 | 896 | 16 | 25,729 | 52 | -24,833
Sweden | 55 | 804 | 24 | 9,533 | 46 | -8,729
Norway | 58 | 728 | 28 | 6,256 | 43 | -5,528
Australia | 57 | 747 | 12 | 43,321 | 58 | -42,574
Panama | 61 | 660 | 38 | 2,406 | 36 | -1,746
Finland | 62 | 655 | 40 | 1,889 | 34 | -1,234
Denmark | 65 | 626 | 33 | 4,605 | 41 | -3,979
Czechia | 68 | 566 | 43 | 1,150 | 33 | -584
New Zealand | 77 | 346 | 26 | 8,319 | 45 | -7,973
Suriname | 78 | 346 | 31 | 5,566 | 42 | -5,220
Ireland | 86 | 217 | 23 | 11,800 | 48 | -11,583
North Korea | 88 | 182 | 36 | 2,841 | 37 | -2,659
Luxembourg | 111 | 68 | 34 | 3,722 | 40 | -3,654

### Immigration

[edit]

Main article: Immigration to Brazil

Immigration to Brazil, by national origin, periods from 1830 to 1933
Source: Brazilian Institute for Geography and Statistics (IBGE)  Origin  | 1830–1855  | 1856–1883  | 1884–1893  | 1894–1903  | 1904–1913  | 1914–1923  | 1924–1933  | 1934–2023

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Portuguese  | 16,737  | 116,000  | 170,621  | 155,542  | 384,672  | 201,252  | 233,650  | 400,000
Italians  | —  | 100,000  | 510,533  | 537,784  | 196,521  | 86,320  | 70,177
Spaniards  | —  | —  | 113,116  | 102,142  | 224,672  | 94,779  | 52,400
Germans  | 2,008  | 30,000  | 22,778  | 6,698  | 33,859  | 29,339  | 61,723
Japanese  | —  | —  | —  | —  | 11,868  | 20,398  | 110,191
Lebanese  | —  | —  | 96  | 7,124  | 45,803  | 20,400  | 20,400
Others  | —  | —  | 66,524  | 42,820  | 109,222  | 51,493  | 164,586

Immigration has been a very important demographic factor in the formation, structure and history of the population in Brazil, influencing culture, economy, education, racial issues, etc. Brazil has received the third largest number of immigrants in the Western Hemisphere.

Brazil's structure, legislation and settlement policies for arriving immigrants were much less organized than in Canada and the United States at the time. Nevertheless, an Immigrant Inn (Hospedaria dos Imigrantes) was built in 1886 in São Paulo, and quick admittance and recording routines for the throngs of immigrants arriving by ship at the seaports of Vitória, Rio de Janeiro, Santos, Paranaguá, Florianópolis and Porto Alegre were established. The São Paulo State alone processed more than 2.5 million immigrants in its almost 100 years of continuous operation. People of more than 70 different nationalities were recorded.

Following the trend of several other countries in the Americas, which encouraged immigration from many countries, Brazil quickly became a melting pot of races and nationalities, but being peculiar in the sense of having the highest degree of intermarriage in the world. Immigrants found a strong social and cultural tolerance toward inter-racial marriage, including large numbers of Mulattoes (European and African), Caboclos (Indian and European) and mixed European, African and Indian people, though it was not accompanied by an entire lack of racism. Correspondingly, the same mentality reflected in low psychological and social barriers regarding intermarriage between Europeans, Middle Easterners and Asians of several origins, as well as between people of different religions.

### History of immigration

[edit]

It is postulated that the Americas were settled by three migratory waves from Northern Asia. The Native Brazilians are thought to descend from the first wave of migrants, who arrived in the region around 9000 BC. The main Native Brazilian groups are the Tupi-Guarani, the Jê, the Arawaks and the Caraibas (Kalina or Caribs). The Tupi-Guarani nation, originally from the Paraná river basin and also one of the largest of the Native-Paraguayan nations, had spread all along the Brazilian coastline from South to North and came to be known by the Portuguese as "Os Índios da Língua Geral" ("The Indians of the General Language"); the Jê nation occupied most of the interior of the country from Maranhão to Santa Catarina. The Arawaks and the Caribs, the last ones to get in contact with the Portuguese, lived in the North and Northwest of Brazil.

The European immigration to Brazil started in the 16th century, with the vast majority of them coming from Portugal. In the first two centuries of colonization, 100,000 Portuguese arrived in Brazil (around 500 colonists per year). In the 18th century, 600,000 Portuguese arrived (6,000 per year).[31] The first region to be settled by the Portuguese was Northeastern Brazil, followed by the Southeast region. The original Amerindian population of Brazil (between two and five million) largely died from disease or violence or was assimilated into the Portuguese population.[32] The Mamelucos (or Caboclos, a mixed race between Europeans and Amerindians) have always been present in many parts of Brazil.

Another important ethnic group, Africans, first arrived as slaves. Many came from Guinea-Bissau, or from West African countries – by the end of the eighteenth century many had been taken from the Kingdom of Kongo and modern-day Angola, Congo, Mozambique, Benin and Nigeria. By the time of the end of the slave trade in 1850, around six million slaves had been brought to Brazil–50% of all slave traffic between Africa and the Americas. Nowadays, there are still small immigration waves coming from the African continent. The largest influx of European immigrants to Brazil occurred in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. According to the Memorial do Imigrante statistics data, Brazil attracted nearly 5 million immigrants between 1870 and 1953.[33][34]

These immigrants were divided in two groups: a part of them was sent to Southern Brazil to work as small farmers. However, the biggest part of the immigrants was sent to Southeast Brazil to work in the coffee plantations. The immigrants sent to Southern Brazil were mainly Germans (starting in 1824, mainly from Rhineland-Palatinate, Pomerania, Hamburg, Westphalia, etc.) Italians (starting in 1875, mainly from the Veneto and Lombardia), Austrians, Poles, Ukrainians and Russians. In the South, the immigrants established rural communities that retain a cultural connection with their ancestral homelands. In Southeast Brazil, most of the immigrants were Italians (mainly from the Veneto, Campania, Calabria and Lombardia), Portuguese (mainly from Beira Alta, Minho and Alto Trás-os-Montes) and Spaniards (mainly from Galicia and Andalusia).

Notably, the first half of the 20th century saw a large inflow of Japanese (mainly from Honshū, Hokkaidō and Okinawa) and Levantine Christians from Lebanon (and few from Syria). These Christian Levantine immigrants were wrongly called "Turks" by many Brazilians because their original countries were still under Ottoman rule back in the period when their immigration to Brazil began. The number of actual Turks who immigrated to Brazil was in fact very small. Chinese, Taiwanese and Koreans influx became common after the 1950s.

### IBGE's 1998 PME

[edit]

On the other hand, in 1998, the IBGE, within its preparation for the 2000 census, experimentally introduced a question about "origem" (origin/ancestry) in its "Pesquisa Mensal de Emprego" (Monthly Employment Research), to test the viability of introducing that variable in the census[35]: 3 (the IBGE ended by deciding against the inclusion of questions about it in the census). This research interviewed about 90,000 people in six metropolitan regions (São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Porto Alegre, Belo Horizonte, Salvador, and Recife).[35]: note 3, p. 3 To this day, it remains the only actual published survey about the immigrant origin of Brazilians.

Here are its results:[35]: table 6, p. 10

Brazilian Population, by ancestry, 1998[35] Ancestry | %

|

Brazilian | 86.09%
Portuguese | 10.46%
Italian | 10.41%
Indigenous | 6.64%
Black | 5.09%
Spanish | 4.40%
German | 3.54%
African | 2.06%
Japanese | 1.34%
Lebanese/Syrian | 0.48%
Jewish | 0.20%
Others | 2.81%
Total‡ | 133.52%

‡This is higher than 100% because of multiple answers. Many Brazilians are unaware of their ancestry, especially those whose ancestors migrated to Brazil long ago; hence the high number who declared themselves only as Brazilians.

### Emigration

[edit]

In the second half of the 1980s, Brazilians from various socioeconomic backgrounds started to emigrate to other countries in search of better economic opportunities.

By the 1990s, nearly 1.9 million Brazilians were living outside the country, mainly in the United States, Paraguay and Japan,[36] but also in Italy, Portugal, the United Kingdom, France, Canada, Australia, Switzerland, Germany, Belgium, Spain and Israel. Despite the surge in the phenomenon, there were no specific policies implemented by the government to encourage or discourage this emigration process.[37] Thanks to the favourable outlook of the Brazilian economy and due to the crisis that hit countries such as Japan, Portugal or the United States, emigration of Brazilian citizens stagnated – with many returning to their home country – until 2011, when 1,898,762 Brazilians were living abroad.

The 2000 Brazilian census provides some information about the high number of migrants returning to Brazil. For instance, of those who reported residing in another country less than 10 years before the 2000 census, 66.9 percent were Brazilians. If only the returning migrants (former Brazilian immigrants) are considered, 26.8 percent of Brazilians came from Paraguay, 17 percent came from Japan, and 15.8 percent came from the United States.[37]

As political unrest, increasing violence, inflation, soaring unemployment rates and an economic crisis hit Brazil, millions of citizens moved abroad starting in 2011, generating the largest emigration process ever witnessed in Brazilian history, since Brazil has historically been a land of immigrants. In 2021 more than 4.4 million Brazilians live abroad,[38] this is an increase of around 132% compared to the previous 10 years.

The largest Brazilian community abroad, comprising almost half of the diaspora, is the one in the US, where around 2,000,000 Brazilians live; they are present especially in Florida. Almost 300,000 Brazilians, hence 6.8% of all Brazilians living abroad, lived in other Portuguese-speaking countries (94% in Portugal). In the same year around 680,000 Brazilians, hence 15.5% of the Brazilian diaspora, lived in Spanish-speaking countries, with the majority found in neighbouring countries such as Paraguay and Uruguay.

Other major communities are found in countries such as the UK (220,000 Brazilians in 2021), Canada (122,500 Brazilians in 2021) Ireland (70,000 Brazilians in 2021) and Australia (60,000 Brazilians in 2021).

There are also noticeable Brazilian communities in countries once source of immigrants such as Japan (210,000 Brazilians in 2021), Italy (162,000 Brazilians in 2021), Germany (140,000 Brazilians in 2021), the Netherlands (65,000 Brazilians in 2021) and Lebanon (21,000 Brazilians in 2021). Many of the Brazilians found in these countries are descendants of the early immigrants who came to Brazil in the early 1900s.

There is also a sizeable Brazilian community in France (172,000 Brazilians in 2021), almost equally split between Metropolitan France and French Guyana.

## Racial composition

[edit]

A map of predominant racial groups by municipality.

White majority

Pardo (Mixed-race) majority

Indigenous majority

Black majority

Races in Brazil (2022)[3]

1. Brown (45.34%)
2. White (43.46%)
3. Black (10.17%)
4. Indigenous (0.6%)
5. Yellow (East-Asian descent) (0.42%)

Main article: Race and ethnicity in Brazil

Brazilians are one of the most diverse populations in the world, as a result of the crosses between peoples from three continents: the European colonizers, represented mainly by the Portuguese; African slaves; and the autochthonous Amerindians.[39] By 1500, around 2.5 million indigenous people were living in the area of what is now Brazil. It is estimated that about 500,000 Portuguese arrived in Brazil, between 1500 and 1808. The Portuguese-Amerindian admixture started soon after the arrival of the first Portuguese, in 1500. The native groups underwent a demographic decline due to conflicts with colonizers and diseases. Africans were brought to Brazil as slaves, beginning in the middle of the 16th century, to work on sugarcane plantations and, later, in the gold and diamond mines and on coffee plantations.[39] Portugal remained as the only significant source of European immigrants to Brazil until 1808, when Brazilian ports were legally opened to all friendly nations.[40] From then, Brazil received increasing numbers of immigrants, mostly from Portugal, followed by Italy, Spain, and Germany. In the 20th century, Asian immigrants also starting arriving, mainly from Japan, but also from Lebanon and Syria.[39]

The Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), which has conducted censuses in Brazil since 1940, racially classifies the Brazilian population in five categories: Branco (White), "Pardo" (brown), Preto (Black), Amarelo (Yellow - for people of East-Asian descent, such as Japanese, Chinese, Korean), and Indígena (Indigenous). Brazilians tend to classify themselves racially based on physical appearance, such as skin pigmentation, hair type, nose shape, and lip shape. There appears to be no racial descent rule operational in Brazil and it is even possible for two full siblings differing in color to belong to completely diverse racial categories. A 2016 survey found out that approximately 17–19% of Brazilian families have full siblings who are identified as different races. More than 80% of families with different-race siblings had one sibling identified as White and another identified as Pardo (brown). About 40% of families with one White and one non-White parent have different-race siblings.[41][42][43]

* Distribution of racial groups in Brazil
* Pardo Brazilians

* White Brazilians

* Black Brazilians

* Native Brazilians

### White Brazilians

[edit]

Main article: White Brazilians

Italian regional immigration to Brazil, which has the most people of Italian origin outside Italy. Unlike other countries with Italian immigrants, Brazil prioritized Northern Italy which it considered more developed German settlements in Southern Brazil

According to the 2022 census, there were 88,2 million White Brazilians, comprising 43.5% of Brazil's population,[3] although most Brazilians have some degree of European ancestry. Descendants of Europeans are found in the entire territory of Brazil, although they are most concentrated in the south and southeastern parts of the country.[44][45] A survey conducted in 1998 by the Minas Gerais sociologist Simon Schwartzman interviewed about 34 million Brazilians, of whom nearly 20 million declared themselves white. Asked the ethnic origin of the participants of white race, a plurality pointed only Brazilian origin (53%). More than half, however, managed to point to a foreign origin: 17.2% indicated Portuguese ancestry, 16.50% Italian, 9.42% Spanish, 6.51% German and 12.32% other origins, which include Polish, Ukrainian, Russian, Lithuanian, Dutch, Austrian, Swiss, French, Hungarian, Norwegian, partial distant African, indigenous, British, American Confederate, Jewish (mostly Ashkenazi, but also Sephardi including Jews from Morocco and Egypt) and Arab.[46][47] Many Whites in Brazil have some Amerindian and/or African ancestry (similarly found in European-Americans[48] and European-Argentines).[49]

Nowadays, European-Brazilians come from a very diverse background, which includes:

* Portuguese: Most Brazilians are fully or partly of Portuguese ancestry. Portuguese settlers began arriving in 1500. Immigration increased during the 18th century and reached its peak in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

* Italians started arriving in Brazil in 1875, making up the main group of immigrants in the late 19th century.[50] First they settled in rural communities across Southern Brazil. In the early 20th century, they mostly settled in the coffee plantations in the Southeast, later moving to São Paulo capital to work in factories or starting their own businesses in trade, services and industry like businessman and industrialist count Francesco Matarazzo. In São Paulo, which came to be labeled an "Italian city" in the early twentieth century, Italians engaged mainly in the incipient industry and urban services activities. They came to represent 60% of the 60,000 workers employed in São Paulo factories in 1901.[51] Talian, or the Venetian dialect, is the third most spoken mother tongue in the nation.[52][53]

* The first Germans arrived in Brazil in 1824. Most of them established themselves in rural communities across Southern Brazil, such as São Leopoldo, Novo Hamburgo, Blumenau and Pomerode. According to Ethnologue, Standard German is spoken by 1.5 million people and Brazilian German encompass assorted dialects, including Riograndenser Hunsrückisch spoken by over 3 million Brazilians.[54][55][56]

* Poles came in significant numbers to Brazil after 1870. Most of them settled in the State of Paraná, working as small farmers.
* Spaniards came in large numbers to Brazil, starting in the late 19th century. Most of them were attracted to work in the coffee plantations in the state of São Paulo.[57]
* Ukrainians came mostly in the late 19th century. Currently they number approximately 980,000, most of whom live in a compact settlement in south central Paraná.[58]

See also: Dutch Brazilian, German Brazilian, Italian Brazilian, Polish Brazilian, Portuguese Brazilian, Spanish Brazilian, and Ukrainian Brazilian

### Mixed-race/Pardo-Brazilians

[edit]

Main article: Pardo Brazilians

Brazil does not have a category for multiracial people, but a Pardo (brown) one, which may include caboclos, mulatos, cafuzos (local ethnonyms for people of noticeable mixed European and Amerindian, African and European, and Amerindian and African descent, i.e., mestizos, mulattoes and zambos, respectively), the multiracial result of their intermixing (despite most of White and Black Brazilians possessing some degree of race-mixing, since brownness in Brazil is a matter of phenotype) and assimilated, westernized indigenous people.[59][60]

The Pardos make up 45.3% or 92.1 million people of Brazil's population.[61] They live in the entire territory of Brazil. Although, according to DNA resources, most Brazilians possess some degree of mixed-race ancestry, less than 45% of the country's population classified themselves as being part of this group due to phenotype.[62]

### Afro-Brazilians

[edit]

Main article: Afro-Brazilians

According to the 2022 census, there are 20.7 million self-declared Black Brazilians, about 10.2% of the population.[61]

Although the majority of Brazilians have at least some degree of African heritage, the racial makeup of black Brazilians themselves is very mixed and most of them have a significant degree of white admixture with a minor indigenous component, the range of white admixture for Afro-Brazilians is typically between 30% and 70%; Brazilians with more than 80% of their genes coming from African ancestry are a subgroup minority.[62]

### Asian/Yellow Brazilians

[edit]

Main article: Asian Brazilians

According to the 2022 census, self-declared Yellow Brazilians number 850,130, or 0.42% of Brazil's population. Yellow is the term used for people of East Asian (Japanese, Korean, Chinese).[63] In 2022, Japan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs stated that there were 2 million Japanese descendants in Brazil.[64] Brazil has the largest population of Japanese descent outside Japan.[65] Japanese immigration to Brazil started on 18 June 1908, when the Japanese ship Kasato-Maru arrived in the Port of Santos, south of São Paulo, carrying the first 781 people to take advantage of a bilateral agreement promoting immigration.

There are also smaller communities of Korean people and Chinese origin.[66]

### Native Brazilians

[edit]

Main article: Indigenous peoples in Brazil

The Amerindians make up 0.8% of Brazil's population, or about 1.6 million people. Over half of them (867,000 ou 51,2%) live in the regions of the Amazon rainforest ("Amazônia Legal").[67] Millions of Brazilians possess at least one Native South American ancestor, according to a mitochondrial DNA study, but only 0.8% self-identify as indigenous, due to race-mixing.[39]

### Genetic studies

[edit]

Genetic studies have shown the Brazilian population as a whole to have European, African and Native American components. A 2015 autosomal DNA genetic study, which also analysed data of 25 studies of 38 different Brazilian populations concluded that: European ancestry accounts for 62% of the heritage of the population, followed by the African (21%) and the Native American (17%). The European contribution is highest in Southern Brazil (77%), the African highest in Northeast Brazil (27%) and the Native American is the highest in Northern Brazil (32%).[68]

Region[68] | European  | African  | Native American

|
|
|

North Region | 51%  | 16%  | 32%
Northeast Region | 69%  | 16%  | 15%
Central-West Region | 72%  | 15%  | 12%
Southeast Region | 75%  | 15%  | 10%
South Region | 90%  | 5%  | 5%

An autosomal DNA study (2011), with nearly 1000 samples from every major race group ("whites", "pardos" and "blacks", according to their respective proportions) all over the country found out a major European contribution, followed by a high African contribution and an important Native American component.[69]

"In all regions studied, the European ancestry was predominant, with proportions ranging from 60.6% in the Northeast to 77.7% in the South". The 2011 autosomal study samples came from blood donors (the lowest classes constitute the great majority of blood donors in Brazil[70]), and also public health institutions personnel and health students.

Region[69] | European  | African  | Native American

|
|
|

Northern Brazil | 68.80%  | 10.50%  | 18.50%
Northeast Brazil | 71.10%  | 16.30%  | 12.40%
Southeast Brazil | 74.20%  | 17.30%  | 7.30%
Southern Brazil | 79.50%  | 10.30%  | 9.40%

An autosomal study from 2013, with nearly 1300 samples from all of the Brazilian regions, found a predominant degree of European ancestry combined with African and Native American contributions, in varying degrees. 'Following an increasing North to South gradient, European ancestry was the most prevalent in all urban populations (with values up to 74%). The populations in the North consisted of a significant proportion of Native American ancestry that was about two times higher than the African contribution. Conversely, in the Northeast, Center-West and Southeast, African ancestry was the second most prevalent. At an intrapopulation level, all urban populations were highly admixed, and most of the variation in ancestry proportions was observed between individuals within each population rather than among population'.[71]

Region'[72] | European  | African  | Native American

|
|
|

North Region | 51%  | 17%  | 32%
Northeast Region | 73%  | 16%  | 11%
Central-West Region | 75%  | 15%  | 10%
Southeast Region | 73%  | 17%  | 10%
South Region | 92%  | 3%  | 5%

An autosomal DNA study from 2009 found a similar profile: "all the Brazilian samples (regions) lie more closely to the European group than to the African populations or to the Mestizos from Mexico".[73]

Region[74] | European  | African  | Native American

|
|
|

North Region | 60.6%  | 21.3%  | 18.1%
Northeast Region | 77.3%  | 16.1%  | 6.6%
Central-West Region | 70.3%  | 19.7%  | 10.0%
Southeast Region | 67.7%  | 25.0%  | 7.3%
South Region | 91.5%  | 4.3%  | 4.2%

A 2015 autosomal genetic study, which also analysed data of 25 studies of 38 different Brazilian populations concluded that: European ancestry accounts for 62% of the heritage of the population, followed by the African (21%) and the Native American (17%). The European contribution is highest in Southern Brazil (77%), the African highest in Northeast Brazil (27%) and the Native American is the highest in Northern Brazil (32%).[68]

Region[68] | European  | African  | Native American

|
|
|

North Region | 51%  | 16%  | 32%
Northeast Region | 77%  | 16%  | 7%
Central-West Region | 78%  | 14%  | 8%
Southeast Region | 72%  | 19%  | 9%
South Region | 91%  | 5%  | 4%

Pairwise estimates of F(st) among the five Brazilian geopolitical regions suggested little genetic differentiation only between the South and the remaining regions. Estimates of ancestry results are consistent with the heterogeneous genetic profile of Brazilian population, with a major contribution of European ancestry (0.771) followed by African (0.143) and Amerindian contributions (0.085). The described multiplexed SNP panels can be useful tool for bioanthropological studies but it can be mainly valuable to control for spurious results in genetic association studies in admixed populations".[75]

According to another autosomal DNA study from 2008, by the University of Brasília (UnB), European ancestry dominates in the whole of Brazil (in all regions), accounting for 65.90% of heritage of the population, followed by the African contribution (24.80%) and the Native American (9.3%).[76]

São Paulo state, the most populous state in Brazil, with about 40 million people, showed the following composition, according to an autosomal study from 2006: European genes account for 79% of the heritage of the people of São Paulo, 14% are of African origin, and 7% Native American.[77] A study from 2013 found the following composition in São Paulo state: 70% European, 20% African, 6% Asian and 4% Native American.[78] Another study focused on highly admixed populations yielded similar results.[79]

### Races and ethnicities by region

[edit]

Further information: Brazil socio-geographic division

#### South

[edit]

Further information: Centro-Sul

Races in the South Region (2022 census)[80]

1. White (72.6%)
2. Mixed (21.7%)
3. Black (5%)
4. East Asian (0.4%)
5. Indigenous (0.3%)

According to the 2022 census, in the South Whites make up 72.6% of the population, Pardo (brown) 21.7%, Blacks 5%, 0.4% Yellow (Asian descent) and 0.3% Indigenous [81]

The South of Brazil is the region with the largest percentage of Whites. According to the 2005 census, people of Whites account for 87% of the population.[65] In colonial times, this region had a very small population.

The region what is now Southern Brazil was originally settled by Amerindian peoples, mostly Guarani and Kaingangs.[82] Only a few settlers from São Paulo were living there. This situation made the region vulnerable to attacks from neighboring countries. This fact forced the King of Portugal to decide to populate the region. For this, settlers from the Portuguese Azores islands were sent to the coast in 1617.[83]

To stimulate the immigration to Brazil, the king offered several benefits for the Azorean couples. Between 1748 and 1756, six thousand Portuguese from the Azores moved to the coast of Santa Catarina. They were mainly newly married who were seeking a better life. At that time, the Azores were one of the poorest regions of Portugal.

They established themselves mainly in the Santa Catarina Island, nowadays the region of Florianópolis. Later, some couples moved to Rio Grande do Sul, where they established Porto Alegre, the capital. The Azoreans lived on fishing and agriculture, especially flour. They composed over half of Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina's population in the late 18th century.[84] The state of Paraná was settled by colonists from São Paulo due to their proximity (Paraná was part of São Paulo until the mid-19th century).

With the development of cattle in the interior of Rio Grande do Sul, African slaves began arriving in large numbers. By 1822, Africans were 50% of Rio Grande do Sul's population. This number decreased to 25% in 1858 and to only 2.2% in 2015. Most of them came from Angola.[85]

After independence from Portugal (1822) the Brazilian government started to stimulate the arrival of a new wave of immigrants to settle the South. In 1824 they established São Leopoldo, a German community. Major Schaeffer, a German who was living in Brazil, was sent to Germany in order to bring immigrants. From Rhineland-Palatinate, the Major brought the immigrants and soldiers. Settlers from Germany were brought to work as small farmers, because there were many land holdings without workers.[86]

To attract the immigrants, the Brazilian government had promised large tracts of land, where they could settle with their families and colonize the region. The first years were not easy. Many Germans died of tropical disease, while others left the colonies to find better living conditions. The German colony of São Leopoldo was a disaster. Nevertheless, in the following years, a further 4,830 Germans arrived at São Leopoldo, and then the colony started to develop, with the immigrants establishing the town of Novo Hamburgo (New Hamburg).[87]

From São Leopoldo and Novo Hamburgo, the German immigrants spread into others areas of Rio Grande do Sul, mainly close to sources of rivers. The whole region of Vale dos Sinos was populated by Germans. During the 1830s and part of the 1840s German immigration to Brazil was interrupted due to conflicts in the country (Ragamuffin War). The immigration restarted after 1845 with the creation of new colonies. The most important ones were Blumenau, in 1850, and Joinville in 1851, both in Santa Catarina state; these attracted thousands of German immigrants to the region. In the next five decades, other 28 thousand Germans were brought to Rio Grande do Sul to work as small farmers in the countryside.[88] By 1914, it is estimated that 50 thousand Germans settled in this state.

Another immigration boom to this region started in 1875. Communities with Italian immigrants were also created in southern Brazil. The first colonies to be populated by Italians were created in the highlands of Rio Grande do Sul (Serra Gaúcha). These were Garibaldi and Bento Gonçalves. These immigrants were predominantly from Veneto, in northern Italy. After five years, in 1880, the great numbers of Italian immigrants arriving caused the Brazilian government to create another Italian colony, Caxias do Sul. After initially settling in the government-promoted colonies, many of the Italian immigrants spread themselves into other areas of Rio Grande do Sul seeking further opportunities.[89]

They created many other Italian colonies on their own, mainly in highlands, because the lowlands were already populated by Germans and native gaúchos. The Italian established many vineyards in the region. Nowadays, the wine produced in these areas of Italian colonization in southern Brazil is much appreciated within the country, though little is available for export. In 1875, the first Italian colonies were established in Santa Catarina, which lies immediately to the north of Rio Grande do Sul. The colonies gave rise to towns such as Criciúma, and later also spread further north, to Paraná.

A significant number of Poles have settled in Southern Brazil. The first immigrants arrived in 1869 and until 1959, it is estimated that over 100,000 Poles migrated to Brazil,[90] 95% of whom were peasants. The State of Paraná received the majority of Polish immigrants, who settled mainly in the region of Curitiba, in the towns of Mallet, Cruz Machado, São Matheus do Sul, Irati, and União da Vitória.[91]

#### Southeast

[edit]

Races in the Southeast Region (2022 census)[80]

1. White (49.9%)
2. Mixed (38.7%)
3. Black (10.6%)
4. East Asian (0.7%)
5. Indigenous (0.1%)

According to the 2022 census, in the Southeast Whites make up 49.9% of the population, Pardo (brown) 38.7%, Blacks 10.6%, Yellow (Asian descent) 0.7% and Indigenous 0.1%.[81] The Southeastern region of Brazil is the most ethnically diverse and most populated part of the country.

Southeast Brazil is home to the oldest Portuguese village in the Americas, São Vicente, São Paulo, established in 1532.[92] The region, since the beginning of its colonization, is a melting pot of Africans, Natives, and Europeans. The Indigenous peoples of the region were enslaved by the Portuguese.

The race mixing between the indigenous females and their European masters produced the Bandeirante, the colonial inhabitant of São Paulo, who formed expeditions that crossed the interior of Brazil and greatly increased the Portuguese colonial territory. The main language spoken by these people of mixed Indian/Portuguese heritage was Língua geral, a language that mixed Tupi and Portuguese words.

In the late 17th century the Bandeirantes found gold in the area that nowadays is Minas Gerais. A gold rush took place in Brazil and thousands of Portuguese colonists arrived during this period. The confrontation between the Bandeirantes and the Portuguese for obtaining possession of the mines led to the Emboabas' War.

The Portuguese won the war. The Amerindian culture declined, giving space to a stronger Portuguese cultural domination. In order to control the wealth, the Portuguese Crown moved the capital of Brazil from Salvador, Bahia to Rio de Janeiro. Thousands of African slaves were brought to work in the gold mines.

They were landed in Rio de Janeiro and sent to other regions. By the late 18th century, Rio de Janeiro was an "African city": most of its inhabitants were slaves. No other place in the world had as many slaves since the end of the Roman Empire.[93] In 1808 the Portuguese royal family, fleeing from Napoleon, took charge in Rio de Janeiro. Some 23,000 Portuguese nobles moved to Brazil. The change in region was significant, becoming more European.

After independence and principally after 1850, Southeast Brazil was "inundated" by European immigrants, who were attracted by the government to replace the African slaves in the coffee plantations. Most immigrants landed in the Port of Santos and have been forwarded to the coffee farms within São Paulo.

The vast majority of the immigrants came from Italy. Brazil attracted nearly 5 million immigrants between 1870 and 1953. The large number of Italians are visible in many parts of Southeast Brazil. Their descendants are nowadays predominant in many areas. For example, Northeast São Paulo is 45% Italian.[94]

The arrival of immigrants from several parts of Europe, the Middle-East and Asia produced an ethnically diverse population. The city of Bastos, in São Paulo, is 11.4% Japanese. The city of São Paulo is home to the largest Japanese population outside Japan itself.[95]

#### Northeast

[edit]

Further information: Nordeste (socio-geographic division)

Races in the Northeast Region (2022 census)[80]

1. Mixed (59.6%)
2. White (26.7%)
3. Black (13%)
4. Indigenous (0.6%)
5. East Asian (0.1%)

According to the 2022 census, people reported as "Pardo" (brown) make up 59.6% of the population, Whites 26.7% and Blacks 13.0%.[81]

The ethnic composition of the population starts in the 16th century. The Portuguese settlers brought few women, which led to relationships with the Indian women. Later, interracial relationships occurred between Portuguese males and African females. The coast, in the past the place where millions of African slaves arrived (mostly from modern-day Angola, Ghana, Nigeria and Benin) to work in sugarcane plantations, is where nowadays there is a predominance of Mulattoes, those of African and European ancestry. In the interior, there is a predominance of Indian and European mixture.[96]

#### North

[edit]

Further information: Amazônia Legal

Further information: Nordeste (socio-geographic division)

Races in the North Region (2022 census)[80]

1. Mixed (67.2%)
2. White (20.7%)
3. Black (8.8%)
4. Indigenous (3.1%)
5. East Asian (0.2%)

According to the 2022 census, in the North Pardo (brown) make up 67.2% of the population, Whites 20.7%, Blacks 8.8%, Indigenous 3.1% and Yellow (Asian descent) 0.2% .[81] Northern Brazil, largely covered by the Amazon rainforest, is the Brazilian region with the largest Amerindian influences, both in culture and ethnicity. Inhabited by diverse indigenous tribes, this part of Brazil was reached by Portuguese and Spanish colonists in the 17th century, but it started to be populated by non-Indians only in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The exploitation of rubber used in the growing industries of automobiles, has emerged a huge migration to the region.

Many people from the poor Northeast Brazil, mostly Ceará, moved to the Amazon area. The contact between the Indians and the northeastern rubbers created the base of the ethnic composition of the region, with its mixed-race majority.

#### Central-West

[edit]

Races in the Central-West Region (2022 census)[80]

1. Mixed (52.4%)
2. White (37%)
3. Black (9.1%)
4. Indigenous (1%)
5. East Asian (0.4%)

According to the 2022 census, in the Central-West Pardo (brown) make up 52.4% of the population, Whites 37%, Blacks 9.1%, Indigenous 1.2% and Yellow (East-Asian descent) 0.4%.[97] The Central-West region of Brazil was inhabited by diverse Indians when the Portuguese arrived in the early 18th century. The Portuguese came to explore the precious stones that were found there. Contact between the Portuguese and the Indians created a mixed-race population. Until the mid-20th century, Central-West Brazil had a very small population. The situation changed with the construction of Brasília, the new capital of Brazil, in 1960. Many workers were attracted to the region, mostly from northeastern Brazil.

A new wave of settlers started arriving from the 1970s. With the mechanization of agriculture in the South of Brazil, many rural workers of German and Italian origin migrated to Central-West Brazil. In some areas, they are already the majority of the population.

## Languages

[edit]

Main articles: Languages of Brazil and Portuguese language

Portuguese is the only official language of Brazil.[98] It is spoken by nearly the entire population and is virtually the only language used in schools, newspapers, radio, TV and for all business and administrative purposes. Moreover, Brazil is the only Portuguese-speaking nation in the Americas, making the language an important part of Brazilian national identity.

Many Amerindian languages are spoken daily in indigenous communities, primarily in Northern Brazil. Although many of these communities have significant contact with Portuguese,[99] there are incentives stimulating preservation and the teaching of native languages. According to SIL International, 133 Native American languages are currently endangered. Some of the largest indigenous language groups include Arawak, Carib, Macro-Gê and Tupi.[100] In 2006, the municipality of São Gabriel da Cachoeira in the region of Cabeça do Cachorro (Northwestern region of the State of Amazonas), has adopted some indigenous languages as some of its other official languages along with Portuguese.

Other languages are spoken by descendants of immigrants, who are usually bilingual, in small rural communities in Southern Brazil. The most important are the Brazilian German dialects, such as Riograndenser Hunsrückisch and the East Pomeranian dialect, and also the Talian, based on the Italian Venetian language. There are also bilingual speakers of Polish, Ukrainian and Russian in Southern Brazil, especially Paraná. In the city of São Paulo, Levantine, Japanese, Chinese and Korean can be heard in the immigrant neighborhoods, such as Liberdade. Yiddish and Hebrew are used by Jewish communities mainly in São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Porto Alegre, Curitiba, Brasília, Belo Horizonte and Recife as well as the Vlax Romani dialect by Romani communities all across the nation.

## Religion

[edit]

Main article: Religion in Brazil

According to the IBGE census 2010[101] 64.6% are Roman Catholics; 24% are Protestants and other Christians, 8% are agnostics, atheists or have no religion, 2% are followers of Spiritism, and 1% are members of other religions. Some of these religions are Jehovah's Witnesses (1,100,000), Latter-day Saints (200,000), Buddhism (215,000), Judaism (86,000), and Islam (27,000).[102] In 2020, it was estimated that 48% were Roman Catholic; 33% Protestant; 14% irreligious; 2% Spiritist; 2% other Christian; 1% Afro-Brazilian religious; and 0.5% other.[103] In another 2020 study by the Association of Religion Data Archives, Christians made up 90.77% of the population; among Christians, 70.57% were Roman Catholic; 15.12% Protestant; 12.23% Independents, 0.12% Orthodox, and 0.09% unaffiliated Christian.[104] Kardecist spiritism was the second-largest religion practiced in Brazil as ARDA's 2020 study, with 4.83% of the population. Of its 3.03% irreligious population, 2.59% were agnostic and 0.44% atheist.[104]

Brazil has the largest Roman Catholic population in the world.[105]

Followers of Protestantism are rising in number. Until 1970, the majority of Brazilian Protestants were adherents of "traditional churches", mostly Lutherans, Presbyterians and Baptists. There are 120,000 Episcopalians in 9 dioceses (Anglican Episcopal Church of Brazil). Since then, numbers of Pentecostal and Neopentecostal adherents have increased significantly.

Islam in Brazil was first practiced by African slaves.[106] The Muslim population in Brazil is made up mostly of Arab immigrants.[107]

The largest population of Buddhists in Latin America lives in Brazil, due greatly to Brazil's large Japanese population.

## See also

[edit]

* Race and ethnicity in Brazil
* Demographics of Rio de Janeiro
* List of largest cities in Brazil
* Racial democracy
* Brazilian Journal of Population Studies
* Internal migration in Brazil

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "População estimada do país chega a 212,6 milhões de habitantes em 2024 | Agência de Notícias". Agência de Notícias - IBGE (in Brazilian Portuguese). 29 August 2024. Retrieved 29 March 2025.
2. ^ a b c d "Panorama". Censo 2022 (in Brazilian Portuguese). IBGE. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
3. ^ a b c d e f g "Censo 2022". G1 (in Brazilian Portuguese). 22 December 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2023.
4. ^ População do Brasil cresce 6,5 % e chega a 203,1 milhões, IBGE, 28 June 2023.
5. ^ "Características da população e dos domicílios Resultados do universo" (PDF). Censo Demográfico 2020. IBGE. 8 November 2021. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2013. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
6. ^ "Históricos dos censos demográficos". Instituto Brasileiro de Geografía e Estatística. Retrieved 24 October 2017.
7. ^ "Projeção da população do Brasil e das Unidades da Federação". Instituto Brasileiro de Geografía e Estatística. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 24 October 2017.
8. ^ 2008 PNAD, IBGE.
9. ^ Technical Brief on the Implications of Covid-19 on Census (PDF). UNFPA. 2020.
10. ^ "Portal Brasil". Retrieved 30 August 2017.
11. ^ "World Population Prospects 2022". United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
12. ^ "World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950–2100" (XSLX) ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
13. ^ a b "World Population Prospects – Population Division". United Nations.
14. ^ "Demographic and Social Statistics". Stats. UNSD. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
15. ^ "Demographic and Social Statistics". United Nations Statistics Division.
16. ^ "Estatísticas Vitais – Mortalidade e Nascidos Vivos". Tabnet. Ministério da Saúde. Retrieved 29 June 2018.
17. ^ Alves, José Eustáquio Diniz. "O número de nascimentos no Brasil em 2022 foi o menor em 70 anos". Ecodebate.
18. ^ "Live Births - since 1994". Datasus. Brazil Ministry of Health. Retrieved 5 June 2025.
19. ^ "Painel de Monitoramento de Nascidos Vivos". Plataforma integrada de vigilância em saúde. Ministério de Saúde. Retrieved 23 September 2023.
20. ^ "Painel de Monitoramento de Nascidos Vivos - Plataforma Integrada de Vigilância em Saúde - Ministério da Saúde".
21. ^ "Painel de Monitoramento da Mortalidade CID-10". Plataforma integrada de vigilancia em saúde. Ministério da Saúde. Retrieved 23 September 2023.
22. ^ MONTENEGRO J DE CARVALHO, FRANCISCO (2011). MODELO DE REGRESSÃO DINÂMICA PARA PROJEÇÕES DE PREÇO DA ENERGIA NO BRASIL (Thesis). Faculdades Catolicas. doi:10.17771/pucrio.acad.18806.
23. ^ "Fecundidade e Dinâmica da População Brasileira" [Fertility and Dynamics of the Brazilian Population] (PDF) (in Brazilian Portuguese). Brasília: UNFPA. December 2018. Retrieved 5 June 2020.
24. ^ "Censo 2022 mostra um país com menos filhos e menos mães | Agência de Notícias". 27 June 2025.
25. ^ a b c d e f g h i Max Roser (2014), "Total fertility rate around the world over the last centuries", Our World In Data, Gapminder Foundation
26. ^ "Brazil", The World Factbook, CIA, 12 July 2018 This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
27. ^ "Tabela 9606: População residente, por cor ou raça, segundo o sexo e a idade". IBGE.
28. ^ "International Migrant Stock". United Nations. Retrieved 18 September 2023.
29. ^ "International Migration Stock Methodology" (PDF). United Nations. Retrieved 18 September 2023.
30. ^ "Immigrant and Emigrant Populations by Country of Origin and Destination". Migration Policy Institute. Retrieved 18 September 2023.
31. ^ "Memórias da Emigração Portuguesa". Archived from the original on 4 September 2007. Retrieved 7 August 2007.
32. ^ "Brazil – Amerindians". countrystudies.us. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
33. ^ "Entrada de imigrantes no Brasil – 1870/1907" (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 13 June 2007. Retrieved 20 June 2007.
34. ^ "Entrada de imigrantes no Brasil – 1908/1953" (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 13 June 2007. Retrieved 20 June 2007.
35. ^ a b c d Schwartzman, Simon. "Fora de foco: diversidade e identidade étnicas no Brasil" (PDF).
36. ^ Sanchanta, Mariko (19 July 2007). "Signs betray 'hidden workers' of Japan". Financial Times. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
37. ^ a b Amaral, Ernesto F. (2005) "Shaping Brazil: The Role of International Migration", Migration Policy Institute website. Retrieved 13 June 2007.
38. ^ "Brasileiros no exterior" (PDF). MRE.
39. ^ a b c d Alves-Silva, J; da Silva Santos, M; Guimarães, PE; et al. (August 2000). "The ancestry of Brazilian mtDNA lineages". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 67 (2): 444–61\. doi:10.1086/303004. PMC 1287189. PMID 10873790.
40. ^ Carvalho-Silva, Denise R.; Santos, Fabrício R.; Rocha, Jorge; Pena, Sérgio D.J. (January 2001). "The Phylogeography of Brazilian Y-Chromosome Lineages". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 68 (1): 281–286\. doi:10.1086/316931. PMC 1234928. PMID 11090340.
41. ^ Parra, Flavia C.; Amado, Roberto C.; Lambertucci, José R.; Rocha, Jorge; Antunes, Carlos M.; Pena, Sérgio D. J. (7 January 2003). "Color and genomic ancestry in Brazilians". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 100 (1): 177–182\. Bibcode:2003PNAS..100..177P. doi:10.1073/pnas.0126614100. PMC 140919. PMID 12509516.
42. ^ Alves-Silva, Juliana; da Silva Santos, Magda; Guimarães, Pedro E.M.; Ferreira, Alessandro C.S.; Bandelt, Hans-Jürgen; Pena, Sérgio D.J.; Prado, Vania Ferreira (August 2000). "The Ancestry of Brazilian mtDNA Lineages". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 67 (2): 444–461\. doi:10.1086/303004. PMC 1287189. PMID 10873790.
43. ^ Francis-Tan, Andrew (July 2016). "Light and shadows: An analysis of racial differences between siblings in Brazil". Social Science Research. 58: 254–265\. doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2016.02.003. PMID 27194664.
44. ^ Monasterio, Leonardo (8 May 2020). "Surnames and ancestry in Brazil". PLOS ONE. 12 (5): e0176890. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1276890M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0176890. PMC 5421764. PMID 28481940.
45. ^ Júnior, Judicael Clevelario (1997). "A participação da imigração na formação da população brasileira" [The participation of immigration in the formation of the Brazilian population]. Revista Brasileira de Estudos de População (in Portuguese). 14 (1/2): 51–71.
46. ^ "Fora de foco: diversidade e identidades étnicas no Brasil". Monografias. Retrieved 4 June 2019.
47. ^ Hout, Michael; Goldstein, Joshua R. (1994). "How 4.5 Million Irish Immigrants Became 40 Million Irish Americans: Demographic and Subjective Aspects of the Ethnic Composition of White Americans". American Sociological Review. 59 (1): 64–82\. doi:10.2307/2096133. JSTOR 2096133.
48. ^ "Racial Reality – European-Americans". Sitesled. Archived from the original on 2 December 2008. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
49. ^ "El 56% de los argentinos tiene antepasados indígenas". Clarin. 16 January 2005. Archived from the original on 27 May 2010. Retrieved 21 August 2006.
50. ^ Levy, Maria Stella Ferreira (June 1974). "O papel da migração internacional na evolução da população brasileira (1872 a 1972)" [The role of international migration on the evolution of the Brazilian population (1872 to 1972)]. Revista de Saúde Pública (in Portuguese). 8 (suppl): 49–90\. doi:10.1590/S0034-89101974000500003.
51. ^ "São Paulo capital, uma cidade italiana e os misteres profissionais dos imigrantes italianos". Brasil500anos. IBGE. Retrieved 11 April 2016.
52. ^ "Veneto". Ethnologue. Retrieved 29 March 2016.
53. ^ "Venetian or Talian". Ethnologue. Retrieved 21 July 2015.
54. ^ Ferraz, Aderlande Pereira (2 June 2007). "O panorama lingüístico brasileiro: a coexistência de línguas minoritárias com o português" [The Brazilian linguistic panorama: the coexistence of minority languages with Portuguese]. Filologia e Linguística Portuguesa (in Portuguese). 0 (9): 43. doi:10.11606/issn.2176-9419.v0i9p43-73. CORE output ID 268344903.
55. ^ Pupp Spinassé, Karen (2008). "Os imigrantes alemães e seus descendentes no Brasil : a língua como fator identitário e inclusivo" [German immigrants and their descendants in Brazil: language as an identity and inclusive factor]. Conexão Letras (in Portuguese). 3 (3): 125–140\. hdl:10183/20697.
56. ^ Altenhofen, Cléo Vilson: Hunsrückisch in Rio Grande do Sul, Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart 1996
57. ^ "Datos Básicos". MAE. Archived from the original on 2 November 2006. Retrieved 6 November 2006.
58. ^ South-Central Paraná, Pacific Island Travel, archived from the original on 3 September 2008, retrieved 8 April 2008, taken from Cleary, David; Jenkins, Dilwyn; Marshall, Oliver; Hine, Jim (22 March 1998), Brazil: the Rough Guide, Rough Guides, ISBN 1-85828-223-3
59. ^ Edward Eric Telles (2004). "Racial Classification". Race in Another America: the significance of skin color in Brazil. Princeton University Press. pp. 81–84. ISBN 978-0-691-11866-6.
60. ^ David I. Kertzer and Dominique Arel (2002). Census and Identity: The Politics of Race, Ethnicity, and Language in National Censuses. Cambridge University Press. pp. 63–64\. ISBN 978-0-521-00427-5.
61. ^ a b "Censo 2022: Pela 1ª vez, Brasil se declara mais pardo que branco; populações preta e indígena também crescem". 22 December 2023. Archived from the original on 22 December 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2023.
62. ^ a b Pena, Sérgio D. J.; Di Pietro, Giuliano; Fuchshuber-Moraes, Mateus; Genro, Julia Pasqualini; Hutz, Mara H.; Kehdy, Fernanda de Souza Gomes; Kohlrausch, Fabiana; Magno, Luiz Alexandre Viana; Montenegro, Raquel Carvalho; Moraes, Manoel Odorico; de Moraes, Maria Elisabete Amaral; de Moraes, Milene Raiol; Ojopi, Élida B.; Perini, Jamila A.; Racciopi, Clarice; Ribeiro dos Santos, Ândrea Kely Campos; Rios Santos, Fabrício; Romano-Silva, Marco A.; Sortica, Vinicius A.; Suarez Kurtz, Guilherme (16 February 2011). "The Genomic Ancestry of Individuals from Different Geographical Regions of Brazil Is More Uniform Than Expected". PLOS ONE. 6 (2): e17063. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...617063P. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0017063. PMC 3040205. PMID 21359226.
63. ^ "Censo 2022: população que se declara amarela diminui 60% em uma década | Exame". exame.com.
64. ^ "Japan-Brazil Relations (Basic Data)". Retrieved 8 October 2022.
65. ^ a b "PNDA Census 2005 race" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 August 2007. Retrieved 26 June 2007.
66. ^ "'Estou orgulhoso com a minha raiz da China' —Leone Da Silveira Lee, primeiro e único general brasileiro com descendência chinesa" ['I am proud of my Chinese roots' —Leone da Silveira Lee, the first and only Brazilian general of Chinese descent]. China Rádio International online (in Portuguese). 22 May 2007. Retrieved 8 January 2017.
67. ^ "Censo 2022: o que explica alta de quase 90% na população indígena". BBC News Brasil (in Brazilian Portuguese). 7 August 2023. Retrieved 2 June 2024.
68. ^ a b c d Rodrigues de Moura, Ronald; Coelho, Antonio Victor Campos; de Queiroz Balbino, Valdir; Crovella, Sergio; Brandão, Lucas André Cavalcanti (10 September 2015). "Meta-analysis of Brazilian genetic admixture and comparison with other Latin America countries". American Journal of Human Biology. 27 (5): 674–80\. doi:10.1002/ajhb.22714. hdl:11368/2837176. PMID 25820814. S2CID 25051722.
69. ^ a b Pena, Sérgio D. J.; Di Pietro, Giuliano; Fuchshuber-Moraes, Mateus; Genro, Julia Pasqualini; Hutz, Mara H.; Kehdy, Fernanda de Souza Gomes; Kohlrausch, Fabiana; Magno, Luiz Alexandre Viana; et al. (2011). Harpending, Henry (ed.). "The Genomic Ancestry of Individuals from Different Geographical Regions of Brazil Is More Uniform Than Expected". PLOS ONE. 6 (2): e17063. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...617063P. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0017063. PMC 3040205. PMID 21359226.
70. ^ Profile of the Brazilian blood donor Archived October 28, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Amigodoador.com.br. Retrieved on 2012-05-19.
71. ^ Saloum de Neves Manta, Fernanda; Pereira, Rui; Vianna, Romulo; Rodolfo Beuttenmüller de Araújo, Alfredo; Leite Góes Gitaí, Daniel; Aparecida da Silva, Dayse; de Vargas Wolfgramm, Eldamária; da Mota Pontes, Isabel; Ivan Aguiar, José; Ozório Moraes, Milton; Fagundes de Carvalho, Elizeu; Gusmão, Leonor; O'Rourke, Dennis (20 September 2013). "Revisiting the Genetic Ancestry of Brazilians Using Autosomal AIM-Indels". PLOS ONE. 8 (9): e75145. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...875145S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0075145. PMC 3779230. PMID 24073242.
72. ^ Lins, Tulio C.; Vieira, Rodrigo G.; Abreu, Breno S.; Grattapaglia, Dario; Pereira, Rinaldo W. (2009). "Genetic composition of Brazilian population samples based on a set of twenty-eight ancestry informative SNPs". American Journal of Human Biology. 22 (2): 187–92\. doi:10.1002/ajhb.20976. PMID 19639555. S2CID 205301927.
73. ^ De Assis Poiares, L; De Sá Osorio, P; Spanhol, F. A.; Coltre, S. C.; Rodenbusch, R; Gusmão, L; Largura, A; Sandrini, F; Da Silva, C. M. (February 2010). "Allele frequencies of 15 STRs in a representative sample of the Brazilian population". Forensic Sci Int Genet. 4 (2): e61–3. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2009.05.006. PMID 20129458.
74. ^ de Assis Poiares, Lilian; de Sá Osorio, Paulo; Spanhol, Fábio Alexandre; Coltre, Sidnei César; Rodenbusch, Rodrigo; Gusmão, Leonor; Largura, Alvaro; Sandrini, Fabiano; da Silva, Cláudia Maria Dornelles (February 2010). "Allele frequencies of 15 STRs in a representative sample of the Brazilian population". Forensic Science International: Genetics. 4 (2): e61 – e63. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2009.05.006. PMID 20129458.
75. ^ Lins, TC; Vieira, RG; Abreu, BS; Grattapaglia, D; Pereira, RW (2010). "Genetic composition of Brazilian population samples based on a set of twenty-eight ancestry informative SNPs". Am. J. Hum. Biol. 22 (2): 187–92\. doi:10.1002/ajhb.20976. PMID 19639555. S2CID 205301927.
76. ^ "The impact of migrations in the constitution of Latin American populations" (PDF). Repositório. UnB. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 October 2018. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
77. ^ Ferreira, Luzitano Brandão; Mendes, Celso Teixeira; Wiezel, Cláudia Emília Vieira; Luizon, Marcelo Rizzatti; Simões, Aguinaldo Luiz (1 September 2006). "Genomic ancestry of a sample population from the state of São Paulo, Brazil". American Journal of Human Biology. 18 (5): 702–705\. doi:10.1002/ajhb.20474. PMID 16917899. S2CID 10103856.
78. ^ Manta, Fernanda Saloum de Neves; Pereira, Rui; Vianna, Romulo; Araújo, Alfredo Rodolfo Beuttenmüller de; Gitaí, Daniel Leite Góes; da Silva, Dayse Aparecida; Wolfgramm, Eldamária de Vargas; Pontes, Isabel da Mota; Aguiar, José Ivan; Moraes, Milton Ozório; de Carvalho, Elizeu Fagundes; Gusmão, Leonor (20 September 2013). "Revisiting the Genetic Ancestry of Brazilians Using Autosomal AIM-Indels". PLOS ONE. 8 (9): e75145. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...875145S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0075145. PMC 3779230. PMID 24073242.
79. ^ Naslavsky, Michel S.; et al. (2022). "Whole-genome sequencing of 1,171 elderly admixed individuals from Brazil". Nature Communications. 13 (1): 1004. doi:10.1038/s41467-022-28648-3. PMC 8897431. PMID 35246524.
80. ^ a b c d e "Panorama do Censo 2022". Panorama do Censo 2022.
81. ^ a b c d "Pardos são maioria no Norte, Nordeste e Centro-Oeste; brancos, no Sul e Sudeste". UOL. 22 December 2023.
82. ^ "Grupos indígenas e sua distribuição". Página do Gaúcho. Archived from the original on 2 February 2009. Retrieved 1 January 2008.
83. ^ Poubel, Mayra. "Imigração Açoriana no Brasil - História". InfoEscola.
84. ^ "Imigrantes: Açorianos". Terra brasileira. 31 December 2007. Archived from the original on 31 December 2007. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
85. ^ "Colonização". RS Virtual. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007.
86. ^ Silva, Misleine Neris de Souza. "Imigração alemã no Rio Grande do Sul - História". InfoEscola.
87. ^ Novo Hamburgo (PDF), UFRGS.
88. ^ "Germans". Itamarati. Archived from the original on 16 July 2007.
89. ^ "Imigração Italiana no Rio Grande do Sul – Museu Etnográfico da Colônia Maciel". UFPEL.
90. ^ Decol, René D. (24 February 2016). "Uma história oculta: a imigração dos países da Europa do Centro-Leste para o Brasil" [A hidden story: immigration from Central European countries to Brazil]. Anais (in Portuguese): 1–12.
91. ^ Poubel, Mayra. "Imigração Polonesa no Brasil - História". InfoEscola.
92. ^ "São Vicente", RankBrasil, archived from the original on 24 December 2007
93. ^ Colunistas, PDT – RJ, archived from the original on 5 December 2008
94. ^ Nordeste em busca de investidores, Fundação Lorenzato, archived from the original on 20 November 2008
95. ^ "Itineraries". Visite São Paulo. Archived from the original on 7 January 2008.
96. ^ "Regiões do Brasil". Colégio Ined. 5 January 2008. Archived from the original on 5 January 2008. Retrieved 30 August 2017.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
97. ^ Azevedo, Ana Laura Moura dos Santos. "IBGE - Educa | Jovens". IBGE Educa Jovens.
98. ^ "Portuguese, the official language of Brazil". Brazilian Government official website. Archived from the original on 15 June 2007. Retrieved 4 August 2007.
99. ^ "Portuguese throughout the world". Brazilian Government official website. Archived from the original on 15 June 2007. Retrieved 4 August 2007.
100. ^ "Línguas Indígenas". Summer institute of Linguistics. Archived from the original on 6 August 2007. Retrieved 7 August 2007.
101. ^ IBGE – Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (Brazilian Institute for Geography and Statistics). 2010 Census[dead link]. Accessed 07.08.2012.
102. ^ "Religion in Brazil" (PDF). IBGE. 2000. Retrieved 24 April 2007.
103. ^ "50% dos brasileiros são católicos, 31%, evangélicos e 10% não têm religião, diz Datafolha | Política". G1 (in Brazilian Portuguese). 13 January 2020. Retrieved 4 December 2024.
104. ^ a b "Brazil | World Religion". www.thearda.com. Retrieved 4 December 2024.
105. ^ "The Global Catholic Population". Pew Research Center. 13 February 2013. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
106. ^ Lovejoy, Paul E., Muslim Encounters With Slavery in Brazil, Markus Wiener Pub., 2007. ISBN 1-55876-378-3.
107. ^ de Oliveira, Vitória Peres (2006). "Islam in Brazil or the Islam of Brazil?". Religião & Sociedade. 2.

This article incorporates public domain material from The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA. (Archived 2006 edition.)

## External links

[edit]

* United Nations "World Population Prospects": Country Profile – Brazil
* Population Statistics for Brazil
* Build Brazil population graph 1960–2013 (World Bank data)
* Build Brazil population projection graph till 2100 (United Nations data)
* Build Brazil life expectancy at birth graph 1950–2013 (United Nations data)

* v
* t
* e

Brazil articles

History|

* Timeline
* Indigenous peoples
* Colonial Brazil (1500–1815)
* United Kingdom (1815–1822)
* Empire (1822–1889)
* First (Old) Republic (1889–1930)
* Vargas Era (1930–1946)
* Fourth Republic (1946–1964)
* Military dictatorship (1964–1985)
* Sixth (New) Republic (1985–present)

Geography|

* Biomes
* Brazilian Antarctica
* Climate
* Climate change
* Coastline
* Continental shelf
* Environment
* Environmental issues
* Extreme points
* Geology
* Islands
* Jurisdictional waters
* Largest cities
* Mountains
* Protected areas
* Regions
* Rivers
* Amazon basin
* Time Zone
* Water resources
* Wildlife
* World Heritage Sites

Politics|

* Administrative divisions
* Constitution
* Elections
* Foreign relations
* Government
* Human rights
* Freedom of speech
* LGBTQ
* T
* Women's rights
* Judiciary
* Law
* Law enforcement
* Military
* National Congress
* Political parties
* President of the Republic

Economy|

* Agriculture
* Animal husbandry
* Automotive industry
* Central Bank
* Economic history
* Energy
* Exports
* Industry
* Mining
* Real (currency)
* Science and technology
* Stock index
* Taxation
* Telecommunications
* Tourism
* LGBTQ

Transport|

* Highway system
* Rail transport

Society|

* Abortion
* Censorship
* Corruption
* Crime
* Demographics
* Education
* Health
* Immigration
* Income inequality
* Languages
* Brazilian Portuguese
* LGBTQ
* T
* Life expectancy
* People
* Social issues
* States by HDI
* Unemployment
* Water supply and sanitation
* Welfare
* Youth

Culture|

* Animation
* Archaeology
* Arts
* Carnaval
* Cinema
* Comics
* Cuisine
* LGBTQ
* Literature
* LGBTQ
* Malandragem
* Music
* Mythology
* National symbols
* Newspapers
* Painting
* Public holidays
* Sculpture
* Science fiction
* Sports
* Television

Religion|

* Freedom of religion
* Baháʼí
* Buddhism
* Christianity
* Catholicism
* Armenian Catholic
* Maronite
* Melkite
* Ukrainian Catholic
* Eastern Orthodoxy
* Antiochian
* LDS
* Protestantism
* Islam
* Hinduism
* Judaism
* Syncretic Religions
* Candomblé
* Quimbanda
* Umbanda

* Outline
* Index

* Category
* Portal

* v
* t
* e

Ancestry and ethnicity in Brazil

| Brazil|

* Brazilians
* Indigenous peoples
* Mixed-race or mestiços
* ainokos
* pardos
* caboclos
* mamelucos
* Amazonian Jews
* cafuzos
* juçaras
* caiçaras
* mulatos
* sararás

|

Africa|

| By ethnicity|

* Black
* quilombolas
* Kalunga

|

West Africa

* Nigerian

Central Africa

* Angolan
* Congolese

Americas|

| North America|

* American (United States)

* Americana
* Confederados
* New Texas
* Santa Bárbara d'Oeste

* Canadian
* Mexican

|

Caribbean|

* Barbadian
* Cuban
* Haitian
* Jamaican

Central America|

* Costa Rican
* Guatemalan
* Honduran
* Nicaraguan
* Panamanian
* Salvadoran

South America|

* Argentine
* Bolivian
* Chilean
* Colombian
* Ecuadorian
* Guyanese
* Paraguayan
* Peruvian
* Surinamese
* Uruguayan
* Venezuelan

Asia|

| By ethnicity|

* Yellow (East Asian)

|

By country
or region|

| Eastern|

* Chinese
* Filipino
* Indonesian
* Japanese
* in São Paulo
* Korean
* Malaysian
* Thai
* Vietnamese

|

Southern|

* Bangladeshi
* East Indians
* Pakistani
* Romani

Central|

* Afghan

Western|

* Armenian
* Arab
* Iraqi
* Lebanese
* Palestinian
* Syrian
* Iranian
* Jewish
* Turkish

Europe|

| By ethnicity|

* White

|

By country
or region|

| Central|

* Austrian
* Czech
* German
* Hungarian
* Polish
* Swiss

|

Eastern|

* Belarusian
* Russian
* Ukrainian

Northern|

* Estonian
* Latvian
* Lithuanian
* Scandinavian

Southern|

* Bulgarian
* Croatian
* Greek
* Italian
* Macedonian
* Portuguese
* Romanian
* Spanish

Western|

* Belgian
* British (English and Scottish)
* Dutch
* French
* Irish
* Luxembourgian

Related topics|

* Demographics of Brazil
* Colonization
* Slave trade
* Immigration
* from Europe
* Emigration
* Racism

* v
* t
* e

Demographics of the Americas

Sovereign
states|

* Antigua and Barbuda
* Argentina
* Bahamas
* Barbados
* Belize
* Bolivia
* Brazil
* Canada
* Chile
* Colombia
* Costa Rica
* Cuba
* Dominica
* Dominican Republic
* Ecuador
* El Salvador
* Grenada
* Guatemala
* Guyana
* Haiti
* Honduras
* Jamaica
* Mexico
* Nicaragua
* Panama
* Paraguay
* Peru
* Saint Kitts and Nevis
* Saint Lucia
* Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
* Suriname
* Trinidad and Tobago
* United States
* Uruguay
* Venezuela

Dependencies
and territories|

* Anguilla
* Aruba
* Bermuda
* Bonaire
* British Virgin Islands
* Cayman Islands
* Curaçao
* Falkland Islands
* French Guiana
* Greenland
* Guadeloupe
* Martinique
* Montserrat
* Puerto Rico
* Saba
* Saint Barthélemy
* Saint Martin
* Saint Pierre and Miquelon
* Sint Eustatius
* Sint Maarten
* South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
* Turks and Caicos Islands
* U.S. Virgin Islands

* North America
* Central America
* Caribbean
*   * Latin America
*   * South America

* v
* t
* e

Lists of countries by population statistics

Global|

* Current population
* United Nations
* Demographics of the world

Continents/subregions|

* Africa
* Antarctica
* Asia
* Europe
* North America
* Caribbean
* Oceania
* South America

Intercontinental|

* Americas
* Arab world
* Commonwealth of Nations
* Eurasia
* European Union
* Islands
* Latin America
* Middle East

Cities/urban areas|

* World cities
* National capitals
* Megacities
* Megalopolises

Past and future|

* Past and future population
* Estimates of historical world population
* Human population projections
* 1
* 1000
* 1500
* 1600
* 1700
* 1800
* 1900
* 1939
* 1989
* 2000
* 2005
* 2010
* 2015
* Population milestones

Population density|

* Current density
* Past and future population density
* Person-to-arable land ratio

Growth indicators|

* Population growth rate
* Natural increase
* Net reproduction rate
* Number of births
* Number of deaths
* Birth rate
* Mortality rate
* Fertility rate
* Past fertility rate

Life expectancy|

* World
* Africa
* Asia
* Europe
* North America
* Oceania
* South America
* world regions
* past life expectancy

Other demographics|

* Age at childbearing
* Age at first marriage
* Age structure
* Dependency ratio
* Divorce rate
* Ethnic and cultural diversity level
* Ethnic composition
* Immigrant population
* Linguistic diversity
* Median age
* Net migration rate
* Number of households
* Religion / Irreligion
* Sex ratio
* Urban population
* Urbanization

Health|

* Antidepressant consumption
* Antiviral medications for pandemic influenza
* HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate
* Infant and under-five mortality rates
* Maternal mortality rate
* Obesity rate
* Percentage suffering from undernourishment
* Health expenditure by country by type of financing
* Suicide rate
* Total health expenditure per capita
* Health spending as % of GDP
* Body mass index (BMI)

Education and innovation|

* Bloomberg Innovation Index
* Education Index
* Global Innovation Index
* International Innovation Index
* Literacy rate
* Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies
* Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA)
* Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS)
* Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS)
* Tertiary education attainment
* World Intellectual Property Indicators

Economic|

* Access to financial services
* Development aid donors
* Official Development Assistance received
* Employment rate
* Irrigated land area
* Human Development Index
* by country
* inequality-adjusted
* planetary pressures–adjusted HDI
* Human Poverty Index
* Imports
* Exports
* Income equality
* Labour force
* Share of income of top 1%
* Number of millionaires (US dollars)
* Number of billionaires (US dollars)
* Percentage living in poverty
* Public sector
* Unemployment rate
* Wealth inequality

* List of international rankings
* Lists by country

Portals:

* Society
* Brazil

*[Pop.]: Population
*[±% p.a.]: Per annum growth rate
*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template