Demographics of Canada

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Demographics of Canada

Population pyramid of Canada in 2023

Population|  41,465,298[1] (2024 Q4 est.)
Growth rate|  0.66% (2025 est.)
Birth rate|  9.94 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Death rate| 8.12 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Life expectancy| 83.8 years
• male| 81.52 years
• female| 86.21 years (2022 est.)
Fertility rate| 1.26 children born/woman (2023 est.)
Infant mortality rate| 4.38 deaths/1,000 live births
Net migration rate| 5.46 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Age structure
0–14 years| 15.99%
65 and over| 18.98%
Sex ratio
Total| 0.98 male(s)/female (2022 est.)
At birth| 1.05 male(s)/female
Under 15| 1.06 male(s)/female
65 and over| 0.75 male(s)/female
Nationality
Nationality| Canadian
Major ethnic| White (69.8%)[2][3]
Minor ethnic| South Asian (7.1%)[3]
Indigenous (5%)[4]
Chinese (4.7%)[3]
Black (4.3%)[3]
Filipino (2.6%)[3]
Arab (1.9%)[3]
Latin American (1.6%)[3]
Southeast Asian (1.1%)[3]
West Asian (1%)[3]
Korean (0.6%)[3]
Japanese (0.3%)[3]
Multiracial/Other, excluding Métis (3.2%)[3]
Language
Official| English (55.97%)
French (20.61%)
Spoken| Mandarin (1.7%)
Cantonese (1.63%)
Punjabi (1.44%)
Spanish (1.32%)
Tagalog (1.24%)
Arabic (1.21%)
German (1.1%)
Italian (1.08%)
Others (12.7%)
Language figures are from the 2016 Canadian census and based on total number of first language speakers (mother tongue), and not total number of individuals who may speak the language as a second (L2), third (L3), or more language. See knowledge of languages for this information.

Statistics Canada conducts a country-wide census that collects demographic data every five years on the first and sixth year of each decade. The 2021 Canadian census enumerated a total population of 36,991,981, an increase of around 5.2 percent over the 2016 figure.[5] It is estimated that Canada's population surpassed 40 million in 2023 and 41 million in 2024.[6] Between 1990 and 2008, the population increased by 5.6 million, equivalent to 20.4 percent overall growth.[7] The main driver of population growth is immigration,[8][9] with 6.2% of the country's population being made up of temporary residents as of 2023,[10] or about 2.5 million people.[11] Between 2011 and May 2016, Canada's population grew by 1.7 million people, with immigrants accounting for two-thirds of the increase.[12]

Canada has one of the highest per-capita immigration rates in the world,[13] driven mainly by economic policy and, to a lesser extent, family reunification.[14][15] In 2021, a total of 405,330 immigrants were admitted to Canada. New immigrants to Canada settle mostly in major urban areas such as Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver.[16] Canada also accepts large numbers of refugees,[17] accounting for over 10 percent of annual global refugee resettlements.[18][19]

## History

[edit]

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2024)

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## Population

[edit]

Population density of Canadian provinces and territories

>25 people/km2

15–24.9 people/km2

10–14.9 people/km2

5–9.9 people/km2

1–4.9 people/km2

<1 people/km2

Main article: Population of Canada

The 2021 Canadian census had a total population count of 36,991,981 individuals, making up approximately 0.5% of the world's total population.[5][20] A population estimate for 2024 put the total number of people in Canada at 41,012,563.[21][22]

### Provinces and territories

[edit]

Main article: Population of Canada by province and territory

This table is an excerpt from Population of Canada by province and territory § Population at last census.[edit]

Provinces and territories. Population at last census. Density. Land area. Legislatures.[23] | Name  | 2021 census | Growth
(2016–2021)  | Land area
(km2) | Density
per (km2) | House[24] | Senate

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Pop. | %  | Seats  | %  | Seats  | %
1  | Ontario | 14,223,942  | 38.45%  | 5.8%  | 908,699.33  | 15.2  | 122  | 35.6%  | 24  | 22.9%
2  | Quebec | 8,501,833  | 22.98%  | 4.1%  | 1,356,625.27  | 6.5  | 78  | 22.7%  | 24  | 22.9%
3  | British Columbia | 5,000,879  | 13.52%  | 7.6%  | 922,503.01  | 5.4  | 43  | 12.5%  | 6  | 5.7%
4  | Alberta | 4,262,635  | 11.52%  | 4.8%  | 640,330.46  | 6.7  | 37  | 10.8%  | 6  | 5.7%
5  | Manitoba | 1,342,153  | 3.63%  | 5.0%  | 552,370.99  | 2.3  | 14  | 4.1%  | 6  | 5.7%
6  | Saskatchewan | 1,132,505  | 3.06%  | 3.1%  | 588,243.54  | 2.0  | 14  | 4.1%  | 6  | 5.7%
7  | Nova Scotia | 969,383  | 2.62%  | 5.0%  | 52,942.27  | 18.4  | 11  | 3.2%  | 10  | 9.5%
8  | New Brunswick | 775,610  | 2.09%  | 3.8%  | 71,388.81  | 10.9  | 10  | 2.9%  | 10  | 9.5%
9  | Newfoundland and Labrador | 510,550  | 1.38%  | −1.8%  | 370,514.08  | 1.4  | 7  | 2.0%  | 6  | 5.7%
10  | Prince Edward Island | 154,331  | 0.42%  | 8.0%  | 5,686.03  | 27.2  | 4  | 1.2%  | 4  | 3.8%
11  | Northwest Territories | 41,070  | 0.11%  | −1.7%  | 1,143,793.86  | 0.04  | 1  | 0.3%  | 1  | 0.95%
12  | Yukon | 40,232  | 0.11%  | 12.1%  | 474,712.68  | 0.08  | 1  | 0.3%  | 1  | 0.95%
13  | Nunavut | 36,858  | 0.10%  | 2.5%  | 1,877,778.53  | 0.02  | 1  | 0.3%  | 1  | 0.95%
Total  | Canada  | 36,991,981  | 100%  | 5.2%  | 8,965,588.85  | 4.2  | 343  | 100%  | 105  | 100%

#### Population distribution

[edit]

The vast majority of Canadians are positioned in a discontinuous band within approximately 300 km of the southern border with the United States; the most populated province is Ontario, followed by Quebec and British Columbia.[25][26][27]

#### Cities

[edit]

Main article: List of the largest municipalities in Canada by population

Largest cities or towns in Canada

2021 Census[28]

Rank | Name | Province |  Pop. | Rank | Name | Province |  Pop.
1 | Toronto | Ontario | 2,794,356 | 11 | Surrey | British Columbia | 568,322
2 | Montreal | Quebec | 1,762,949 | 12 | Quebec City | Quebec | 549,459
3 | Calgary | Alberta | 1,306,784 | 13 | Halifax | Nova Scotia | 439,819
4 | Ottawa | Ontario | 1,017,449 | 14 | Laval | Quebec | 438,366
5 | Edmonton | Alberta | 1,010,899 | 15 | London | Ontario | 422,324
6 | Winnipeg | Manitoba | 749,607 | 16 | Markham | Ontario | 338,503
7 | Mississauga | Ontario | 717,961 | 17 | Vaughan | Ontario | 323,103
8 | Vancouver | British Columbia | 662,248 | 18 | Gatineau | Quebec | 291,041
9 | Brampton | Ontario | 656,480 | 19 | Saskatoon | Saskatchewan | 266,141
10 | Hamilton | Ontario | 569,353 | 20 | Kitchener | Ontario | 256,885

#### Census metropolitan areas

[edit]

Main article: List of census metropolitan areas and agglomerations in Canada

* v
* t
* e

Largest metropolitan areas in Canada

2021 Canadian census[29]

Rank | Name | Province |  Pop. | Rank | Name | Province |  Pop.
1 | Toronto | Ontario | 6,202,225 | 11 | London | Ontario | 543,551
2 | Montreal | Quebec | 4,291,732 | 12 | Halifax | Nova Scotia | 465,703
3 | Vancouver | British Columbia | 2,642,825 | 13 | Niagara Region | Ontario | 433,604
4 | Ottawa–Gatineau | Ontario–Quebec | 1,488,307 | 14 | Windsor | Ontario | 422,630
5 | Calgary | Alberta | 1,481,806 | 15 | Oshawa | Ontario | 415,311
6 | Edmonton | Alberta | 1,418,118 | 16 | Victoria | British Columbia | 397,237
7 | Quebec City | Quebec | 839,311 | 17 | Saskatoon | Saskatchewan | 317,480
8 | Winnipeg | Manitoba | 834,678 | 18 | Regina | Saskatchewan | 249,217
9 | Hamilton | Ontario | 785,184 | 19 | Sherbrooke | Quebec | 227,398
10 | Waterloo Region | Ontario | 575,847 | 20 | Kelowna | British Columbia | 222,162

### Fertility rate

[edit]

Total fertility rate of Canada from 1861 to 2016

The total fertility rate is the number of children born in a specific year cohort to the total number of women who can give birth in the country.

In 1971, the birth rate for the first time dipped below replacement[30][31] and since then has not rebounded.[30]

Canada's fertility rate hit a record low of 1.4 children born per woman in 2020,[32] below the population replacement level, which stands at 2.1 births per woman. In 2020, Canada also experienced the country's lowest number of births in 15 years,[32] also seeing the largest annual drop in childbirths (−3.6%) in a quarter of a century.[32] The total birth rate is 10.17 births/1,000 population in 2022.[22]

Total fertility rate  | Years[33]

|

1861  | 1862  | 1863  | 1864  | 1865  | 1866  | 1867  | 1868  | 1869  | 1870
5.72  | 5.63  | 5.54  | 5.44  | 5.35  | 5.26  | 5.17  | 5.07  | 4.98  | 4.89
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1871  | 1872  | 1873  | 1874  | 1875  | 1876  | 1877  | 1878  | 1879  | 1880
4.83  | 4.77  | 4.75  | 4.72  | 4.7  | 4.68  | 4.65  | 4.63  | 4.6  | 4.53
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1881  | 1882  | 1883  | 1884  | 1885  | 1886  | 1887  | 1888  | 1899  | 1890
4.56  | 4.52  | 4.49  | 4.45  | 4.42  | 4.38  | 4.35  | 4.31  | 4.27  | 4.24
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1891  | 1892  | 1893  | 1894  | 1895  | 1896  | 1897  | 1898  | 1899  | 1900
4.2  | 4.19  | 4.17  | 4.15  | 4.13  | 4.11  | 4.1  | 4.08  | 4.06  | 4.04
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1901  | 1902  | 1903  | 1904  | 1905  | 1906  | 1907  | 1908  | 1909  | 1910
4.02  | 4.03  | 4.03  | 4.03  | 4.03  | 4.04  | 4.04  | 4.04  | 4.04  | 4.05
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1911  | 1912  | 1913  | 1914  | 1915  | 1916  | 1917  | 1918  | 1919  | 1920
4.05  | 4  | 3.95  | 3.89  | 3.84  | 3.79  | 3.74  | 3.68  | 3.63  | 3.58
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1921  | 1922  | 1923  | 1924  | 1925  | 1926  | 1927  | 1928  | 1929  | 1930
3.53  | 3.4  | 3.23  | 3.22  | 3.13  | 3.35  | 3.32  | 3.29  | 3.22  | 3.28
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1931  | 1932  | 1933  | 1934  | 1935  | 1936  | 1937  | 1938  | 1939  | 1940
3.19  | 3.08  | 2.86  | 2.8  | 2.75  | 2.69  | 2.64  | 2.7  | 2.65  | 2.76
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1941  | 1942  | 1943  | 1944  | 1945  | 1946  | 1947  | 1948  | 1949  | 1950
2.82  | 2.96  | 3.04  | 3  | 3.01  | 3.37  | 3.59  | 3.44  | 3.45  | 3.45
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1961  | 1971  | 1981  | 1991  | 2001  | 2006  | 2011  | 2016  | 2021  | \-
3.81  | 2.11  | 1.65  | 1.67  | 1.52  | 1.6  | 1.63  | 1.58  | 1.46  | –

#### Total fertility rates by provinces and territories

[edit]

2023[34] Province/Territory  | TFR

|

Nunavut | 2.48
Saskatchewan | 1.63
Manitoba | 1.52
Alberta | 1.41
Northwest Territories | 1.39
Quebec | 1.38
Canada | 1.26
New Brunswick | 1.24
Ontario | 1.22
Prince Edward Island | 1.16
Newfoundland and Labrador | 1.08
Nova Scotia | 1.05
Yukon | 1.01
British Columbia | 1.00

#### Mother's mean age at first birth

[edit]

Canada is among late-childbearing countries, with the average age of mothers at the first birth being 31.3 years in 2020.[9]

Average age of childbirth at first birth[31] | Year

|

1945  | 1946  | 1947  | 1948  | 1949  | 1950  | 1951  | 1952  | 1953  | 1954  | 1955
25.2  | 25.1  | 24.9  | 24.7  | 24.6  | 24.5  | 24.3  | 24.2  | 24.2  | 24.1  | 24.1
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1956  | 1957  | 1958  | 1959  | 1960  | 1961  | 1962  | 1963  | 1964  | 1965  | 1966
24  | 23.9  | 23.8  | 23.7  | 23.7  | 23.6  | 23.6  | 23.6  | 23.6  | 23.5  | 23.5
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1967  | 1968  | 1969  | 1970  | 1971  | 1972  | 1973  | 1974  | 1975  | 1976  | 1977
23.6  | 23.6  | 23.7  | 23.7  | 23.9  | 24  | 24.1  | 24.3  | 24.3  | 24.4  | 24.5
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1978  | 1979  | 1980  | 1981  | 1982  | 1983  | 1984  | 1985  | 1986  | 1987  | 1988
24.7  | 24.8  | 24.9  | 25  | 25.1  | 25.3  | 25.4  | 25.5  | 25.6  | 25.7  | 25.8
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1989  | 1990  | 1991  | 1992  | 1993  | 1994  | 1995  | 1996  | 1997  | 1998  | 1999
25.8  | 25.9  | 25.9  | 26.1  | 26.3  | 26.2  | 26.3  | 26.5  | 26.7  | 26.8  | 27
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
2000  | 2001  | 2002  | 2003  | 2004  | 2005  | 2006  | 2007  | 2008  | 2009  | 2010
27.1  | 27.3  | 27.5  | 27.8  | 27.9  | 28  | 28  | 28.1  | 28.1  | 28.2  | 28.4
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
2011  |
28.5

### Historical population

[edit]

Historical population (since Confederation)Year| Pop.| ±%

|
|

1871| 3,689,257| —
1881| 4,324,810| +17.2%
1891| 4,833,239| +11.8%
1901| 5,371,315| +11.1%
1911| 7,206,643| +34.2%
1921| 8,787,949| +21.9%
1931| 10,374,196| +18.1%
1941| 11,506,655| +10.9%
1951| 14,009,429| +21.8%
1956| 16,080,791| +14.8%
1961| 18,238,247| +13.4%
1971| 21,568,311| +18.3%
1976| 22,992,604| +6.6%
1981| 24,343,181| +5.9%
1986| 25,309,331| +4.0%
1991| 27,296,859| +7.9%
1996| 28,846,761| +5.7%
2001| 30,007,094| +4.0%
2006| 31,612,897| +5.4%
2011| 33,476,688| +5.9%
2016| 35,151,728| +5.0%
2021| 36,991,981| +5.2%

### Population projection

[edit]

Map of Canadian provinces and territories by population growth rate (2016–2021).

< 4.0%

4.0%–7.0%

7.0%–10.0%

> 10.0%

population decline

According to Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)/World Bank, the population in Canada increased from 1990 to 2008 with 5.6 million and 20.4% growth in population, compared to 21.7% growth in the United States and 31.2% growth in Mexico. According to the OECD/World Bank population statistics, for the same period the world population growth was 27%, a total of 1,423 million people.[35] However, over the same period, the population of France grew by 8.0%. And from 1991 to 2011, the population of the UK increased by 10.0%.

The current population growth rate for Canada in 2022 was 0.75%.[22]

Population projections – High-growth scenario (Statistics Canada)Year| Pop.| ±%

|
|

2021| 39,110,000| —
2031| 44,430,000| +13.6%
2041| 49,900,000| +12.3%
2051| 56,070,000| +12.4%
2061| 63,000,000| +12.4%
[36]

Canada population
projection, 2010 est.
(US Census Bureau)Year| Pop.| ±%

|
|

2020| 36,387,000| —
2030| 38,565,000| +6.0%
2040| 40,070,000| +3.9%
2050| 41,136,000| +2.7%
[37]

Immigration projections
projection, 2020 est.Year| Pop.| ±%

|
|

2020| 341,000| —
2021| 401,000[38][39]| +17.6%
2022| 411,000[38][39]| +2.5%
2023| 421,000[38][39]| +2.4%

### Life expectancy

[edit]

Life expectancy in Canada has consistently risen since the country's formation.

Life expectancy in Canada since 1831 Life expectancy in Canada since 1960 by gender Life expectancy  | Year[40]

|

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1831  | 1841  | 1851  | 1861  | 1871  | 1881  | 1891  | 1901  | 1911
39.0  | 40.3  | 41.0  | 41.6  | 42.6  | 44.7  | 45.2  | 48.6  | 52.5
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1921  | 1922  | 1923  | 1924  | 1925  | 1926  | 1927  | 1928  | 1929
57.0  | 57.0  | 56.9  | 58.8  | 59.2  | 57.2  | 58.6  | 58.4  | 57.9
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1930  | 1931  | 1932  | 1933  | 1934  | 1935  | 1936  | 1937  | 1938  | 1939
58.9  | 60.3  | 61.4  | 62.3  | 62.7  | 62.4  | 62.7  | 61.3  | 63.3  | 63.7
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1940  | 1941  | 1942  | 1943  | 1944  | 1945  | 1946  | 1947  | 1948  | 1949
64.0  | 63.7  | 64.6  | 64.6  | 65.3  | 66.3  | 66.5  | 66.7  | 67.3  | 67.6
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1950  | 1950–55  | 1955–60  | 1960–65  | 1965–70  | 1970–75  | 1975–80  | 1980–85  | 1985–90
68.2  | 69.1  | 70.3  | 71.3  | 72.2  | 73.0  | 74.3  | 75.9  | 76.8  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1990–95  | 1995–2000  | 2000–2005  | 2005–2010  | 2010–2015  | 2015–2020  |
77.8  | 78.6  | 79.7  | 80.8  | 81.8  | 83.7

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

total: 16 years
male: 16 years
female: 17 years (2016)

Infant mortality rate

total: 4.5 deaths/1,000 live births. Country comparison to the world: 180th
male: 4.8 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 4.2 deaths/1,000 live births (2017 est.)
Population pyramid of Canada over time from 1950 to 2020

### Age characteristics

[edit]

Main article: Aging in Canada

Population by Sex and Age Group (Census 10.V.2016) (To ensure confidentiality, the values, including totals are randomly rounded either up or down to a multiple of '5' or '10.' As a result, when these data are summed or grouped, the total value may not match the individual values since totals and sub-totals are independently rounded. Similarly, percentages, which are calculated on rounded data, may not necessarily add up to 100%.):[41]

Age Group  | Male  | Female  | Total  | %

|
|
|
|

Total  | 17 264 200  | 17 887 530  | 35 151 730  | 100
0–4  | 973 030  | 925 760  | 1 898 790  | 5.40
5–9  | 1 034 685  | 983 445  | 2 018 130  | 5.74
10–14  | 985 200  | 937 445  | 1 922 645  | 5.47
15–19  | 1 039 215  | 986 940  | 2 026 160  | 5.76
20–24  | 1 144 495  | 1 098 200  | 2 242 695  | 6.38
25–29  | 1 144 475  | 1 141 515  | 2 285 990  | 6.50
30–34  | 1 148 290  | 1 181 105  | 2 329 400  | 6.63
35–39  | 1 118 635  | 1 169 730  | 2 288 365  | 6.51
40–44  | 1 104 445  | 1 150 690  | 2 255 135  | 6.42
45–49  | 1 157 755  | 1 202 205  | 2 359 965  | 6.71
50–54  | 1 318 755  | 1 359 320  | 2 678 070  | 7.62
55–59  | 1 285 190  | 1 335 050  | 2 620 240  | 7.45
60–64  | 1 114 880  | 1 175 630  | 2 290 510  | 6.52
65–69  | 953 070  | 1 019 405  | 1 972 475  | 5.61
70–74  | 677 975  | 742 900  | 1 420 875  | 4.04
75–79  | 469 550  | 552 305  | 1 021 850  | 2.91
80–84  | 325 760  | 423 885  | 749 645  | 2.13
85–89  | 185 535  | 296 985  | 482 525  | 1.37
90–94  | 68 675  | 154 835  | 223 505  | 0.64
95–99  | 13 245  | 43 280  | 56 525  | 0.16
100+  | 1 340  | 6 895  | 8 230  | 0.02
Age group  | Male  | Female  | Total  | Percent
0–14  | 2 992 915  | 2 846 650  | 5 839 565  | 16.61
15–64  | 11 576 135  | 11 800 390  | 23 376 525  | 66.50
65+  | 2 695 150  | 3 240 490  | 5 935 640  | 16.89

Age structure[22]

0–14 years: 15.99% (male 3,094,008/female 2,931,953)
15–24 years: 11.14% (male 2,167,013/female 2,032,064)
25–54 years: 39.81% (male 7,527,554/female 7,478,737)
55–64 years: 14.08% (male 2,624,474/female 2,682,858)
65 years and over: 18.98% (male 3,274,298/female 3,881,126) (2020 est.)

Median age

total: 41.8 years. Country comparison to the world: 40th
male: 40.6 years
female: 42.9 years (2020 est.)
Median age in 2011
total: 40.6 years
male: 39.6 years
female: 41.5 years (2011)

Median age by province and territory in 2011[42]

1. Newfoundland and Labrador: 44.0
2. Nova Scotia: 43.7
3. New Brunswick: 43.7
4. Prince Edward Island: 42.8
5. Quebec: 41.9
6. British Columbia: 41.9
7. Ontario: 40.4
8. Yukon: 39.1
9. Manitoba: 38.4
10. Saskatchewan: 38.2
11. Alberta: 36.5
12. Northwest Territories: 32.3
13. Nunavut: 24.1

### Sex ratio

[edit]

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

0–14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female

15–24 years: 1.06 male(s)/female

25–54 years: 1.01 male(s)/female

55–64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.75 male(s)/female

total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2022 est).

Dependency ratios

total dependency ratio: 47.3
youth dependency ratio: 23.5
elderly dependency ratio: 23.8
potential support ratio: 4.2 (2015 est.)

## Vital statistics

[edit]

[43][44][45][46] | Average population (on July 1)  | Live births  | Deaths  | Natural change  | Birth rate (per 1,000)  | Death rate (per 1,000)  | Natural change (per 1,000)  | Crude Migration change (per 1,000)  | Total fertility rate[a][30][22]

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

1900  | 5,500,000  | 150,000  | 89,000 | 61,000  | 27.2 | 16.2 | 11.0 |  |
1901  | 5,600,000  | 175,000 | 79,000 | 96,000  | 31.2 | 14.1 | 17.1 | 0.8 |
1902  | 5,760,000  | 180,000  | 77,000  | 103,000  | 31.3 | 13.4 | 17.9 | 9.9 | 4.8
1903  | 5,930,000  | 186,000 | 78,000 | 108,000  | 31.3 | 13.2 | 18.1 | 10.6 |
1904  | 6,100,000  | 192,000 | 82,000 | 110,000  | 31.4 | 13.5 | 17.9 | 10.0 |
1905  | 6,280,000  | 195,000 | 82,000 | 113,000  | 31.0 | 13.0 | 18.0 | 10.7 |
1906  | 6,460,000  | 193,000 | 85,000 | 108,000  | 29.9 | 13.2 | 16.7 | 11.2 |
1907  | 6,650,000  | 196,000 | 85,000 | 111,000  | 29.5 | 12.8 | 16.7 | 11.9 | 4.74
1908  | 6,850,000  | 208,000 | 86,000 | 122,000  | 30.3 | 12.6 | 17.7 | 11.5 |
1909  | 7,040,000  | 213,000 | 90,000 | 123,000  | 30.2 | 12.8 | 17.4 | 9.6 |
1910  | 7,250,000  | 220,000 | 95,000 | 125,000  | 30.4 | 13.1 | 17.3 | 11.7 |
1911  | 7,460,000  | 225,000 | 100,000 | 125,000  | 30.1 | 13.4 | 16.7 | 11.5 | 4.7
1912  | 7,610,000  | 238,000 | 99,000 | 139,000  | 31.3 | 13.0 | 19.3 | 0.4 | 4.62
1913  | 7,760,000  | 246,000 | 102,000 | 144,000  | 31.7 | 13.1 | 19.6 | −0.3 |
1914  | 7,910,000  | 252,000 | 100,000 | 152,000  | 31.9 | 12.6 | 19.3 | −0.3 |
1915  | 8,060,000  | 257,000 | 101,000 | 156,000  | 31.9 | 12.5 | 19.4 | −0.8 |
1916  | 8,220,000  | 252,000 | 107,000 | 145,000  | 30.7 | 13.0 | 17.7 | 1.8 |
1917  | 8,380,000  | 244,000 | 106,000 | 138,000  | 29.1 | 12.7 | 16.4 | 2.7 | 4.26
1918  | 8,450,000  | 243,000 | 134,000 | 109,000  | 28.8 | 15.9 | 12.9 | −4.6 |
1919  | 8,710,000  | 241,000 | 119,000 | 122,000  | 27.7 | 13.7 | 14.0 | 15.9 |
1920  | 8,880,000  | 259,000 | 118,000 | 141,000  | 29.2 | 13.3 | 15.9 | 3.2 |
1921  | 9,060,000  | 265,000 | 105,000 | 160,000  | 29.3 | 11.6 | 17.7 | 2.2 | 3.98
1922  | 9,230,000  | 261,000 | 107,000 | 154,000  | 28.3 | 11.6 | 16.7 | 1.7 | 3.86
1923  | 9,400,000  | 251,000 | 111,000 | 140,000  | 26.7 | 11.8 | 14.9 | 3.2 |
1924  | 9,560,000  | 255,000 | 104,000 | 151,000  | 26.7 | 10.9 | 15.8 | 0.9 |
1925  | 9,730,000  | 254,000 | 104,000 | 150,000  | 26.1 | 10.7 | 15.4 | 2.1 |
1926  | 9,890,000  | 244,000 | 113,000 | 131,000  | 24.7 | 11.4 | 13.3 | 2.9 |
1927  | 10,040,000  | 244,000 | 110,000 | 134,000  | 24.3 | 11.0 | 13.3 | 1.6 | 3.32
1928  | 10,190,000  | 246,000 | 114,000 | 132,000  | 24.1 | 11.2 | 12.9 | 1.8 |
1929  | 10,350,000  | 243,000 | 118,000 | 125,000  | 23.5 | 11.4 | 12.1 | 3.4 | 3.22
1930  | 10,498,000  | 251,000 | 113,000 | 138,000  | 23.9 | 10.8 | 13.1 | 1.0 | 3.28
1931  | 10,630,000  | 247,000 | 108,000 | 139,000  | 23.2 | 10.2 | 13.0 | −0.6 | 3.2
1932  | 10,794,000  | 243,000 | 108,000 | 135,000  | 22.5 | 10.0 | 12.5 | 2.7 | 3.08
1933  | 10,919,000  | 229,000 | 106,000 | 123,000  | 21.0 | 9.7 | 11.3 | 0.1 | 2.86
1934  | 11,029,000  | 228,296 | 105,277 | 123,019  | 20.7 | 9.5 | 11.2 | −1.2 | 2.8
1935  | 11,135,000  | 228,396 | 109,724 | 118,672  | 20.5 | 9.9 | 10.6 | −1.1 | 2.76
1936  | 11,242,000  | 227,980 | 111,111 | 116,869  | 20.3 | 9.9 | 10.4 | −0.9 | 2.70
1937  | 11,339,000  | 227,878 | 118,019 | 109,859  | 20.1 | 10.4 | 9.7 | −1.1 | 2.65
1938  | 11,448,000  | 237,091 | 110,647 | 126,444  | 20.7 | 9.7 | 11.0 | −1.5 | 2.70
1939  | 11,565,000  | 237,991 | 112,729 | 125,262  | 20.6 | 9.7 | 10.9 | −0.8 | 2.65
1940  | 11,682,000  | 252,577 | 114,717 | 137,860  | 21.6 | 9.8 | 11.8 | −1.8 | 2.77
1941  | 11,810,000  | 263,993 | 118,797 | 145,196  | 22.4 | 10.1 | 12.3 | −1.5 | 2.83
1942  | 11,962,000  | 281,569 | 117,110 | 164,459  | 23.5 | 9.8 | 13.7 | −1.0 | 2.96
1943  | 12,125,000  | 292,943 | 122,640 | 170,303  | 24.2 | 10.1 | 14.1 | −0.7 | 3.04
1944  | 12,291,000  | 283,967 | 120,393 | 163,574  | 24.0 | 9.8 | 14.2 | −0.7 | 3.01
1945  | 12,441,000  | 300,570 | 117,319 | 183,251  | 24.3 | 9.5 | 14.8 | −2.7 | 3.02
1946  | 12,316,000  | 331,471 | 115,358 | 216,113  | 26.9 | 9.4 | 17.5 | −27.6 | 3.37
1947  | 12,576,000  | 359,943 | 118,157 | 241,786  | 28.6 | 9.4 | 19.2 | 1.5 | 3.60
1948  | 12,852,000  | 348,226 | 119,866 | 228,360  | 27.1 | 9.3 | 17.8 | 3.7 | 3.44
1949  | 13,475,000  | 367,092 | 124,567 | 242,525  | 27.2 | 9.2 | 18.0 | 28.2 | 3.46
1950  | 13,737,000  | 372,009 | 124,220 | 247,789  | 27.1 | 9.0 | 18.0 | 1.1 | 3.46
1951  | 14,050,000  | 381,092 | 125,823 | 255,269  | 27.1 | 9.0 | 18.2 | 4.1 | 3.50
1952  | 14,496,000  | 403,559 | 126,385 | 277,174  | 27.8 | 8.7 | 19.1 | 11.7 | 3.64
1953  | 14,886,000  | 417,884 | 127,791 | 290,093  | 28.1 | 8.6 | 19.5 | 6.7 | 3.72
1954  | 15,330,000  | 436,198 | 124,855 | 311,343  | 28.5 | 8.1 | 20.3 | 8.7 | 3.83
1955  | 15,736,000  | 442,937 | 128,476 | 314,461  | 28.1 | 8.2 | 20.0 | 5.8 | 3.83
1956  | 16,123,000  | 450,739 | 131,961 | 318,778  | 28.0 | 8.2 | 19.8 | 4.2 | 3.86
1957  | 16,677,000  | 469,093 | 136,579 | 332,514  | 28.1 | 8.2 | 19.9 | 13.3 | 3.93
1958  | 17,120,000  | 470,118 | 135,201 | 334,917  | 27.5 | 7.9 | 19.6 | 6.3 | 3.88
1959  | 17,522,000  | 479,275  | 139,913 | 339,362  | 27.4 | 8.0 | 19.4 | 3.5 | 3.94
1960  | 17,909,000  | 478,551 | 139,693 | 338,858  | 26.7 | 7.8 | 18.9 | 2.7 | 3.895
1961  | 18,271,000  | 475,700 | 140,985 | 334,715  | 26.0 | 7.7 | 18.3 | 1.5 | 3.840
1962  | 18,614,000  | 469,693 | 143,699 | 325,994  | 25.2 | 7.7 | 17.5 | 0.9 | 3.767
1963  | 18,964,000  | 465,767 | 147,367 | 318,400  | 24.6 | 7.8 | 16.8 | 1.7 | 3.694
1964  | 19,325,000  | 452,915 | 145,850 | 307,065  | 23.4 | 7.5 | 15.9 | 2.8 | 3.449
1965  | 19,678,000  | 418,595 | 148,939 | 269,656  | 21.3 | 7.6 | 13.7 | 4.2 | 3.192
1966  | 20,048,000  | 387,710 | 149,863 | 237,847  | 19.3 | 7.5 | 11.9 | 6.6 | 2.749
1967  | 20,412,000  | 370,894 | 150,283 | 220,611  | 18.2 | 7.4 | 10.8 | 7.0 | 2.528
1968  | 20,729,000  | 364,310 | 153,196 | 211,114  | 17.6 | 7.4 | 10.2 | 5.1 | 2.386
1969  | 21,028,000  | 369,647 | 154,477 | 215,170  | 17.6 | 7.3 | 10.2 | 4.0 | 2.334
1970  | 21,324,000  | 371,988 | 155,961 | 216,027  | 17.4 | 7.3 | 10.1 | 3.8 | 2.258
1971  | 21,962,032  | 362,187 | 157,272 | 204,915  | 16.5 | 7.2 | 9.3 | 19.8 | 2.141
1972  | 22,218,463  | 347,319 | 162,413 | 184,906  | 15.6 | 7.3 | 8.3 | 3.2 | 1.98
1973  | 22,491,777  | 343,373 | 164,039 | 179,334  | 15.3 | 7.3 | 8.0 | 4.2 | 1.89
1974  | 22,807,969  | 350,650 | 166,794 | 183,856  | 15.4 | 7.3 | 8.1 | 5.8 | 1.837
1975  | 23,143,275  | 359,323 | 167,176 | 192,147  | 15.5 | 7.2 | 8.3 | 6.2 | 1.824
1976  | 23,449,808  | 359,987 | 167,009 | 192,978  | 15.4 | 7.1 | 8.2 | 4.9 | 1.796
1977  | 23,725,843  | 361,400 | 167,498 | 193,902  | 15.2 | 7.1 | 8.2 | 3.4 | 1.782
1978  | 23,963,203  | 358,852 | 168,179 | 190,673  | 15.0  | 7.0 | 8.0 | 1.9 | 1.768
1979  | 24,201,544  | 366,064 | 168,183 | 197,881  | 15.1 | 6.9 | 8.2 | 1.6 | 1.754
1980  | 24,515,667  | 370,709 | 171,473 | 199,236  | 15.1 | 7.0 | 8.1 | 4.7 | 1.74
1981  | 24,819,915  | 371,346 | 171,029 | 200,317  | 15.0 | 6.9 | 8.1 | 4.2 | 1.7
1982  | 25,116,942  | 373,082 | 174,413 | 198,669  | 14.9 | 6.9 | 7.9 | 3.9 | 1.69
1983  | 25,366,451  | 373,689 | 174,484 | 199,205  | 14.7 | 6.9 | 7.9 | 1.9 | 1.68
1984  | 25,607,053  | 377,031 | 175,727 | 201,304  | 14.7 | 6.9 | 7.9 | 1.5 | 1.65
1985  | 25,842,116  | 375,727 | 181,323 | 194,404  | 14.5 | 7.0 | 7.5 | 1.6 | 1.67
1986  | 26,100,278  | 372,913 | 184,224 | 188,689  | 14.3 | 7.1 | 7.2 | 2.7 | 1.675
1987  | 26,446,601  | 369,742 | 184,953 | 184,789  | 14.0 | 7.0 | 7.0 | 6.1 | 1.68
1988  | 26,791,747  | 376,795 | 190,011 | 186,784  | 14.1 | 7.1 | 7.0 | 5.9 | 1.68
1989  | 27,276,781  | 392,661 | 190,965 | 201,696  | 14.4 | 7.0 | 7.4 | 10.4 | 1.77
1990  | 27,691,138  | 405,486 | 191,973 | 213,513  | 14.6 | 6.9 | 7.7 | 7.3 | 1.83
1991  | 28,037,420  | 403,816 | 195,569 | 208,247  | 14.4 | 7.0 | 7.4 | 5.0 | 1.72
1992  | 28,371,264  | 399,109 | 196,535 | 202,574  | 14.1 | 6.9 | 7.1 | 4.7 | 1.71
1993  | 28,684,764  | 389,037 | 204,912 | 184,125  | 13.5 | 7.1 | 6.4 | 4.5 | 1.68
1994  | 29,000,663  | 386,243 | 207,077 | 179,166  | 13.3 | 7.1 | 6.1 | 4.8 | 1.69
1995  | 29,302,311  | 378,685 | 210,733 | 167,952  | 12.9 | 7.2 | 5.7 | 4.6 | 1.67
1996  | 29,610,218  | 366,833 | 212,880 | 153,953  | 12.4 | 7.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 1.63
1997  | 29,905,948  | 349,543 | 215,669 | 133,874  | 11.7 | 7.2 | 4.4 | 5.5 | 1.57
1998  | 30,155,173  | 342,966 | 218,091 | 124,875  | 11.4 | 7.2 | 4.1 | 4.2 | 1.56
1999  | 30,401,286  | 337,821 | 219,530 | 118,291  | 11.1 | 7.2 | 3.9 | 4.2 | 1.54
2000  | 30,685,730  | 328,596 | 218,062 | 110,534  | 10.7 | 7.1 | 3.6 | 5.7 | 1.51
2001  | 31,020,902  | 334,615 | 219,538 | 115,077  | 10.8 | 7.1 | 3.7 | 7.1 | 1.54
2002  | 31,360,079  | 329,894 | 223,603 | 106,291  | 10.5 | 7.1 | 3.4 | 7.4 | 1.51
2003  | 31,644,028  | 336,352 | 226,169 | 110,183  | 10.6 | 7.1 | 3.4 | 5.6 | 1.54
2004  | 31,940,655  | 339,012 | 226,584 | 112,428  | 10.6 | 7.1 | 3.5 | 5.8 | 1.55
2005  | 32,243,753  | 345,365 | 230,132 | 115,233  | 10.6 | 7.1 | 3.5 | 5.9 | 1.57
2006  | 32,571,174  | 357,921 | 228,079 | 129,842  | 10.9 | 7.0 | 3.9 | 6.2 | 1.61
2007  | 32,888,886  | 370,369 | 235,217 | 135,152  | 11.2 | 7.2 | 4.0 | 5.7 | 1.66
2008  | 33,247,298  | 381,860 | 238,617 | 143,243  | 11.4 | 7.2 | 4.2 | 6.6 | 1.69
2009  | 33,630,069  | 384,651 | 238,418 | 146,233  | 11.3 | 7.1 | 4.2 | 7.2 | 1.68
2010  | 34,005,905  | 379,191 | 240,075 | 139,116  | 11.1 | 7.1 | 4.0 | 7.1 | 1.64
2011  | 34,339,221  | 379,244 | 243,511 | 135,733  | 11.0 | 7.1 | 3.9 | 5.9 | 1.62
2012  | 34,713,395  | 383,101 | 246,596 | 136,505  | 11.0 | 7.1 | 3.9 | 7.0 | 1.62
2013  | 35,080,992  | 381,054 | 252,338 | 128,716  | 10.8 | 7.2 | 3.6 | 7.0 | 1.60
2014  | 35,434,066  | 384,577 | 258,821 | 125,756  | 10.8 | 7.3 | 3.5 | 6.5 | 1.61
2015  | 35,704,498  | 382,979 | 264,333 | 118,646  | 10.7 | 7.4 | 3.3 | 4.1 | 1.60
2016  | 36,110,803  | 384,023 | 267,213 | 116,810  | 10.6 | 7.4 | 3.2 | 8.1 | 1.59
2017  | 36,545,075  | 377,627 | 278,298 | 99,329  | 10.3 | 7.6 | 2.7 | 9.2 | 1.54
2018  | 37,072,620  | 374,617 | 285,675 | 88,942  | 10.1 | 7.7 | 2.4 | 12.0 | 1.50
2019  | 37,618,495  | 372,978 | 285,270 | 87,708  | 9.9 | 7.6 | 2.3 | 12.4 | 1.47
2020  | 38,028,638  | 360,552 | 307,205 | 53,347  | 9.4 | 8.1 | 1.3 | 9.4 | 1.41
2021  | 38,239,864  | 369,721 | 311,942 | 57,779  | 9.5 | 8.0 | 1.5 | 4.2 | 1.44
2022  | 38,939,056  | 351,679 | 326,483 | 25,196  | 9.0 | 8.4 | 0.6 | 17.6 | 1.33
2023  | 40,097,761  | 351,878 | 337,708 | 14,170  | 8.8 | 8.4 | 0.4 | 29.0 | 1.26
2024  | 41,288,599  | 365,567 | 345,829 | 18,757  | 8.9 | 8.4 | 0.5 | 28.4 | 1.26(e)

### Current vital statistics

[edit]

Period  | Live births  | Deaths  | Natural increase

|
|
|

January–March 2024  | 86,739  | 92,041  | −5,302
January–March 2025  | 88,591  | 94,219  | -5,628
Difference  |  +1,852 (+2.1%)  |  +2,178 (+2.4%)  |  −326
Source:[47]

Note: all numbers in this table are provisional. While data for at least two years ago may be final, newer data for recent days are subject to change in the future. For example, as of September 25, 2024, The numbers are final up to December 2021, updated from January 2022 to March 2024 and preliminary from April 2024.

## Employment

[edit]

Canadian Unemployment Rates, June 2025

Age |  |  | Unemployment Rate
15-24 |

| 14.2%
25-54 |

| 5.8%
55+ |

| 4.5%
Total (15+) |

| 6.9%

Unemployment Rates, June 2025[48] Age Group  | Percent Unemployed

|

Youth (15–24)  | 14.2%
Core-age (25–54)  | 5.8%
55+  | 5.4%
Total (15+)  | 6.9%

Unemployment, youth ages 15–24 (2020 est.)

total: 20.2%
male: 20.9%
female: 19.4%

## Ethnicity and visible minorities

[edit]

Main article: Ethnic origins of people in Canada

### Canadians as ethnic group by province

[edit]

All citizens of Canada are classified as "Canadians" as defined by Canada's nationality laws. "Canadian" as an ethnic group has since 1996 been added to census questionnaires for possible ancestral origin or descent. "Canadian" was included as an example on the English questionnaire and "Canadien" as an example on the French questionnaire.[49] The majority of respondents to this selection are from the eastern part of the country that was first settled. Respondents generally are visibly European (Anglophones and Francophones) and no longer self-identify directly with their ethnic ancestral origins. This response is attributed to a multitude of reasons such as generational distance from ancestral lineage, intermarriage with variety of ethnic groups, and loss of ancestral language.[50][51]

Province / Territory | Percent Canadians  | Total Canadians

|
|

Alberta | 22.7%  | 902,310
British Columbia | 19.0%  | 866,530
Manitoba | 18.2%  | 232,660
New Brunswick | 57.8%  | 415,810
Newfoundland and Labrador | 43.4%  | 271,345
Nova Scotia | 42.6%  | 387,360
Ontario | 23.5%  | 3,109,770
Prince Edward Island | 45.0%  | 60,000
Quebec | 60.1%  | 4,474,115
Saskatchewan | 25.0%  | 274,580
Canada total | 32.3% | 11,136,134

### Ethnic origin

[edit]

Main article: Ethnic origins of people in Canada

Canada visible minority, aboriginal and Caucasian (assumed for 1981 to 2016) population as a percentage of the total population over time Visible minorities over time including projections Visible minorities as a population pyramid in total in 2016

According to the 2021 Canadian census, over 450 "ethnic or cultural origins" were self-reported by Canadians.[52] The major panethnic groups chosen were; European (52.5%), North American (22.9%), Asian (19.3%), North American Indigenous (6.1%), African (3.8%), Latin, Central and South American (2.5%), Caribbean (2.1%), Oceanian (0.3%), and Other (6%).[52][53] Statistics Canada reports that 35.5% of the population reported multiple ethnic origins, thus the overall total is greater than 100%.[52][b]

The country's ten largest self-reported specific ethnic or cultural origins in 2021 were Canadian[c] (accounting for 15.6 percent of the population), followed by English (14.7 percent), Irish (12.1 percent), Scottish (12.1 percent), French (11.0 percent), German (8.1 percent), Indian (5.1 percent),[d] Chinese (4.7 percent), Italian (4.3 percent), and Ukrainian (3.5 percent).[56]

Of the 36.3 million people enumerated in 2021 approximately 24.5 million reported being "White", representing 67.4 percent of the population.[57][3] The Indigenous population representing 5 percent or 1.8 million individuals, grew by 9.4 percent compared to the non-Indigenous population, which grew by 5.3 percent from 2016 to 2021.[58] One out of every four Canadians or 26.5 percent of the population belonged to a non-White and non-Indigenous visible minority,[3][e] the largest of which in 2021 were South Asian (2.6 million people; 7.1 percent), Chinese (1.7 million; 4.7 percent) and Black (1.5 million; 4.3 percent).[57]

As data is completely self-reported, and reporting individuals may have varying definitions of "Ethnic origin" (or may not know their ethnic origin), these figures should not be considered an exact record of the relative prevalence of different ethno-cultural ancestries but rather how Canadians self-identify.

Data from this section from Statistics Canada, 2021.[60]

Ethnic origin[61] | %  | Population

|
|

Canadian[c] | 15.6%  | 5,677,205
English | 14.7%  | 5,322,830
Irish | 12.1%  | 4,413,120
Scottish | 12.1%  | 4,392,200
French | 11.0%  | 3,985,945
German | 8.1%  | 2,955,695
Indian[d] | 5.1%  | 1,855,415
Chinese | 4.7%  | 1,713,870
Italian | 4.3%  | 1,546,390
Ukrainian | 3.5%  | 1,258,635
Dutch | 2.7%  | 988,585
Polish | 2.7%  | 982,820
Québécois | 2.7%  | 981,635
British Isles, n.o.s. | 2.6%  | 981,635
Filipino | 2.5%  | 925,490
French Canadian | 2.5%  | 906,315
Caucasian (White), n.o.s. | 1.9%  | 691,260
First Nations, n.o.s. | 1.7%  | 632,340
Métis | 1.5%  | 560,335
European, n.o.s. | 1.5%  | 551,910

The most common ethnic origins per province are as follows in 2006[62] (total responses; only percentages 10% or higher shown; ordered by percentage of "Canadian"):

* Quebec (7,723,525): Canadian (59.1%), French (29.1%)
* New Brunswick (735,835): Canadian (50.3%), French (27.2%), English (25.9%), Irish (21.6%), Scottish (19.9%)
* Newfoundland and Labrador (507,265): Canadian (49.0%), English (43.4%), Irish (21.8%)
* Nova Scotia (906,170): Canadian (39.1%), Scottish (31.2%), English (30.8%), Irish (22.3%), French (17.0%), German (10.8%)
* Prince Edward Island (137,375): Scottish (39.3%), Canadian (36.8%), English (31.1%), Irish (30.4%), French (21.1%)
* Ontario (12,651,795): Canadian (23.3%), English (23.1%), Scottish (16.4%), Irish (16.4%), French (10.8%)
* Alberta (3,567,980): English (24.9%), Canadian (21.8%), German (19.2%), Scottish (18.8%), Irish (15.8%), French (11.1%)
* Manitoba (1,174,345): English (21.8%), German (18.6%), Canadian (18.5%), Scottish (18.0%), Ukrainian (14.9%), Irish (13.2%), French (12.6%), North American Indian (10.6%)
* Saskatchewan (1,008,760): German (28.6%), English (24.9%), Scottish (18.9%), Canadian (18.8%), Irish (15.5%), Ukrainian (13.5%), French (12.2%), North American Indian (12.1%)
* British Columbia (4,324,455): English (27.7%), Scottish (19.3%), Canadian (19.1%), German (13.1%), Chinese (10.7%)
* Yukon (33,320): English (28.5%), Scottish (25.0%), Irish (22.0%), North American Indian (21.8%), Canadian (21.8%), German (15.6%), French (13.1%)
* Northwest Territories (40,800): North American Indian (37.0%), Scottish (13.9%), English (13.7%), Canadian (12.8%), Irish (11.9%), Inuit (11.7%)
* Nunavut (31,700): Inuit (85.4%)

Italics indicates either that this response is dominant within this province, or that this province has the highest ratio (percentage) of this response among provinces.

### Visible minority population

[edit]

Main article: Visible minority

Visible and non-visible minority populations by group, 1981–1996  Group  | 1981 census
[63][64][65]: 64  | 1986 census
[64][65]: 66 [66]: 6  | 1991 census
[64][67]: 11 [66]: 6  | 1996 census[68][69]

|
|
|
|

Total  | %  | Total  | %  | Total  | %  | Total  | %
Visible minority | 1,131,825 | 4.7% | 1,577,710 | 6.3% | 2,525,480 | 9.4% | 3,197,480 | 11.2%
South Asian | 223,235 | 0.9% | 300,545 | 1.2% | 505,515 | 1.9% | 670,590 | 2.4%
Chinese (East Asian) | 299,915 | 1.2% | 390,590 | 1.6% | 626,435 | 2.3% | 860,150 | 3%
Black | 239,455 | 1% | 355,385 | 1.4% | 504,290 | 1.9% | 573,860 | 2%
Filipino | 75,485 | 0.3% | 102,360 | 0.4% | 169,150 | 0.6% | 234,195 | 0.8%
Latin American | 50,230 | 0.2% | 60,975 | 0.2% | 134,535 | 0.5% | 176,970 | 0.6%
Arab/West Asian | 112,435 | 0.5% | 149,665 | 0.6% | 289,755 | 1.1% | 244,665 | 0.9%
Southeast Asian
(except Filipino) | 53,910 | 0.2% | 86,945 | 0.3% | 132,415 | 0.5% | 172,765 | 0.6%
Korean (East Asian) | 22,570 | 0.1% | 29,205 | 0.1% | 45,535 | 0.2% | 64,835 | 0.2%
Japanese (East Asian) | 46,060 | 0.2% | 52,880 | 0.2% | 63,860 | 0.2% | 68,135 | 0.2%
Multiple visible minorities |  |  | 40,500 | 0.2% | 48,545 | 0.2% | 61,575 | 0.2%
Visible minority, n.i.e. |  |  |  |  | 5,440 | 0% | 69,745 | 0.2%
Other | 8,530 | 0% | 8,660 | 0% |  |  |  |
Not a visible minority | 22,951,670 | 95.3% | 23,444,300 | 93.7% | 24,468,560 | 90.6% | 25,330,645 | 88.8%
Indigenous
(see breakdown below) | 491,465 | 2% | 711,725 | 2.8% | 1,016,340 | 3.8% | 799,005 | 2.8%
Non-Indigenous &
Non-Visible Minority
(European/White)[70] | 22,460,205 | 93.3% | 22,732,575 | 90.9% | 23,452,220 | 86.9% | 24,531,640 | 86%
Total population in
private households | 24,083,495 | 100% | 25,022,010 | 100% | 26,994,040 | 100% | 28,528,125 | 100%

Note: Indigenous population decline between 1991 and 1996 censuses attributed to change in criteria in census count; "the 1996 Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples used a more restrictive definition of Aboriginal".[71]

Visible and non-visible minority populations by group, 2001–2021  Group  | 2001 census[72] | 2006 census[73] | 2011 survey[74] | 2016 census[75] | 2021 census[76][3][52]

|
|
|
|
|

Total  | %  | Total  | %  | Total  | %  | Total  | %  | Total  | %
Visible minority | 3,983,845 | 13.4% | 5,068,095 | 16.2% | 6,264,750 | 19.1% | 7,674,580 | 22.3% | 9,639,205 | 26.5%
South Asian | 917,075 | 3.1% | 1,262,865 | 4% | 1,567,400 | 4.8% | 1,924,635 | 5.6% | 2,571,400 | 7.1%
Chinese (East Asian) | 1,029,395 | 3.5% | 1,216,565 | 3.9% | 1,324,750 | 4% | 1,577,060 | 4.6% | 1,715,770 | 4.7%
Black | 662,215 | 2.2% | 783,795 | 2.5% | 945,665 | 2.9% | 1,198,540 | 3.5% | 1,574,870 | 4.3%
Filipino | 308,575 | 1% | 410,695 | 1.3% | 619,310 | 1.9% | 780,125 | 2.3% | 957,355 | 2.6%
Arab | 194,685 | 0.7% | 265,550 | 0.9% | 380,620 | 1.2% | 523,235 | 1.5% | 694,015 | 1.9%
Latin American | 216,980 | 0.7% | 304,245 | 1% | 381,280 | 1.2% | 447,325 | 1.3% | 580,235 | 1.6%
Southeast Asian
(except Filipino) | 198,880 | 0.7% | 239,935 | 0.8% | 312,075 | 0.9% | 313,260 | 0.9% | 390,340 | 1.1%
West Asian | 109,285 | 0.4% | 156,700 | 0.5% | 206,840 | 0.6% | 264,305 | 0.8% | 360,495 | 1%
Korean (East Asian) | 100,660 | 0.3% | 141,890 | 0.5% | 161,130 | 0.5% | 188,710 | 0.5% | 218,140 | 0.6%
Japanese (East Asian) | 73,315 | 0.2% | 81,300 | 0.3% | 87,270 | 0.3% | 92,920 | 0.3% | 98,890 | 0.3%
Multiple visible minorities | 73,875 | 0.2% | 133,120 | 0.4% | 171,935 | 0.5% | 232,375 | 0.7% | 331,805 | 0.9%
Visible minority, n.i.e. | 98,915 | 0.3% | 71,420 | 0.2% | 106,475 | 0.3% | 132,090 | 0.4% | 172,885 | 0.5%
Not a visible minority | 25,655,185 | 86.6% | 26,172,935 | 83.8% | 26,587,575 | 80.9% | 26,785,480 | 77.7% | 26,689,275 | 73.5%
Indigenous
(see breakdown below) | 976,305 | 3.3% | 1,172,785 | 3.8% | 1,400,685 | 4.3% | 1,673,785 | 4.9% | 1,807,250 | 5%
Non-Indigenous &
Non-Visible Minority
(European/White)[70] | 24,678,880 | 83.3% | 25,000,150 | 80% | 25,186,890 | 76.7% | 25,111,695 | 72.9% | 24,882,025 | 68.5%
Total population in
private households | 29,639,030 | 100% | 31,241,030 | 100% | 32,852,320 | 100% | 34,460,065 | 100% | 36,328,480 | 100%

### Indigenous population

[edit]

Indigenous population in Canada, 1996–2021 censuses  Group  | 1996[68] | 2001[72] | 2006[73] | 2011[74] | 2016[77] | 2021[4]

|
|
|
|
|
|

% | Total | % | Total | % | Total | % | Total | % | Total | % | Total
Total Indigenous | 2.8% | 799,005 | 3.3% | 976,305 | 3.8% | 1,172,785 | 4.3% | 1,400,685 | 4.9% | 1,673,780 | 5% | 1,807,250
First Nations | 1.8%  | 529,040  | 2.1%  | 608,850  | 2.2%  | 698,025  | 2.6%  | 851,560  | 2.8%  | 977,230  | 2.9%  | 1,048,405
Métis | 0.7%  | 204,115  | 1.0%  | 292,305  | 1.2%  | 389,780  | 1.4%  | 451,795  | 1.7%  | 587,545  | 1.7%  | 624,220
Inuit | 0.14%  | 40,220  |  |  | 0.16%  | 50,485  | 0.2%  | 59,445  | 0.2%  | 65,025  | 0.2%  | 70,540

Note: Other Indigenous and mixed Indigenous groups are not listed as their own, but they are all accounted for in total Indigenous

### Future projections

[edit]

Statistics Canada projects that visible minorities will make up between 38.2% and 43.0% of the total Canadian population by 2041,[78][79] compared with 26.5% in 2021.[80][3] Among the working-age population (15 to 64 years), meanwhile, visible minorities are projected to represent between 42.1% and 47.3% of Canada's total population,[78][79] compared to 28.5% in 2021.[80][3]

Pan−ethnic Origin Projections (2031−2041)  | 2031[79][81] | 2036[79][81] | 2041[79][81]

|
|
|

Population  | %  | Population  | %  | Population  | %

European[70]
| 26,085,000  | 59.79%  | 25,749,000  | 56.25%  | 25,296,000  | 53.07%

South Asian
| 4,283,000  | 9.82%  | 5,010,000  | 10.94%  | 5,658,000  | 11.87%

East Asian
| 3,120,000  | 7.15%  | 3,445,000  | 7.53%  | 3,740,000  | 7.85%

Chinese
| 2,591,000 |  5.94%  | 2,850,000 |  6.23%  | 3,082,000 |  6.47%

Korean
| 381,000 |  0.87%  | 433,000 |  0.95%  | 484,000 |  1.02%

Japanese
| 148,000 |  0.34%  | 162,000 |  0.35%  | 174,000 |  0.37%

African
| 2,381,000  | 5.46%  | 2,762,000  | 6.03%  | 3,134,000  | 6.57%

Indigenous
| 2,484,000  | 5.69%  | 2,673,000  | 5.84%  | 2,848,000  | 5.97%

First Nations
| 1,430,000 |  3.28%  | 1,535,000 |  3.35%  | 1,633,000 |  3.43%

Metis
| 911,000 |  2.09%  | 986,000 |  2.15%  | 1,054,000 |  2.21%

Inuit
| 84,000 |  0.19%  | 90,000 |  0.2%  | 96,000 |  0.2%

Other
Indigenous
| 59,000 |  0.14%  | 62,000 |  0.14%  | 65,000 |  0.14%

Southeast Asian
| 2,009,000  | 4.6%  | 2,324,000  | 5.08%  | 2,640,000  | 5.54%

Filipino
| 1,524,000 |  3.49%  | 1,789,000 |  3.91%  | 2,059,000 |  4.32%

Other
Southeast Asian
| 485,000 |  1.11%  | 535,000 |  1.17%  | 581,000 |  1.22%

Middle Eastern
| 1,801,000  | 4.13%  | 2,141,000  | 4.68%  | 2,475,000  | 5.19%

Arab
| 1,182,000 |  2.71%  | 1,403,000 |  3.06%  | 1,625,000 |  3.41%

West Asian
| 619,000 |  1.42%  | 738,000 |  1.61%  | 850,000 |  1.78%

Latin American
| 821,000  | 1.88%  | 931,000  | 2.03%  | 1,036,000  | 2.17%

Other
| 644,000  | 1.48%  | 742,000  | 1.62%  | 841,000  | 1.76%

Projected
Canadian
Population
| 43,629,000 | 100% | 45,776,000 | 100% | 47,668,000 | 100%

## Languages

[edit]

Main article: Languages of Canada

### Knowledge of language

[edit]

Top ten spoken languages in Canada
2021 census[f]

Language |  | Percent
English |

| 87.06%
French |

| 29.08%
Chinese[g] |

| 4.21%
Hindustani[h] |

| 3.24%
Spanish |

| 3.22%
Punjabi |

| 2.59%
Arabic |

| 2.31%
Tagalog |

| 2.03%
Italian |

| 1.51%
German |

| 1.15%

The question on knowledge of languages allows for multiple responses, and first appeared on the 1991 Canadian census.[i] The following figures are from the 1991 Canadian census, 2001 Canadian census, 2011 Canadian census, and the 2021 Canadian census.

Knowledge of Languages in Canada  Language  | 2021[83] | 2011[84] | 2001[82][85] | 1991[86]

|
|
|
|

Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | %
English | 31,628,570  | 87.06%  | 28,360,235[87] | 85.63%  | 25,246,220[88] | 85.18%  | 22,505,415  | 83.37%
French | 10,563,235  | 29.08%  | 9,960,585[87] | 30.07%  | 9,178,100[88] | 30.97%  | 8,508,960  | 31.52%
Chinese[g] | 1,528,860  | 4.21%  | 1,297,505  | 3.92%  | 1,028,445  | 3.47%  | 557,305  | 2.06%
Hindustani[h] | 1,176,295  | 3.24%  | 576,165  | 1.74%  | 366,740  | 1.24%  | 163,930  | 0.61%
Spanish | 1,171,450  | 3.22%  | 873,395  | 2.64%  | 610,580  | 2.06%  | 402,430  | 1.49%
Punjabi | 942,170  | 2.59%  | 545,730  | 1.65%  | 338,720  | 1.14%  | 167,925  | 0.62%
Arabic | 838,045  | 2.31%  | 470,965  | 1.42%  | 290,280  | 0.98%  | 164,380  | 0.61%
Tagalog | 737,565  | 2.03%  | 491,075  | 1.48%  | 244,690  | 0.83%  | 136,975  | 0.51%
Italian | 547,655  | 1.51%  | 595,600  | 1.8%  | 680,970  | 2.3%  | 701,910  | 2.6%
German | 419,195  | 1.15%  | 525,480  | 1.59%  | 635,520  | 2.14%  | 684,955  | 2.54%
Portuguese | 336,865  | 0.93%  | 266,950  | 0.81%  | 264,990  | 0.89%  | 254,465  | 0.94%
Persian[j] | 330,725  | 0.91%  | 196,110  | 0.59%  | 111,700  | 0.38%  | 49,380  | 0.18%
Russian | 309,235  | 0.85%  | 230,755  | 0.7%  | 157,455  | 0.53%  | 84,050  | 0.31%
Tamil | 237,890  | 0.65%  | 179,465  | 0.54%  | 111,580  | 0.38%  | 37,330  | 0.14%
Vietnamese | 232,800  | 0.64%  | 192,070  | 0.58%  | 165,645  | 0.56%  | 113,115  | 0.42%
Gujarati | 209,410  | 0.58%  | 118,950  | 0.36%  | 80,835  | 0.27%  | 54,210  | 0.2%
Polish | 204,460  | 0.56%  | 217,735  | 0.66%  | 249,695  | 0.84%  | 239,575  | 0.89%
Korean | 203,885  | 0.56%  | 149,035  | 0.45%  | 91,610  | 0.31%  | 40,230  | 0.15%
Serbo-Croatian[k] | 155,775  | 0.43%  | 154,700  | 0.47%  | 153,085  | 0.52%  | 100,541  | 0.37%
Greek | 145,060  | 0.4%  | 150,620  | 0.45%  | 158,800  | 0.54%  | 161,320  | 0.6%
Haitian Creole | 134,895  | 0.37%  | 128,555  | 0.39%  | 76,140  | 0.26%  | 49,970  | 0.19%
Ukrainian | 131,655  | 0.36%  | 144,260  | 0.44%  | 200,520  | 0.68%  | 249,535  | 0.92%
Bengali | 120,605  | 0.33%  | 69,490  | 0.21%  | 34,650  | 0.12%  | N/A  | <0.1%
Romanian | 116,520  | 0.32%  | 97,180  | 0.29%  | 60,520  | 0.2%  | 30,520  | 0.11%
Dutch | 107,985  | 0.3%  | 135,085  | 0.41%  | 157,875  | 0.53%  | 173,290  | 0.64%
Cree[l] | 105,850  | 0.29%  | 96,690  | 0.29%  | 97,200  | 0.33%  | 93,825  | 0.35%
Japanese | 98,070  | 0.27%  | 74,690  | 0.23%  | 65,030  | 0.22%  | 45,370  | 0.17%
Hebrew | 83,205  | 0.23%  | 70,695  | 0.21%  | 63,675  | 0.21%  | 52,450  | 0.19%
Turkish | 78,500  | 0.22%  | 44,080  | 0.13%  | 32,520  | 0.11%  | N/A  | <0.1%
Malayalam | 77,910  | 0.21%  | 22,125  | 0.07%  | 9,185  | 0.03%  | N/A  | <0.1%
Hungarian | 64,625  | 0.18%  | 73,695  | 0.22%  | 89,230  | 0.3%  | 97,410  | 0.36%
Ilocano | 61,680  | 0.17%  | 21,880  | 0.07%  | N/A  | <0.03%  | N/A  | <0.1%
Somali | 59,005  | 0.16%  | 37,115  | 0.11%  | N/A  | <0.03%  | N/A  | <0.1%
Swahili | 57,295  | 0.16%  | 31,690  | 0.1%  | 25,300  | 0.09%  | N/A  | <0.1%
Telugu | 54,685  | 0.15%  | 12,645  | 0.04%  | N/A  | <0.03%  | N/A  | <0.1%

1. ^ a b n.o.s. – not otherwise specified
2. ^ a b n.i.e. – not included elsewhere

### Mother tongue

[edit]

Languages in Canada (Mother Tongue)
2016 Census

Language |  | Percent
English |

| 55.97%
Non-official |

| 21.06%
French |

| 20.61%
English and French |

| 0.48%

Languages of Canada  First language | 2016  | 2011  | 2006  |

|
|
|
|

Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Notes
Single language responses | 33,947,610 | 97.64% | 32,481,635 | 98.07% | 30,848,270 | 98.74% |
Official languages | 26,627,545 | 76.59% | 25,913,955 | 78.24% | 24,700,425 | 79.06% |
English | 19,460,855 | 55.97% | 18,858,980 | 56.94% | 17,882,775 | 57.24% |
French | 7,166,700 | 20.61% | 7,054,975 | 21.3% | 6,817,650 | 21.82% |
Non-official languages | 7,321,070 | 21.06% | 6,567,680 | 19.83% | 6,147,840 | 19.68% |
Combined Chinese Responses | 1,227,680 | 3.53% | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | Combined responses of Mandarin, Cantonese, Chinese n.o.s. and Min Nan
Mandarin (Standard Chinese) | 592,035 | 1.7% | 248,705 | 0.75% | 170,950 | 0.55% |
Cantonese | 565,275 | 1.63% | 372,460 | 1.12% | 361,450 | 1.16% |
Punjabi | 501,680 | 1.44% | 430,705 | 1.3% | 367,505 | 1.18% |
Spanish | 458,850 | 1.32% | 410,670 | 1.24% | 345,345 | 1.11% |
Tagalog (Filipino) | 431,385 | 1.24% | 327,445 | 0.99% | 235,615 | 0.75% |
Arabic | 419,895 | 1.21% | 327,870 | 0.99% | 261,640 | 0.84% |
German | 384,040 | 1.1% | 409,200 | 1.24% | 450,570 | 1.44% |
Italian | 375,645 | 1.08% | 407,485 | 1.23% | 455,040 | 1.46% |
Hindustani | 321,465 | 0.92% | 263,345 | 0.8% | 224,045 | 0.72% | Combined responses of Hindi and Urdu
Portuguese | 221,535 | 0.64% | 211,335 | 0.64% | 219,275 | 0.7% |
Persian (Farsi) | 214,200 | 0.62% | 170,045 | 0.51% | 134,080 | 0.43% |
Urdu | 210,820 | 0.61% | 172,800 | 0.52% | 145,805 | 0.47% |
Dravidian languages | 189,405 | 0.54% | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | Combined responses of Tamil, Malayalam, Telugu and Kannada.
Russian | 188,255 | 0.54% | 164,330 | 0.5% | 133,580 | 0.43% |
Polish | 181,705 | 0.52% | 191,645 | 0.58% | 211,175 | 0.68% |
Vietnamese | 156,430 | 0.45% | 144,880 | 0.44% | 141,625 | 0.45% |
Korean | 153,425 | 0.44% | 137,925 | 0.42% | 125,570 | 0.4% |
Tamil | 140,720 | 0.4% | 131,265 | 0.4% | 115,880 | 0.37% | Most of the Canadian Tamils live in Toronto.
Hindi | 110,645 | 0.32% | 90,545 | 0.27% | 78,240 | 0.25% |
Gujarati | 108,775 | 0.31% | 91,450 | 0.28% | 81,465 | 0.26% |
Greek | 106,520 | 0.31% | 108,925 | 0.33% | 117,285 | 0.38% |
Ukrainian | 102,485 | 0.29% | 111,540 | 0.34% | 134,500 | 0.43% |
Dutch | 99,015 | 0.28% | 110,490 | 0.33% | 128,900 | 0.41% |
Romanian | 96,660 | 0.28% | 90,300 | 0.27% | 78,495 | 0.25% |
Bengali | 73,125 | 0.21% | 59,370 | 0.18% | 45,685 | 0.15% |
Creoles | 72,130 | 0.21% | 61,725 | 0.19% | 53,515 | 0.17% |
Cree, n.o.s.[nb 1] | 64,045 | 0.18% | 77,900 | 0.24% | 78,855 | 0.25% | In the 2006 Census, this language was referred to simply as 'Cree'.
Hungarian | 61,235 | 0.18% | 67,920 | 0.21% | 73,335 | 0.23% | The majority of Hungarian speakers in Canada live in Ontario. A community of Hungarian speakers is found within a part of Windsor, Ontario.
Berber languages (Kabyle) | n/a | n/a | 57,855 | 0.17% | 25,578 | 0.08% |
Serbian | 57,345 | 0.16% | 56,420 | 0.17% | 51,665 | 0.17% |
Croatian | 48,200 | 0.14% | 49,730 | 0.15% | 55,330 | 0.18% |
Japanese | 43,640 | 0.13% | 39,985 | 0.12% | 40,200 | 0.13% |
Chinese, n.o.s.[nb 1] | 38,575 | 0.11% | 425,210 | 1.28% | 456,705 | 1.46% |
Somali | 36,760 | 0.11% | 31,380 | 0.09% | 27,320 | 0.09% |
Inuktitut | 35,215 | 0.1% | 33,500 | 0.1% | 32,015 | 0.1% | In the 2006 Census, this language was referred to as 'Inuktitut, n.i.e.'.[nb 2]
Armenian | 33,455 | 0.1% | 29,795 | 0.09% | 30,130 | 0.1% |
Turkish | 32,815 | 0.09% | 29,640 | 0.09% | 24,745 | 0.08% |
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese) | 31,795 | 0.09% | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
Malayalam | 28,570 | 0.08% | 16,080 | 0.05% | 11,925 | 0.04% |
Albanian | 26,895 | 0.08% | 23,820 | 0.07% | n/a | n/a |
Ilocano | 26,345 | 0.08% | 17,915 | 0.05% | 13,450 | 0.04% |
Amharic | 22,465 | 0.06% | 18,020 | 0.05% | 14,555 | 0.05% |
Czech | 22,295 | 0.06% | 23,585 | 0.07% | 24,450 | 0.08% |
Khmer (Cambodian) | 20,130 | 0.06% | 19,440 | 0.06% | 19,105 | 0.06% |
Bulgarian | 20,020 | 0.06% | 19,050 | 0.06% | 16,790 | 0.05% |
Hebrew | 19,530 | 0.06% | 18,450 | 0.06% | 17,635 | 0.06% |
Niger–Congo languages, n.i.e.[nb 1] | 19,140 | 0.06% | 14,075 | 0.04% | n/a | n/a |
Nepali | 18,275 | 0.05% | 8,480 | 0.03% | n/a | n/a |
Ojibway | 17,885 | 0.05% | 17,625 | 0.05% | 24,190 | 0.08% |
Slovak | 17,585 | 0.05% | 17,580 | 0.05% | 18,820 | 0.06% |
Pashto | 16,910 | 0.05% | 12,465 | 0.04% | 9,025 | 0.03% |
Macedonian | 16,770 | 0.05% | 17,245 | 0.05% | 18,435 | 0.06% |
Tigrigna | 16,650 | 0.05% | 10,220 | 0.03% | 7,105 | 0.02% |
Sinhala | 16,335 | 0.05% | 14,185 | 0.04% | 10,180 | 0.03% |
Bisayan languages | n/a | n/a | 16,240 | 0.05% | 11,240 | 0.04% |
Telugu | 15,655 | 0.05% | 9,315 | 0.03% | 6,625 | 0.02% |
Finnish | 15,295 | 0.04% | 17,415 | 0.05% | 21,030 | 0.07% |
Yiddish | 13,555 | 0.04% | 15,205 | 0.05% | 16,295 | 0.05% |
Akan (Twi) | 13,460 | 0.04% | 12,680 | 0.04% | 12,780 | 0.04% |
Swahili | 13,375 | 0.04% | 10,090 | 0.03% | 7,935 | 0.03% |
Wu (Shanghainese) | 12,920 | 0.04% | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
Oji-Cree | 12,855 | 0.04% | 9,835 | 0.03% | 11,690 | 0.04% |
Lao | 12,670 | 0.04% | 12,970 | 0.04% | 13,940 | 0.04% |
Danish | 12,630 | 0.04% | 14,145 | 0.04% | 18,735 | 0.06% |
Malay | 12,275 | 0.04% | 10,910 | 0.03% | 9,490 | 0.03% |
Bosnian | 12,210 | 0.04% | 11,685 | 0.04% | 12,790 | 0.04% |
Sindhi | 11,860 | 0.03% | 11,330 | 0.03% | 10,355 | 0.03% |
Kurdish | 11,705 | 0.03% | 9,805 | 0.03% | 7,660 | 0.02% |
Hakka | 10,910 | 0.03% | 5,115 | 0.02% | n/a | n/a |
Dene | 10,700 | 0.03% | 11,215 | 0.03% | 9,745 | 0.03% |
Afrikaans | 10,260 | 0.03% | 8,770 | 0.03% | n/a | n/a |
Montagnais (Innu) | 10,230 | 0.03% | 10,785 | 0.03% | 10,975 | 0.04% | In the 2006 Census, this language was referred to as 'Montagnais-Naskapi'.
Slovenian | 9,785 | 0.03% | 10,775 | 0.03% | 13,135 | 0.04% |
Taiwanese | n/a | n/a | 9,635 | 0.03% | 9,620 | 0.03% |
Serbo-Croatian | 9,555 | 0.03% | 10,155 | 0.03% | 12,510 | 0.04% |
African languages, n.i.e.[nb 2] | n/a | n/a | 9,125 | 0.03% | n/a | n/a |
Thai | 9,255 | 0.03% | 7,935 | 0.02% | n/a | n/a |
Marathi | 8,295 | 0.02% | 5,830 | 0.02% | n/a | n/a |
Bantu languages, n.i.e.[nb 2] | n/a | n/a | 7,150 | 0.02% | n/a | n/a |
Lithuanian | 7,075 | 0.02% | 7,245 | 0.02% | 8,335 | 0.03% |
Swedish | 6,840 | 0.02% | 7,350 | 0.02% | 8,220 | 0.03% |
Mi'kmaq | 6,690 | 0.02% | 7,635 | 0.02% | 7,365 | 0.02% |
Tibetan | 6,165 | 0.02% | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
Atikamekw | 6,150 | 0.02% | 5,820 | 0.02% | 5,250 | 0.02% |
Canadian Gaelic | n/a | n/a | 6,015 | 0.02% | 6,015 | 0.02% |
Fukien (Fuzhou dialect) | n/a | n/a | 5,925 | 0.02% | n/a | n/a |
Rundi (Kirundi) | 5,845 | 0.02% | 3,975 | 0.01% | n/a | n/a |
Maltese | 5,565 | 0.02% | 6,220 | 0.02% | 6,405 | 0.02% |
Estonian | 5,445 | 0.02% | 6,385 | 0.02% | 8,240 | 0.03% |
Latvian | 5,455 | 0.02% | 6,200 | 0.02% | 7,000 | 0.02% |
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda) | 5,250 | 0.02% | 3,895 | 0.01% | n/a | n/a |
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.[nb 2] | 5,180 | 0.01% | 5,255 | 0.02% | n/a | n/a |
Oromo | 4,960 | 0.01% | 11,140 | 0.03% | n/a | n/a |
Norwegian | 4,615 | 0.01% | 5,800 | 0.02% | 7,225 | 0.02% |
Tibetan languages | n/a | n/a | 4,640 | 0.01% | n/a | n/a |
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.[nb 2] | n/a | n/a | 4,360 | 0.01% | n/a | n/a |
Sign languages, n.i.e.[nb 2] | 4,125 | 0.01% | 3,815 | 0.01% | n/a | n/a |
Vlaams (Flemish) | 3,895 | 0.01% | 4,690 | 0.01% | 5,660 | 0.02% |
Lingala | 3,810 | 0.01% | 3,085 | 0.01% | n/a | n/a |
Burmese | 3,585 | 0.01% | 2,985 | 0.01% | n/a | n/a |
Stoney | 3,025 | 0.01% | 3,050 | 0.01% | n/a | n/a |
Shanghainese | n/a | n/a | 2,920 | 0.01% | n/a | n/a |
Blackfoot | 2,815 | <0.01% | n/a | n/a | 3,085 | 0.01% |
Slavic languages, n.i.e.[nb 2] | 2,420 | 0.01% | 3,630 | 0.01% | n/a | n/a |
Semitic languages, n.i.e.[nb 2] | 2,155 | 0.01% | 16,970 | 0.05% | n/a | n/a |
Frisian | 2,095 | <0.01% | n/a | n/a | 2,890 | 0.01% |
Dogrib (Tlicho) | 1,645 | <0.01% | n/a | n/a | 2,020 | 0.01% |
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.[nb 2] | 1,405 | <0.01% | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
Siouan languages (Dakota/Sioux) | 1,265 | <0.01% | n/a | n/a | 5,585 | 0.02% |
Algonquin | 1,260 | <0.01% | n/a | n/a | 1,920 | 0.01% |
Scottish Gaelic | 1,095 | <0.01% | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
Welsh | 1,075 | <0.01% | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
Carrier | 1,030 | <0.01% | n/a | n/a | 1,560 | <0.01% |
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun) | 1,020 | <0.01% | n/a | n/a | 365 | <0.01% |
Mohawk | 985 | <0.01% | n/a | n/a | 290 | <0.01% |
South Slavey | 950 | <0.01% | n/a | n/a | 1,605 | 0.01% |
Gitxsan (Gitksan) | 880 | <0.01% | n/a | n/a | 1,180 | <0.01% |
North Slave (Hare) | 765 | <0.01% | n/a | n/a | 1,065 | <0.01% |
Chilcotin | 655 | <0.01% | n/a | n/a | 1,070 | <0.01% |
Celtic languages, n.i.e.[nb 2] | 530 | <0.01% | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
Chipewyan | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | 525 | <0.01% |
Michif | 465 | <0.01% | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin) | 445 | <0.01% | n/a | n/a | 935 | <0.01% |
Nisga'a | 400 | <0.01% | n/a | n/a | 680 | <0.01% |
Malecite | 300 | <0.01% | n/a | n/a | 535 | <0.01% |
Kutchin-Gwich’in (Loucheux) | 260 | <0.01% | n/a | n/a | 360 | <0.01% |
Tlingit | 95 | <0.01% | n/a | n/a | 80 | <0.01% |
Other languages | n/a | n/a | 77,890 | 0.2% | 172,650 | 0.55% |
Multiple language responses | 818,640 | 2.35% | 639,540 | 1.9% | 392,760 | 1.26% |
English and French | 165,335 | 0.48% | 144,685 | 0.4% | 98,630 | 0.32% |
English and a non-official language | 533,260 | 1.53% | 396,330 | 1.2% | 240,005 | 0.77% |
French and a non-official language | 86,145 | 0.25% | 74,430 | 0.2% | 43,335 | 0.14% |
English, French, and a non-official language | 33,900 | 0.1% | 24,095 | 0.07% | 10,790 | 0.03% |
Total[89][90][91] | 34,767,250 | 100% | 33,121,175 | 100% | 31,241,030 | 100% |

1. ^ a b c n.o.s. – not otherwise specified
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j n.i.e. – not included elsewhere

### Work

[edit]

Language used most often at work  Language  | % of total population (2016)[92] | % of total population (2006)[93]

|
|

English  | 76.49%  | 76.36%
French  | 19.17%  | 20.22%
Non-official  | 1.38%  | 1.49%
English and French  | 2.07%  | 1.37%
English and non-official  | 0.77%  | 0.47%
Other[m] | 0.12%  | 0.09%

### Home

[edit]

Language used most often at home  Language  | % of total population (2016)[94] | % of total population (2006)[95]

|
|

English  | 63.75%  | 65.89%
French  | 19.97%  | 21.15%
Non-official  | 11.5%  | 11.11%
English and non-official  | 3.7%  | 1.3%
English and French  | 0.46%  | 0.3%
Other[n] | 0.63%  | 0.24%

## Immigration

[edit]

Main articles: Immigration to Canada and Canada immigration statistics

According to the 2021 Canadian census, immigrants in Canada number 8.3 million persons and make up approximately 23 percent of Canada's total population.[80] This represents the eighth-largest immigrant population in the world, while the proportion represents one of the highest ratios for industrialized Western countries.[96]

Immigrants from specific countries are divided into several ethnic groups. For example, there are both Punjabis and Muhajirs from Pakistan, both Turks and Kurds from Turkey and both Sinhalese and Tamil from Sri Lanka. Immigrants from Iran are divided into Mazandaranians, Azeris, Persians, Kurds, Gilaks and Lurs.[97]

Since confederation in 1867 through to the contemporary era, decadal and demi-decadal census reports have detailed immigration statistics. During this period, the highest annual immigration rate in Canada occurred in 1913, when 400,900 new immigrants accounted for 5.3 percent of the total population,[98][99] while the greatest number of foreign-born individuals admitted to Canada in single year occurred in 2021, with 405,330 new immigrants accounting for 1.1 percent of the total population.

Statistics Canada projects that immigrants will represent between 29.1% and 34.0% of Canada's population in 2041, compared with 23.0% in 2021,[100] while the Canadian population with at least one foreign born parent (first and second generation persons) could rise to between 49.8% and 54.3%, up from 44.0% in 2021.[3][78][79]

Canada Immigration Statistics[101][102]: 239 [103]: 108 [104] Year  | Immigrant percentage  | Immigrant population  | Total responses  | Total population

|
|
|
|

1871  | 16.1%  | 594,207  | —  | 3,689,257
1881  | 13.9%  | 602,984  | —  | 4,324,810
1891  | 13.3%  | 643,871  | —  | 4,833,239
1901  | 13%  | 699,500  | —  | 5,371,315
1911  | 22%  | 1,586,961  | —  | 7,206,643
1921  | 22.3%  | 1,955,736  | —  | 8,787,949
1931  | 22.2%  | 2,307,525  | —  | 10,374,196
1941  | 17.5%  | 2,018,847  | —  | 11,506,655
1951  | 14.7%  | 2,059,911  | —  | 14,009,429
1961  | 15.6%  | 2,844,263  | —  | 18,238,247
1971  | 15.3%  | 3,295,535  | 21,568,310  | 21,568,311
1981  | 16%  | 3,843,335  | 24,083,495  | 24,343,181
1986  | 15.6%  | 3,908,150  | 25,022,005  | 25,309,331
1991  | 16.1%  | 4,342,890  | 26,994,045  | 27,296,859
1996  | 17.4%  | 4,971,070  | 28,528,125  | 28,846,761
2001  | 18.4%  | 5,448,480  | 29,639,030  | 30,007,094
2006  | 19.8%  | 6,186,950  | 31,241,030  | 31,612,897
2011  | 20.6%  | 6,775,765  | 32,852,325  | 33,476,688
2016  | 21.9%  | 7,540,830  | 34,460,060  | 35,151,728
2021  | 23%  | 8,361,505  | 36,328,475  | 36,991,981

### Migration data

[edit]

Canada Net migration, 1952–1971  Year | Immigration | Emigration | Net Migration

|
|
|

1952 | 164,498 | 60,559 | 106,939
1953 | 168,868 | 57,975 | 110,893
1954 | 154,227 | 57,150 | 97,077
1955 | 109,946 | 61,893 | 48,053
1956 | 164,857 | 68,753 | 96,104
1957 | 282,164 | 74,383 | 207,781
1958 | 124,851 | 61,681 | 63,170
1959 | 106,928 | 69,189 | 37,739
1960 | 104,111 | 75,596 | 28,515
1961 | 71,689 | 72,305 | −616
1962 | 74,586 | 76,740 | −2,154
1963 | 93,151 | 83,563 | 9,588
1964 | 112,606 | 92,430 | 20,176
1965 | 146,758 | 105,307 | 41,451
1966 | 194,743 | 91,489 | 103,254
1967 | 222,876 | 108,462 | 114,414
1968 | 183,974 | 100,036 | 83,938
1969 | 161,531 | 90,089 | 71,495
1970 | 147,713 | 80,961 | 66,752
1971 | 121,162 | 70,097 | 51,065
Canada Net migration, 1972–2019  Year | Immigration | Emigration | Net migration | Net non-permanent migration | Total net migration

|
|
|
|
|

1972 | 122,006 | 26,175 | 95,831 | 2,975 | 98,806
1973 | 184,200 | 40,714 | 143,486 | 7,928 | 151,414
1974 | 218,465 | 42,020 | 176,445 | 1,977 | 178,422
1975 | 187,881 | 34,280 | 153,601 | 7,931 | 161,532
1976 | 146,429 | 28,292 | 118,137 | −2,969 | 115,168
1977 | 117,914 | 29,106 | 88,808 | −1,982 | 86,826
1978 | 86,313 | 31,692 | 54,621 | −2,970 | 51,651
1979 | 112,036 | 24,492 | 87,544 | 7,930 | 95,474
1980 | 143,498 | 17,623 | 125,875 | 14,869 | 140,744
1981 | 128,794 | 24,604 | 104,190 | 30,281 | 134,471
1982 | 121,331 | 31,054 | 90,277 | −3,727 | 86,550
1983 | 89,377 | 31,803 | 57,574 | 4,369 | 61,943
1984 | 88,599 | 29,064 | 59,535 | −349 | 59,186
1985 | 84,339 | 26,864 | 57,474 | 10,981 | 68,455
1986 | 97,343 | 30,232 | 67,111 | 46,537 | 113,648
1987 | 152,031 | 28,865 | 123,166 | 40,899 | 164,065
1988 | 161,534 | 24,534 | 137,000 | 108,917 | 245,917
1989 | 191,516 | 26,706 | 164,810 | 67,356 | 232,166
1990 | 216,424 | 25,011 | 191,413 | −10,951 | 180,462
1991 | 232,776 | 43,396 | 189,380 | −54,661 | 134,719
1992 | 254,856 | 48,721 | 206,135 | −31,933 | 174,202
1993 | 256,754 | 50,657 | 206,097 | −63,292 | 142,805
1994 | 224,395 | 55,682 | 168,713 | −16,500 | 152,213
1995 | 212,875 | 51,252 | 151,623 | 169 | 151,792
1996 | 226,061 | 49,841 | 176,220 | −9,667 | 166,553
1997 | 216,034 | 62,803 | 153,231 | 791 | 154,022
1998 | 174,184 | 57,842 | 116,342 | 921 | 117,263
1999 | 189,971 | 54,387 | 135,584 | 22,431 | 158,015
2000 | 227,429 | 57,109 | 170,330 | 28,433 | 198,763
2001 | 250,638 | 59,391 | 191,247 | 47,286 | 238,533
2002 | 229,049 | 45,682 | 183,367 | 29,133 | 212,500
2003 | 221,349 | 49,876 | 171,473 | 22,943 | 194,416
2004 | 235,859 | 55,085 | 180,774 | 14,225 | 194,999
2005 | 262,246 | 52,436 | 209,810 | 3,159 | 212,969
2006 | 251,649 | 47,890 | 203,759 | 12,741 | 216,500
2007 | 236,763 | 51,455 | 185,308 | 43,958 | 229,266
2008 | 247,262 | 52,678 | 194,584 | 71,669 | 266,253
2009 | 252,218 | 41,131 | 211,087 | 55,977 | 267,064
2010 | 280,739 | 42,187 | 238,552 | 31,927 | 270,479
2011 | 248,735 | 50,932 | 197,803 | 42,802 | 240,605
2012 | 257,825 | 50,426 | 207,399 | 46,207 | 253,606
2013 | 259,046 | 26,608 | 232,438 | 52,984 | 285,422
2014 | 260,308 | 54,956 | 205,352 | 16,970 | 222,322
2015 | 271,867 | 56,566 | 215,301 | −9,330 | 205,971
2016 | 296,385 | 56,772 | 239,613 | 88,722 | 328,335
2017 | 286,537 | 43,832 | 242,705 | 138,034 | 380,739
2018 | 321,054 | 37,915 | 283,139 | 154,917 | 438,056
2019 | 341,174 | 35,791 | 305,383 | 189,781 | 495,164
Canada Net migration 2020–present  Year | Immigration | Emigration | Net Migration | Non-permanent Resident Inflow | Non-permanent Resident Outflow | Net Non-permanent Resident | Total Net Migration

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

2020 | 184,594 | 19,235 | 165,359 | – | – | −96,066 | 69,293
2021 | 406,046 | 39,161 | 366,885 | – | – | 77,052 | 443,937
2022 | 437,612 | 47,991 | 389,621 | 960,266 | 408,722 | 551,544 | 941,165
2023 | 471,871 | 48,709 | 423,162 | 1,289,173 | 468,407 | 820,766 | 1,243,928
2024 | 483,591 | 50,170 | 433,421 | 1,036,471 | 745,306 | 291,165 | 724,586

[105]

## Religion

[edit]

See also: Religion in Canada

Religion in Canada

1. Christianity (53.3%)
2. No Religion (34.6%)
3. Islam (4.9%)
4. Hinduism (2.3%)
5. Sikhism (2.1%)
6. Buddhism (1%)
7. Judaism (0.9%)
8. Others (0.8%)

In 2021, 53.3% of Canadians were Christians,[106] down from 67.3% in 2011.[107] 29.9% were Catholic while 11.4% were Protestant (all other listed denominations excluding Christian Orthodox, Latter Day Saints and Jehovah's Witnesses). 7.6% were Christian not otherwise specified, 2.1% were "other Christian and Christian-related traditions", 1.7% were Christian Orthodox, 0.4% were Jehovah's Witnesses and 0.2% were Latter Day Saints adherents.

34.6% of Canadians were non-religious or secular, up from 23.9% in 2011. Of the non-Christian religions listed, 4.9% of Canadians were Muslim (3.2% in 2011), 2.3% were Hindu (1.5% in 2011), 2.1% were Sikh (1.4% in 2011), 1.0% were Buddhist (1.1% in 2011), 0.9% were Jewish (1.0% in 2011), 0.2% were believers of traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality (same as 2011), and 0.6% were believers of other religions and spiritual traditions (0.4% in 2011).

Religion status of the Canadian Population in 2021[106]

Religion  | Total  | Percent
Christian | 19,373,325 | 53.3%
Roman Catholic | 10,880,360 | 29.9%
Christian n.o.s. | 2,760,760 | 7.6%
United Church | 1,214,185 | 3.3%
Anglican | 1,134,315 | 3.1%
Christian Orthodox | 623,010 | 1.7%
Baptist | 436,940 | 1.2%
Pentecostal and other Charismatic | 399,025 | 1.1%
Lutheran | 328,045 | 0.9%
Presbyterian | 301,400 | 0.8%
Anabaptist | 144,145 | 0.4%
Jehovah's Witness | 137,255 | 0.4%
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness) | 100,655 | 0.3%
Latter Day Saints | 87,725 | 0.2%
Reformed | 79,870 | 0.2%
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions | 745,650 | 2.1%
Muslim | 1,775,715 | 4.9%
Hindu | 828,195 | 2.3%
Sikh | 771,790 | 2.1%
Buddhist | 356,975 | 1.0%
Jewish | 335,295 | 0.9%
Traditional (North American Indigenous) Spirituality | 80,685 | 0.2%
Other religions and spiritual traditions | 229,015 | 0.6%
No religion and secular perspectives | 12,577,475 | 34.6%
A map of Canada by province and territory showing the distribution of the population by religious affiliation in 2021

## See also

[edit]

* Canada portal

* Demographics of North America
* 1666 census of New France
* 2016 Canadian census
* 2021 Canadian census
* List of Canadian census areas demographic extremes
* Interprovincial migration in Canada
* Canada immigration statistics
* Cahiers québécois de démographie academic journal
* Canadian Studies in Population academic journal

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ In fertility rates, 2.1 and above is a stable population and has been marked blue, 2 and below leads to an aging population and the result is that the population decreases.
2. ^ The 2021 census on ethnic or cultural origins, Statistics Canada states: "Given the fluid nature of this concept and the changes made to this question, 2021 Census data on ethnic or cultural origins are not comparable to data from previous censuses and should not be used to measure the growth or decline of the various groups associated with these origins".[52]
3. ^ a b All citizens of Canada are classified as "Canadians" as defined by Canada's nationality laws. "Canadian" as an ethnic group has since 1996 been added to census questionnaires for possible ancestral origin or descent. "Canadian" was included as an example on the English questionnaire and "Canadien" as an example on the French questionnaire.[49] "The majority of respondents to this selection are from the eastern part of the country that was first settled. Respondents generally are visibly European (Anglophones and Francophones) and no longer self-identify with their ethnic ancestral origins. This response is attributed to a multitude of reasons such as generational distance from ancestral lineage."[50][51][54][55]
4. ^ a b Statistic includes all persons with ethnic or cultural origin responses with ancestry to the nation of India, including "Anglo-Indian" (3,340), "Bengali" (26,675), "Goan" (9,700), "Gujarati" (36,970), "Indian" (1,347,715), "Jatt" (22,785), "Kashmiri" (6,165), "Maharashtrian" (4,125), "Malayali" (12,490), "Punjabi" (279,950), "Tamil" (102,170), and "Telugu" (6,670)".[56]
5. ^ Indigenous peoples are not considered a visible minority in Statistics Canada calculations. Visible minorities are defined by Statistics Canada as "persons, other than aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-White in colour".[59]
6. ^ The question on knowledge of languages allows for multiple responses. The following figures are from the 2021 Canadian Census.
7. ^ a b 2021 census: Combined responses of the Chinese languages, including Mandarin (987,300), Cantonese (724,925), Min Nan, Hakka, Wu (Shanghainese), Min Dong, Chinese, n.o.s.,[nb 1] and Chinese languages, n.i.e.[nb 2]
8. ^ a b 2021 census: Combined responses of Hindi (761,425) and Urdu (414,870) as they form mutually intelligible registers of the Hindustani language.
9. ^ The 1991 Census was the first to ask Canadians whether they could conduct a conversation in a language other than English or French[82]: 50
10. ^ 2021 census: Combined responses of Iranian Persian (222,160), Dari, and Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.,[nb 1] as they form mutually intelligible registers of the Persian language, and as they were all categorized under "Persian" in previous censuses.
11. ^ Including Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, and Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.[nb 2]
12. ^ 2021 census: Total number of speakers of the Cree-Innu languages, previously categorized under "Cree" in past censuses.
13. ^ French and non-official language OR
English, French and non-official language
14. ^ French and non-official language OR
English, French and non-official language

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "Population estimates, quarterly". Statistics Canada. December 17, 2024. Retrieved February 5, 2025.
2. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-10-26). "The Canadian census: A rich portrait of the country's religious and ethnocultural diversity". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2022-10-26. "In 2021, just over 25 million people reported being White in the census, representing close to 70% of the total Canadian population. The vast majority reported being White only, while 2.4% also reported one or more other racialized groups."
3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-10-26). "Visible minority and population group by generation status: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2022-11-06.
4. ^ a b Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-09-21). "Indigenous identity by Registered or Treaty Indian status: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2022-09-21.
5. ^ a b "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population". February 9, 2022. Archived from the original on 2022-02-09. Retrieved February 9, 2022.
6. ^ Colley, Mark (2024-03-28). "Canada's population hits 41 million, growing by a million in just nine months". Toronto Star.
7. ^ "Energy Efficiency Trends in Canada, 1990 to 2008". Natural Resources Canada. 2011. Archived from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved December 13, 2015.
8. ^ Edmonston, Barry; Fong, Eric (2011). The Changing Canadian Population. McGill-Queen's Press. p. 181\. ISBN 978-0-7735-3793-4. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.
9. ^ a b "Fewer babies born as Canada's fertility rate hits a record low in 2020". Statistics Canada. May 16, 2022.
10. ^ "For the 1st time, Canada will set targets for temporary residents - National | Globalnews.ca". globalnews.ca. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
11. ^ "Canada Moves to Limit Number of Temporary Residents". Voice of America. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
12. ^ Campion-Smith, Bruce (February 8, 2017). "Canada's population grew 1.7M in 5 years, latest census shows". Toronto Star. Archived from the original on February 8, 2017. Retrieved February 8, 2017.
13. ^ Zimmerman, Karla (2008). Canada (10th ed.). Lonely Planet. p. 51\. ISBN 978-1-74104-571-0. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.
14. ^ Hollifield, James; Martin, Philip; Orrenius, Pia (2014). Controlling Immigration: A Global Perspective, Third Edition. Stanford University Press. p. 11\. ISBN 978-0-8047-8627-0. Archived from the original on January 6, 2017.
15. ^ Beaujot, Roderic P.; Kerr, Donald W. (2007). The Changing Face of Canada: Essential Readings in Population. Canadian Scholars' Press. p. 178\. ISBN 978-1-55130-322-2. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.
16. ^ Grubel, Herbert G. (2009). The Effects of Mass Immigration on Canadian Living Standards and Society. Fraser Institute. p. 5\. ISBN 978-0-88975-246-7. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.
17. ^ "Government of Canada Tables 2011 Immigration Plan". Canada News Centre. Archived from the original on December 3, 2010. Retrieved December 12, 2010.
18. ^ Simmons, Alan (2010). Immigration and Canada: Global and Transnational Perspectives. Canadian Scholars' Press. p. 92\. ISBN 978-1-55130-362-8. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.
19. ^ Jason, Markusoff (January 23, 2019). "Canada now brings in more refugees than the U.S." macleans.ca. Rogers Media.
20. ^ "Environment — Greenhouse Gases (Greenhouse Gas Emissions per Person)". Human Resources and Skills Development Canada. 2010. Archived from the original on 27 February 2014. Retrieved 23 June 2010.
21. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2018-06-27). "Population estimates, quarterly". www150.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-09-28.
22. ^ a b c d e "The World FactBook – Canada", The World Factbook, 2022
23. ^ "Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories". Statistics Canada. February 9, 2022. Retrieved February 9, 2022.
24. ^ "House of Commons Seat Allocation by Province 2022–2032". Elections Canada. 2022. Retrieved April 19, 2025.
25. ^ Statistics Canada (2011). "Population data 2011 Census". Retrieved 2012-05-16.
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## Further reading

[edit]

See also: Bibliography of Canada

* Bumsted, J. M (2003). Canada's diverse peoples: a reference sourcebook. Library of Congress ( ABC-CLIO). ISBN 978-1-57607-672-9. "The people of Canada."
* Magocsi, Paul R (1999). Encyclopedia of Canada's peoples. Society of Ontario, University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-2938-6.
* Richard, Madeline (1992). Ethnic history and marital assimilation in Canada, 1871 and 1971. University of British Columbia Press. ISBN 978-0-7748-0431-8.
* Thornton, Russell (2000). Michael R. Haines, Richard Hall Steckel (ed.). A population history of North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-49666-7.
* Wilson, Donna M; Northcott, Herbert C (2008). Dying and Death in Canada. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-1-55111-873-4.
* Roderic Beaujot and Don Kerr, (2007) The Changing Face of Canada: Essential Readings in Population, Canadian Scholars' Press, ISBN 978-1-55130-322-2.

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*[Pop.]: Population
*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template
*[±%]: Percent change
*[n.i.e.]: Not included elsewhere. (According to Statistics Canada, this "includes respondents who reported a write-in response such as 'Guyanese,' 'West Indian,' 'Tibetan,' 'Polynesian,' 'Pacific Islander,' etc.")
*[%]: percentage