Demographics of Chile

Chile population pyramid in 2024

Population| 19,493,184[1][2]
Growth rate| 0.61% (2024 est.)[3]
Birth rate| 12.4 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)[3]
Death rate| 6.6 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)[3]
Life expectancy| 80.3 years (2024 est.)[3]
• male| 77.3 years (2024 est.)[3]
• female| 83.3 years (2024 est.)[3]
Fertility rate| 1.75 children born/woman (2024 est.)[3]
Infant mortality rate| 6.3 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)[3]
Net migration rate| 0.3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)[3]
Age structure
0–14 years| 19.2% (male 1,829,801/female 1,758,137) (2024 est.)[3]
15–64 years| 67.3% (male 6,259,566/female 6,273,074) (2024 est.)[3]
65 and over| 13.6% (male 1,024,692/female 1,404,187) (2024 est.)[3]
Sex ratio
Total| 0.97 male(s)/female (2024 est.)[3]
At birth| 1.04 male(s)/female (2024 est.)[3]
Under 15| 1.04 male(s)/female (2024 est.)[3]
15–64 years| 1 male(s)/female (2024 est.)[3]
65 and over| 0.73 male(s)/female (2024 est.)[3]
Nationality
Nationality| Chilean
Major ethnic|

*     * White (N/D)
* Spanish (N/D)
* French (N/D)
* Arab (N/D)
* English (N/D)
* German (N/D)
* Others (N/D)
* Multiracial (N/D)

Minor ethnic|

*     * Indigenous (12.44%)[4]
* Mapuche (9.93%)
* Aymara (0.89%)
* Diaguita (0.50%)
* Others (1.12%)
* East Asian (N/D)
* Chinese (N/D)
* Others (N/D)
* Black (0.70%)[4]
* Haitians (0.64%)[5]
* Others (0.06%)

Language
Official| Spanish (de facto)
Spoken| Languages of Chile

Chile's 2017 census reported a population of 17,574,003 people. Its rate of population growth has been decreasing since 1990, due to a declining birth rate.[6] By 2050 the population is expected to reach approximately 20.2 million people, at which point it is projected to either stagnate or begin declining.[7] About 85% of the country's population lives in urban areas, with 40% living in Greater Santiago alone. The largest agglomerations according to the 2002 census are Greater Santiago with 5.6 million people, Greater Concepción with 861,000 and Greater Valparaíso with 824,000.[8]

## Population size and structure

[edit]

Census populationYear| Pop.| ±% p.a.

|
|

1835 | 1,103,036| —
1843 | 1,083,701| −0.22%
1854 | 1,446,031| +2.66%
1865 | 1,819,223| +2.11%
1875 | 2,075,971| +1.33%
1885 | 2,527,320| +1.99%
1895 | 2,687,985| +0.62%
1907 | 3,249,279| +1.59%
1920 | 3,753,799| +1.12%
1930 | 4,287,445| +1.34%
1940 | 5,023,539| +1.60%
1952 | 5,932,995| +1.40%
1960 | 7,374,115| +2.76%
1970 | 8,884,768| +1.88%
1982 | 11,329,736| +2.05%
1992 | 13,348,401| +1.65%
2002 | 15,116,435| +1.25%
2012 | 16,634,603| +0.96%
2017 | 17,574,003| +1.10%
Source:[9]

According to the 2022 revision of the World Population Prospects[1][2] the total population was 19,493,184 in 2021, compared to only 6,143,000 in 1950. The proportion of children below the age of 15 in 2015 was 20.1%, 69.0% was between 15 and 65 years of age, while 10.9% was 65 years or older.[10]

Year  | Total population
( × 1000)  | Population percentage in age bracket

|
|

0–14  | 15–64  | 65+
1950  | 6 143  |

36.7%

59.0%

4.3%

1955  | 6 862  |

38.1%

57.4%

4.5%

1960  | 7 696  |

39.4%

55.8%

4.8%

1965  | 8 612  |

40.4%

54.5%

5.0%

1970  | 9 562  |

39.6%

55.2%

5.2%

1975  | 10 421  |

36.9%

57.7%

5.4%

1980  | 11 234  |

33.0%

61.4%

5.7%

1985  | 12 109  |

30.6%

63.2%

6.2%

1990  | 13 141  |

29.3%

64.2%

6.5%

1995  | 14 194  |

28.2%

64.8%

7.0%

2000  | 15 170  |

26.5%

65.8%

7.7%

2005  | 16 097  |

24.0%

67.5%

8.5%

2010  | 17 015  |

21.9%

68.5%

9.6%

2015  | 17 948  |

20.1%

69.0%

10.9%

2020  | 19 116  |

19.2%

68.5%

12.2%

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See also: List of cities in Chile

### Structure of the population

[edit]

Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2013): [11]

Age Group  | Male  | Female  | Total  | %

|
|
|
|

Total  | 8 688 067  | 8 868 748  | 17 556 815  | 100
0–4  | 639 270  | 615 764  | 1 255 034  | 7.15
5–9  | 633 287  | 610 458  | 1 243 745  | 7.08
10–14  | 648 484  | 625 765  | 1 274 249  | 7.26
15–19  | 707 959  | 684 424  | 1 392 383  | 7.93
20–24  | 749 460  | 727,530  | 1 476 990  | 8.41
25–29  | 710 354  | 693 723  | 1 404 077  | 8.00
30–34  | 634 056  | 624 375  | 1 258 431  | 7.17
35–39  | 598 029  | 595 813  | 1 193 842  | 6.80
40–44  | 612 898  | 617 259  | 1 230 157  | 7.01
45–49  | 610 366  | 621 300  | 1 231 666  | 7.02
50–54  | 574 320  | 592 349  | 1 166 669  | 6.65
55–59  | 468 437  | 492 763  | 961 200  | 5.47
60–64  | 359 065  | 390 681  | 749 746  | 4.27
65–69  | 276 510  | 317 107  | 593 617  | 3.38
70–74  | 200 585  | 247 698  | 448 283  | 2.55
75–79  | 133 715  | 183 899  | 317 614  | 1.81
80+  | 131 272  | 227 840  | 359 112  | 2.05
Age group  | Male  | Female  | Total  | Percent
0–14  | 1 921 041  | 1 851 987  | 3 773 028  | 21.49
15–64  | 6 024 944  | 6 040 217  | 12 065 161  | 68.72
65+  | 742 082  | 976 544  | 1 718 626  | 9.79

Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (30.VI.2021) (Post-censal estimates.): [12]

Age Group  | Male  | Female  | Total  | %

|
|
|
|

Total  | 9 708 512  | 9 969 851  | 19 678 363  | 100
0–4  | 600 632  | 578 263  | 1 178 895  | 5.99
5–9  | 651 336  | 627 814  | 1 279 150  | 6.50
10–14  | 655 232  | 632 388  | 1 287 620  | 6.54
15–19  | 631 851  | 610 954  | 1 242 805  | 6.32
20–24  | 719 079  | 697 050  | 1 416 129  | 7.20
25–29  | 827 115  | 802 756  | 1 629 871  | 8.28
30–34  | 842 111  | 817 367  | 1 659 478  | 8.43
35–39  | 738 934  | 722 171  | 1 461 105  | 7.42
40–44  | 683 807  | 678 365  | 1 362 172  | 6.92
45–49  | 644 339  | 651 942  | 1 296 281  | 6.59
50–54  | 602 079  | 622 931  | 1 225 010  | 6.23
55–59  | 566 471  | 601 133  | 1 167 604  | 5.93
60–64  | 483 184  | 530 360  | 1 013 544  | 5.15
65-69  | 393 552  | 450 783  | 844 335  | 4.29
70-74  | 278 885  | 336 455  | 615 340  | 3.13
75-79  | 184 713  | 246 241  | 430 954  | 2.19
80-84  | 113 029  | 174 032  | 287 061  | 1.46
85-89  | 59 048  | 109 156  | 168 204  | 0.85
90-94  | 26 017  | 57 951  | 83 968  | 0.43
95-99  | 6 154  | 17 742  | 23 896  | 0.12
100+  | 944  | 3 997  | 4 941  | 0.03
Age group  | Male  | Female  | Total  | Percent
0–14  | 1 907 200  | 1 838 465  | 3 745 665  | 19.03
15–64  | 6 738 970  | 6 735 029  | 13 473 999  | 68.47
65+  | 1 062 342  | 1 396 357  | 2 458 699  | 12.49

## Vital statistics

[edit]

### Official statistics

[edit]

[13] | Average population  | Live births [14] | Deaths  | Natural change  | Crude birth rate (per 1000)  | Crude death rate (per 1000)  | Natural change (per 1000)  | Crude migration change (per 1000)  | Total fertility rate

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

1950  | 6,081,000  | 206,582  | 91,180  | 115,402  | 34.0  | 15.0  | 19.0  |  |
1951  | 6,218,000  | 209,794  | 92,728  | 117,066  | 33.7  | 14.9  | 18.8  | 3.3  |
1952  | 6,354,000  | 225,758  | 81,966  | 143,792  | 35.5  | 12.9  | 22.6  | -1.3  |
1953  | 6,491,000  | 222,956  | 80,068  | 142,888  | 34.3  | 12.4  | 21.9  | -0.9  |
1954  | 6,627,000  | 220,968  | 84,519  | 136,449  | 33.3  | 12.8  | 20.5  | -0.1  |
1955  | 6,764,000  | 237,213  | 87,843  | 149,370  | 35.1  | 13.0  | 22.1  | -1.9  |
1956  | 6,940,000  | 249,756  | 84,199  | 165,557  | 36.0  | 12.1  | 23.9  | 1.5  |
1957  | 7,116,000  | 262,746  | 91,506  | 171,240  | 36.9  | 12.9  | 24.0  | 0.7  |
1958  | 7,291,000  | 263,418  | 88,930  | 174,488  | 36.1  | 12.2  | 23.9  | 0.1  |
1959  | 7,467,000  | 267,657  | 94,491  | 173,166  | 35.8  | 12.7  | 23.1  | 0.4  |
1960  | 7,643,000  | 282,681  | 95,486  | 187,195  | 37.0  | 12.5  | 24.5  | -1.5  |
1961  | 7,843,000  | 290,412  | 91,348  | 199,064  | 37.0  | 11.6  | 25.4  | 0.1  |
1962  | 8,044,000  | 304,930  | 94,874  | 210,056  | 37.9  | 11.8  | 26.1  | -1.2  |
1963  | 8,245,000  | 309,908  | 98,293  | 211,615  | 37.6  | 11.9  | 25.7  | -1.3  |
1964  | 8,445,000  | 306,050  | 94,058  | 211,992  | 36.2  | 11.1  | 25.1  | -1.5  |
1965  | 8,646,000  | 308,014  | 91,648  | 216,366  | 35.6  | 10.6  | 25.0  | -1.8  |
1966  | 8,831,000  | 295,761  | 95,450  | 200,311  | 33.5  | 10.8  | 22.7  | -1.8  |
1967  | 9,015,000  | 277,009  | 86,840  | 190,169  | 30.7  | 9.6  | 21.1  | -0.7  |
1970  | 9,569,000  | 261,609  | 83,014  | 178,595  | 27.3  | 8.7  | 18.6  | 0.6  |
1971  | 9,738,000  | 273,518  | 83,456  | 190,062  | 28.1  | 8.6  | 19.5  | -2.2  |
1972  | 9,907,000  | 277,891  | 87,429  | 190,462  | 28.0  | 8.8  | 19.2  | -2.2  |
1973  | 10,076,000  | 276,650  | 80,994  | 195,656  | 27.5  | 8.0  | 19.5  | -2.7  |
1974  | 10,244,000  | 267,977  | 78,493  | 189,484  | 26.2  | 7.7  | 18.5  | -2.1  |
1975  | 10,413,000  | 256,543  | 74,481  | 182,062  | 24.6  | 7.2  | 17.4  | -1.3  |
1976  | 10,565,000  | 247,722  | 80,537  | 167,185  | 23.4  | 7.6  | 15.8  | -1.5  |
1977  | 10,717,000  | 240,463  | 73,446  | 167,017  | 22.4  | 6.8  | 15.6  | -1.4  |
1978  | 10,869,000  | 236,780  | 72,436  | 164,344  | 21.8  | 6.7  | 15.1  | -1.2  |
1979  | 11,021,000  | 241,077  | 74,528  | 166,549  | 21.9  | 6.8  | 15.1  | -1.3  |
1980  | 11,174,000  | 247,013  | 74,109  | 172,904  | 22.1  | 6.6  | 15.5  | -1.8  |
1981  | 11,359,000  | 264,809  | 69,971  | 194,838  | 23.3  | 6.2  | 17.1  | -0.9  |
1982  | 11,545,000  | 270,003  | 69,887  | 200,116  | 23.4  | 6.1  | 17.3  | -1.2  |
1983  | 11,731,000  | 256,539  | 74,296  | 182,243  | 21.9  | 6.3  | 15.6  | 0.3  |
1984  | 11,916,000  | 265,016  | 74,669  | 190,347  | 22.2  | 6.3  | 15.9  | -0.5  |
1985  | 12,047,000  | 261,978  | 73,534  | 188,444  | 21.7  | 6.1  | 15.6  | -4.8  |
1986  | 12,248,000  | 272,997  | 72,209  | 200,788  | 22.3  | 5.9  | 16.4  | 0  |
1987  | 12,454,000  | 279,762  | 70,559  | 209,203  | 22.5  | 5.7  | 16.8  | -0.3  |
1988  | 12,667,000  | 296,581  | 74,435  | 222,146  | 23.4  | 5.9  | 17.5  | -0.7  |
1989  | 12,883,000  | 303,798  | 75,453  | 228,345  | 23.6  | 5.9  | 17.7  | -1.0  |
1990  | 13,179,000  | 307,522  | 78,434  | 229,118  | 23.3  | 6.0  | 17.3  | 5.2  |
1991  | 13,422,000  | 299,456  | 74,862  | 224,594  | 22.3  | 5.6  | 16.7  | 1.4  |
1992  | 13,665,000  | 293,787  | 74,090  | 219,697  | 21.5  | 5.4  | 16.1  | 1.7  | 2.54
1993  | 13,908,000  | 290,438  | 76,261  | 214,177  | 20.9  | 5.5  | 15.4  | 2,1  | 2.48
1994  | 14,152,000  | 288,175  | 75,445  | 212,730  | 20.4  | 5.3  | 15.1  | 2,2  | 2.36
1995  | 14,395,000  | 279,928  | 78,517  | 201,411  | 19.4  | 5.5  | 13.9  | 2.9  | 2.28
1996  | 14,596,000  | 278,729  | 79,123  | 199,606  | 19.1  | 5.4  | 13.7  | 0.1  | 2.26
1997  | 14,796,000  | 273,641  | 78,472  | 195,169  | 18.5  | 5.3  | 13.2  | 0.3  | 2.21
1998  | 14,997,000  | 270,637  | 80,257  | 190,380  | 18.0  | 5.4  | 12.6  | 0.7  | 2.17
1999  | 15,197,000  | 263,867  | 81,984  | 181,883  | 17.4  | 5.4  | 12.0  | 1.2  | 2.11
2000  | 15,398,000  | 261,993  | 78,814  | 183,179  | 17.0  | 5.1  | 11.9  | 1.2  | 2.09
2001  | 15,572,000  | 259,069  | 81,871  | 177,198  | 16.6  | 5.3  | 11.3  | -0.2  | 2.05
2002  | 15,746,000  | 251,559  | 81,080  | 170,479  | 16.0  | 5.1  | 10.9  | 0.2  | 1.99
2003  | 15,919,000  | 246,827  | 83,672  | 163,155  | 15.5  | 5.3  | 10.2  | 0.6  | 1.94
2004  | 16,093,000  | 242,476  | 86,138  | 156,338  | 15.1  | 5.4  | 9.7  | 1.1  | 1.90
2005  | 16,267,000  | 242,980  | 86,102  | 156,878  | 14.9  | 5.3  | 9.6  | 1.1  | 1.89
2006  | 16,433,000  | 243,561  | 85,639  | 157,922  | 14.8  | 5.2  | 9.6  | 0.5  | 1.88
2007  | 16,598,000  | 242,054  | 93,000  | 149,054  | 14.6  | 5.6  | 9.0  | 1.0  | 1.94
2008  | 16,763,000  | 248,366  | 90,168  | 158,198  | 14.8  | 5.4  | 9.4  | 0.4  | 1.97
2009  | 16,929,000  | 253,584  | 91,965  | 161,619  | 15.0  | 5.4  | 9.6  | 0.3  | 2.00
2010  | 17,094,000  | 251,199  | 97,930  | 153,269  | 14.7  | 5.7  | 9.0  | 0.7  | 1.97
2011  | 17,248,0001 | 247,358  | 94,985  | 152,373  | 14.4  | 5.5  | 8.9  | 0.1  | 1.94
2012  | 17,445,000  | 243,635  | 98,711  | 144,924  | 14.0  | 5.7  | 8.3  | 3.0  | 1.90
2013  | 17,612,000  | 242,862  | 99,770  | 143,092  | 13.8  | 5.7  | 8.1  | 1.4  | 1.85
2014  | 17,787,000  | 252,194  | 101,960  | 150,234  | 14.2  | 5.7  | 8.5  | 1.4  | 1.91
2015  | 17,971,000  | 245,406  | 103,327  | 142,079  | 13.6  | 5.7  | 7.9  | 2.4  | 1.86
2016  | 18,167,000  | 232,616  | 104,026  | 128,590  | 12.8  | 5.7  | 7.1  | 3.8  | 1.75
2017  | 18,419,192  | 219,494  | 106,388  | 113,106  | 11.9  | 5.8  | 6.1  | 7.7  | 1.65
2018  | 18,751,405  | 221,724  | 106,786  | 114,938  | 11.8  | 5.7  | 6.1  | 11.8  | 1.62
2019  | 19,107,216  | 210,188  | 109,658  | 100,530  | 11.0  | 5.7  | 5.3  | 13.5  | 1.50
2020  | 19,458,310  | 194,978  | 126,169  | 68,809  | 10.0  | 6.5  | 3.5  | 14.8  | 1.30
2021  | 19,678,363  | 177,273  | 137,629  | 39,644  | 9.0  | 6.9  | 2.1  | 9.3  | 1.17
2022  | 19,828,563  | 189,310  | 136,958  | 52,352  | 9.6  | 6.8  | 2.8  | 5.0  | 1.32
2023  | 19,960,889  | 173,920  | 121,270  | 52,650  | 8.7  | 6.0  | 2.7  | 4.1  | 1.16
2024  |  | 154,441  | 126,883  | 27,558  | 7.7  | 6.3  | 1.4  |  | 1.03

1This estimate and those of previous years were made before the 2012 census results were known.

(p) = preliminary figures.| 20201

### Current vital statistics

[edit]

The Ine publishes monthly the vital statistics report.

Period  | Live births  | Deaths  | Natural increase

|
|
|

January-May 2024 | 59,775  | 49,045  | +10,730
January-May 2025 | 62,113  | 50,221  | +11,892
Difference |  +2,338 (+3.9%)  |  +1,176 (+2.4%)  |  +1,162
Source:[15]

### Total fertility rates by region

[edit]

Total fertility rate by region Region | TFR

|

Tarapacá | 1.30
Atacama | 1.27
Arica and Parinacota | 1.26
O'Higgins | 1.23
Araucanía | 1.20
Los Lagos | 1.17
Maule | 1.17
Ñuble | 1.17
Biobío | 1.08
Los Ríos | 1.08
Antofagasta | 1.07
Coquimbo | 1.07
Aysén | 1.06
Valparaíso | 1.04
Chile | 1.03
Magallanes | 0.93
Metropolitan | 0.92

### United Nations estimates

[edit]

The Population Department of the United Nations prepared the following estimates. [10]

Period  | Live births
per year  | Deaths
per year  | Natural change
per year  | CBR*  | CDR*  | NC*  | TFR*  | IMR*  | Life expectancy

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

total  | males  | females
1950–1955 | 244,000 | 94,000 | 150,000 | 37.5 | 14.5 | 23.0 | 5.15 | 120 | 54.9 | 52.9 | 56.8
1955–1960 | 268,000 | 95,000 | 173,000 | 36.8 | 13.1 | 23.7 | 5.18 | 118 | 56.2 | 53.8 | 58.7
1960–1965 | 285,000 | 95,000 | 190,000 | 35.0 | 11.6 | 23.4 | 4.96 | 109 | 58.1 | 55.3 | 61.0
1965–1970 | 291,000 | 93,000 | 198,000 | 32.1 | 10.2 | 21.9 | 4.46 | 89 | 60.8 | 57.7 | 63.9
1970–1975 | 271,000 | 88,000 | 183,000 | 27.1 | 8.8 | 18.3 | 3.57 | 69 | 63.7 | 60.6 | 67.0
1975–1980 | 257,000 | 84,000 | 173,000 | 23.8 | 7.8 | 16.0 | 2.93 | 45 | 67.4 | 64.0 | 70.8
1980–1985 | 265,000 | 82,000 | 183,000 | 22.7 | 7.1 | 15.6 | 2.66 | 24 | 70.9 | 67.4 | 74.4
1985–1990 | 286,000 | 81,000 | 205,000 | 22.7 | 6.4 | 16.3 | 2.60 | 18 | 72.8 | 69.6 | 76.0
1990–1995 | 278,000 | 80,000 | 198,000 | 20.4 | 5.9 | 14.5 | 2.38 | 14 | 74.5 | 71.5 | 77.4
1995–2000 | 261,000 | 80,000 | 181,000 | 17.8 | 5.5 | 12.3 | 2.16 | 12 | 75.9 | 72.8 | 78.9
2000–2005 | 248,000 | 82,000 | 166,000 | 15.9 | 5.2 | 10.7 | 2.00 | 8 | 77.9 | 74.8 | 80.9
2005–2010 | 240,000 | 85,000 | 155,000 | 14.5 | 5.1 | 9.4 | 1.88 | 7 | 78.6 | 75.5 | 81.7
2010–2015 | 235,000 | 89,000 | 146,000 | 13.5 | 5.1 | 8.4 | 1.78 | 6 | 79.8 | 77.0 | 82.6
2015–2020 | 233,000 | 96,000 | 137,000 | 13.3 | 5.2 | 7.5 | 1.73 | 5 | 81.0 | 78.3 | 83.6
*  CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); CDR = crude death rate (per 1000); NC = natural change (per 1000); IMR = infant mortality rate per 1000 births; TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman)

## Ethnic groups

[edit]

Main article: Chilean people

Ethnic groups in Chile

Ethnic groups |  | Percent
White, Mestizo, or other non-Indigenous  |

| 89.2%
Mapuche or other Indigenous  |

| 10.8%

Chile is a diverse society,[16] home to individuals with varied ethnic backgrounds. Studies on the ethnic makeup of Chile differ significantly from one another.

According to censuses from the colonial period, the white population exceeded 70% of the population of Chile (approximately 79% in 1810). 102

Studies estimates the white population at between 20%,[17] to over 60% of the Chilean population. According to genetic research by the University of Brasília, Chilean genetic admixture consists of 51.6% European, 42.1% Amerindian, and 6.3% African ancestry.[18] According to an autosomal genetic study of 2014 carried out among soldiers in the city of Arica, Northern Chile, the European admixture goes from 56.8% in soldiers born in Magallanes to 41.2% for the ones who were born in Tarapacá.[19] According to a study from 2013, conducted by the Candela Project in Northern Chile as well, the genetic admixture of Chile is 52% European, 44% Native American, and 4% African.[20]

A 2007 public health book from the University of Chile states that 65% of the population are Mestizos with predominantly White admixture, with 30% being of Caucasoid origin and Amerindians comprising the remaining 5%.[21] National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) professor of Latin American studies, Francisco Lizcano, estimates that 52.7% of the Chilean population can be classified as culturally European, with 39.3% being Mestizo and the remaining 8% belonging to Amerindian cultures.[22] Other social studies put the total number of Whites at over 60%.[23] According to a study performed in 2014, 37.9% of Chileans self-identified as white, and subsequent DNA tests showed that the average self identifying white was genetically 54% European.[24]

According to a 2012 estimate by the US Central Intelligence Agency World Factbook, the population consists of 88.9% of "White and non-Indigenous", with the remaining percentages being Amerindians, except for a 0.3% "unspecified".

The 2011 Latinobarómetro survey asked respondents in Chile to identify their race, with the majority (67%) selecting "white," followed by "mestizo" (25%), and "indigenous" (8%).[25] In a 2002 national poll, the majority of Chileans reported having "some" (43.4%) or "much" (8.3%) indigenous ancestry, while 40.3% claimed to have none.[26]

As of 2002, according to Encyclopedia Britannica, 89% of Chileans were white or mestizo, and 11% were Indigenous.[27] A 2002 national census classified the population as indigenous and non-indigenous rather than as White or Mestizo.

### Indigenous communities

[edit]

Distribution of the pre-Hispanic people of Chile, north is to the right

Main article: Indigenous peoples in Chile

1902 photograph of a Mapuche girl from Concepción in southern Chile

The 1907 census reported 101,118 Indians, or 3.1% of the total country population. Only those that practiced their native culture or spoke their native language were considered, irrespective of their "racial purity."[28]

According to the 2002 census, only indigenous people that still practiced a native culture or spoke a native language were surveyed, and 4.6% of the population (692,192 people) fit that description. Of that 4.6%, 87.3% declared themselves Mapuche.[29] Most of the indigenous population show varying degrees of mixed ancestry.[30]

Chile is one of the twenty-two countries to have signed and ratified the only binding international law concerning indigenous peoples, Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989.[31] It was adopted in 1989 as the International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention 169. Chile ratified the convention in 2008. In November 2009, a court decision in Chile, considered to be a landmark ruling in indigenous rights concerns, made use of the ILO convention 169. The Supreme Court decision on Aymara water rights upholds rulings by both the Pozo Almonte tribunal and the Iquique Court of Appeals, and marks the first judicial application of ILO Convention 169 in Chile.[32]

Chile administers Easter Island a territory 4,100 km west of the mainland. The Rapa Nui people are native to the island and are Polynesian in origin. About 3,500 live on the island,[33] but around 10,000 came to the mainland in the 20th century.[citation needed]

Those belonging to recognised indigenous communities (2002)  Community | Population | Percentage

|
|

Alacaluf | 2,622  |

0.02%

Mapuche | 604,349  |

4.00%

Atacameño | 21,015  |

0.14%

Quechua | 6,175  |

0.04%

Aymara | 48,501  |

0.32%

Rapanui | 4,647  |

0.03%

Colla | 3,198  |

0.02%

Yaghan | 1,685  |

0.01%

### European immigration

[edit]

See also: Immigration to Chile

Italian (Emilian) immigrants to Capitán Pastene in southern Chile.

Chile – located far from Europe and difficult to reach – was never an attractive place for migrants from Europe,[34][35] a situation recognized in the census of 1907, the census which recorded the highest percentage of Europeans versus the total population of Chile (2.2%).[36]

> The observed increase in 1885 is due in large part to the annexation of three provinces after the Pacific War and the final conquest of the Araucanía. Given that our country receives almost no foreign immigration, this increase is significant, when compared with that of more advanced countries in this regard. The comparative table that follows demonstrates this:

> (...)

> Except for those lucky countries that have seen in the last half century flocking to its beaches a huge influx of immigrants, a situation that unfortunately is not ours, the rate of increase of the population of Chile, figures honorably between the rate of the most prosperous countries on Earth.

— National Institute of Statistics (Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas)[36]

European migration in the 19th century did not result in a remarkable change in the ethnic composition of Chile, except in the region of Magellan and the city of Concepcion in the BIO-BIO Region.[37]

Spain and France was the largest source of European immigration to Chile during the 17th and 18th centuries, specially from the deep southern parts of Andalusia and Extremadura, which contributed to the Chilean ethnogenesis with thousands of peasants who migrated to the fertile lands of the Chilean Central Valley alongside the Basque merchants who started to arrive in the 18th century in great numbers.

The largest contingent of people to have arrived in post-independence Chile came from Spain and from the Basque country, a region divided between northern Spain and southern France. Estimates of the number of Chileans who have one or two surnames of Basque origin range from 10% (1,600,000) to as high as 20% (3,200,000).[38][39][40][41][42][43][44] Note that this phenomenon occurs not only in Chile, but also in every Autonomous Community of Spain,[45] as well as in other Latin American countries – one can see that a substantial portion of their populations have one or two surnames of Basque or Navarre origin,[46][47][48][49][50][51] tending to be more common in the upper classes, and hence becoming more unusual in lower classes.[52]

Chile's various waves of non-Spanish immigrants include Italians, Irish, French, Greeks, Germans, English, Scots, Croats, and Poles.

In 1848 an important and substantial German immigration took place, laying the foundation for the German-Chilean community.[53][54] Sponsored by the Chilean government for the colonization of the southern region, the Germans (including German-speaking Swiss, Silesians, Alsatians and Austrians), strongly influenced the cultural and racial composition of the southern provinces of Chile. It is difficult to count the number of descendants of Germans in Chile, given the great amount of time since 1848. Because many areas of southern Chile were sparsely populated, the traces of German immigration there are quite noticeable. An independent estimate calculates that about 500,000 Chileans could descend from German immigrants.[55]

Other historically significant immigrant groups included Croats, whose descendants today are estimated at 380,000 persons, or 2.4% of the Chilean population.[56][57] Some authors claim that close to 4.6% of the Chilean population must have some Croatian ancestry.[58] Over 700,000 Chileans (4.5% of the Chilean population) may have British (English, Scottish or Welsh) and Irish forebears.[59] Chileans of Greek descent are estimated to number between 90,000 and 120,000;[60] most live in or near either Santiago or Antofagasta, and Chile is one of the five countries in the world most populated with descendants of Greeks.[61] The descendants of Swiss immigrants add 90,000,[62] and estimates suggest that about 5% of the Chilean population has some French ancestry.[63] 600,000 Chileans descend from Italian immigrants. Other groups of Europeans exist but are found in smaller numbers, such as the descendants of Austrians[64][need quotation to verify] and Dutchmen (estimated at about 50,000).[65][66]

### Latin American immigrants

[edit]

See also: Immigration to Chile

Since the reestablishment of democracy in Chile, the former tendency for emigrants from the country to outnumber immigrants to it has reversed. Chile now is one of the two countries in Latin America with a positive migration rate.[67] Since 1990, with the opening of Chile to the world, through a free market system, and the consequent socioeconomic development of the country, has been noted the attraction of a significant number of immigrants from various Latin American countries, which represented in Census 2017, approximately 1,200,000 people, corresponding to 7% of the population residing in the Chilean territory, without counting their descendants born in Chile, due to the effects of the ius soli.[68] Their main origins, corresponds to: 288,233 Venezuelans, 223,923 Peruvians, 179,338 Haitians, 146,582 Colombians, 107,346 Bolivians, 74,713 Argentines, 36,994 Ecuadorians, 18,185 Brazilians, 17,959 Dominicans, 15,837 Cubans and 8,975 Mexicans.[69]

This has prompted a change in the physiognomy of certain communes in the country where its number is concentrated. In communes such as Santiago Centro and Independencia, 1/3 of residents is a Latin American immigrant (28% and 31% of the population of these communes, respectively).[70] Other communes of Greater Santiago with high numbers of immigrants are Estación Central (17%) and Recoleta (16%).[71] In the northern regions such as Antofagasta region, 17.3% of the population is a Latin American foreigner, with communes such as Ollagüe (31%), Mejillones (16%), Sierra Gorda (16%) and Antofagasta (11%), with high percentages of Latin American immigrants, mainly Bolivians, Colombians and Peruvians.[72]

### Other ethnic groups

[edit]

It is estimated that about 5% of the population (800,000) is descendant of Asian immigrants, chiefly from the Middle East (i.e. Palestinians, Syrians and Lebanese, see Arab Chileans).[73][74] Most of these are Christians from the Levant,[75] of whom roughly 500,000 are Palestinian descendants, mostly Christians, are believed to reside in Chile.[76][77][78][79][80][81] Additionally, about 18,000–25,000 Jews reside in Chile.[82]

In recent years, Chile has had a growing East Asian population, mainly from China (see Chinese Chilean), but also from Japan (see Japanese Chilean) and South Korea (see Koreans in Chile). The earliest wave of East Asian immigration took place in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, mainly Chinese and Japanese contract laborers.

There is a sizable population of Romani people in Chile. They are widely and easily recognized, and continue to hold on to their traditions and language, and many continue to live semi-nomadic lifestyles traveling from city to city and living in small tented communities[83]

### Population genetics

[edit]

Genetics studies fluctuate between 57,8% and 67.9% European;[84][85][86][87] between 32.1% and 44.3% Amerindian;[85][88] and 2.5%—6.3% African ancestry percentages.[89][84] A genetic study by the University of Chile found that the average Chilean's genetic makeup consists of 64% Caucasian and 35% Amerindian ancestry.[90] In a 2014 study of Chilean soldiers stationed in Arica, researchers found that the average self-identifying white person (37.9%) was genetically only 54% European.[91]

## Languages

[edit]

Languages background in Chile (2012 est.)[3]

Languages |  | Percent
Spanish |

| 99.5%
English |

| 10.2%
Indigenous (Mapudungun, Aymara, Quechua, Rapa Nui) |

| 1%
Other |

| 2.3%
Unspecified |

|  0.2%

Main article: Languages of Chile

The Spanish spoken in Chile is distinctively accented and quite unlike that of neighbouring South American countries because final syllables and "s" sounds are dropped, and some consonants have a soft pronunciation.[92][93] Accent varies only very slightly from north to south; more noticeable are the small differences in accent based on social class or whether one lives in the city or the country. That the Chilean population was largely formed in a small section at the center of the country and then migrated in modest numbers to the north and south helps explain this relative lack of differentiation, which was maintained by the national reach of radio, and now television, which also helps to diffuse and homogenize colloquial expressions.[94]

There are several indigenous languages spoken in Chile: Mapudungun, Quechua, Aymara and Rapa Nui. After the Spanish invasion, Spanish took over as the lingua franca and the indigenous languages have become minority languages, with some now extinct or close to extinction.[95]

German is spoken to a great extent in southern Chile,[96] either in small countryside pockets or as a second language among the communities of larger cities.

Through initiatives such as the English Opens Doors program, the government made English mandatory for students in fifth-grade and above in public schools. Most private schools in Chile start teaching English from kindergarten.[97] Common English words have been absorbed and appropriated into everyday Spanish speech.[98] Since 2010, all students from 3rd grade in secondary school have been tested on listening and reading comprehension in English. The evaluation is compulsory and the instrument is Educational Testing Service's TOEIC Bridge.

## Religion

[edit]

Religious background in Chile (2021 est.)[3]

Religion |  | Percent
Roman Catholic |

| 42%
None |

| 37%
Evangelical |

| 14%
Other |

| 6%

Main article: Religion in Chile

Christianity is the most widely professed religion in Chile, with Catholicism being its largest denomination.

## Graphs and maps

[edit]

* Chile. Population density by commune, based on 2002 census (2009)

* Population from 1820, projected up to 2050

* Agglomerations and cities above 10,000 inhabitants in 2005

* Life expectancy in Chile since 1900

* Life expectancy in Chile since 1960 by gender

## References

[edit]

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2. ^ a b "World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950–2100" (XSLX) ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved July 17, 2022.
3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s "Chile". The World Factbook. US Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved January 9, 2025.
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13. ^ "DEIS". deis.cl. Retrieved November 19, 2015.
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16. ^ Omotayo, Folake (April 12, 2018). "Chile Country Profile". BBC.
17. ^ "Chile". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved September 15, 2012. ""Chile's ethnic makeup is largely a product of Spanish colonization. About three fourths of Chileans are mestizo, a mixture of European and Amerindian ancestries. One-fifth of Chileans are of white European (mainly Spanish) descent."
18. ^ Godinho, Neide Maria de Oliveira (2008). Repositório Institucional da UnB: Home (Thesis).
19. ^ El Gradiente Sociogenético Chileno y sus Implicaciones Etico-Sociales (2014)
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21. ^ "5.2.6. Estructura racial". La Universidad de Chile. Archived from the original on October 16, 2007. Retrieved August 26, 2007. (Main page)
22. ^ Fernández, Francisco Lizcano (2007). Composición Étnica de las Tres Áreas Culturales del Continente Americano al Comienzo del Siglo XXI. Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. ISBN 9789707570528.
23. ^ Fabregat, Claudio Esteva (1988). El mestizaje en Iberoamérica [Mestizaje in Ibero-America] (in Spanish). Alhambra. OCLC 607746880.[page needed]
24. ^ Ruiz-Linares, Andrés; Adhikari, Kaustubh; Acuña-Alonzo, Victor; Quinto-Sanchez, Mirsha; Jaramillo, Claudia; Arias, William; Fuentes, Macarena; Pizarro, María; Everardo, Paola; de Avila, Francisco; Gómez-Valdés, Jorge; León-Mimila, Paola; Hunemeier, Tábita; Ramallo, Virginia; Silva de Cerqueira, Caio C.; Burley, Mari-Wyn; Konca, Esra; de Oliveira, Marcelo Zagonel; Veronez, Mauricio Roberto; Rubio-Codina, Marta; Attanasio, Orazio; Gibbon, Sahra; Ray, Nicolas; Gallo, Carla; Poletti, Giovanni; Rosique, Javier; Schuler-Faccini, Lavinia; Salzano, Francisco M.; Bortolini, Maria-Cátira; Canizales-Quinteros, Samuel; Rothhammer, Francisco; Bedoya, Gabriel; Balding, David; Gonzalez-José, Rolando (September 25, 2014). "Admixture in Latin America: Geographic Structure, Phenotypic Diversity and Self-Perception of Ancestry Based on 7,342 Individuals". PLOS Genetics. 10 (9): e1004572. Bibcode:2014PLOSG..10.4572R. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1004572. PMC 4177621. PMID 25254375.
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26. ^ "Encuesta CEP, Julio 2002" (in Spanish). July 2002. Archived from the original on April 29, 2013. Retrieved May 18, 2012.
27. ^ "Chile - Indigenous, Mestizo, European | Britannica". www.britannica.com. December 10, 2024. Retrieved January 9, 2025.
28. ^ "1907 census". Memoriachilena.cl. Retrieved May 16, 2010.
29. ^ "Censo 2002 – Síntesis de Resultados" (PDF). Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas.
30. ^ "El gradiente sociogenético chileno y sus implicaciones ético-sociales". Medwave.cl. June 15, 2000. Archived from the original on August 18, 2013. Retrieved May 16, 2010.
31. ^ "ILOLEX: submits English query". Ilo.org. January 9, 2004. Archived from the original on December 25, 2009. Retrieved May 16, 2010.
32. ^ "Chile's Supreme Court Upholds Indigenous Water Use Rights". The Santiago Times. November 30, 2009. Archived from the original on March 3, 2010. Retrieved March 2, 2010.
33. ^ Instituto Nacional de Estadistica de Chile Archived March 7, 2012, at the Wayback Machine(INE).
34. ^ De los Vascos, Oñati y los Elorza Archived August 19, 2013, at the Wayback Machine "...De Los Vascos, Oñati Y Los Elorza" by Waldo Ayarza Elorza. Page 59, 65, 66
35. ^ Salazar Vergara, Gabriel; Pinto, Julio (1999). "La Presencia Inmigrante". Historia Contemporánea de Chile. Santiago de Chile: LOM Ediciones. pp. 76–81\. ISBN 978-956-282-174-2. Retrieved September 16, 2012.
36. ^ a b Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas: 1907 Population Census, Page XVII (Page 14/1277 in the PDF document) (in Spanish)
37. ^ Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas de Chile: Censo de población de 1907, page-PDF 55/1277 and page-PDF 1249/1277 (in Spanish)
38. ^ Diariovasco. Diariovasco. (December 1, 1997).
39. ^ vascos Ainara Madariaga: Autora del estudio "Imaginarios vascos desde Chile La construcción de imaginarios vascos en Chile durante el siglo XX".
40. ^ Basques au Chili. Euskonews.com.
41. ^ Contacto Interlingüístico e intercultural en el mundo hispano.instituto valenciano de lenguas y culturas. Universitat de València Cita: Un 20% de la población chilena tiene su origen en el País Vasco.
42. ^ (in Spanish) La población chilena con ascendencia vasca bordea entre el 15% y el 20% del total, por lo que es uno de los países con mayor presencia de emigrantes venidos de Euskadi. Archived February 2, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
43. ^ De los Vascos, Oñati y los Elorza Archived August 19, 2013, at the Wayback Machine De Los Vascos, Oñati y Los Elorza Waldo Ayarza Elorza.
44. ^ (in Spanish) Presencia vasca en Chile.
45. ^ Román, Fernando González del Campo. "Apellidos y Migraciones Internas en La España Cristiana de La Reconquista" (PDF).
46. ^ "Presente y futuro de los Centros Vascos en Argentina (I de III)". Archived from the original on September 21, 2003. Retrieved November 19, 2015.
47. ^ Luis Gorostiza, (1912).[full citation needed]
48. ^ Vascos en Colombia, Tomos 1 y 2, Francisco de Abrisketa, Jaime de Kerexet
49. ^ Christian, Shirley (November 21, 1989). "Montevideo Journal: Basques Have Lots to Boast of (and at Times Do)". The New York Times. Retrieved April 26, 2010. "A fourth of Uruguay's three million people have at least one parent with a Basque surname."
50. ^ Bacaicoa Sanz, Francisco: "Apellidos vascos en el México de los Virreyes", en BIAEV, XXX, Bilbao, 1979.
51. ^ De Ispizúa, Segundo: Los vascos en América: Simón Bolívar Volumen 2; Volumen 5
52. ^ Presencia vasca en América, 1492–1992: una mirada crítica

> (Fragment)Hoy día los apellidos vascos son frecuentes en los grupos dirigentes, políticos y económicos, de gran número de países de América Latina. Una lista de las cincuenta mayores familias propietarias de Argentina...

53. ^ (in Spanish) Los colonos Archived January 16, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
54. ^ (in Spanish) Alemanes en Chile.[usurped]
55. ^ "Alemanes en Chile: entre el pasado colono y el presente empresarial" (in Spanish). Deustche-Welle. March 31, 2011. Retrieved December 22, 2012. "Hoy, el perfil de los alemanes residentes aquí es distinto y ya no tienen el peso numérico que alguna vez alcanzaron. En los años 40 y 50 eran en Chile el segundo mayor grupo de extranjeros, representando el 13% (13.000 alemanes). Según el último censo de 2002, en cambio, están en el octavo lugar: son sólo 5.500 personas, lo que equivale al 3% de los foráneos. Sin embargo, la colonia formada por familias de origen alemán es activa y numerosa. Según explica Karla Berndt, gerente de comunicaciones de la Cámara Chileno-Alemana de Comercio (Camchal), los descendientes suman 500.000. Concentrados en el sur y centro del país, donde encuentran un clima más afín, su red de instituciones es amplia. "Hay clínicas, clubes, una Liga Chileno-Alemana, compañías de bomberos y un periódico semanal en alemán llamado Cóndor. Chile es el lugar en el que se concentra el mayor número de colegios alemanes, 24, lo que es mucho para un país tan chico de sólo 16 millones de habitantes", relata Berndt. / (Translation) Today, the profile of the Germans living here is different and now they no longer have the numerical weight they once reached. In the 1940s and 1950s they were the second-largest foreign group in Chile, accounting for 13% (13,000 Germans). According to the last census in 2002, however, they are in eighth place: they are only 5,500 people, equivalent to 3% of outsiders. However, the colony of families of German origin is active and numerous. According to Karla Berndt, communications manager for the German-Chilean Chamber of Commerce (Camchal), descendants totaled 500,000. Concentrated in the south and center of the country, where they find a more congenial climate, its network of institutions is wide. "There are clinics, clubs, a Chilean-German League, fire companies and a German weekly newspaper called Condor. Chile is the place with the largest concentration of German schools, 24 which is a lot for such a small country of only 16 million people", says Berndt."
56. ^ (in Spanish) Diaspora Croata.
57. ^ Splitski osnovnoškolci rođeni u Čileu. Archived September 17, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
58. ^ "Hrvatski Dom - Inmigrantes Croatas". hrvatski.cl. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved November 19, 2015.
59. ^ "Historia de Chile, Británicos y Anglosajones en Chile durante el siglo XIX". Archived from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved April 26, 2009.
60. ^ (in Spanish) Embajada de Grecia en Chile. Archived October 16, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
61. ^ (in Spanish) Griegos de Chile Archived October 16, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
62. ^ "90,000 descendants of Swiss in Chile". Archived from the original on September 3, 2009. Retrieved November 19, 2015.
63. ^ (in Spanish) 5% de los chilenos tiene origen frances. Archived April 12, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
64. ^ "L. de Jong, De Duitse Vijfde Colonne in de Tweede Wereldoorlog * dbnl | Hoofdstuk XVI Historisch tussenspel". dbnl.org. Retrieved November 19, 2015.
65. ^ Dutch immigration.[usurped]
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67. ^ "United Nations Population Division" (PDF). un.org. Retrieved November 19, 2015.
68. ^ Library of Congress of Chile: Nacionalidad y ciudadanía. Artículo 10, inciso primero de la Constitución de 1980. Review: 2019-27-5.
69. ^ Demográficas y Vitales, INE Chile. Review: 2019-14-2.
70. ^ Canal 13: Censo 2017: 28% de habitantes en la comuna de Santiago son inmigrantes. Published: 2018-5-5.
71. ^ Estas son las comunas de Chile con mayor porcentaje de población extranjera. 24 Horas Chile. Published 2018-5-5.
72. ^ El 11% de los habitantes de Antofagasta son extranjeros. Soy Antofagasta. Published: 2018-5-5.
73. ^ (in Spanish) Arabes de Chile.
74. ^ (in Spanish) En Chile viven unas 700.000 personas de origen árabe y de ellas 500.000 son descendientes de emigrantes palestinos que llegaron a comienzos del siglo pasado y que constituyen la comunidad de ese origen más grande fuera del mundo árabe. Archived March 18, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
75. ^ "Arab". blog-v.com. Retrieved November 19, 2015.
76. ^ "Chile: Palestinian refugees arrive to warm welcome - Adnkronos Culture And Media". adnkronos.com. Archived from the original on November 24, 2017. Retrieved November 19, 2015.
77. ^ (in Spanish) 500,000 descendientes de primera y segunda generación de palestinos en Chile. Archived May 13, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
78. ^ (in Spanish) Santiago de Chile es un modelo de convivencia palestino-judía.[permanent dead link]
79. ^ Exiling Palestinians to Chile. Archived May 16, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
80. ^ (in Spanish) Chile tiene la comunidad palestina más grande fuera del mundo árabe, unos 500.000 descendientes. Archived May 19, 2019, at the Wayback Machine
81. ^ "En detrimento de Israel - Acercamiento arabe a America Latina por Natalio Steiner, co-director de Comunidades | En detrimento de Israel Acercamiento arabe a America Latina". delacole.com. Retrieved November 19, 2015.
82. ^ Congreso Judío Latinoamericano. "Comunidades judías: Chile" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on December 21, 2014. Retrieved April 24, 2015.
83. ^ "Emerging Romani Voices from Latin America". European Roma Rights Centre (in Hungarian). Retrieved March 6, 2019.
84. ^ a b Godinho, Neide Maria de Oliveira (2008). O impacto das migrações na constituição genética de populações latino-americanas [The impact of migration on the genetic makeup of Latin American populations] (Thesis) (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on March 16, 2016.
85. ^ a b Valenzuela, C. (1984). "Marco de referencia sociogenetico para los estudios de salud publica en Chile" [Sociogenetic reference limits for public health studies in Chile]. Revista Chilena de Pediatría (in Spanish). 55 (2): 123–127\. PMID 6473850.
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