Demographics of Ecuador

Ecuador population pyramid in 2020

Population| 18,213,749 (2023 estimate)(66th)[1]
Growth rate| 1.443% (2011 est.)
Birth rate| 13.2 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)
Death rate| 5.0 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Fertility rate| 2.0 children (2024 est.)
Age structure
0–14 years| 28.23%
15–64 years| 64.11%
65 and over| 7.66%
Nationality
Nationality| Ecuadorian
Major ethnic|

*     * Mixed (86.62%)[2]
* Mestizo (77.47%)
* Montubio (7.70%)
* Mulatto (1.45%)

Minor ethnic|

*     * Indigenous (7.69%)[2]
* Black (3.36%)[2]
* White (2.21%)[2]
* Others (0.12%)

Language
Spoken| Spanish, other indigenous languages.

Demographic features of the population of Ecuador include population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.

Ecuador experienced rapid population growth like most countries, but four decades of economic instability pushed millions of Ecuadorians out of the country. However, a rebound economy in the 2000s in urban centres improved the situation of living standards for Ecuadorians in a traditional class stratified economy.

According to the 2022 census, 77.5% of the population identified as "Mestizos"—a category denoting mixed Spanish and Indigenous American ancestry— reflecting an increase from 71.9% recorded in 2000 census. Conversely, the proportion of individuals identifying as "White" declined significantly, from 6.1% in 2010 to 2.2% in 2022.[2] Amerindians account for 7.7% of the population and 4.8% of the population consists of Afro-Ecuadorians.[2] Other estimations put the Mestizo population at 55% to 65% and the indigenous population at 25%.[3] Genetic research indicates that the ancestry of Ecuadorian Mestizos is predominantly Indigenous.[4]

## Population

[edit]

Census populationYear| Pop.| ±%

|
|

1950 | 3,202,757| —
1962 | 4,467,007| +39.5%
1974 | 6,521,710| +46.0%
1982 | 8,060,712| +23.6%
1990 | 9,648,189| +19.7%
2001 | 12,156,608| +26.0%
2010 | 14,483,499| +19.1%
2022 | 16,938,986| +17.0%
Source:[5]

The Ecuadorian census is conducted by the governmental institution known as INEC, Instituto Nacional de Estadisticas y Censos (National Institute of Statistics and Census).[6] The census in Ecuador is conducted every ten years, and its objective is to obtain the number of people residing within its borders. The current census now includes household information.

Index of growth:

Percentage of population growth (census periods)  No.  | Time lapse  | Growth percentile

|
|

1 | 1950–1962 | 2.96%
2 | 1962–1974 | 3.10%
3 | 1974–1982 | 2.62%
4 | 1982–1990 | 2.19%
5 | 1990–2001 | 2.05%
6 | 2001–2010 | 1.52%[7]

### UN estimates

[edit]

According to the 2022 revision of the World Population Prospects[8][9] the total population was 17,797,737 in 2021, compared to only 3,470,000 in 1950. The proportion of children below the age of 15 in 2015 was 29.0%, 63.4% was between 15 and 65 years of age, while 6.7% was 65 years or older.[10]

| Total population
(x 1000)  | Proportion
aged 0–14
(%)  | Proportion
aged 15–64
(%)  | Proportion
aged 65+
(%)

|
|
|
|

1950  | 3 470 | 39.5 | 55.2 | 5.3
1955  | 3 957 | 41.6 | 53.5 | 4.9
1960  | 4 546 | 43.3 | 52.0 | 4.7
1965  | 5 250 | 44.5 | 51.0 | 4.5
1970  | 6 073 | 44.3 | 51.5 | 4.3
1975  | 6 987 | 43.7 | 52.2 | 4.1
1980  | 7 976 | 41.8 | 54.1 | 4.1
1985  | 9 046 | 40.0 | 55.9 | 4.1
1990  | 10 218 | 38.2 | 57.5 | 4.3
1995  | 11 441 | 36.3 | 59.1 | 4.6
2000  | 12 629 | 34.7 | 60.3 | 5.0
2005  | 13 826 | 33.1 | 61.5 | 5.4
2010  | 15 011 | 31.0 | 63.0 | 6.0
2015  | 16 212 | 29.1 | 64.3 | 6.6
2020  | 17 643 | 27.4 | 65.0 | 7.6

### Structure of the population

[edit]

Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2013) (Excludes nomadic Indian tribes. Data refer to projections based on the 2010 Population Census.):[11]

Age group  | Male  | Female  | Total  | %

|
|
|
|

Total  | 7 815 935  | 7 958 814  | 15 774 749  | 100
0–4  | 864 669  | 826 731  | 1 691 400  | 10.72
5–9  | 854 691  | 816 503  | 1 671 194  | 10.59
10–14  | 815 838  | 783 725  | 1 599 563  | 10.14
15–19  | 756 376  | 737 082  | 1 493 458  | 9.47
20–24  | 685 997  | 682 849  | 1 368 846  | 8.68
25–29  | 620 881  | 635 987  | 1 256 868  | 7.97
30–34  | 559 055  | 593 148  | 1 152 203  | 7.30
35–39  | 495 340  | 538 054  | 1 033 394  | 6.55
40–44  | 437 744  | 476 215  | 913 959  | 5.79
45–49  | 387 618  | 419 090  | 806 708  | 5.11
50–54  | 336 267  | 360 935  | 697 202  | 4.42
55–59  | 279 746  | 298 503  | 578 249  | 3.67
60–64  | 223 411  | 238 973  | 462 384  | 2.93
65–69  | 172 623  | 187 448  | 360 071  | 2.28
70–74  | 128 033  | 142 255  | 270 288  | 1.71
75–79  | 89 929  | 101 191  | 191 120  | 1.21
80–84  | 57 585  | 64 467  | 122 052  | 0.77
85–89  | 31 289  | 34 891  | 66 180  | 0.42
90–94  | 13 655  | 15 370  | 29 025  | 0.18
95–99  | 4 898  | 5 145  | 10 043  | 0.06
100+  | 290  | 252  | 542  | 0.03
Age group  | Male  | Female  | Total  | Percent
0–14  | 2 535 198  | 2 426 959  | 4 962 157  | 31.46
15–64  | 4 782 435  | 4 980 836  | 9 763 271  | 61.89
65+  | 498 302  | 551 019  | 1 049 321  | 6.65

Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2021) (Excludes nomadic Indian tribes.):[12]

Age Group  | Male  | Female  | Total  | %

|
|
|
|

Total  | 8 783 789  | 8 967 488  | 17 751 277  | 100
0–4  | 845 954  | 808 798  | 1 654 752  | 9.32
5–9  | 853 987  | 817 229  | 1 671 216  | 9.41
10–14  | 861 741  | 823 598  | 1 685 339  | 9.49
15–19  | 833 964  | 798 770  | 1 632 734  | 9.20
20–24  | 778 930  | 755 659  | 1 534 589  | 8.64
25–29  | 712 218  | 706 341  | 1 418 559  | 7.99
30–34  | 647 958  | 658 656  | 1 306 614  | 7.36
35–39  | 590 249  | 618 416  | 1 208 665  | 6.81
40–44  | 528 482  | 571 807  | 1 100 289  | 6.20
45–49  | 464 207  | 509 979  | 974 186  | 5.49
50–54  | 406 015  | 446 926  | 852 941  | 4.80
55–59  | 350 539  | 387 801  | 738 340  | 4.16
60–64  | 290 143  | 324 072  | 614 215  | 3.46
65–69  | 226 290  | 257 338  | 483 628  | 2.72
70–74  | 165 840  | 194 960  | 360 800  | 2.03
75–79  | 112 069  | 138 213  | 250 282  | 1.41
80–84  | 66 621  | 85 696  | 152 317  | 0.86
85–89  | 32 786  | 42 792  | 75 578  | 0.43
90–94  | 12 487  | 16 097  | 28 584  | 0.16
95–99  | 3 192  | 4 184  | 7 376  | 0.04
100+  | 117  | 156  | 273  | <0.01
Age group  | Male  | Female  | Total  | Percent
0–14  | 2 561 682  | 2 449 625  | 5 011 307  | 28.23
15–64  | 5 602 705  | 5 778 427  | 11 381 132  | 64.11
65+  | 619 402  | 739 436  | 1 358 838  | 7.65

### Geography

[edit]

Due to the prevalence of malaria and yellow fever in the coastal region until the end of the 19th century, the Ecuadorian population was most heavily concentrated in the highlands and valleys of the "Sierra" region. In today's population approximately 50% of the population resides in the Coastal (Costa) region, while another 45% lives in the Andean Highland (Sierra) region. This means that roughly 95% of Ecuador's population is concentrated in these two regions, which together comprise only about half of the country's landmass. In contrast, the Amazonian (Oriente) region, which accounts for approximately half of Ecuador's total land area, is home to a 3-4% of the population. The smallest region, the Insular (Galapagos) region, has less than 0.2% of the total population.[13]

The "Oriente" region, consisting of Amazonian lowlands to the east of the Andes and covering about half the country's land area, remains sparsely populated and contains only about 3% of the country's population, that for the most are indigenous peoples who maintain a wary distance from the recent Mestizo and white settlers. The territories of the "Oriente" are home to as many as nine indigenous groups: Quichua, Shuar, Achuar, Waorani, Siona, Secoya, Shiwiar, and Cofan, all represented politically by the Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of the Ecuadorian Amazon, CONFENIAE.

As a result of the oil exploration and the development of the infrastructure required for the exploitation of the oil fields in the eastern jungles during the seventies and early eighties, there was a wave of settlement in the region. The Majority of these wave of internal immigration came from the southern province of Loja as a result of a drought that lasted three years and affected the southern provinces of the country. This boom of the petroleum industry has led to a mushrooming of the town of Lago Agrio (Nueva Loja) as well as substantial deforestation and pollution of wetlands and lakes.

## Vital statistics

[edit]

Registration of vital events is in Ecuador not complete. The Population Department of the United Nations prepared the following estimates.[10]

Period  | Live births
per year  | Deaths
per year  | Natural change
per year  | CBR*  | CDR*  | NC*  | TFR*  | IMR*  | Life expectancy

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

total  | males  | females
1950–1955 | 169,000 | 71,000 | 98,000 | 45.6 | 19.2 | 26.4 | 6.75 | 140 | 48.4 | 47.1 | 49.6
1955–1960 | 190,000 | 71,000 | 119,000 | 44.8 | 16.7 | 28.1 | 6.75 | 129 | 51.4 | 50.1 | 52.7
1960–1965 | 214,000 | 71,000 | 143,000 | 43.6 | 14.5 | 29.1 | 6.65 | 119 | 54.7 | 53.4 | 56.1
1965–1970 | 239,000 | 73,000 | 166,000 | 42.2 | 13.0 | 29.2 | 6.40 | 107 | 56.8 | 55.4 | 58.2
1970–1975 | 258,000 | 74,000 | 184,000 | 39.6 | 11.4 | 28.2 | 5.80 | 95 | 58.9 | 57.4 | 60.5
1975–1980 | 270,000 | 71,000 | 199,000 | 36.2 | 9.5 | 26.7 | 5.05 | 82 | 61.4 | 59.7 | 63.2
1980–1985 | 285,000 | 68,000 | 217,000 | 33.5 | 8.0 | 25.5 | 4.45 | 69 | 64.5 | 62.5 | 66.7
1985–1990 | 302,000 | 64,000 | 238,000 | 31.4 | 6.7 | 24.7 | 4.00 | 56 | 67.5 | 65.3 | 69.9
1990–1995 | 311,000 | 63,000 | 248,000 | 28.7 | 5.8 | 22.9 | 3.55 | 44 | 70.1 | 67.6 | 72.7
1995–2000 | 316,000 | 64,000 | 252,000 | 26.3 | 5.4 | 20.9 | 3.20 | 33 | 72.3 | 69.7 | 75.2
2000–2005 | 313,000 | 68,000 | 245,000 | 24.2 | 5.1 | 19.1 | 2.94 | 25 | 74.2 | 71.3 | 77.3
2005–2010 | 323,000 | 74,000 | 249,000 | 22.1 | 5.0 | 17.1 | 2.69 | 21 | 75.0 | 72.1 | 78.1
2010–2015 | 329,000 | 80,000 | 249,000 | 21.0 | 5.1 | 15.9 | 2.56 | 17 | 76.4 | 73.6 | 79.3
2015–2020 | 330,000 | 85,000 | 245,000 | 19.9 | 5.1 | 14.8 | 2.44 | 14 | 77.6 | 74.9 | 80.4
2020–2025 |  |  |  | 18.5 | 5.2 | 13.3 | 2.32 |  |  |  |
2025–2030 |  |  |  | 17.0 | 5.4 | 11.6 | 2.22 |  |  |  |
* CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); CDR = crude death rate (per 1000); NC = natural change (per 1000); IMR = infant mortality rate per 1000 births; TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman)

### Births and deaths

[edit]

Year  | Population  | Live births [14] | Deaths  | Natural increase  | Crude birth rate  | Crude death rate  | Rate of natural increase  | Crude migration rate  | TFR

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

1990  | 10,149,666  | 310,233  | 50,217  | 260,016  | 30.6  | 4.9  | 25.7  |  |
1991  | 10,355,598  | 312,007  | 53,333  | 258,674  | 30.1  | 5.2  | 24.9  | -5.0  |
1992  | 10,567,946  | 319,044  | 53,430  | 265,614  | 30.2  | 5.1  | 25.1  | -5.0  |
1993  | 10,786,984  | 333,920  | 52,453  | 281,467  | 31.0  | 4.9  | 26.1  | -5.8  |
1994  | 11,012,925  | 318,063  | 51,165  | 266,898  | 28.9  | 4.6  | 24.3  | -3.8  |
1995  | 11,246,107  | 322,856  | 50,867  | 271,989  | 28.7  | 4.5  | 24.2  | -3.0  |
1996  | 11,486,884  | 335,194  | 52,300  | 282,894  | 29.2  | 4.6  | 24.6  | -3.2  |
1997  | 11,735,391  | 326,174  | 52,089  | 274,085  | 27.8  | 4.4  | 23.4  | -1.8  |
1998  | 11,992,073  | 316,779  | 54,357  | 262,422  | 26.4  | 4.5  | 21.9  | 0  |
1999  | 12,257,190  | 353,159  | 55,921  | 297,238  | 28.8  | 4.6  | 24.2  | -2.1  |
2000  | 12,531,210  | 356,065  | 56,420  | 299,645  | 28.4  | 4.5  | 23.9  | -1.5  |
2001  | 12,814,503  | 341,710  | 55,214  | 286,496  | 26.7  | 4.3  | 22.4  | 0.2  |
2002  | 13,093,527  | 334,601  | 55,549  | 279,052  | 25.6  | 4.2  | 21.4  | 0.4  |
2003  | 13,319,575  | 322,227  | 53,521  | 268,706  | 24.2  | 4.0  | 20.2  | -2.9  |
2004  | 13,551,875  | 312,210  | 54,729  | 257,481  | 23.0  | 4.0  | 19.0  | -1.6  |
2005  | 13,721,297  | 305,302  | 56,825  | 248,477  | 22.3  | 4.1  | 18.2  | -5.7  |
2006  | 13,964,606  | 322,030  | 57,940  | 264,090  | 23.1  | 4.1  | 19.0  | -1.3  |
2007  | 14,214,982  | 322,494  | 58,016  | 264,478  | 22.7  | 4.1  | 18.6  | -0.7  |
2008  | 14,472,881  | 325,423  | 60,023  | 265,400  | 22.5  | 4.1  | 18.4  | -0.3  |
2009  | 14,738,472  | 332,859  | 59,714  | 273,145  | 22.6  | 4.1  | 18.5  | -0.1  |
2010  | 15,012,228  | 320,997  | 61,681  | 259,316  | 21.4  | 4.1  | 17.3  | 1.3  |
2011  | 15,266,431  | 329,061  | 62,304  | 266,757  | 21.6  | 4.1  | 17.5  | -0.6  | 2.74
2012  | 15,520,973  | 319,127  | 63,511  | 255,616  | 20.6  | 4.1  | 16.5  | 0.2  | 2.68
2013  | 15,774,749  | 294,441  | 64,206  | 230,235  | 18.8  | 4.1  | 14.7  | 1.7  | 2.63
2014  | 16,027,466  | 289,488  | 63,788  | 225,700  | 18.3  | 4.1  | 14.2  | 1.8  | 2.59
2015  | 16,278,844  | 289,561  | 65,391  | 222,158  | 17.8  | 4.0  | 13.8  | 1.9  | 2.54
2016  | 16,528,730  | 274,643  | 68,304  | 203,786  | 17.0  | 4.1  | 12.9  | 2.5  | 2.50
2017  | 16,776,977  | 291,397  | 70,144  | 221,353  | 17.4  | 4.2  | 13.2  | 1.8  |
2018  | 17,023,408  | 293,139  | 71,982  | 221,157  | 17.3  | 4.2  | 13.1  | 1.5  |
2019  | 17,267,986  | 285,827  | 74,439  | 211,388  | 16.6  | 4.3  | 12.3  | 1.9  |
2020  | 17,510,643  | 266,919  | 117,200  | 149,719  | 15.2  | 6.7  | 8.5  | 5.4  |
2021  | 17,684,000  | 251,978  | 106,211  | 145,767  | 14.2  | 5.9  | 8.3  | 1.6  |
2022  | 16,938,986 (c)  | 251,034  | 91,193  | 159,841  | 14.0  | 5.1  | 8.9  | -51.2  |
2023  |  | 239,677  | 87,733  | 151,944  | 13.4  | 4.9  | 8.5  |  |
2024  |  | 215,714  | 88,514  | 127,200  | 12.0  | 4.9  | 7.1  |  | 1.7

(c) = Census results.

Vital statistics for 2021 – 2022  Period  | Live births  | Deaths  | Natural increase

|
|
|

January - May 2023 |  | 36,912  |
January - April 2023 |  | 32,860  |
Difference |  |  -4,052 (-10.98%)  |
Source:

## Ethnicity

[edit]

Ethnicity in Ecuador (2022)[2]

1. Multiracial (86.6%)
2. Amerindian (7.69%)
3. Sub-Saharan (3.36%)
4. Caucasian (2.21%)
5. Others (0.12%)

The Ecuadorian constitution recognizes the pluri-nationality of those who want to exercise their affiliation with their native ethnic groups. There are five major ethnic groups in Ecuador: Mestizo, European, Afroecuadorian, Amerindian, and Montubio. Mestizos constitute more than 85% of the population.[2]

Ecuador's population descends from Spanish immigrants and South American Amerindians, admixed with descendants of black slaves who arrived to work on coastal plantations in the sixteenth century. The mix of these groups is described as Mestizo.

A geography of ethnicity remained well-defined until the surge in migration that began in the 1950s. Whites resided primarily in larger cities. Mestizos lived in small towns scattered throughout the countryside. Indians formed the bulk of the Sierra rural populace, although Mestizos filled this role in the areas with few Indians. Most blacks lived in Esmeraldas Province, with small enclaves found in the Carchi and Imbabura provinces. Pressure on Sierra land resources and the dissolution of the traditional hacienda, however, increased the numbers of Indians migrating to the Costa, the Oriente, and the cities.

### Mestizos

[edit]

Ecuador's population is predominantly mestizo, accounting for approximately 86% of the total. This group, however, is broadly categorized and includes several distinct regional subgroups that live both on the Andes and the Coast, where the bulk of the Ecuadorian population is concentrated.

#### Montubios

[edit]

Montuvias dancing traditional amorfinos with ecuadorian hats

Also written Montuvio is the term used for the coastal farmers of Ecuador.[15] Some believe the name originates from their horsemanship, positioning them as the archetypal cowboys of Ecuador's Pacific coast—similar to the chagra who is the cowboy of the Ecuadorian Andes, or the llaneros of Colombia and Venezuela. Their attire typically includes a wide-brimmed hat, a light shirt, cloth trousers, boots, a machete, a hook, and a horse for transportation. According to the 2022 Ecuadorian census, Montuvios constitute 7.7% of Ecuador's population, meaning over 1,304,994 Ecuadorians identified as Montuvios in that year. The census also revealed that the majority of Montuvios reside in the provinces of Guayas, Manabí, and Los Ríos.

#### Cholos

[edit]

Cholo fishermen are a Mestizo group inhabiting the coasts of Guayas, Santa Elena, and Manabí. They represent a blend of indigenous-Mestizo and indigenous-Afro heritage, with a greater indigenous contribution than the Montuvios. The distinction between Cholos, Mestizos, and Montuvios is often blurred, and economic activity is frequently used as a differentiator. Thus, coastal Cholos are primarily associated with fishing, generally artisanal. With the economic development of this region, fishing industrialized around the city of Manta, leading many Cholos to migrate there to continue their economic activity. They are also involved in shrimp farming, another industrialization of this profession, which is currently one of Ecuador's main export products. Despite their significant presence in the coastal population of these three provinces, there are no exact statistics on their numbers.[16]

Conversely, in southern Ecuador, the word "Cholo" refers to the farmers of Azuay, specifically the chola cuencana. This figure is characterized by a traditional costume that evolved in the 18th century and has adapted to the present day. This term is analogous to the chazos of Loja and the chagras of Quito, both referring to the farmers of the Ecuadorian highlands. Beyond her traditional attire, the chola cuencana is known for her dedication to agriculture and participation in the "Pase del Niño," a traditional parade in the city of Loja.[17]

#### Chazos

[edit]

Chazos are the traditional farmers of southern Ecuador, concentrated in the province of Loja. They are an integral part of the country's folklore and have a traditional costume similar to the farmers of Colombia's coffee region. This similarity stems from their shared economic activity, as agriculture, particularly coffee cultivation, has flourished in this region. Consequently, the Chazo is often depicted with a coffee harvesting bag. Like the Cholos, there are no exact statistics on their numbers, yet they represent a significant portion of southern Ecuador's population. Currently, Chazos, along with Cholos and Chagras, are not formally represented in the census. The only traditional peasant group in Ecuador that has achieved this recognition are the Montuvios of the coast, who, due to their substantial numbers concentrated around the Gulf of Guayaquil and the Guayas River basin, have gained official visibility.[18]

#### Chagras

[edit]

Chagra Processional Parade in Machachi

In Ecuador, Chagras are the farmers of the Ecuadorian Andes known for their cattle ranching activities, considered muleteers or drovers. They are the primary cowboys of the Ecuadorian highlands and should not be confused with the Montuvios, who are the main group of coastal farmers whose economic activity also involves cattle ranching. Their current attire includes a shirt, poncho, felt hat, sheep's wool scarf, and zamarro (leather chaps). Their history revolves around haciendas, as both religious orders and landowners owned large productive properties where this tradition developed from the 17th century. This fostered the culture surrounding the Chagra, who is responsible for caring for the livestock. They are typically Mestizos, either hired by landowners or themselves small to medium-sized proprietors of land and cattle. Currently, events like the "Paseo del Chagra de Machachi" in July, the "Fiestas Parroquiales de Conocoto" in June, and the "Fiestas del Maíz y del Turismo de Sangolquí" in September celebrate this culture.[19]

#### Pupos

[edit]

Pupo is the name given to the farmers of northern Ecuador, especially in the province of Carchi. The word "Pupo" is etymologically derived from the Chaima language, meaning "head." Its use began as a metaphor, implying that the people of Carchi are the "heads" of these regions or even the "head" of the national territory. It is closely linked to Colombian history following the conservative revolution, when some Colombian generals invaded Ecuador. However, an Ecuadorian leader named Rafael Arellano organized liberal troops and thwarted the invasion, defeating the Colombian conservatives. In retaliation, Mercedes Landázuri, a conservative leader, insulted the Ecuadorian troops by calling them "pupos" because the soldiers' uniforms were too small, exposing their navels. This word was reappropriated and is now used to commemorate this triumph and defense of Ecuadorian sovereignty.[20]

### Other ethnicities

[edit]

#### Afro-Ecuadorian

[edit]

Main article: Afro-Ecuadorian people

Brown: 10% - 99%, Orange: 5% - 10%, Light orange: 2% - 5%, Yellow: 0% - 2%

Afro-Ecuadorians are an ethnic group in Ecuador who are descendants of black African slaves brought by the Spanish during their conquest of Ecuador. They make up from 3% to 5% of Ecuador's population.[21][22]

A large part of their population has historically been distributed in the province of Esmeraldas and the Chota Valley; more recently, there is a significant population across all provinces of the country. They originally settled in Esmeraldas, Imbabura, Carchi; subsequently, in the 1960s, due to immigration, their population inhabits the provinces of Guayas, Pichincha, El Oro, Los Ríos, Manabí, and the Ecuadorian East. Afro-Ecuadorians settled in the Chota Valley and the basin of the Mira River, geographically in the provinces of Imbabura and Carchi, whose settlement is linked to colonial haciendas that concentrated enslaved population. A large part of Ecuadorian Black people descend from survivors of slave ships that ran aground on the northern coast of Ecuador and the southern coast of Colombia between the 17th and 18th centuries. These individuals organized their own communities outside the influence of indigenous peoples and Spanish colonizers, being self-liberated. They settled in the Esmeraldas area and its surroundings and have subsequently experienced a process of migration to other areas. Another percentage comes from slaves who arrived in the 18th century from haciendas in Colombia, the coast, and the highlands, who gained their freedom after the 1860s. Both groups, the freed people of Esmeraldas and the slaves in the rest of the country, typically came from the peoples of West Africa, and have Spanish surnames derived from their former masters or genuinely African but Hispanized surnames. Later arrivals of Black people to Ecuador occurred in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, during the construction of the Durán-Quito railway under the government of Eloy Alfaro, who massively contracted them as construction workers from Jamaica, causing a small immigration. Many of them stayed in the country and formed families. Chronologically, they were the first people organized under the ideologies of the working-class labor movement in Ecuador, especially anarchism. However, they did not engage in proselytizing work outside of the Jamaican migrant workers due to language, cultural, and racial differences with Ecuadorians. They are characterized by their Anglo-Saxon surnames and are currently completely assimilated into the cities.[23]

Ecuador has a population of about 1,120,000 descendants from African people. The Afro-Ecuadorian culture is found primarily in the country's northwest coastal region. Africans form a majority (70%) in the province of Esmeraldas and also have an important concentration in the Valle del Chota in the Imbabura Province. They can be also found in important numbers in Quito and Guayaquil.

#### Indigenous

[edit]

Main article: Indigenous peoples in Ecuador

Percentage of indigenous population in the region

The Sierra Indigenous had an estimated population of 1.5 to 2 million in the early 1980s and live in the intermontane valleys of the Andes. Prolonged contact with Hispanic culture, which dates back to the conquest, has had a homogenizing effect, reducing the variation among the indigenous Sierra tribes.[24]

The Indigenous people of the Sierra are separated from whites and Mestizos by a caste-like gulf. They are marked as a disadvantaged group; to be an Indigenous person in Ecuador is to be stigmatized. Poverty rates are higher and literacy rates are lower among Indigenous than the general population. They enjoy limited participation in national institutions and are often excluded from social and economic opportunities available to more privileged groups. However, some groups of Indigenous, such as the Otavalo people, have increased their socioeconomic status to extent that they enjoy a higher standard of living than many other Indigenous groups in Ecuador and many Mestizos of their area.

Visible markers of ethnic affiliation, especially hairstyle, dress, and language, separate Indigenous from the rest of the populace. Indigenous wore more manufactured items by the late 1970s than previously; their clothing, nonetheless, was distinct from that of other rural inhabitants. Indigenous in communities relying extensively on wage labor sometimes assumed Western-style dress while still maintaining their Indigenous identity. Indigenous speak Spanish and, Quichua—a Quechua dialect—although most are bilingual, speaking Spanish as a second language with varying degrees of facility. By the late 1980s, some younger Indigenous no longer learned Quichua.[24]

On the other hand, the oriente indigenous people first came into contact with Europeans in the 16th century, the encounters were more sporadic than those of most of the country's indigenous population. Until the 19th century, most non-Amerindians entering the region were either traders or missionaries. Beginning in the 1950s, however, the government built roads and encouraged settlers from the Sierra to colonize the Amazon River Basin. Virtually all remaining Indians were brought into increasing contact with national society. The interaction between Indians and outsiders had a profound impact on the indigenous way of life.[25]

In the late 1970s, roughly 30,000 Quichua speakers and 15,000 Jívaros lived in Oriente Indigenous communities. Quichua speakers (sometimes referred to as the Yumbos) grew out of the detribalization of members of many different groups after the Spanish conquest. Subject to the influence of Quichua-speaking missionaries and traders, various elements of the Yumbos adopted the tongue as a lingua franca and gradually lost their previous languages and tribal origins. Yumbos were scattered throughout the Oriente, whereas the Jívaros—subdivided into the Shuar and the Achuar—were concentrated in southeastern Ecuador. Some also lived in northeastern Peru. Traditionally, both groups relied on migration to resolve intracommunity conflict and to limit the ecological damage to the tropical forest caused by slash-and-burn agriculture.[25]

Both the Yumbos and the Jívaros depended on agriculture as their primary means of subsistence. Manioc, the main staple, was grown in conjunction with a wide variety of other fruits and vegetables. Yumbo men also resorted to wage labor to obtain cash for the few purchases deemed necessary. By the mid-1970s, increasing numbers of Quichua speakers settled around some of the towns and missions of the Oriente. Indians themselves had begun to make a distinction between Christian and jungle Indians. The former engaged in trade with townspeople. The Jívaros, in contrast to the Christian Quichua speakers, lived in more remote areas. Their mode of horticulture was similar to that of the non-Christian Yumbos, although they supplemented crop production with hunting and some livestock raising.[25]

Shamans (curanderos) played a pivotal role in social relations in both groups. As the main leaders and the focus of local conflicts, shamans were believed to both cure and kill through magical means. In the 1980s group conflicts between rival shamans still erupted into full-scale feuds with loss of life.[25]

The Oriente Indigenous population dropped precipitously during the initial period of intensive contact with outsiders. The destruction of their crops by Mestizos laying claim to indigenous lands, the rapid exposure to diseases to which Indians lacked immunity, and the extreme social disorganization all contributed to increased mortality and decreased birth rates. One study of the Shuar in the 1950s found that the group between ten and nineteen years of age was smaller than expected. This was the group that had been youngest and most vulnerable during the initial contact with national society. Normal population growth rates began to reestablish themselves after approximately the first decade of such contact.[25]

## Ancestry

[edit]

Map of interpolated probabilities of inferred ancestry of Y-chromosome profiles. Interpolation is based on average probabilities per province.

Over the past few years, several studies have been conducted on the genetic composition of Ecuadorians. These studies have helped determine the genetic origin of mestizaje (mixed-ancestry) in Ecuador. Various international universities and independent research teams, such as Cornell University and the University of Brasilia, have carried out these studies, with their findings published in scientific journals like DNA Tribes, Science Direct, PLoS Genetics, Research Gate, American Journal of Biology, and Nature, among others. Based on an average of the recent studies since 2008, the genetic composition of Ecuadorians is approximately:

* 53.8% Amerindian ancestry
* 38.3% European ancestry
* 7.4% African ancestry

The studies based on Y-STRs and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) offer complementary views into Ecuadorian ancestry due to their distinct inheritance patterns: Y-STRs, found on the Y-chromosome, are passed exclusively from father to son, making them ideal for tracing the direct paternal line. Conversely, mtDNA, located in cellular mitochondria, is inherited solely from mother to all her children, allowing for the direct tracing of the maternal line. To better understand the mestizaje in Ecuador, a study analyzing Y-STRs in 415 Ecuadorian men across the Amazon, Andes, and Pacific coast revealed that the majority of ancestry is European is located in the coast and the south of Ecuador. The concentration of Amerindian ancestry was located in the northern andes and the Amazon Region, while the African component concentrated in the northwest part of the country.[26] The list of the most relevant studies is the following:

Amerindian  | European  | African  | Arab  | Asian  | Study  | Year  | Source

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

64,6 %  | 31,0 %  | 4,4 %  | —  | —  | O impacto das migrações na constituição genética de populações latino-americanas | 2008  | Universidad de Brasilia[27]
53,9 %  | 38,8 %  | 7,3 %  | —  | —  | Genome-wide patterns of population structure and admixture among Hispanic/Latino populations | 2009  | Universidad de Cornell[28]
49,1 %  | 36,8 %  | 6,1 %  | 4,7 %  | —  | DNA Tribes SNP Admixture Results by Population | 2012  | DNA Tribes[29]
56,0 %  | 39,5 %  | 4,5 %  | —  | —  | Admixture and genetic relationships of Mexican Mestizos regarding Latin American and Caribbean populations based on 13 CODIS-STRs | 2015  | Homo: Journal of Comparative Human Biology[30]
50,1 %  | 40,8 %  | 6,8 %  | —  | 2,3 %  | Genomic Insights into the Ancestry and Demographic History of South America | 2015  | PLoS Genetics[31]
52,0 %  | 42,0 %  | 6,0 %  | —  | —  | Admixture in the Américas: Regional and National Differences | 2016  | Research Gate[32]
47,1 %  | 38,3 %  | 14,6 %  | —  | —  | A Study of the Molecular Variants Associated with Lactase Persistencein Different Ecuadorian Ethnic Group | 2016  | American Journal of Biology[33]
59,6 %  | 28,8 %  | 11,6 %  | —  | —  | The three-hybrid genetic composition of an Ecuadorian population using AIMs-InDels compared with autosomes, mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosome data | 2019  | Nature[34]

## Culture

[edit]

Main article: Culture of Ecuador

The main cultural regions of Ecuador

Ecuador's diverse cultural landscape is shaped by its varied geography and rich history. The Sierra Centro-Norte (Region 1), with its volcanic terrain, was a crucial center for early indigenous settlements and later became known for its hacienda culture and the renowned Quito School of art.[35] This region also played a significant role in scientific advancements, such as the French Geodesic Mission, which ultimately lent its name to the country.[36]

Meanwhile, the coastal Río Guayas and Golfo de Guayaquil (Region 2), with its extensive river network, fostered a distinct "montuvia" and "porteña" culture, deeply connected to agriculture and maritime activities. This area developed a unique abstract art style and is celebrated for its influential literary "Grupo de Guayaquil" and its contributions to the national "pasillo" music.[37][38]

Further south, the Sierra Sur and Cordillera del Cóndor (Region 3), historically more isolated, witnessed a faster process of mestizaje and an economy focused on quinine trade. It's also recognized for early musical forms like the "Tono del niño" and its significant literary output of the cities of Loja and Cuenca. This region historically was characterized by the "communities of mute individuals" a term coined by Dr. Haim Avni, which are believed to have been founded in the Loja province of Ecuador. This communities were conformed by Jewish refugees fleeing the Inquisition during the colonial era. These groups, settling along the Chira and Catamayo rivers, formed small, insular, and often endogamous communities. Their clandestine nature extended to activities like mining in Zaruma, where they resisted official inquiries.[39]

Moving to the northern coast, Río Portoviejo and Río Chone (Region 4), primarily Manabí province, boasts a strong montuvio identity. Despite its historical isolation, it thrives on fishing and agriculture. The pre-Columbian Manteño culture, known for its maritime skills, laid the foundation for Manabí's rich gastronomy, which is now recognized as Intangible Cultural Heritage. The region's vibrant cultural expressions include the chigualo celebration and the traditional "amorfinos." [40]

Adjacent to this, the Río Esmeraldas and Río Cayapas (Region 5), often called the "green province," is a vital part of the Chocó biogeographic area. This region is the heart of Afro-Ecuadorian culture, shaped by the descendants of cimarrones. Their heritage is vividly expressed through rich mythology, the distinctive marimba esmeraldeña music (a UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage), and a syncretic literary tradition. The discovery of oil in the Amazon, leading to a refinery in Esmeraldas, profoundly transformed the national economy and spurred development in this coastal area.[41]

Ecuador's Amazonía (Region 6), a sprawling plain around the Napo and Pastaza river basins, holds immense cultural and political significance, especially in debates surrounding resource exploitation and historical territorial claims. It's home to indigenous communities like the Waorani, Kichwa, and Shuar, whose languages are vital to intercultural relations. Scientific exploration, notably by Manuel Villavicencio, has been crucial in mapping and understanding this biodiverse region. The discovery of oil here in the late 1960s dramatically altered Ecuador's economic landscape, turning it into a major oil exporter.[42]

Off the coast, the Galápagos Islands (Region 7) are a globally celebrated ecological wonder, designated a UNESCO World Heritage site and the planet's second-largest marine reserve. Known for its unique biodiversity and active volcanic landscape, the islands are a major tourist destination and have inspired numerous literary works.[43]

## Language

[edit]

Distribution of indigenous "nationalities" and proportion of the indigenous population (circa 1'302.057 people or 7.7% of the total) that speaks an indigenous language.

Main article: Ecuadorian Spanish

Most Ecuadorians speak Spanish.[44] According to the last Census of 2022, of the 7.7% of the population that identifies as indigenous, 3.2% speak an indigenous language.[45][46] That means that from a total indigenous population of 1'302.057 people, 50,4% of them do not speak an indigenous language. In absolute numbers, that 3.2% of the population amounts to 645.821 people that speak an indigenous language.[45] The distribution is the following:

* Kichwa with 527,333 speakers, making up 40.5% of the total indigenous population.
* Shuar with 59,894 speakers, making up 4.6% of the total indigenous population.
* Other languages with 58,594 speakers, making up 4.5% of the total indigenous population.

The other amerindian languages spoken in Ecuador include Awapit (spoken by the Awá), A'ingae (spoken by the Cofan), Achuar Chicham (spoken by the Achuar), Shiwiar (spoken by the Shiwiar), Cha'palaachi (spoken by the Chachi), Tsa'fiki (spoken by the Tsáchila), Paicoca (spoken by the Siona and Secoya), and Wao Tededeo (spoken by the Waorani). Though most features of Ecuadorian Spanish are those universal to the Spanish-speaking world, there are several idiosyncrasies.

## Religion

[edit]

Main article: Religion in Ecuador

Religious epic poem Parusía, written by José Rumazo

According to the Ecuadorian National Institute of Statistics and Census, 91.95% of the country's population have a religion, 7.94% are atheists and 0.11% are agnostics. Among those with a religion, 80.44% are Roman Catholic, 11.30% are Protestants, and 8.26% other (mainly Jewish, Buddhists and Latter-day Saints).[47][48]

In the rural parts of Ecuador, indigenous beliefs and Catholicism are sometimes syncretized. Most festivals and annual parades are based on religious celebrations, many incorporating a mixture of rites and icons.[49]

There is a small number of Eastern Orthodox Christians, indigenous religions, Muslims (see Islam in Ecuador), Buddhists and Baháʼís. There are about 185,000 members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church),[50] and over 80,000 Jehovah's Witnesses in the country.[51]

The "Jewish Community of Ecuador" (Comunidad Judía del Ecuador) has its seat in Quito and has approximately 300 members. Nevertheless, this number is declining because young people leave the country towards the United States of America or Israel.[52] The Community has a Jewish Center with a synagogue, a country club and a cemetery. It supports the "Albert Einstein School", where Jewish history, religion and Hebrew classes are offered. Since 2004, there has also been a Chabad house in Quito.[53]

There are very small communities in Cuenca and Ambato. The "Comunidad de Culto Israelita" reunites the Jews of Guayaquil. This community works independently from the "Jewish Community of Ecuador".[54] Jewish visitors to Ecuador can also take advantage of Jewish resources as they travel[55] and keep kosher there, even in the Amazon Rainforest.[56] The city has also synagogue of Messianic Judaism.[57]

## Migration trends

[edit]

See also: 1998–1999 Ecuador economic crisis

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
Find sources: "Demographics of Ecuador" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

|

In recent decades, there has been a high rate of emigration due to the economic crisis that seriously affected the economy of the country in the 1990s, over 400,000 Ecuadorians left for Spain and Italy, and around 100,000 for the United Kingdom while several hundred thousand Ecuadorians live in the US, (500,000 by some estimates) mostly in the cities of the Northeastern corridor. Many other Ecuadorians have emigrated across Latin America, thousands have gone to Japan and Australia. One famous American of Ecuadorian descent is pop music vocalist Christina Aguilera.

In Ecuador there are about 100,000 Americans and over 30,000 European Union expatriates. They move to Ecuador for business opportunities and as cheaper place for retirement.

As a result of the political conflict in Colombia and of the criminal gangs that had appeared in the areas of power vacuum a constant flow of refugees and asylum seekers as well as economic migrants of Colombian origin had moved into Ecuadorian territory. Over the last decade at least 45,000 displaced people are now residents in Ecuador, the Ecuadorian government and international organizations are assisting them. According to the UNHCR 2009 report as many as 167,189 refugees and asylum seekers are temporary residents in Ecuador.[58]

Following the migratory trend to Europe many of the jobs that those that left held in the country had been taken over by Peruvian economic migrants. Those jobs are mostly in agriculture and unskilled labor. There are no official statistics but some press reports estimate their number into the tens of thousands.

There is a diverse community of Middle Eastern Ecuadorians, numbering in the tens of thousands, mostly from Lebanese, Syrian and Palestinian descent; prominent in commerce and industry, and concentrated in the coastal cities of Guayaquil, Quevedo and Machala. They are well assimilated into the local culture and are referred commonly as "turcos" since the early migrants of these communities arrived with passports issued by the Ottoman Empire in the beginning of the century.[59]

Ecuador is also home to communities of Spaniards, Italians, Germans, Portuguese, French, Britons and Greek-Ecuadorians. Ecuadorian Jews, who number around 450 are mostly of German or Italian descent. There are 225,000 English speakers and 112,000 German speakers in Ecuador of which the great majority reside in Quito, mainly all descendants of immigrants who arrived in the late 19th century and of retired emigrees that returned to their terroir. Most of the descendants of European immigrants strive for the preservation of their heritage. Therefore, some groups even have their own schools (e.g. German School Guayaquil and German School Quito), Liceé La Condamine (French Heritage), Alberto Einstein (Jewish Heritage) and The British School of Quito (Anglo-British), cultural and social organizations, churches and country clubs. Their contribution for the social, political and economical development of the country is immense, specially in relation to their percentage in the total population. Most of the families of European heritage belong to the Ecuadorian upper class and had married into the wealthiest families of the country.

There is also a small Asian-Ecuadorian (see Asian Latino) community estimated in a range from 2,500 to 25,000, mainly consists of those having any amount of Chinese Han descent, and possibly 10,000 being Japanese whose ancestors arrived as miners, farm hands and fishermen in the late 19th century. Guayaquil has an East Asian community, mostly Chinese including Taiwanese, and Japanese, as well as a Southeast Asian community, mostly Filipinos.

## See also

[edit]

* Ecuadorian census
* Indigenous peoples in Ecuador
* Afro Ecuadorian
* Lebanese people in Ecuador
* Culture of Ecuador
* Social class in Ecuador
* Family in Ecuador
* Ecuadorian Americans
* Hispanics
* Music of Ecuador

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "Contador Poblacional". ecuadorencifras.gob.ec. Retrieved 14 January 2023.
2. ^ a b c d e f g h "Ecuador: Censo de Población y Vivienda 2022" (PDF). censoecuador.gob.ec. 21 September 2023. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
3. ^ Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities (2013), p. 422. Edited by Carl Skutsch
4. ^ Zambrano, Ana Karina; Gaviria, Aníbal; Cobos-Navarrete, Santiago; Gruezo, Carmen; Rodríguez-Pollit, Cristina; Armendáriz-Castillo, Isaac; García-Cárdenas, Jennyfer M.; Guerrero, Santiago; López-Cortés, Andrés; Leone, Paola E.; Pérez-Villa, Andy; Guevara-Ramírez, Patricia; Yumiceba, Verónica; Fiallos, Gisella; Vela, Margarita; Paz-y-Miño, César (2019). "The three-hybrid genetic composition of an Ecuadorian population using AIMs-InDels compared with autosomes, mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosome data". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 9247. Bibcode:2019NatSR...9.9247Z. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-45723-w. PMC 6592923. PMID 31239502. S2CID 195354041.
5. ^ "EVOLUCIÓN DE LAS VARIABLES INVESTIGADAS EN LOS CENSOS DE POBLACIÓN Y VIVIENDA DEL ECUADOR" (PDF). Ecuador en Cifras. Retrieved 27 July 2017.
6. ^ INEC https://web.archive.org/web/20110201014932/http://www.inec.gob.ec/preliminares/somos.html
7. ^ Preliminary Results http://www4.elcomercio.com/Pais/crecimos__2,1_millones_en_10_anos_.aspx[permanent dead link]
8. ^ "World Population Prospects 2022". United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
9. ^ "World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950–2100" (XSLX) ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
10. ^ a b "World Population Prospects, the 2015 Revision". United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs. 2015. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 20 December 2016.
11. ^ "United Nations Statistics Division - Demographic and Social Statistics". Unstats.un.org. Retrieved 20 December 2016.
12. ^ "UNSD — Demographic and Social Statistics". unstats.un.org. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
13. ^ "Censo de Población y Vivienda 2022". 21 September 2023. Retrieved 2 February 2024.
14. ^ "Población y Demografía". INEC. Retrieved 2 September 2020.
15. ^ Cline, Howard Francis (1967). Latin American History: 1898-1945. Conference on Latin American History.
16. ^ La Cultura popular en el Ecuador (in Spanish). Centro Interamericano de Artesanías y Artes Populares. 1984. p. 34.
17. ^ La Cultura popular en el Ecuador (in Spanish). Centro Interamericano de Artesanías y Artes Populares. 1984.
18. ^ Vistazo (in Spanish). 1977.
19. ^ Oxford, Pete; Bish, Reneé (2004). Chagras: Ecuador's Andean Cowboys. Dinediciones. ISBN 978-9978-43-752-0.
20. ^ Mafla, Jorge Cabezas (1995). Vivencias y sabor popular del Carchi (in Spanish). Centro Cultural "Comuneros", Departamento de Cultura del H. Consejo Provincial del Carchi.
21. ^ "The World Factbook". Retrieved 29 March 2015.
22. ^ "FRONTLINE/WORLD . Rough Cut . Ecuador: Dreamtown – PBS". PBS. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
23. ^ Ramírez, Gustavo Pérez (2011). Los afroecuatorianos (in Spanish). Secretaría de Pueblos, Movimientos Sociales y Participación Ciudadana.
24. ^ a b This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Patricia Kluck (1989). "Sierra Indigenous". In Hanratty, Dennis M. (ed.). Ecuador: A country study. Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. LCCN 91009494.
25. ^ a b c d e This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Patricia Kluck (1989). "Oriente Indigenous". In Hanratty, Dennis M. (ed.). Ecuador: A country study. Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. LCCN 91009494.
26. ^ Toscanini, U.; Gaviria, A.; Pardo-Seco, J.; Gómez-Carballa, A.; Moscoso, F.; Vela, M.; Cobos, S.; Lupero, A.; Zambrano, A. K.; Martinón-Torres, F.; Carabajo-Marcillo, A.; Yunga-León, R.; Ugalde-Noritz, N.; Ordoñez-Ugalde, A.; Salas, A. (1 March 2018). "The geographic mosaic of Ecuadorian Y-chromosome ancestry". Forensic Science International: Genetics. 33: 59–65\. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2017.11.011. ISSN 1872-4973. PMID 29197245.
27. ^ Godinho, Neide Maria de Oliveira (2008). "O impacto das migrações na constituição genética de populações latino-americanas". Universidade de Brasília. p. 17\. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 29 March 2013.
28. ^ "Genome-wide patterns of population structure and admixture among Hispanic/Latino populations" (PDF). p. 8958. Retrieved 3 April 2017.
29. ^ DNA Tribes. "DNA Tribes SNP Admixture Results by Population" (PDF). p. 11\. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 October 2018. Retrieved 16 April 2017.
30. ^ Salazar-Flores, J.; Zuñiga-Chiquette, F.; Rubi-Castellanos, R.; Álvarez-Miranda, J.L.; Zetina-Hérnandez, A.; Martínez-Sevilla, V.M.; González-Andrade, F.; Corach, D.; Vullo, C.; Álvarez, J.C.; Lorente, J.A.; Sánchez-Diz, P.; Herrera, R.J.; Cerda-Flores, R.M.; Muñoz-Valle, J.F.; Rangel-Villalobos, H. (2015). "Admixture and genetic relationships of Mexican Mestizos regarding Latin American and Caribbean populations based on 13 CODIS-STRs". Homo. 66 (1): 44–59\. doi:10.1016/j.jchb.2014.08.005. hdl:11336/15953. PMID 25435058. Retrieved 29 September 2018.
31. ^ Homburguer, Julian R.; et al. (2015). "Genomic Insights into the Ancestry and Demographic History of South America". PLOS Genetics. 11 (12). PloS One Genetics: e1005602. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1005602. PMC 4670080. PMID 26636962.
32. ^ "Admixture in the Americas: Regional and National Differences". Retrieved 11 April 2017.
33. ^ César Paz y Miño. "A Study of the Molecular Variants Associated with Lactase Persistencein Different Ecuadorian Ethnic Group". Retrieved 1 July 2018.
34. ^ Zambrano, Ana Karina; et al. (25 June 2019). "The three-hybrid genetic composition of an Ecuadorian population using AIMs-InDels compared with autosomes, mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosome data". Scientific Reports. 9 (1) 9247. Nature. Bibcode:2019NatSR...9.9247Z. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-45723-w. PMC 6592923. PMID 31239502.
35. ^ Tarver, H. Micheal; Slape, Emily (25 July 2016). The Spanish Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 233\. ISBN 978-1-61069-422-3.
36. ^ Ferreiro, Larrie D. (31 May 2011). Measure of the Earth: The Enlightenment Expedition That Reshaped Our World. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-02345-5.
37. ^ Aguilar, Felipe Aguilar (1991). Ecuador contemporáneo (in Spanish). UNAM. ISBN 978-968-36-1990-7.
38. ^ Martin, Andrew R.; Ph.D, Matthew Mihalka (8 September 2020). Music around the World: A Global Encyclopedia [3 volumes]. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 28\. ISBN 978-1-61069-499-5.
39. ^ Ordóñez Chiriboga, Ricardo (2005). La herencia sefardita en la provincia de Loja. Quito: Casa de la Cultura Ecuatoriana. ISBN 978-9978-62-415-9. OCLC 255791862. Retrieved 3 August 2023.
40. ^ Alvarez, Manuel J. (1929). Montuvio y su musica (in Spanish). Imprenta "La Esperanza".
41. ^ Lauderbaugh, George M. (15 July 2019). Historical Dictionary of Ecuador. Bloomsbury Publishing PLC. ISBN 978-1-5381-0246-6.
42. ^ Lu, Flora; Valdivia, Gabriela; Silva, Néstor L. (26 November 2016). Oil, Revolution, and Indigenous Citizenship in Ecuadorian Amazonia. Springer. ISBN 978-1-137-53362-3.
43. ^ Stahl, Peter W.; Astudillo, Fernando J.; Jamieson, Ross W.; Quiroga, Diego; Delgado, Florencio (20 January 2020). Historical Ecology and Archaeology in the Galápagos Islands: A Legacy of Human Occupation. University Press of Florida. ISBN 978-0-8130-5738-5.
44. ^ "Central America and Caribbean :: PAPUA NEW GUINEA". CIA The World Factbook. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
45. ^ a b "Censo de Población y Vivienda de Ecuador". INEC. 2022–2023. Retrieved 30 June 2025.
46. ^ "Constitución Política de la República del Ecuador". Archived from the original on October 17, 2015. Retrieved September 13, 2014.
47. ^ "El 80% de ecuatorianos es católico". Archived from the original on 11 August 2013.
48. ^ "El 80% de los ecuatorianos afirma ser católico, según el INEC". El Universo. 15 August 2012.
49. ^ Crane, R.; Rizowy, C. (8 December 2010). Latin American Business Cultures. Springer. p. 136\. ISBN 9780230299108.
50. ^ "Ecuador: Facts and Statistics", Church News, 2020. Retrieved on 27 March 2020.
51. ^ 2015 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses. Watch Tower Society. p. 180.
52. ^ "Tokyo Isea Clinic – At Tokyo Isea Clinic, we conduct courteous counseling and consultation first, prior to plastic surgery". Archived from the original on 20 February 2012.
53. ^ "Beit Jabad del Ecuador". 19 July 2011. Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
54. ^ "Congreso Judío Latinoamericano" [Latin American Jewish Congress]. congresojudio.org.ar (in Spanish).[dead link]
55. ^ Traveling Rabbi Guide to Ecuador. Travelingrabbi.com (16 August 2012). Retrieved on 2012-08-21.
56. ^ Keeping Kosher in the Amazon Rainforest. Travelingrabbi.com (4 May 2011). Retrieved on 2012-08-21.
57. ^ "Kehilá Mishkán Yeshúa" (in Spanish). mishkanyeshua.com. Archived from the original on 14 December 2007. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
58. ^ "Table 1. Refugees, asylum-seekers, internally displaced persons (IDPs), returnees (refugees and IDPs), stateless persons, and others of concern to UNHCR by country/territory of asylum, end-2009" (ZIP). UNHCR. 2009. Retrieved 20 December 2016.
59. ^ See also: Lebanese Ecuadorians

## External links

[edit]

* [1]
* Leading ethnicity map in Ecuador by 2010 census

* v
* t
* e

Ecuador articles

History|

* Pre-Columbian Ecuador
* Real Audiencia of Quito
* War of Independence
* Gran Colombia (reunification)
* Ecuadorian–Peruvian territorial dispute
* 1830–1860
* March Revolution
* Ecuadorian–Peruvian War (1857–1860)
* 1860–1895
* Liberal Revolution of 1895
* 1895–1925
* Concha Revolution
* 1922 general strike
* 1925–1944
* Ecuadorian–Peruvian War
* 1944–1960
* 1960–1990
* Military Junta of 1963
* El Carnavalazo
* Supreme Council of Government
* Paquisha War
* 1990–present
* War on drugs in Ecuador
* Cenepa War
* 2000 coup d'état
* 2010 coup d'état attempt and crisis
* 2024 Ecuadorian conflict

Geography|

* Birds
* Cities
* Climate
* Earthquakes
* Environment
* Islands
* Mammals
* Mountains
* National parks
* Provinces
* Rivers
* Volcanoes

Politics|

* Constitution
* Elections
* Foreign relations
* Military
* National Assembly
* National Congress (former)
* Political parties
* President
* List
* Vice President

Economy|

* Banking
* Central Bank
* Coffee production
* Currency
* Economic history
* 1998–1999 Ecuador economic crisis
* Mining
* Telecommunications
* Tourism
* Trade unions
* Transport
* Water supply and sanitation

Society|

* Crime
* Demographics
* People
* Education
* Health
* Religion
* Social class

Culture|

* Cinema
* Cuisine
* Flag
* Indigenous peoples
* Newspapers
* Music
* Notable people
* Public holidays
* Sport
* Smoking
* Television

* Outline

* Category
* Portal

* v
* t
* e

Ancestry and ethnicity in Ecuador

Indigenous|

* Awa-Kwaiker
* Canelos-Quichua
* Cañari
* Chachi
* Cholo pescador
* Cofán
* Huaorani
* Tagaeri
* Jivaroan
* Achuar
* Aguaruna
* Huambisa
* Shuar
* Maina
* Quichua
* Panzaleo
* Quijos-Quichua
* Otavalo
* Puruhá
* Sápara
* Secoya
* Siona
* Taromenane
* Teteté
* Tsáchila

Non-Indigenous|

* African
* Americans
* European
* Italians
* Mestizos
* Uruguayans
* Croatians
* Lebanese
* Jews

Ecuador portal

* v
* t
* e

Demographics of South America

Sovereign states|

* Argentina
* Bolivia
* Brazil
* Chile
* Colombia
* Ecuador
* Guyana
* Paraguay
* Peru
* Suriname
* Uruguay
* Venezuela

Dependencies and
other territories

* Falkland Islands
* French Guiana
* South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands

* v
* t
* e

Lists of countries by population statistics

Global|

* Current population
* United Nations
* Demographics of the world

Continents/subregions|

* Africa
* Antarctica
* Asia
* Europe
* North America
* Caribbean
* Oceania
* South America

Intercontinental|

* Americas
* Arab world
* Commonwealth of Nations
* Eurasia
* European Union
* Islands
* Latin America
* Middle East

Cities/urban areas|

* World cities
* National capitals
* Megacities
* Megalopolises

Past and future|

* Past and future population
* Estimates of historical world population
* Human population projections
* 1
* 1000
* 1500
* 1600
* 1700
* 1800
* 1900
* 1939
* 1989
* 2000
* 2005
* 2010
* 2015
* Population milestones

Population density|

* Current density
* Past and future population density
* Person-to-arable land ratio

Growth indicators|

* Population growth rate
* Natural increase
* Net reproduction rate
* Number of births
* Number of deaths
* Birth rate
* Mortality rate
* Fertility rate
* Past fertility rate

Life expectancy|

* World
* Africa
* Asia
* Europe
* North America
* Oceania
* South America
* world regions
* past life expectancy

Other demographics|

* Age at childbearing
* Age at first marriage
* Age structure
* Dependency ratio
* Divorce rate
* Ethnic and cultural diversity level
* Ethnic composition
* Immigrant population
* Linguistic diversity
* Median age
* Net migration rate
* Number of households
* Religion / Irreligion
* Sex ratio
* Urban population
* Urbanization

Health|

* Antidepressant consumption
* Antiviral medications for pandemic influenza
* HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate
* Infant and under-five mortality rates
* Maternal mortality rate
* Obesity rate
* Percentage suffering from undernourishment
* Health expenditure by country by type of financing
* Suicide rate
* Total health expenditure per capita
* Health spending as % of GDP
* Body mass index (BMI)

Education and innovation|

* Bloomberg Innovation Index
* Education Index
* Global Innovation Index
* International Innovation Index
* Literacy rate
* Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies
* Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA)
* Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS)
* Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS)
* Tertiary education attainment
* World Intellectual Property Indicators

Economic|

* Access to financial services
* Development aid donors
* Official Development Assistance received
* Employment rate
* Irrigated land area
* Human Development Index
* by country
* inequality-adjusted
* planetary pressures–adjusted HDI
* Human Poverty Index
* Imports
* Exports
* Income equality
* Labour force
* Share of income of top 1%
* Number of millionaires (US dollars)
* Number of billionaires (US dollars)
* Percentage living in poverty
* Public sector
* Unemployment rate
* Wealth inequality

* List of international rankings
* Lists by country

Portal:

* Ecuador

*[Pop.]: Population
*[±%]: Percent change
*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template