Demographics of India

This article is about the people from the republic of India. For other uses, see Indian.

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Demographics of India

Population pyramid of India in 2020

Population| 1,438,069,597 (2023 est.)[1]
Density| 483.68 people/km² (2023 est.)[2]
Growth rate| +0.89% (2023 est.)[3]
Birth rate| 16.15 births/1,000 people (2023 est.)[4]
Death rate| 9.1 deaths/1,000 people (2023 est.)[5]
Life expectancy|  72.03 years (2023 est.)[6]
• male| 70.52 years (2023 est.)[7]
• female| 73.60 years (2023 est.)[7]
Fertility rate|  1.98 children born per woman (2023)[8]
Infant mortality rate|  22.6 deaths/1,000 live births (2023)[9]
Net migration rate| -0.68 (negative net migration)[10]
Age structure
0–14 years| 25.68% (male 183,695,000/female 166,295,000) (2021 est.)
15–64 years| 67.49% (male 472,653,000/female 447,337,000) (2021 est.)
65 and over| 6.83% (male 44,275,000/female 48,751,000) (2021 est.)
Sex ratio
Total| 1.06 male(s)/female (2023)[11]
At birth| 1.1 male(s)/female (2023)[11]
Under 15| 1.11 male(s)/female (2023)[11]
15–64 years| 1.07 male(s)/female (2023 est.)
65 and over| 0.85 male(s)/female (2023)[11]
Nationality
Nationality| Indian
Major ethnic|

* Major ethnic groups

* Indo-European (70.16%)
* Indo-Aryan (70.12%)
* Hindustani (38.37%)
* Bengali (7.91%)
* Bengali Hindus (6.15%)
* Bengali Muslims (1.58%)
* Other Bengalis (0.18%)
* Marathi (6.92%)
* Konkani-Marathis (1.50%)
* Konkani (0.97%)
* Konkani-speaking Marathis (0.53%)
* Chitpavans (0.18%)
* Other Konkani-speaking Marathis (0.35%)
* Vidarbha Marathis (1.20%)
* Marathas (2.00%)
* Other Marathis (2.22%)
* Gujarati (6.44%)
* Gujarati Parsis (0.28%)
* Indian Zoroastrians (0.005%)
* Indians with Parsi ancestry (0.275%)
* Other Gujaratis (6.16%)
* Punjabi (4.49%)
* Doabi (1.12%)
* Malwai (0.98%)
* Other Punjabis (2.39%)
* Kashmiris (0.26%)
* Bihari (2.35%)
* Assamese (1.03%)
* Other Indo-Aryans (2.35%)
*       * Iranian (0.04%)
* Irani Indians (0.0111%)
* Pashto-speaking Rohilla Pathans (0.0293%)
* Dravidian (24.96%)
* Telugu (7.97%)
* Rayalaseema (1.73%)
* Telangana Telugus (1.63%)
* Coastal Andhra Telugus (3.82%)
* Telugu-Speaking Kolamis (0.12%)
* Other Telugu Groups (0.67%)
* Tamil (6.47%)
* Tamils with Sri Lankan ancestry (0.30%)
* Other Tamils (6.17%)
* Kannadiga (5.46%)
* Coorgi (0.08%)
* Karwar (0.05%)
* Other Kannadigas (5.33%)
* Malayali (3.08%)
* Nadar (0.97%)
* Mappila (1.08%)
* Other Malayalis (1.03%)
* Gondi (1.03%)
* Kolami (0.30%)
* Kurukh (0.22%)
* Malto (0.22%)
* Other Dravidians (0.21%)

Minor ethnic|

* Minor ethnic groups

* Austro-Asiatic (1.48%)
* Santhali-Munda people (0.37%)
* Munda (0.1%)
* Kharia (0.020%)
* Sabar (0.014%)
* Bhumijs (0.0085%)
* Ho (0.0045%)
* Other Munda people (0.053%)
* Santali (0.40%)
* Saharias (0.115%)
* Other Santal tribes (0.285%)
* Khasic (0.26%)
* Khasi (0.22%)
* Other Khasi people (0.04%)
* Unidentified (0.72%)
* Tibeto-Burman (0.74%)
* Bodo-Kachari (0.44%)
* Bodo (0.12%)
* Other Bodo tribes (0.32%)
* Naga (0.21%)
* Angami Naga (0.08%)
* Other Naga tribes (0.13%)
* Mising (0.08%)
* Tibetans (0.09%)
* Sherpa (0.04%)
* Other Tibetans (0.05%)
* Other Tibeto-Burman people (0.18%)
* Semitic (0.56%)
* Arab-Indian (Muslim) (0.49%)
* Hijazi Arabs (0.22%)
* Other Arab Muslims (0.27%)
* Arab-Indian (Christian) (0.07%)
* Syrian Arab Christians (0.05%)
* Other Arab Christians (0.02%)
* Others (1.52%)
* Anglo-Indians (0.0044%)
* Luso-Indians (0.00058%)
* Assyrian-Indians (0.08%)
* Armenian-Indians (0.000033%)
* Siddi people (0.006%)
* Other Ethnicities (1.428987%)
* Indian Jews (0.0003%)
* Other minorities (0.934687%)
* Unidentified (1.08%)

Language
Official| See Languages of India
Spoken|

Linguistic Demographics (2011)

* Hindi 43.6%
* Bengali 8%
* Marathi 6.9%
* Telugu 6.8%
* Tamil 6.7%
* Gujarati 4.6%
* Urdu 4.2%
* Kannada 3.6%
* Odia 3.1%
* Malayalam 2.9%
* Punjabi 2.7%
* Assamese 1.3%
* Maithili 1.1%
* other 5.6%
* (2011)[11]

India is the most populous country in the world with one-sixth of the world's population. According to estimates from the United Nations (UN), India has overtaken China as the country with the largest population in the world, with a population of 1,425,775,850 at the end of April 2023.[12][13][14][15]

Between 1975 and 2010, the population doubled to 1.2 billion, reaching the billion mark in 2000. According to the UN's World Population dashboard, India's population now stands at slightly over 1.428 billion, edging past China's population of 1.425 billion people, as reported by the news agency Bloomberg.[15] In 2015, India's population was predicted to reach 1.7 billion by 2050.[16][17] In 2017 its population growth rate was 0.98%, ranking 112th in the world; in contrast, from 1972 to 1983, India's population grew by an annual rate of 2.3%.[18]

In 2023, the median age of an Indian was 29.5 years,[19] compared to 39.8 for China and 49.5 for Japan; and, by 2030; India's dependency ratio will be just over 0.4.[20] However, the number of children in India peaked more than a decade ago and is now falling. The number of children under the age of five peaked in 2007, and since then the number has been falling. The number of Indians under 15 years old peaked slightly later (in 2011) and is now also declining.[21]

India has many ethnic groups,[22] and every major region is represented, as are four major families of languages (Indo-European, Dravidian, Austroasiatic and Sino-Tibetan languages) as well as two language isolates: the Nihali language,[23] spoken in parts of Maharashtra, and the Burushaski language, spoken in parts of Jammu and Kashmir. 1,000,000 people in India are Anglo-Indians and between 25,000 and 70,000 people are  Siddhis,who are descendants of Bantu slaves brought by Arabs, Persians and Portuguese to the western coast of India during the  Middle Ages and the colonial period. They represent over 0.1% of the total population of India. Overall, only the continent of Africa exceeds the linguistic, genetic and cultural diversity of the nation of India.[24]

The sex ratio was 944 females for 1000 males in 2016, and 940 per 1000 in 2011.[25] This ratio has been showing an upwards trend for the last two decades after a continuous decline in the 20th century.[26]

## History

[edit]

See also: Economic history of India

Historical population of India and China since 1100 with projection to 2100

### Prehistory to early 19th century

[edit]

See also: Estimates of historical world population

The following table lists estimates for the population of India (including what are now Pakistan and Bangladesh) from prehistory up until 1820. It includes estimates and growth rates according to five economic historians, along with interpolated estimates and overall aggregate averages derived from their estimates.[27] [28]

Historical population (10,000 BC - 1820 CE)

Year  | Maddison (2001)[29] | Clark (1967)[30][31][32] | Biraben (1979)[31][33][34] | Durand (1974)[35][31] | McEvedy (1978)[36][31] | Aggregate average  | Period  | Average
% growth
/ century

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Population  | % growth
/ century  | Population  | % growth
/ century  | Population  | % growth
/ century  | Population  | % growth
/ century  | Population  | % growth
/ century  | Population  | % growth
/ century
10,000 BC | —  | —  | —  | —  | —  | —  | —  | —  | 100,000  | —  | 100,000  | —  | Stone Age | 3.9
4000 BC  | —  | —  | —  | —  | —  | —  | —  | —  | 1,000,000  | 3.9  | 1,000,000  | 3.9
2000 BC  | —  | —  | —  | —  | —  | —  | —  | —  | 6,000,000  | 9.4  | 6,000,000  | 9.4  | Bronze Age | 9.4
500 BC  | —  | —  | —  | —  | —  | —  | —  | —  | 25,000,000  | 10  | 25,000,000  | 10  | Iron Age | 10.2
400 BC  | —  | —  | —  | —  | 30,000,000  | —  | —  | —  | 26,600,000  | 6.3  | 28,300,000  | 13.2
200 BC  | —  | —  | —  | —  | 55,000,000  | 35.4  | —  | —  | 30,000,000  | 6.3  | 42,500,000  | 22.5  | Maurya era | 22.5
1 AD  | 75,000,000  | —  | 70,000,000  | —  | 46,000,000  | –9.3  | 75,000,000  | —  | 34,000,000  | 6.5  | 60,000,000  | 18.8  | Classical
era | 5.3
200  | 75,000,000  | 0  | 72,500,000  | 1.7  | 45,000,000  | –1.1  | 75,000,000  | 0  | 39,000,000  | 7.1  | 61,300,000  | 1.1
400  | 75,000,000  | 0  | 75,000,000  | 1.7  | 32,000,000  | –18.6  | 75,000,000  | 0  | 45,000,000  | 7.4  | 60,400,000  | –0.7
500  | 75,000,000  | 0  | 75,000,000  | 0  | 33,000,000  | 3.1  | 75,000,000  | 0  | 48,000,000  | 6.5  | 61,200,000  | 1.3
600  | 75,000,000  | 0  | 75,000,000  | 0  | 37,000,000  | 12.1  | 75,000,000  | 0  | 51,000,000  | 6.5  | 62,600,000  | 2.3  | Early
medieval
era | 1.9
700  | 75,000,000  | 0  | 75,000,000  | 0  | 50,000,000  | 35.1  | 75,000,000  | 0  | 56,500,000  | 10.3  | 66,300,000  | 5.9
800  | 75,000,000  | 0  | 75,000,000  | 0  | 43,000,000  | –16.3  | 75,000,000  | 0  | 62,000,000  | 10.3  | 66,000,000  | –0.5
900  | 75,000,000  | 0  | 72,500,000  | –3.5  | 38,000,000  | –13.2  | 75,000,000  | 0  | 69,500,000  | 11.4  | 66,000,000  | 0
1000  | 75,000,000  | 0  | 70,000,000  | –3.5  | 40,000,000  | 5.3  | 75,000,000  | 0  | 77,000,000  | 11.4  | 67,400,000  | 2.1
1100  | 81,000,000  | 8  | 72,500,000  | 3.5  | 51,000,000  | 27.5  | 81,300,000  | 8.4  | 80,000,000  | 3.9  | 73,200,000  | 8.6  | Late
medieval
era | 8.1
1200  | 87,500,000  | 8  | 75,000,000  | 3.5  | 65,100,000  | 27.5  | 88,200,000  | 8.4  | 83,000,000  | 3.8  | 79,800,000  | 9
1300  | 94,500,000  | 8  | 75,000,000  | 0  | 83,000,000  | 27.5  | 95,700,000  | 8.4  | 88,000,000  | 6  | 87,200,000  | 9.3
1400  | 102,000,000  | 8  | 77,000,000  | 3.3  | 88,800,000  | 7  | 103,700,000  | 8.4  | 94,000,000  | 6.8  | 92,900,000  | 7
1500  | 110,000,000  | 8  | 79,000,000  | 3.3  | 95,000,000  | 7  | 112,500,000  | 8.4  | 100,000,000  | 6.4  | 99,300,000  | 7
1600  | 135,000,000  | 22.8  | 100,000,000  | 26.6  | 145,000,000  | 52.6  | 135,800,000  | 20.7  | 130,000,000  | 30  | 129,200,000  | 30.1  | Mughal era | 31.9
1650  | 150,000,000  | 22.2  | 150,000,000  | 125  | 160,000,000  | 20.7  | 149,100,000  | 20.7  | 145,000,000  | 24.4  | 150,800,000  | 36.2
1700  | 165,000,000  | 22.2  | 200,000,000  | 77.8  | 175,000,000  | 20.7  | 163,900,000  | 20.7  | 160,000,000  | 21.8  | 172,800,000  | 31.3
1750  | 182,100,000  | 21.8  | 200,000,000  | 0  | 182,700,000  | 9  | 180,000,000  | 20.7  | 170,000,000  | 12.9  | 183,000,000  | 12.1  | Colonial
era | 12.2
1800  | 200,900,000  | 21.8  | 190,000,000  | –10.8  | 190,700,000  | 9  | —  | —  | 185,000,000  | 18.4  | 190,400,000  | 8
1820  | 209,000,000  | 21.8  | 190,000,000  | 0  | 194,000,000  | 9  | —  | —  | 200,000,000  | 47.7  | 198,300,000  | 22

### Population of India Over Time

[edit]

India's population has changed significantly due to migrations, technological advancements, and societal developments. Below is a table of historical population estimates:

Estimated Population of India (10,000 BC – 2011)[37] [38] [39] [40] [41] [42] [43] [44] [45] [46]

Historical Population of India (10,000 BC – 2011)  Era | Year | Estimated Population | Growth Rate (%)

|
|
|

Prehistoric | 10,000 BC | 1,023,542 | N/A
5000 BC | 5,231,678 | +411.2%
Neolithic | 4000 BC | 7,003,245 | +33.9%
3000 BC | 9,875,620 | +41.0%
Indus Valley Civilization | 2000 BC | 13,642,189 | +38.2%
1500 BC | 15,246,830 | +11.8%
Vedic Period | 1000 BC | 16,895,450 | +10.8%
500 BC | 22,783,692 | +34.9%
Maurya Empire | 250 BC | 40,684,927 | +78.6%
1 AD | 51,287,345 | +26.1%
Classical India | 100 AD | 52,748,932 | +2.8%
200 AD | 54,902,817 | +4.1%
300 AD | 57,654,213 | +5.0%
400 AD | 60,834,921 | +5.5%
500 AD | 64,291,782 | +5.7%
Early Medieval India | 600 AD | 68,102,304 | +5.9%
700 AD | 71,837,610 | +5.5%
800 AD | 75,983,210 | +5.8%
900 AD | 81,274,936 | +7.0%
1000 AD | 86,732,843 | +6.7%
Delhi Sultanate | 1100 AD | 91,403,287 | +5.4%
1200 AD | 96,289,634 | +5.4%
1300 AD | 101,984,726 | +5.9%
1400 AD | 111,209,832 | +9.1%
Mughal Empire | 1500 AD | 121,847,294 | +9.6%
1600 AD | 136,204,781 | +11.8%
1700 AD | 161,874,263 | +18.9%
1800 AD | 186,432,976 | +15.2%
Colonial Period | 1810 | 190,000,000 | +2.1%
1820 | 195,000,000 | +2.6%
1830 | 200,000,000 | +2.6%
1840 | 205,000,000 | +2.5%
1850 | 210,000,000 | +2.4%
British Raj | 1860 | 215,000,000 | +2.4%
1870 | 220,000,000 | +2.3%
1881 | 253,891,821 | +15.4%
1891 | 287,223,431 | +13.1%
1901 | 317,318,032 | +10.5%
1911 | 317,369,222 | +0.02%
1921 | 318,866,673 | +0.46%
1931 | 337,515,000 | +5.8%
1941 | 389,000,000 | +15.3%
Post-independence India | 1951 | 361,088,000 | -7.18%
1961 | 439,235,000 | +21.7%
1971 | 548,159,652 | +24.8%
1981 | 683,329,097 | +24.7%
1991 | 846,387,888 | +24.0%
2001 | 1,028,610,328 | +21.5%
2011 | 1,210,854,977 | +17.7%

Key Migration Periods & Population Impact

Key Migration Periods & Population Impact

Neolithic Revolution (10,000 BC – 3000 BC)

* Transition from hunter-gatherers to settled farming societies.
* Mehrgarh (7000 BC) – one of South Asia's earliest agricultural sites.

Indo-Aryan Migration (2000 BC – 1500 BC)

* Migration of Indo-Aryan speakers into North India.
* Vedic texts composed; Hinduism develops from Vedic traditions.

Persian & Greek Influences (500 BC – 300 BC)

* Parts of North India ruled by Persian Achaemenids.
* Alexander the Great's invasion (326 BC) impacts northwest India.

Islamic Invasions & Sultanates (1000 AD – 1500 AD)

* Ghaznavid & Ghurid invasions bring Persian-Turkic influences.
* Establishment of Delhi Sultanate (1206 AD) leads to urban growth.

Mughal Empire & Central Asian Influence (1500 AD – 1700 AD)

* Large-scale migration from Persia, Central Asia, and Afghanistan.
* Economic growth under Akbar and Shah Jahan boosts population.

British Expansion & Demographic Shifts (1757 AD – 1800 AD)

* British East India Company influences trade and taxation.
* Population growth slows due to famines and colonial policies.

The population grew from the South Asian Stone Age in 10,000 BC to the Maurya Empire in 200 BC at a steadily increasing growth rate,[47] before population growth slowed down in the classical era up to 500 AD, and then became largely stagnant during the early medieval era era up to 1000 AD.[29][31] The population growth rate then increased in the late medieval era (during the Delhi Sultanate) from 1000 to 1500.[29][31]

Under the Mughal Empire, India experienced a high economic and demographic upsurge,[47] due to Mughal agrarian reforms that intensified agricultural production.[48] 15% of the population lived in urban centres, higher than the percentage of the population in 19th-century British India[49] and contemporary Europe[49] up until the 19th century.[50] These estimates by Abraham Eraly[49] and Paolo Malanima[50] have been criticised by Tim Dyson, who considers them exaggerations and estimates urbanisation of the Mughal Empire to be less than 9% of the population.[51]

Under the reign of Akbar (reigned 1556–1605) in 1600, the Mughal Empire's urban population was up to 17 million people, larger than the urban population in Europe.[52] By 1700, Mughal India had an urban population of 23 million people, larger than British India's urban population of 22.3 million in 1871.[53] Nizamuddin Ahmad (1551–1621) reported that, under Akbar's reign, Mughal India had 120 large cities and 3,200 townships.[49] A number of cities in India had a population between a quarter-million and half-million people,[49] with larger cities including Agra (in Agra Subah) with up to 800,000 people[54] and Dhaka (in Bengal Subah) with over 1 million people.[55] Mughal India also had a large number of villages, with 455,698 villages by the time of Aurangzeb (reigned 1658–1707).[52]

### Late 19th century to early 20th century

[edit]

The total fertility rate is the number of children born per woman. It is based on fairly good data for the entire years. Sources: Our World in Data and Gapminder Foundation.[56]

Years | 1880 | 1881 | 1882 | 1883 | 1884 | 1885 | 1886 | 1887 | 1888 | 1889 | 1890 | 1902[56]

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Total Fertility Rate in India | 5.95 | 5.92 | 5.89 | 5.86 | 5.82 | 5.79 | 4.38 | 5.76 | 5.76 | 5.75 | 5.75 | 5.75
Years | 1921 | 1922 | 1923 | 1924 | 1925 | 1926 | 1927 | 1928 | 1929 | 1930[56]

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Total Fertility Rate in India | 5.761 | 5.77 | 5.78 | 5.79 | 5.8 | 5.81 | 5.82 | 5.83 | 5.85 | 5.86

Life expectancy from 1881 to 1950

Years  | 1881  | 1891  | 1901  | 1905  | 1911  | 1915  | 1921  | 1925  | 1931  | 1935  | 1941  | 1950[57]

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Life expectancy in India  | 25.4  | 24.3  | 23.5  | 24.0  | 23.2  | 24.0  | 24.9  | 27.6  | 29.3  | 31.0  | 32.6  | 35.4

The population of India under the British Raj (including what are now Pakistan and Bangladesh) according to censuses:

Census year | Population | Growth (%)

|
|

1871[58] | 238,830,958  | —
1881[59] | 253,896,330  | 6.3
1891[58] | 287,223,431  | 13.1
1901[58] | 293,550,310  | 2.2
1911[60] | 315,156,396  | 7.4
1921[60] | 318,942,480  | 1.2
1931[60] | 352,837,778  | 10.6
1941[60] | 388,997,955  | 10.2

Studies of India's population since 1881 have focused on such topics as total population, birth and death rates, geographic distribution, literacy, the rural and urban divide, cities of a million, and the three cities with populations over eight million: Delhi, Greater Mumbai (Bombay), and Kolkata (Calcutta).[61]

Mortality rates fell in the period 1920–45, primarily due to biological immunisation. Suggestions that it was the benefits of colonialism are refuted by academic thinking: "There can be no serious, informed belief... that... late colonial era mortality diminished and population grew rapidly because of improvements in income, living standards, nutrition, environmental standards, sanitation or health policies, nor was there a cultural transformation...".[62]

## Languages

[edit]

Main article: List of languages by number of native speakers in India

Top 30 Languages of India by number of native speakers from 1971 to 2011 (includes Non-scheduled languages)[63][64] Rank  | Language  | Language Family  | Speakers (1971)  | Speakers (1981)  | Speakers (1991)  | Speakers (2001)  | Speakers (2011)

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

1  | Hindi[note 1] | Indo-Aryan | 202,767,971  | 257,749,009  | 329,505,193  | 422,048,642  | 528,347,193
2  | Bengali | Indo-Aryan | 44,792,312  | 51,298,319  | 69,595,738  | 83,369,769  | 97,237,669
3  | Telugu | Dravidian | 44,756,923  | 50,624,611  | 66,017,615  | 74,002,856  | 81,127,740
4  | Marathi | Indo-Aryan | 41,765,190  | 49,452,922  | 62,481,681  | 71,936,894  | 83,026,680
5  | Tamil | Dravidian | 37,690,106  | \-  | 53,006,368  | 60,793,814  | 69,026,881
6  | Urdu | Indo-Aryan | 28,620,895  | 34,941,435  | 43,406,932  | 51,536,111  | 50,772,631
7  | Gujarati | Indo-Aryan | 25,865,012  | 33,063,267  | 40,695,370  | 46,091,617  | 55,492,554
8  | Kannada | Dravidian | 21,710,649  | 25,697,146  | 32,753,676  | 37,924,011  | 43,706,512
9  | Malayalam | Dravidian | 21,938,760  | 25,700,705  | 30,377,176  | 33,066,392  | 34,838,819
10  | Odia | Indo-Aryan | 19,863,198  | 23,021,528  | 28,061,313  | 33,017,446  | 37,521,324
11  | Punjabi | Indo-Aryan | 14,108,443  | 19,611,199  | 23,378,744  | 29,102,477  | 33,124,726
12  | Assamese | Indo-Aryan | 8,959,558  | \-  | 13,079,696  | 13,168,484  | 15,311,351
13  | Maithili | Indo-Aryan | 6,130,026  | 7,522,265  | 7,766,921  | 12,179,122  | 13,583,464
14  | Bhili/Bhilodi Non-scheduled  | Indo-Aryan | 3,399,285  | 4,293,314  | 5,572,308  | 9,582,957  | 10,413,637
15  | Santali | Austro-Asiatic | 3,786,899  | 4,332,511  | 5,216,325  | 6,469,600  | 7,368,192
16  | Kashmiri | Indo-Aryan | 2,495,487  | 3,176,975  | \-  | 5,527,698  | 6,797,587
17  | Nepali | Indo-Aryan | 1,419,835  | 1,360,636  | 2,076,645  | 2,871,749  | 2,926,168
18  | Gondi Non-scheduled  | Dravidian | 1,688,284  | 1,913,262  | 2,124,852  | 2,713,790  | 2,984,453
19  | Sindhi | Indo-Aryan | 1,676,875  | 2,044,389  | 2,122,848  | 2,535,485  | 2,772,264
20  | Konkani | Indo-Aryan | 1,508,432  | 1,570,108  | 1,760,607  | 2,489,015  | 2,256,502
21 | Dogri | Indo-Aryan | 1,299,143  | 1,530,616  | \-  | 2,282,589  | 2,596,767
22 | Khandeshi Non-scheduled  | Indo-Aryan | 251,896  | 1,216,789  | 973,709  | 2,075,258  | 1,860,236
23 | Kurukh Non-scheduled  | Dravidian | 1,235,665  | 1,333,670  | 1,426,618  | 1,751,489  | 1,988,350
24 | Tulu Non-scheduled  | Dravidian | 1,158,419  | 1,417,224  | 1,552,259  | 1,722,768  | 1,846,427
25 | Meiteilon (Manipuri)  | Sino-Tibetan | 791,714  | 901,407  | 1,270,216  | 1,466,705  | 1,761,079
26 | Bodo | Sino-Tibetan | 556,576  | \-  | 1,221,881  | 1,350,478  | 1,482,929
27 | Khasi Non-scheduled  | Austro-Asiatic | 479,028  | 628,846  | 912,283  | 1,128,575  | 1,431,344
28 | Mundari Non-scheduled  | Austro-Asiatic | 771,253  | 742,739  | 861,378  | 1,061,352  | 1,128,228
29 | Ho Non-scheduled  | Austro-Asiatic | 751,389  | 783,301  | 949,216  | 1,042,724  | 1,421,418
30 | Tripuri Non-scheduled  | Sino-Tibetan | 372,579  | 502,067  | 694,940  | 854,023  | 1,011,294

Map of South Asian language families

Mother tongue languages of India (2011)

1. Hindi (26.6%)
2. Bengali (7.94%)
3. Marathi (6.84%)
4. Telugu (6.68%)
5. Tamil (5.69%)
6. Gujarati (4.55%)
7. Urdu (4.19%)
8. Bhojpuri (4.18%)
9. Kannada (3.59%)
10. Malayalam (2.87%)
11. Others (26.87%)

According to the 2001 census, 41.03% of the Indians spoke Hindi natively, while the rest spoke Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Maithili, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Odia, Punjabi, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu and a variety of other languages. There are a total of 122 languages and 234 mother tongues spoken in India. Of these, 22 languages are specified in the Eighth Schedule of Indian Constitution, while 100 are non-specified.

The table below excludes Mao-Maram, Paomata and Purul subdivisions of Senapati District of Manipur state due to cancellation of census results.

## Vital statistics

[edit]

[65]

Crude birth rate trends in India
(per 1000 people, national average)[66][67][68]

### UN estimates

[edit]

Note: This table uses the sticky table format to make scrolling easier. If you prefer, you can disable it.

United Nations, World Population Prospects: The 2024 revision – India[69][70][71][72][73][74] Year  | Mid-year population  | Births per year  | Deaths per year  | Annual change in population  | Crude birth rate
(per 1000)  | Crude death rate
(per 1000)  | Natural change
(per 1000)  | Crude migration rate
(per 1000)  | Total Fertility rate  | Infant mortality (per 1000)  | Life expectancy

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1950  | 346,278,817  | 15,287,998  | 7,852,219  | 7,435,779  | 44.15  | 22.68  | 21.6  |  | 5.73  | 181.2  | 41.7
1951  | 353,870,058  | 15,663,440  | 7,973,004  | 7,591,241  | 44.26  | 22.53  | 21.6  | 0.5  | 5.77  | 180.1  | 41.7
1952  | 361,874,904  | 16,082,888  | 8,048,990  | 8,004,846  | 44.44  | 22.24  | 21.9  | 0.2  | 5.82  | 177.5  | 42.0
1953  | 370,104,571  | 16,501,176  | 8,169,722  | 8,229,667  | 44.59  | 22.07  | 22.1  | 0  | 5.87  | 175.3  | 42.2
1954  | 378,687,141  | 16,903,336  | 8,122,090  | 8,582,570  | 44.64  | 21.45  | 22.7  | −0.4  | 5.91  | 172.2  | 43.0
1955  | 387,700,891  | 17,219,756  | 8,168,768  | 9,013,750  | 44.41  | 21.07  | 22.8  | −0.1  | 5.91  | 169.7  | 43.4
1956  | 396,988,906  | 17,526,402  | 8,232,471  | 9,288,015  | 44.15  | 20.74  | 22.8  | 0  | 5.91  | 167.3  | 43.8
1957  | 406,253,895  | 17,825,650  | 8,323,747  | 9,264,989  | 43.88  | 20.49  | 22.8  | 0  | 5.91  | 165.0  | 44.1
1958  | 415,777,437  | 18,053,426  | 8,374,383  | 9,523,542  | 43.42  | 20.14  | 22.7  | −0.2  | 5.90  | 162.7  | 44.4
1959  | 425,780,669  | 18,321,022  | 8,395,630  | 10,003,232  | 43.03  | 19.72  | 22.7  | −0.2  | 5.89  | 160.3  | 44.9
1960  | 435,990,344  | 18,705,012  | 8,467,290  | 10,209,675  | 42.90  | 19.42  | 22.9  | 0.2  | 5.92  | 158.2  | 45.2
1961  | 446,564,730  | 19,054,934  | 8,586,012  | 10,574,386  | 42.67  | 19.23  | 22.8  | 0.5  | 5.94  | 156.4  | 45.4
1962  | 457,283,092  | 19,422,986  | 8,679,851  | 10,718,362  | 42.48  | 18.98  | 22.9  | 0.5  | 5.95  | 154.5  | 45.7
1963  | 468,138,576  | 19,783,962  | 8,767,246  | 10,855,484  | 42.26  | 18.73  | 22.9  | 0.5  | 5.97  | 152.7  | 45.9
1964  | 479,229,599  | 20,156,988  | 8,871,377  | 11,091,023  | 42.06  | 18.51  | 23.0  | 0.3  | 5.98  | 151.1  | 46.2
1965  | 490,140,141  | 20,414,206  | 9,488,516  | 10,910,542  | 41.65  | 19.36  | 21.7  | 0.9  | 5.94  | 156.4  | 45.0
1966  | 500,740,250  | 20,632,990  | 9,543,207  | 10,600,109  | 41.20  | 19.06  | 21.6  | 0.2  | 5.88  | 154.7  | 45.3
1967  | 511,606,375  | 20,889,458  | 9,609,691  | 10,866,125  | 40.83  | 18.78  | 21.5  | 0  | 5.83  | 153.1  | 45.7
1968  | 522,716,894  | 21,162,298  | 9,155,303  | 11,110,519  | 40.48  | 17.52  | 22.4  | −0.5  | 5.76  | 145.0  | 47.5
1969  | 533,880,544  | 21,386,208  | 9,218,624  | 11,163,650  | 40.06  | 17.27  | 22.3  | 0  | 5.68  | 143.3  | 47.9
1970  | 545,864,268  | 21,705,420  | 9,287,483  | 11,983,724  | 39.76  | 17.01  | 22.3  | −0.1  | 5.62  | 141.7  | 48.2
1971  | 558,096,383  | 22,169,874  | 9,382,778  | 12,232,115  | 39.72  | 16.81  | 22.5  | −0.1  | 5.57  | 139.9  | 48.6
1972  | 570,482,142  | 22,509,830  | 9,468,026  | 12,385,759  | 39.46  | 16.60  | 22.5  | 0  | 5.48  | 138.5  | 49.0
1973  | 583,465,595  | 22,929,810  | 9,517,150  | 12,983,453  | 39.30  | 16.31  | 22.7  | 0.1  | 5.40  | 136.3  | 49.5
1974  | 597,041,392  | 23,284,796  | 9,489,001  | 13,575,797  | 39.00  | 15.89  | 22.8  | 0  | 5.33  | 133.3  | 50.2
1975  | 611,309,532  | 23,451,070  | 9,492,655  | 14,268,140  | 38.36  | 15.53  | 22.6  | 0  | 5.20  | 130.7  | 50.8
1976  | 625,861,887  | 23,935,742  | 9,499,656  | 14,552,355  | 38.24  | 15.18  | 22.7  | −0.4  | 5.13  | 127.9  | 51.4
1977  | 640,801,105  | 24,070,484  | 9,494,741  | 14,939,218  | 37.56  | 14.82  | 22.2  | 0.1  | 5.01  | 124.9  | 51.9
1978  | 655,728,226  | 24,359,834  | 9,461,503  | 14,927,121  | 37.15  | 14.43  | 22.1  | 0.3  | 4.89  | 121.7  | 52.5
1979  | 671,155,745  | 24,833,594  | 9,440,528  | 15,427,519  | 37.00  | 14.07  | 22.3  | 0.2  | 4.81  | 118.4  | 53.1
1980  | 687,354,031  | 25,471,068  | 9,452,567  | 16,198,286  | 37.06  | 13.75  | 22.5  | 0.4  | 4.78  | 115.2  | 53.6
1981  | 703,696,255  | 25,868,440  | 9,446,658  | 16,342,224  | 36.76  | 13.42  | 22.7  | 0.3  | 4.70  | 112.1  | 54.2
1982  | 720,313,474  | 26,221,360  | 9,431,256  | 16,617,219  | 36.40  | 13.09  | 22.6  | 0.3  | 4.62  | 109.3  | 54.7
1983  | 737,372,685  | 26,637,448  | 9,418,131  | 17,059,211  | 36.13  | 12.77  | 22.6  | 0.2  | 4.57  | 106.7  | 55.3
1984  | 754,875,451  | 27,113,114  | 9,414,277  | 17,502,766  | 35.92  | 12.47  | 22.7  | 0.2  | 4.52  | 104.2  | 55.8
1985  | 772,647,801  | 27,366,950  | 9,398,793  | 17,772,350  | 35.42  | 12.16  | 22.5  | 0.2  | 4.43  | 101.8  | 56.3
1986  | 790,689,978  | 27,848,424  | 9,392,670  | 18,042,177  | 35.22  | 11.88  | 22.7  | −0.1  | 4.40  | 99.4  | 56.8
1987  | 808,931,261  | 27,860,878  | 9,365,358  | 18,241,283  | 34.44  | 11.58  | 22.2  | 0.2  | 4.31  | 97.0  | 57.3
1988  | 827,342,997  | 28,040,342  | 9,337,583  | 18,411,736  | 33.89  | 11.29  | 21.9  | 0.2  | 4.22  | 94.6  | 57.8
1989  | 846,039,530  | 28,154,986  | 9,306,083  | 18,696,533  | 33.28  | 11.00  | 21.6  | 0.3  | 4.13  | 92.2  | 58.2
1990  | 864,972,219  | 28,171,520  | 9,277,651  | 18,932,689  | 32.57  | 10.73  | 21.1  | 0.5  | 4.05  | 89.8  | 58.7
1991  | 883,927,607  | 28,305,720  | 9,256,425  | 18,955,388  | 32.02  | 10.47  | 21.0  | 0.2  | 3.96  | 87.6  | 59.1
1992  | 902,957,072  | 28,365,204  | 9,232,809  | 19,029,465  | 31.41  | 10.22  | 20.7  | 0.3  | 3.88  | 85.5  | 59.5
1993  | 922,118,380  | 28,374,418  | 9,221,708  | 19,161,308  | 30.77  | 10.00  | 20.3  | 0.4  | 3.80  | 83.5  | 59.8
1994  | 941,163,775  | 28,512,692  | 9,201,756  | 19,045,395  | 30.30  | 9.78  | 20.0  | 0.4  | 3.72  | 81.4  | 60.2
1995  | 960,301,048  | 28,588,052  | 9,191,892  | 19,137,273  | 29.77  | 9.57  | 19.7  | 0.4  | 3.65  | 79.3  | 60.6
1996  | 979,678,464  | 28,623,284  | 9,180,936  | 19,377,416  | 29.22  | 9.37  | 19.4  | 0.3  | 3.58  | 77.1  | 61.0
1997  | 999,133,765  | 28,659,994  | 9,166,224  | 19,455,301  | 28.68  | 9.17  | 19.0  | 0.4  | 3.51  | 74.8  | 61.4
1998  | 1,018,665,073  | 28,724,934  | 9,155,898  | 19,531,308  | 28.20  | 8.99  | 18.7  | 0.4  | 3.45  | 72.5  | 61.8
1999  | 1,038,225,821  | 28,790,310  | 9,141,493  | 19,560,748  | 27.73  | 8.80  | 18.4  | 0.3  | 3.38  | 70.2  | 62.2
2000  | 1,057,922,728  | 29,111,712  | 9,127,431  | 19,696,907  | 27.52  | 8.63  | 18.3  | 0.1  | 3.35  | 67.8  | 62.7
2001  | 1,077,898,572  | 29,324,930  | 9,143,228  | 19,975,844  | 27.21  | 8.48  | 18.2  | 0  | 3.30  | 65.4  | 63.1
2002  | 1,097,600,381  | 29,128,216  | 9,103,548  | 19,701,809  | 26.54  | 8.29  | 17.7  | 0.2  | 3.22  | 63.1  | 63.6
2003  | 1,116,802,997  | 28,794,442  | 9,074,469  | 19,202,616  | 25.78  | 8.13  | 17.2  | 0.2  | 3.12  | 60.8  | 64.1
2004  | 1,135,991,510  | 28,537,736  | 9,067,053  | 19,188,513  | 25.12  | 7.98  | 16.7  | 0.2  | 3.05  | 58.6  | 64.5
2005  | 1,154,676,319  | 28,063,000  | 9,027,961  | 18,684,809  | 24.30  | 7.82  | 16.1  | 0.1  | 2.96  | 56.3  | 65.0
2006  | 1,172,878,890  | 27,637,610  | 8,995,893  | 18,202,571  | 23.56  | 7.67  | 15.5  | −0.1  | 2.86  | 54.1  | 65.4
2007  | 1,190,676,028  | 27,304,622  | 8,972,698  | 17,797,138  | 22.93  | 7.54  | 15.1  | −0.3  | 2.78  | 51.9  | 65.8
2008  | 1,207,930,962  | 27,186,094  | 8,950,894  | 17,254,934  | 22.51  | 7.41  | 14.7  | −0.4  | 2.72  | 49.6  | 66.1
2009  | 1,225,524,760  | 27,219,670  | 8,934,340  | 17,593,798  | 22.21  | 7.29  | 14.5  | −0.5  | 2.67  | 47.4  | 66.5
2010  | 1,243,481,564  | 26,900,710  | 8,908,601  | 17,956,804  | 21.63  | 7.16  | 14.1  | −0.2  | 2.60  | 45.2  | 66.9
2011  | 1,261,224,952  | 26,681,990  | 8,889,393  | 17,743,388  | 21.16  | 7.05  | 13.7  | 0  | 2.54  | 43.0  | 67.4
2012  | 1,278,674,506  | 26,432,416  | 8,879,964  | 17,449,554  | 20.67  | 6.95  | 13.3  | 0.1  | 2.47  | 40.8  | 67.9
2013  | 1,295,829,506  | 25,995,998  | 8,888,126  | 17,155,000  | 20.06  | 6.86  | 13.0  | 0.1  | 2.41  | 38.7  | 68.5
2014  | 1,312,277,184  | 25,050,538  | 8,884,412  | 16,447,678  | 19.09  | 6.77  | 12.3  | 0.2  | 2.31  | 36.7  | 69.1
2015  | 1,328,024,492  | 25,147,252  | 8,936,426  | 15,747,308  | 18.94  | 6.73  | 12.1  | −0.2  | 2.29  | 34.7  | 69.6
2016  | 1,343,944,293  | 25,207,146  | 9,004,539  | 15,919,801  | 18.76  | 6.70  | 11.9  | 0  | 2.27  | 32.8  | 70.1
2017  | 1,359,657,392  | 24,466,744  | 9,072,749  | 15,713,099  | 18.00  | 6.67  | 11.3  | 0.3  | 2.20  | 31.1  | 70.5
2018  | 1,374,659,068  | 24,620,206  | 9,169,449  | 15,001,676  | 17.91  | 6.67  | 11.0  | −0.1  | 2.18  | 29.4  | 70.7
2019  | 1,389,030,303  | 24,124,982  | 9,264,486  | 14,371,235  | 17.37  | 6.67  | 10.3  | 0  | 2.11  | 27.9  | 70.9
2020  | 1,402,617,692  | 23,485,340  | 10,118,286  | 13,587,389  | 16.74  | 7.21  | 9.2  | 0.4  | 2.05  | 26.6  | 70.1
2021  | 1,414,203,889  | 23,321,854  | 13,093,783  | 11,586,197  | 16.49  | 9.26  | 7.0  | −1.0  | 2.01  | 25.5  | 67.2
2022  | 1,425,423,212  | 23,286,124  | 9,373,180  | 11,219,323  | 16.34  | 6.58  | 7.2  | −0.4  | 1.99  |  | 67.7
2023  | 1,438,069,597  | 23,219,488  | 9,507,013  | 12,646,385  | 16.15  | 6.61  | 9.5  | −1.4  | 1.98  |  | 72.0

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### Census of India: sample registration system

[edit]

Total fertility rate map: average births per woman by districts, 2011

Note: This table uses the sticky table format to make scrolling easier. If you prefer, you can disable it.

Census of India: sample registration system[75][76][77][78] Year  | Average population
| Live births1 | Deaths1 | Natural change  | Crude birth rate
(per 1000)  | Crude death rate
(per 1000)  | Natural change
(per 1000)  | Total fertility rate

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1981  | 716,493,000  | 24,289,000  | 8,956,000  | 15,333,000  | 33.9  | 12.5  | 21.4  | 4.52
1982  | 733,152,000  | 24,781,000  | 8,725,000  | 16,056,000  | 33.8  | 11.9  | 21.9  | 4.5
1983  | 750,034,000  | 25,276,000  | 8,925,000  | 16,351,000  | 33.7  | 11.9  | 21.8  | 4.5
1984  | 767,147,000  | 26,006,000  | 9,666,000  | 16,340,000  | 33.9  | 12.6  | 21.3  | 4.5
1985  | 784,491,000  | 25,810,000  | 9,257,000  | 16,553,000  | 32.9  | 11.8  | 21.1  | 4.3
1986  | 802,052,000  | 26,147,000  | 8,903,000  | 17,244,000  | 32.6  | 11.1  | 21.5  | 4.15
1987  | 819,800,000  | 26,316,000  | 8,936,000  | 17,380,000  | 32.1  | 10.9  | 21.2  | 4.1
1988  | 837,700,000  | 26,388,000  | 9,215,000  | 17,173,000  | 31.5  | 11.0  | 20.5  | 4.0
1989  | 855,707,000  | 26,185,000  | 8,814,000  | 17,371,000  | 30.6  | 10.3  | 20.3  | 3.9
1990  | 873,785,000  | 26,388,000  | 8,476,000  | 17,912,000  | 30.2  | 9.7  | 20.5  | 3.8
1991  | 891,910,000  | 26,133,000  | 8,741,000  | 17,392,000  | 29.3  | 9.8  | 19.5  | 3.64
1992  | 910,065,000  | 26,392,000  | 9,192,000  | 17,200,000  | 29.0  | 10.1  | 18.9  | 3.6
1993  | 928,226,000  | 26,640,000  | 8,633,000  | 18,007,000  | 0  | 9.3  | 19.4  | 3.5
1994  | 946,373,000  | 27,161,000  | 8,801,000  | 18,360,000  | 28.7  | 9.3  | 19.4  | 3.5
1995  | 964,486,000  | 27,295,000  | 8,680,000  | 18,615,000  | 28.3  | 9.0  | 19.3  | 3.5
1996  | 982,553,000  | 26,824,000  | 8,745,000  | 18,079,000  | 27.3  | 8.9  | 18.4  | 3.40
1997  | 1,000,558,000  | 27,215,000  | 8,905,000  | 18,310,000  | 27.2  | 8.9  | 18.3  | 3.3
1998  | 1,018,471,000  | 26,989,000  | 9,166,000  | 17,823,000  | 26.5  | 9.0  | 17.5  | 3.2
1999  | 1,036,259,000  | 26,943,000  | 9,015,000  | 17,928,000  | 26.0  | 8.7  | 17.3  | 3.2
2000  | 1,053,898,000  | 27,191,000  | 8,958,000  | 18,233,000  | 25.8  | 8.5  | 17.3  | 3.2
2001  | 1,071,374,000  | 27,213,000  | 9,000,000  | 18,213,000  | 25.4  | 8.4  | 17.0  | 3.10
2002  | 1,088,694,000  | 27,217,000  | 8,818,000  | 18,399,000  | 25.0  | 8.1  | 16.9  | 3.0
2003  | 1,105,886,000  | 27,426,000  | 8,847,000  | 18,579,000  | 24.8  | 8.0  | 16.8  | 3.0
2004  | 1,122,991,000  | 27,064,000  | 8,422,000  | 18,642,000  | 24.1  | 7.5  | 16.6  | 2.9
2005  | 1,140,043,000  | 27,133,000  | 8,664,000  | 18,469,000  | 23.8  | 7.6  | 16.2  | 2.9
2006  | 1,157,039,000  | 27,190,000  | 8,678,000  | 18,512,000  | 23.5  | 7.5  | 16.0  | 2.79
2007  | 1,134,024,000  | 26,195,954  | 8,391,778  | 17,804,176  | 23.1  | 7.4  | 15.7  | 2.7
2008  | 1,150,196,000  | 26,224,469  | 8,511,450  | 17,713,019  | 22.8  | 7.4  | 15.4  | 2.6
2009  | 1,166,228,000  | 26,240,130  | 8,513,464  | 17,726,666  | 22.5  | 7.3  | 15.2  | 2.6
2010  | 1,182,108,000  | 26,124,587  | 8,511,178  | 17,613,409  | 22.1  | 7.2  | 14.9  | 2.5
2011  | 1,197,658,000  | 26,108,944  | 8,503,372  | 17,605,572  | 21.8  | 7.1  | 14.7  | 2.44
2012  | 1,212,827,000  | 26,197,063  | 8,489,789  | 17,707,274  | 21.6  | 7.0  | 14.6  | 2.38
2013  | 1,227,012,000  | 26,258,057  | 8,589,084  | 17,668,973  | 21.4  | 7.0  | 14.4  | 2.34
2014  | 1,243,542,000  | 25,904,377  | 8,264,730  | 17,639,647  | 21.0  | 6.7  | 14.3  | 2.32
2015  | 1,259,108,000  | 26,189,446  | 8,184,202  | 18,005,244  | 20.8  | 6.5  | 14.3  | 2.27
2016  | 1,273,986,000  | 25,989,314  | 8,153,510  | 17,835,804  | 20.4  | 6.4  | 14.0  | 2.26
2017[79] | 1,288,522,000  | 26,028,144  | 8,117,689  | 17,910,455  | 20.2  | 6.3  | 13.9  | 2.18
2018  | 1,324,609,000  | 26,492,180  | 8,212,576  | 18,279,604  | 20.0  | 6.2  | 13.8  | 2.15
2019  | 1,338,995,000  | 24,820,886  | 7,641,076  | 17,179,810  | 18.5  | 5.7  | 12.8  | 2.08[80]
2020  | 1,353,378,000  | 24,222,444  | 8,115,882  | 16,106,562  | 17.9  | 6.0  | 11.9  | 2.03
1 The numbers of births and deaths were calculated from the birth and death rates and the average population.

### Life expectancy

[edit]

See also: List of Indian states by life expectancy at birth

Life Expectancy at birth in India by district based on the analysis of NFHS-5 data (2019–2021)[81] Life expectancy at birth in India since 1960 with calculated sex gap[82]

Life expectancy by age group (1950-2020)[83][84][85][86][87]

Period  | Life expectancy at birth  | Life expectancy at age 15  | Life expectancy at age 65  | Life expectancy at age 80

|
|
|
|

1950  | 41.18  | 60.06  | 75.90  | 84.77
1955  | 43.74  | 60.96  | 76.14  | 84.86
1960  | 45.61  | 61.75  | 76.33  | 84.93
1965  | 45.56  | 61.84  | 76.20  | 84.91
1970  | 48.59  | 63.40  | 76.55  | 85.30
1975  | 50.76  | 64.68  | 77.00  | 85.69
1980  | 53.59  | 66.10  | 77.22  | 85.82
1985  | 56.32  | 67.35  | 77.30  | 85.81
1990  | 58.62  | 68.32  | 77.59  | 85.94
1995  | 60.63  | 69.08  | 78.06  | 86.22
2000  | 62.75  | 69.92  | 78.56  | 86.44
2005  | 64.94  | 70.84  | 78.87  | 86.45
2010  | 67.16  | 71.83  | 79.28  | 86.64
2015  | 69.33  | 72.88  | 79.91  | 87.14
2020  | 70.16  | 72.81  | 79.48  | 86.92

Demographic and Health Surveys From the Demographic Health Survey:[88]

TFR rate in India (1886 to 2016)

TFR of India to 2016

Crude birth rate and total fertility rate (wanted fertility rate) in India according to the NFHS data.

Crude birth rate and total fertility rate (wanted fertility rate)  Year  | Total  | Urban  | Rural

|
|
|

CBR | TFR1 | CBR | TFR1 | CBR | TFR1
1992–1993  | 28.7  | 3.39 (2.64)  | 24.1  | 2.70 (2.09)  | 30.4  | 3.67 (2.86)
1998–1999  | 24.8  | 2.85 (2.13)  | 20.9  | 2.27 (1.73)  | 26.2  | 3.07 (2.28)
2005–2006  | 23.1  | 2.68 (1.90)  | 18.8  | 2.06 (1.60)  | 25.0  | 2.98 (2.10)
2015–2016  | 19.0  | 2.18 (1.8)  | 15.8  | 1.75 (1.5)  | 20.7  | 2.41 (1.9)
2019–2021  | 17.1  | 1.99 (1.6)  | 14.0  | 1.63 (1.4)  | 18.6  | 2.14 (1.7)
CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman). 1Number in parentheses represents the wanted fertility rate.

Total fertility rate (wanted fertility rate) by religion.

Total fertility rate (wanted fertility rate) by religion  Year  | Hindu  | Muslim  | Christian  | Sikh  | Buddhist/
Neo-Buddhist  | Jain  | Other

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

2019–2021  | 1.94 (1.6)  | 2.36 (1.8)  | 1.88 (1.7)  | 1.61 (1.4)  | 1.39 (1.2)  | 1.60 (1.5)  | 2.15 (1.7)
CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman). 1Number in parentheses represents the wanted fertility rate.

Fertility rate and wanted Fertility rate by State and UT (2015-2016) as per the NFHS-4 data.

Crude birth rate and total fertility rate (wanted fertility rate) 2015–2016  State (Population 2011)  | Total  | Urban  | Rural

|
|
|

CBR | TFR1 | CBR | TFR1 | CBR | TFR1
Uttar Pradesh (199 812 341)  | 22.6  | 2.74 (2.06)  | 18.6  | 2.08 (1.62)  | 24.0  | 2.99 (2.22)
Maharashtra (112 374 333)  | 16.6  | 1.87 (1.57)  | 15.5  | 1.68 (1.41)  | 17.5  | 2.06 (1.73)
Bihar (104 099 452)  | 27.1  | 3.41 (2.48)  | 20.4  | 2.42 (1.83)  | 28.0  | 3.56 (2.58)
West Bengal (91 276 115)  | 16.6  | 1.77 (1.53)  | 14.0  | 1.57 (1.38)  | 18.0  | 1.85 (1.58)
Madhya Pradesh (72 626 809)  | 20.2  | 2.32 (1.82)  | 17.7  | 1.95 (1.61)  | 21.3  | 2.48 (1.91)
Tamil Nadu (72 147 030)  | 15.5  | 1.70 (1.51)  | 13.9  | 1.54 (1.38)  | 17.2  | 1.86 (1.63)
Rajasthan (68 548 437)  | 20.8  | 2.40 (1.81)  | 17.5  | 1.94 (1.52)  | 22.0  | 2.56 (1.91)
Karnataka (61 095 297)  | 15.9  | 1.81 (1.42)  | 15.2  | 1.65 (1.30)  | 16.5  | 1.92 (1.50)
Gujarat (60 439 692)  | 16.7  | 2.03 (1.54)  | 15.3  | 1.82 (1.39)  | 17.9  | 2.19 (1.64)
Andhra Pradesh (49 386 799)  | 16.1  | 1.83 (1.64)  | 13.9  | 1.53 (1.39)  | 17.0  | 1.96 (1.75)
Odisha (41 974 218)  | 18.1  | 2.05 (1.69)  | 15.6  | 1.73 (1.50)  | 18.7  | 2.12 (1.72)
Telangana (35 193 978)  | 17.1  | 1.79 (1.59)  | 17.1  | 1.67 (1.53)  | 17.2  | 1.88 (1.64)
Kerala (33 406 061)  | 11.2  | 1.56 (1.47)  | 11.4  | 1.57 (1.47)  | 11.0  | 1.55 (1.46)
Jharkhand (32 988 134)  | 21.7  | 2.55 (2.06)  | 16.3  | 1.78 (1.47)  | 23.5  | 2.83 (2.27)
Assam (31 205 576)  | 19.5  | 2.21 (1.78)  | 13.2  | 1.45 (1.25)  | 20.5  | 2.34 (1.87)
Punjab (27 743 338)  | 13.8  | 1.62 (1.37)  | 13.5  | 1.59 (1.32)  | 14.0  | 1.63 (1.39)
Chhattisgarh (25 545 198)  | 20.7  | 2.23 (1.88)  | 17.9  | 1.78 (1.58)  | 21.5  | 2.37 (1.97)
Haryana (25 351 462)  | 18.7  | 2.05 (1.63)  | 16.3  | 1.78 (1.44)  | 20.2  | 2.22 (1.75)
Jammu and Kashmir (12 541 302)  | 17.7  | 2.01 (1.67)  | 13.9  | 1.58 (1.39)  | 19.4  | 2.18 (1.77)
Uttarakhand (10 086 292)  | 19.0  | 2.07 (1.60)  | 17.1  | 1.80 (1.43)  | 20.0  | 2.24 (1.71)
Himachal Pradesh (6 864 602)  | 15.3  | 1.88 (1.55)  | 12.0  | 1.43 (1.15)  | 15.7  | 1.92 (1.59)
Tripura (3 673 917)  | 15.3  | 1.69 (1.55)  | 12.7  | 1.40 (1.34)  | 16.4  | 1.80 (1.62)
Meghalaya (2 966 889)  | 24.6  | 3.04 (2.79)  | 16.1  | 1.67 (1.57)  | 26.7  | 3.47 (3.18)
Manipur (2 855 794)  | 21.2  | 2.61 (2.33)  | 17.5  | 2.14 (1.96)  | 23.7  | 2.92 (2.57)
Nagaland (1 978 502)  | 21.4  | 2.74 (2.35)  | 16.3  | 1.78 (1.58)  | 24.1  | 3.38 (2.86)
Goa (1 458 545)  | 12.8  | 1.66 (1.37)  | 13.4  | 1.72 (1.37)  | 11.7  | 1.55 (1.37)
Arunachal Pradesh (1 383 727)  | 17.9  | 2.12 (1.64)  | 17.0  | 1.69 (1.26)  | 18.2  | 2.29 (1.79)
Mizoram (1 097 206)  | 18.7  | 2.26 (2.15)  | 16.9  | 1.97 (1.89)  | 21.2  | 2.71 (2.54)
Sikkim (610 577)  | 11.4  | 1.17 (0.88)  | 12.1  | 1.11 (0.82)  | 11.1  | 1.21 (0.91)
CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman). 1Number in parentheses represents the wanted fertility rate.
Crude birth rate and total fertility rate (wanted fertility rate) 2019–2021[89] State (Population 2011)  | Total  | Urban  | Rural

|
|
|

CBR | TFR1 | CBR | TFR1 | CBR | TFR1
Uttar Pradesh (199 812 341)  | 20.5  | 2.35 (1.77)  | 16.7  | 1.88 (1.49)  | 21.8  | 2.50 (1.86)
Maharashtra (112 374 333)  | 13.8  | 1.71 (1.43)  | 12.6  | 1.50 (1.27)  | 15.0  | 1.89 (1.58)
Bihar (104 099 452)  | 25.9  | 2.98 (2.25)  | 20.4  | 2.35 (1.88)  | 27.0  | 3.11 (2.31)
West Bengal (91 276 115)  | 15.5  | 1.64 (1.42)  | 12.4  | 1.39 (1.24)  | 17.0  | 1.73 (1.48)
Madhya Pradesh (72 626 809)  | 17.2  | 1.99 (1.61)  | 13.7  | 1.61 (1.34)  | 18.5  | 2.12 (1.69)
Tamil Nadu (72 147 030)  | 13.7  | 1.76 (1.59)  | 12.7  | 1.61 (1.50)  | 14.6  | 1.89 (1.66)
Rajasthan (68 548 437)  | 18.7  | 2.01 (1.61)  | 15.3  | 1.67 (1.42)  | 19.8  | 2.11 (1.65)
Karnataka (61 095 297)  | 14.2  | 1.67 (1.38)  | 13.2  | 1.50 (1.25)  | 14.9  | 1.79 (1.46)
Gujarat (60 439 692)  | 15.0  | 1.86 (1.53)  | 13.3  | 1.65 (1.39)  | 16.3  | 2.0 (1.60)
Andhra Pradesh (49 386 799)  | 13.8  | 1.68 (1.55)  | 12.5  | 1.47 (1.36)  | 14.3  | 1.78 (1.64)
Odisha (41 974 218)  | 15.9  | 1.82 (1.52)  | 13.1  | 1.48 (1.26)  | 16.5  | 1.89 (1.57)
Telangana (35 193 978)  | 15.3  | 1.75 (1.55)  | 16.0  | 1.75 (1.57)  | 15.3  | 1.74 (1.54)
Kerala (33 406 061)  | 11.8  | 1.79 (1.68)  | 11.9  | 1.82 (1.71)  | 11.6  | 1.76 (1.65)
Jharkhand (32 988 134)  | 20.2  | 2.26 (1.87)  | 14.2  | 1.56 (1.32)  | 22.0  | 2.48 (2.04)
Assam (31 205 576)  | 16.8  | 1.87 (1.56)  | 13.1  | 1.50 (1.37)  | 17.4  | 1.93 (1.59)
Punjab (27 743 338)  | 13.3  | 1.63 (1.35)  | 12.1  | 1.55 (1.29)  | 14.0  | 1.68 (1.38)
Chhattisgarh (25 545 198)  | 16.4  | 1.82 (1.57)  | 13.6  | 1.42 (1.28)  | 17.2  | 1.94 (1.66)
Haryana (25 351 462)  | 16.4  | 1.91 (1.54)  | 14.1  | 1.65 (1.38)  | 17.5  | 2.04 (1.62)
Jammu and Kashmir (12 541 302)  | 13.1  | 1.41 (1.3)  |  |  |  |
Uttarakhand (10 086 292)  | 16.7  | 1.85 (1.46)  | 16.8  | 1.84 (1.47)  | 16.6  | 1.86 (1.47)
Himachal Pradesh (6 864 602)  | 12.7  | 1.66 (1.43)  | 11.2  | 1.43 (1.36)  | 12.9  | 1.69 (1.44)
Tripura (3 673 917)  | 14.5  | 1.70 (1.49)  | 11.0  | 1.39 (1.29)  | 15.8  | 1.81 (1.56)
Meghalaya (2 966 889)  | 24.2  | 2.91 (2.66)  | 14.8  | 1.57 (1.43)  | 26.5  | 3.31 (3.04)
Manipur (2 855 794)  | 17.4  | 2.17 (1.98)  | 14.7  | 1.84 (1.73)  | 19.1  | 2.38 (2.13)
Nagaland (1 978 502)  | 15.4  | 1.72 (1.57)  | 12.5  | 1.21 (1.13)  | 16.8  | 2.00 (1.82)
Goa (1 458 545)  | 10.3  | 1.30 (1.21)  | 10.3  | 1.26 (1.19)  | 10.3  | 1.36 (1.24)
Arunachal Pradesh (1 383 727)  | 16.0  | 1.80 (1.49)  | 14.8  | 1.44 (1.24)  | 16.2  | 1.88 (1.54)
Mizoram (1 097 206)  | 15.0  | 1.87 (1.78)  | 13.9  | 1.63 (1.56)  | 16.4  | 2.19 (2.08)
Sikkim (610 577)  | 10.2  | 1.05 (0.85)  | 7.8  | 0.71 (0.54)  | 11.7  | 1.32 (1.11)
Delhi | 14.8  | 1.62 (1.29)  | 14.6  | 1.60 (1.27)  | 23.4  | 2.47 (2.06)
CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman). 1Number in parentheses represents the wanted fertility rate.

Regional vital statistics

Birth rate, death rate, natural growth rate, and infant mortality rate, by state and UT in 2010.

Birth rate, death rate, natural growth rate, and infant mortality rate, by state and UT(2010)[90] State or UT  | Birth rate  | Death rate  | Natural growth rate  | Infant mortality rate

|
|
|
|

Total  | Rural  | Urban  | Total  | Rural  | Urban  | Total  | Rural  | Urban  | Total  | Rural  | Urban
Andaman and Nicobar Islands  | 15.6  | 15.5  | 15.8  | 4.3  | 4.8  | 3.3  | 11.3  | 10.7  | 12.6  | 25  | 29  | 18
Andhra Pradesh  | 17.9  | 18.3  | 16.7  | 7.6  | 8.6  | 5.4  | 10.2  | 9.7  | 11.3  | 46  | 51  | 33
Arunachal Pradesh  | 20.5  | 22.1  | 14.6  | 5.9  | 6.9  | 2.3  | 14.6  | 15.2  | 12.3  | 31  | 34  | 12
Assam  | 23.2  | 24.4  | 15.8  | 8.2  | 8.6  | 5.8  | 14.9  | 15.8  | 10.1  | 58  | 60  | 36
Bihar  | 28.1  | 28.8  | 22.0  | 6.8  | 7.0  | 5.6  | 21.3  | 21.8  | 16.4  | 48  | 49  | 38
Chandigarh  | 15.6  | 21.6  | 15.0  | 3.9  | 3.7  | 3.9  | 11.6  | 17.9  | 11.0  | 22  | 20  | 23
Chhattisgarh  | 25.3  | 26.8  | 18.6  | 8.0  | 8.4  | 6.2  | 17.3  | 18.4  | 12.4  | 51  | 52  | 44
Dadra and Nagar Haveli  | 26.6  | 26.0  | 28.6  | 4.7  | 5.1  | 3.3  | 21.9  | 20.9  | 25.3  | 38  | 43  | 22
Daman and Diu  | 18.8  | 19.1  | 18.3  | 4.9  | 4.9  | 4.8  | 13.9  | 14.2  | 13.6  | 23  | 19  | 29
Delhi  | 17.8  | 19.7  | 17.5  | 4.2  | 4.6  | 4.1  | 13.6  | 15.0  | 13.4  | 30  | 37  | 29
Goa  | 13.2  | 12.6  | 13.7  | 6.6  | 8.1  | 5.7  | 6.6  | 4.5  | 8.0  | 10  | 10  | 10
Gujarat  | 21.8  | 23.3  | 19.4  | 6.7  | 7.5  | 5.5  | 15.1  | 15.8  | 14.0  | 44  | 51  | 30
Haryana  | 22.3  | 23.3  | 19.8  | 6.6  | 7.0  | 5.6  | 15.7  | 16.3  | 14.3  | 48  | 51  | 38
Himachal Pradesh  | 16.9  | 17.5  | 11.5  | 6.9  | 7.2  | 4.2  | 10.0  | 10.3  | 7.3  | 40  | 41  | 29
Jammu and Kashmir  | 18.3  | 19.5  | 13.5  | 5.7  | 5.9  | 4.7  | 12.6  | 13.6  | 8.8  | 43  | 45  | 32
Jharkhand  | 25.3  | 26.7  | 19.3  | 7.0  | 7.4  | 5.4  | 18.3  | 19.3  | 13.9  | 42  | 44  | 30
Karnataka  | 19.2  | 20.2  | 17.5  | 7.1  | 8.1  | 5.4  | 12.1  | 12.1  | 12.1  | 38  | 43  | 28
Kerala  | 14.8  | 14.8  | 14.8  | 7.0  | 7.1  | 6.7  | 7.8  | 7.7  | 8.1  | 13  | 14  | 10
Lakshadweep  | 14.3  | 15.5  | 13.2  | 6.4  | 6.1  | 6.7  | 8.0  | 9.5  | 6.5  | 25  | 23  | 27
Madhya Pradesh  | 27.3  | 29.2  | 20.5  | 8.3  | 9.0  | 6.0  | 18.9  | 20.2  | 14.5  | 62  | 67  | 42
Maharashtra  | 17.1  | 17.6  | 16.4  | 6.5  | 7.5  | 5.3  | 10.6  | 10.2  | 11.1  | 28  | 34  | 20
Manipur  | 14.9  | 14.8  | 15.3  | 4.2  | 4.3  | 4.0  | 10.7  | 10.5  | 11.3  | 14  | 15  | 9
Meghalaya  | 24.5  | 26.6  | 14.8  | 7.9  | 8.4  | 5.6  | 16.6  | 18.2  | 9.2  | 55  | 58  | 37
Mizoram  | 17.1  | 21.1  | 13.0  | 4.5  | 5.4  | 3.7  | 12.5  | 15.7  | 9.3  | 37  | 47  | 21
Nagaland  | 16.8  | 17.0  | 16.0  | 3.6  | 3.7  | 3.3  | 13.2  | 13.3  | 12.7  | 23  | 24  | 20
Odisha  | 20.5  | 21.4  | 15.2  | 8.6  | 9.0  | 6.6  | 11.9  | 12.4  | 8.6  | 61  | 63  | 43
Puducherry  | 16.7  | 16.7  | 16.7  | 7.4  | 8.2  | 7.0  | 9.3  | 8.5  | 9.6  | 22  | 25  | 21
Punjab  | 16.6  | 17.2  | 15.6  | 7.0  | 7.7  | 5.8  | 9.6  | 9.5  | 9.8  | 34  | 37  | 28
Rajasthan  | 26.7  | 27.9  | 22.9  | 6.7  | 6.9  | 6.0  | 20.0  | 20.9  | 16.9  | 55  | 61  | 31
Sikkim  | 17.8  | 18.1  | 16.1  | 5.6  | 5.9  | 3.8  | 12.3  | 12.3  | 12.3  | 30  | 31  | 19
Tamil Nadu  | 15.9  | 16.0  | 15.8  | 7.6  | 8.2  | 6.9  | 8.3  | 7.8  | 8.9  | 24  | 25  | 22
Tripura  | 14.9  | 15.6  | 11.5  | 5.0  | 4.8  | 5.7  | 9.9  | 10.8  | 5.8  | 27  | 29  | 19
Uttar Pradesh  | 28.3  | 29.2  | 24.2  | 8.1  | 8.5  | 6.3  | 20.2  | 20.7  | 17.9  | 61  | 64  | 44
Uttarakhand  | 19.3  | 20.2  | 16.2  | 6.3  | 6.7  | 5.1  | 13.0  | 13.5  | 11.1  | 38  | 41  | 25
West Bengal  | 16.8  | 18.6  | 11.9  | 6.0  | 6.0  | 6.3  | 10.7  | 12.6  | 5.6  | 31  | 32  | 25

Neonatal and infant demographics

Infant mortality rate trends in India
(per 1000 births, under age 1, national average) Male to female sex ratio for India, based on its official census data, from 1941 through 2011.[91] The data suggest the existence of high sex ratios before and after the arrival of ultrasound-based prenatal care and sex screening technologies in India.

The table below represents the infant mortality rate trends in India, based on sex, over the last 15 years. In the urban areas of India, average male infant mortality rates are slightly higher than average female infant mortality rates.[92]

Infant mortality rate trend (deaths per 1000) As per NFHS & UNICEF Data.  Year  | Male  | Female  | Total

|
|
|

1998[93] | 69.8  | 73.5  | 71.6
2005[92] | 56.3  | 58  | 57[94]
2009[95] | 49  | 52  | —
2014[96] | 43.7  | 37.90  | 40.7[94]
2018[97] | 29.95  | 29.88  | 29.94[97]

India's 2011 census shows a serious decline in the number of girls under the age of seven – activists posit that eight million female fetuses may have been aborted between 2001 and 2011.[98]

## Population size and structure

[edit]

Map showing the population density in India, per 2011 Census.[99]

India occupies 2.41% of the world's land area but supports over 18% of the world's population. At the 2001 census 72.2% of the population[100] lived in about 638,000 villages[101] and the remaining 27.8%[100] lived in more than 5,100 towns and over 380 urban agglomerations.[102] India's population exceeded that of the entire continent of Africa by 200 million people in 2010.[103] However, because Africa's population growth is extremely high compared to the rest of the world,[104][105] it is expected to surpass both China and India by the early 2030s.[106] Comparative demographics

Comparative demographics  Category  | Global ranking  | References

|
|

Area  | 7th  | [107]
Population  | 1st  | [107]
Population growth rate | 102nd of 212  | in 2010[108]
Population density  | 24th of 212  | in 2010[108]
Male to Female ratio, at birth  | 12th of 214  | in 2009[109]

Population growth of India per decade (1951 - 2011)

Population growth of India per decade[110] Census year  | Population  | Change (%)

|
|

1951  | 361,088,003  | –
1961  | 439,235,000  | 21.6
1971  | 548,160,000  | 24.8
1981  | 683,329,000  | 24.7
1991  | 846,387,888  | 23.9
2001  | 1,028,737,436  | 21.5
2011  | 1,210,193,422  | 17.7

List of states and union territories by demographics

Main article: List of States and Union Territories by demographics

Population distribution by states/union territories (2011)

Population distribution by states/union territories (2011)  Rank  | State/UT | Population[111] | Percent (%)  | Male  | Female  | Difference between male and female  | Sex ratio | Rural[112] | Urban[112] | Area[113] (km2)  | Density (per km2)

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|
|

1  | Uttar Pradesh | 199,812,341  | 16.50  | 104,480,510  | 95,331,831  | 9,148,679  | 930  | 155,111,022  | 44,470,455  | 240,928  | 828
2  | Maharashtra | 112,374,333  | 9.28  | 58,243,056  | 54,131,277  | 4,111,779  | 929  | 61,545,441  | 50,827,531  | 307,713  | 365
3  | Bihar | 104,099,452  | 8.60  | 54,278,157  | 49,821,295  | 4,456,862  | 918  | 92,075,028  | 11,729,609  | 94,163  | 1,102
4  | West Bengal | 91,276,115  | 7.54  | 46,809,027  | 44,467,088  | 2,341,939  | 950  | 62,213,676  | 29,134,060  | 88,752  | 1,030
5  | Madhya Pradesh | 72,626,809  | 6.00  | 37,612,306  | 35,014,503  | 2,597,803  | 931  | 52,537,899  | 20,059,666  | 308,245  | 236
6  | Tamil Nadu | 72,147,030  | 5.96  | 36,137,975  | 36,009,055  | 128,920  | 996  | 37,189,229  | 34,949,729  | 130,058  | 555
7  | Rajasthan | 68,548,437  | 5.66  | 35,550,997  | 32,997,440  | 2,553,557  | 928  | 51,540,236  | 17,080,776  | 342,239  | 201
8  | Karnataka | 61,095,297  | 5.05  | 30,966,657  | 30,128,640  | 838,017  | 973  | 37,552,529  | 23,578,175  | 191,791  | 319
9  | Gujarat | 60,439,692  | 4.99  | 31,491,260  | 28,948,432  | 2,542,828  | 919  | 34,670,817  | 25,712,811  | 196,024  | 308
10  | Andhra Pradesh | 49,386,799  | 4.08  | 24,738,068  | 24,648,731  | 89,337  | 996  | 34,776,389  | 14,610,410  | 160,205  | 308
11  | Odisha | 41,974,218  | 3.47  | 21,212,136  | 20,762,082  | 450,054  | 979  | 34,951,234  | 6,996,124  | 155,707  | 269
12  | Telangana | 35,193,978  | 2.91  | 17,704,078  | 17,489,900  | 214,178  | 988  | 21,585,313  | 13,608,665  | 114,840  | 307
13  | Kerala | 33,406,061  | 2.76  | 16,027,412  | 17,378,649  | −1,351,237  | 1084  | 17,445,506  | 15,932,171  | 38,863  | 859
14  | Jharkhand | 32,988,134  | 2.72  | 16,930,315  | 16,057,819  | 872,496  | 948  | 25,036,946  | 7,929,292  | 79,714  | 414
15  | Assam | 31,205,576  | 2.58  | 15,939,443  | 15,266,133  | 673,310  | 958  | 26,780,526  | 4,388,756  | 78,438  | 397
16  | Punjab | 27,743,338  | 2.29  | 14,639,465  | 13,103,873  | 1,535,592  | 895  | 17,316,800  | 10,387,436  | 50,362  | 550
17  | Chhattisgarh | 25,545,198  | 2.11  | 12,832,895  | 12,712,303  | 120,592  | 991  | 19,603,658  | 5,936,538  | 135,191  | 189
18  | Haryana | 25,351,462  | 2.09  | 13,494,734  | 11,856,728  | 1,638,006  | 879  | 16,531,493  | 8,821,588  | 44,212  | 573
19  | Delhi (UT)  | 16,787,941  | 1.39  | 8,887,326  | 7,800,615  | 1,086,711  | 868  | 944,727  | 12,905,780  | 1,484  | 11,297
20  | Jammu and Kashmir | 12,541,302  | 1.04  | 6,640,662  | 5,900,640  | 740,022  | 889  | 9,134,820  | 3,414,106  | 222,236  | 56
21  | Uttarakhand | 10,086,292  | 0.83  | 5,137,773  | 4,948,519  | 189,254  | 963  | 7,025,583  | 3,091,169  | 53,483  | 189
22  | Himachal Pradesh | 6,864,602  | 0.57  | 3,481,873  | 3,481,873  | 3,382,729  | 99,144  | 972  | 6,167,805  | 688,704  | 55,673  | 123
23  | Tripura | 3,673,917  | 0.30  | 1,874,376  | 1,799,541  | 74,835  | 960  | 2,710,051  | 960,981  | 10,486  | 350
24  | Meghalaya | 2,966,889  | 0.25  | 1,491,832  | 1,475,057  | 16,775  | 989  | 2,368,971  | 595,036  | 22,429  | 132
25  | Manipur | 2,855,794  | 0.24  | 1,438,687  | 1,417,107  | 21,580  | 985  | 1,899,624  | 822,132  | 22,327  | 128
26  | Nagaland | 1,978,502  | 0.16  | 1,024,649  | 953,853  | 70,796  | 931  | 1,406,861  | 573,741  | 16,579  | 119
27  | Goa | 1,458,545  | 0.12  | 739,140  | 719,405  | 19,735  | 973  | 551,414  | 906,309  | 3,702  | 394
28  | Arunachal Pradesh | 1,383,727  | 0.11  | 713,912  | 669,815  | 44,097  | 938  | 1,069,165  | 313,446  | 83,743  | 17
29  | Puducherry (UT)  | 1,247,953  | 0.10  | 612,511  | 635,442  | −22,931  | 1037  | 394,341  | 850,123  | 479  | 2,598
30  | Mizoram | 1,097,206  | 0.09  | 555,339  | 541,867  | 13,472  | 976  | 529,037  | 561,997  | 21,081  | 52
31  | Chandigarh (UT)  | 1,055,450  | 0.09  | 580,663  | 474,787  | 105,876  | 818  | 29,004  | 1,025,682  | 114  | 9,252
32  | Sikkim | 610,577  | 0.05  | 323,070  | 287,507  | 35,563  | 890  | 455,962  | 151,726  | 7,096  | 86
33  | Andaman and Nicobar Islands (UT)  | 380,581  | 0.03  | 202,871  | 177,710  | 25,161  | 876  | 244,411  | 135,533  | 8,249  | 46
34  | Dadra and Nagar Haveli (UT)  | 343,709  | 0.03  | 193,760  | 149,949  | 43,811  | 774  | 183,024  | 159,829  | 491  | 698
35  | Daman and Diu (UT)  | 243,247  | 0.02  | 150,301  | 92,946  | 57,355  | 618  | 60,331  | 182,580  | 112  | 2,169
36  | Lakshadweep (UT)  | 64,473  | 0.01  | 33,123  | 31,350  | 1,773  | 946  | 14,121  | 50,308  | 32  | 2,013
–  | Total (India)  | 1,210,854,977  | 100  | 623,724,248  | 586,469,174  | 35,585,741  | 943  | 833,087,662  | 377,105,760  | 3,287,240  | 382

Literacy rate

Literacy rate map of India (2011).

Literacy rate map of India, 2011.[114]

Literacy rate by state/union territory (2011).

Literacy rate by state/union territory in 2011  State or UT code  | State or UT  | Overall (%)  | Male (%)  | Female (%)

|
|
|
|

1  | Jammu and Kashmir  |

68.74%

76.75%

58.01%

2  | Himachal Pradesh  |

83.78%

90.83%

76.60%

3  | Punjab  |

86.60%

81.48%

71.34%

4  | Chandigarh  |

86.43%

90.54%

81.38%

5  | Uttarakhand  |

79.63%

88.33%

70.70%

6  | Haryana  |

76.64%

85.38%

66.77%

7  | Delhi  |

86.34%

91.03%

80.93%

8  | Rajasthan  |

67.06%

80.51%

52.66%

9  | Uttar Pradesh  |

69.72%

79.24%

59.26%

10  | Bihar  |

63.82%

73.39%

53.33%

11  | Sikkim  |

82.20%

87.29%

76.43%

12  | Arunachal Pradesh  |

66.95%

73.69%

59.57%

13  | Nagaland  |

80.11%

83.29%

76.69%

14  | Manipur  |

79.85%

86.49%

73.17%

15  | Mizoram  |

91.58%

93.72%

89.40%

16  | Tripura  |

87.75%

92.18%

83.15%

17  | Meghalaya  |

75.48%

77.17%

73.78%

18  | Assam  |

73.18%

78.81%

67.27%

19  | West Bengal  |

77.08%

82.67%

71.16%

20  | Jharkhand  |

67.63%

78.45%

56.21%

21  | Odisha  |

72.90%

82.40%

64.36%

22  | Chhattisgarh  |

71.04%

81.45%

60.59%

23  | Madhya Pradesh  |

70.63%

80.53%

60.02%

24  | Gujarat  |

79.31%

87.23%

70.73%

25  | Daman and Diu  |

87.07%

91.48%

79.59%

26  | Dadra and Nagar Haveli  |

77.65%

86.46%

65.93%

27  | Maharashtra  |

83.20%

89.82%

75.48%

28  | Andhra Pradesh[115] |

67.35%

74.77%

59.96%

29  | Karnataka  |

75.60%

82.85%

68.13%

30  | Goa  |

87.40%

92.81%

81.84%

31  | Lakshadweep  |

92.28%

96.11%

88.25%

32  | Kerala  |

93.91%

96.02%

91.98%

33  | Tamil Nadu  |

80.33%

86.81%

73.86%

34  | Puducherry  |

86.55%

92.12%

81.22%

35  | Andaman and Nicobar Islands  |

86.27%

90.11%

81.84%

–  | Overall (India)  |

74.03%

82.14%

65.46%

Structure of the population

Population by age group (2011).

Population by age group  Age group  | Male  | Female  | Total  | Percentage (%)  | Cumulative Percentage

|
|
|
|
|

0–4  | 58,632,074  | 54,174,704  | 112,806,778  | 9.32  | 9.32
5–9  | 66,300,466  | 60,627,660  | 126,928,126  | 10.48  | 19.8
10–14  | 69,418,835  | 63,290,377  | 132,709,212  | 10.96  | 30.76
15–19  | 63,982,396  | 56,544,053  | 120,526,449  | 9.95  | 40.71
20–24  | 57,584,693  | 53,839,529  | 111,424,222  | 9.20  | 49.91
25–29  | 51,344,208  | 50,069,757  | 101,413,965  | 8.38  | 58.29
30–34  | 44,660,674  | 43,934,277  | 88,594,951  | 7.32  | 65.61
35–39  | 42,919,381  | 42,221,303  | 85,140,684  | 7.03  | 72.64
40–44  | 37,545,386  | 34,892,726  | 72,438,112  | 5.98  | 78.62
45–49  | 32,138,114  | 30,180,213  | 62,318,327  | 5.15  | 83.77
50–54  | 25,843,266  | 23,225,988  | 49,069,254  | 4.05  | 87.82
55–59  | 19,456,012  | 19,690,043  | 39,146,055  | 3.23  | 91.05
60–64  | 18,701,749  | 18,961,958  | 37,663,707  | 3.11  | 94.16
65–69  | 12,944,326  | 13,510,657  | 26,454,983  | 2.18  | 96.34
70–74  | 9,651,499  | 9,557,343  | 19,208,842  | 1.59  | 97.93
75–79  | 4,490,603  | 4,741,900  | 9,232,503  | 0.76  | 98.69
80–84  | 2,927,040  | 3,293,189  | 6,220,229  | 0.51  | 99.2
85–89  | 1,120,106  | 1,263,061  | 2,383,167  | 0.20  | 99.4
90–94  | 652,465  | 794,069  | 1,446,534  | 0.12  | 99.52
95–99  | 294,759  | 338,538  | 633,297  | 0.05  | 99.57
100+  | 289,325  | 316,453  | 605,778  | 0.05  | 99.62
Unknown  | 2,372,881  | 2,116,921  | 4,489,802  | 0.37  | 99.99
Total  | 623,270,258  | 587,584,719  | 1,210,854,977  | 100.00
Age group  | Male  | Female  | Total  | Percent
0–14  | 194,351,375  | 178,092,741  | 372,444,116  | 30.76
15–64  | 394,175,879  | 373,559,847  | 767,735,726  | 63.40
65+  | 32,370,123  | 33,815,210  | 66,185,333  | 5.47

Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (03.III.2016) (Data are projections based on the 2011 Population Census.)

[116] Age Group  | Male  | Female  | Total  | %

|
|
|
|

Total  | 664,184,000  | 626,890,000  | 1,291,074,000  | 100
0–4  | 62,872,000  | 56,038,000  | 118,910,000  | 9.21
5–9  | 61,499,000  | 56,969,000  | 118,468,000  | 9.18
10–14  | 65,142,000  | 59,682,000  | 124,824,000  | 9.67
15–19  | 67,223,000  | 60,871,000  | 128,094,000  | 9.92
20–24  | 63,521,000  | 57,356,000  | 120,877,000  | 9.36
25–29  | 57,272,000  | 53,357,000  | 110,629,000  | 8.57
30–34  | 50,782,000  | 49,250,000  | 100,032,000  | 7.75
35–39  | 45,318,000  | 44,787,000  | 90,105,000  | 6.98
40–44  | 41,280,000  | 40,497,000  | 81,777,000  | 6.33
45–49  | 36,602,000  | 35,107,000  | 71,709,000  | 5.55
50–54  | 30,738,000  | 29,016,000  | 59,754,000  | 4.63
55–59  | 24,403,000  | 23,307,000  | 47,710,000  | 3.70
60–64  | 19,133,000  | 19,288,000  | 38,421,000  | 2.98
65–69  | 15,198,000  | 16,114,000  | 31,312,000  | 2.43
70–74  | 11,002,000  | 11,723,000  | 22,725,000  | 1.76
75–79  | 7,703,000  | 8,367,000  | 16,070,000  | 1.24
80+  | 4,496,000  | 5,161,000  | 9,657,000  | 0.75
Age group  | Male  | Female  | Total  | Percent
0–14  | 189,513,000  | 172,689,000  | 362,202,000  | 28.05
15–64  | 436,272,000  | 412,836,000  | 849,108,000  | 65.77
65+  | 38,399,000  | 41,365,000  | 79,764,000  | 6.18

Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.III.2021) (Includes data for the Indian-held part of Jammu and Kashmir, the final status of which has not yet been determined. Data are projections based on the 2011 Population Census.)

[117] Age Group  | Male  | Female  | Total  | %

|
|
|
|

Total  | 700 623 000  | 662 383 000  | 1 363 006 000  | 100
0–4  | 60 153 000  | 54 120 000  | 114 273 000  | 8.38
5–9  | 62 276 000  | 55 390 000  | 117 666 000  | 8.63
10–14  | 61 266 000  | 56 785 000  | 118 051 000  | 8.66
15–19  | 64 862 000  | 59 420 000  | 124 282 000  | 9.12
20–24  | 66 770 000  | 60 474 000  | 127 244 000  | 9.34
25–29  | 62 944 000  | 56 956 000  | 119 900 000  | 8.80
30–34  | 56 614 000  | 52 961 000  | 109 575 000  | 8.04
35–39  | 50 027 000  | 48 836 000  | 98 863 000  | 7.25
40–44  | 44 450 000  | 44 315 000  | 88 765 000  | 6.51
45–49  | 40 204 000  | 39 903 000  | 80 107 000  | 5.88
50–54  | 35 235 000  | 34 331 000  | 69 566 000  | 5.10
55–59  | 29 082 000  | 28 062 000  | 57 144 000  | 4.19
60–64  | 22 465 000  | 22 079 000  | 44 544 000  | 3.27
65–69  | 16 823 000  | 17 583 000  | 34 406 000  | 2.52
70–74  | 12 546 000  | 13 904 000  | 26 450 000  | 1.94
75–79  | 8 269 000  | 9 294 000  | 17 563 000  | 1.29
80+  | 6 637 000  | 7 970 000  | 14 607 000  | 1.07
Age group  | Male  | Female  | Total  | Percent
0–14  | 183 695 000  | 166 295 000  | 349 990 000  | 25.68
15–64  | 472 653 000  | 447 337 000  | 919 990 000  | 67.50
65+  | 44 275 000  | 48 751 000  | 93 026 000  | 6.83

Population within the age group of 0–6 (2011).

Population between age 0–6 by state/union territory[118] State or UT code  | State or UT  | Total  | Male  | Female  | Difference

|
|
|
|
|

1  | Jammu and Kashmir  | 2,008,670  | 1,080,662  | 927,982  | 152,680
2  | Himachal Pradesh  | 763,864  | 400,681  | 363,183  | 37,498
3  | Punjab  | 2,941,570  | 1,593,262  | 1,348,308  | 244,954
4  | Chandigarh  | 117,953  | 63,187  | 54,766  | 8,421
5  | Uttarakhand  | 1,328,844  | 704,769  | 624,075  | 80,694
6  | Haryana  | 3,297,724  | 1,802,047  | 1,495,677  | 306,370
7  | Delhi  | 1,970,510  | 1,055,735  | 914,775  | 140,960
8  | Rajasthan  | 10,504,916  | 5,580,212  | 4,924,004  | 656,208
9  | Uttar Pradesh  | 29,728,235  | 15,653,175  | 14,075,060  | 1,578,115
10  | Bihar  | 18,582,229  | 9,615,280  | 8,966,949  | 648,331
11  | Sikkim  | 61,077  | 31,418  | 29,659  | 1,759
12  | Arunachal Pradesh  | 202,759  | 103,430  | 99,330  | 4,100
13  | Nagaland  | 285,981  | 147,111  | 138,870  | 8,241
14  | Manipur  | 353,237  | 182,684  | 170,553  | 12,131
15  | Mizoram  | 165,536  | 83,965  | 81,571  | 2,394
16  | Tripura  | 444,055  | 227,354  | 216,701  | 10,653
17  | Meghalaya  | 555,822  | 282,189  | 273,633  | 8,556
18  | Assam  | 4,511,307  | 2,305,088  | 2,206,219  | 98,869
19  | West Bengal  | 10,112,599  | 5,187,264  | 4,925,335  | 261,929
20  | Jharkhand  | 5,237,582  | 2,695,921  | 2,541,661  | 154,260
21  | Odisha  | 5,035,650  | 2,603,208  | 2,432,442  | 170,766
22  | Chhattisgarh  | 3,584,028  | 1,824,987  | 1,759,041  | 65,946
23  | Madhya Pradesh  | 10,548,295  | 5,516,957  | 5,031,338  | 485,619
24  | Gujarat  | 7,564,464  | 3,974,286  | 3,519,890  | 454,396
25  | Daman and Diu  | 25,880  | 13,556  | 12,314  | 1,242
26  | Dadra and Nagar Haveli  | 49,196  | 25,575  | 23,621  | 1,954
27  | Maharashtra  | 12,848,375  | 6,822,262  | 6,026,113  | 796,149
28  | Andhra Pradesh  | 8,642,686  | 4,448,330  | 4,194,356  | 253,974
29  | Karnataka  | 6,855,801  | 3,527,844  | 3,327,957  | 199,887
30  | Goa  | 139,495  | 72,669  | 66,826  | 5,843
31  | Lakshadweep  | 7,088  | 3,715  | 3,373  | 342
32  | Kerala  | 3,322,247  | 1,695,889  | 1,626,358  | 69,531
33  | Tamil Nadu  | 6,894,821  | 3,542,351  | 3,352,470  | 189,881
34  | Puducherry  | 127,610  | 64,932  | 62,678  | 2,254
35  | Andaman and Nicobar Islands  | 39,497  | 20,094  | 19,403  | 691
–  | Total (India)  | 158,789,287  | 82,952,135  | 75,837,152  | 7,114,983

Population above the age of seven (2011).

Population above the age of seven by state/union territory[118] State or UT code  | State or UT  | Total  | Male  | Female

|
|
|
|

1  | Jammu and Kashmir  | –  | –  | –
2  | Himachal Pradesh  | –  | –  | –
3  | Punjab  | –  | –  | –
4  | Chandigarh  | –  | –  | –
5  | Uttarakhand  | –  | –  | –
6  | Haryana  | 22,055,357  | 11,703,083  | 10,352,274
7  | Delhi  | 14,782,725  | 7,920,675  | 6,862,050
8  | Rajasthan  | 58,116,096  | 30,039,874  | 28,076,222
9  | Uttar Pradesh  | 169,853,242  | 88,943,240  | 80,910,002
10  | Bihar  | 85,222,408  | 44,570,067  | 40,652,341
11  | Sikkim  | 546,611  | 290,243  | 256,368
12  | Arunachal Pradesh  | 1,179,852  | 616,802  | 563,050
13  | Nagaland  | 1,694,621  | 878,596  | 816,025
14  | Manipur  | 2,368,519  | 1,187,080  | 1,181,439
15  | Mizoram  | 925,478  | 468,374  | 457,104
16  | Tripura  | 3,226,977  | 1,644,513  | 1,582,464
17  | Meghalaya  | 2,408,185  | 1,210,479  | 1,197,706
18  | Assam  | 26,657,965  | 13,649,839  | 13,008,126
19  | West Bengal  | 81,235,137  | 41,740,125  | 39,495,012
20  | Jharkhand  | 27,728,656  | 14,235,767  | 13,492,889
21  | Odisha  | 36,911,708  | 18,598,470  | 18,313,238
22  | Chhattisgarh  | 21,956,168  | 11,002,928  | 10,953,240
23  | Madhya Pradesh  | 62,049,270  | 32,095,963  | 29,953,307
24  | Gujarat  | 52,889,452  | 27,507,996  | 25,381,456
25  | Daman and Diu  | 217,031  | 136,544  | 80,487
26  | Dadra and Nagar Haveli  | 293,657  | 167,603  | 126,054
27  | Maharashtra  | 99,524,597  | 51,539,135  | 47,985,462
28  | Andhra Pradesh  | 76,022,847  | 38,061,551  | 37,961,296
29  | Karnataka  | 54,274,903  | 27,529,898  | 26,745,005
30  | Goa  | 1,318,228  | 668,042  | 650,186
31  | Lakshadweep  | 57,341  | 29,391  | 27,950
32  | Kerala  | –  | –  | –
33  | Tamil Nadu  | 65,244,137  | 32,616,520  | 32,627,617
34  | Puducherry  | 1,116,854  | 545,553  | 571,301
35  | Andaman and Nicobar Islands  | 340,447  | 182,236  | 158,211
–  | Total (India)  | 1,051,404,135  | 540,772,113  | 510,632,022

## Religion

[edit]

Main article: Religion in India

Population pyramid by religion

Hindu population pyramid in India based on the 2011 Census data. This chart visualizes the distribution of the Hindu population across various age groups in India. Muslim population pyramid in India based on the 2011 Census data. This chart visualizes the distribution of the Muslim population across various age groups in India. Buddhist population pyramid in India based on the 2011 Census data. This chart visualizes the distribution of the Buddhist population across various age groups in India. Jain population pyramid in India based on the 2011 Census data. This chart visualizes the distribution of the Jain population across various age groups in India.

The table below summarises India's demographics (excluding the Mao-Maram, Paomata and Purul subdivisions of Senapati district of Manipur state due to cancellation of census results) according to religion at the 2011 census in per cent. The data are "unadjusted" (without excluding Assam and Jammu and Kashmir); the 1981 census was not conducted in Assam and the 1991 census was not conducted in Jammu and Kashmir. Missing citing/reference for "Changes in religious demagraphics over time" table below.

Religious populations' numbers (2011)[119] Religion  | Population  | Percentage (%)

|
|

Hindus  | 966,378,868  |

79.80%

Muslims  | 172,245,158  |

14.23%

Christians  | 27,819,588  |

2.30%

Sikhs  | 20,833,116  |

1.72%

Buddhists  | 8,442,972  |

0.70%

Jains  | 4,451,753  |

0.37%

Others  | 7,937,734  |

0.66%

Not Stated  | 2,867,303  |

0.24%

Changes in religious demographics over time  Year  | Hindus  | Muslims  | Christians  | Sikhs  | Buddhists  | Jainis  | Zoroastrians  | Others/
Religion not specified

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

1951  |

84.1%

9.8%

2.3%

1.79%

0.74%

0.46%

0.13%

0.43%

1961  |

83.45%

10.69%

2.44%

1.79%

0.74%

0.46%

0.09%

0.43%

1971  |

82.73%

11.21%

2.60%

1.89%

0.70%

0.48%

0.09%

0.41%

1981  |

82.30%

11.75%

2.44%

1.92%

0.70%

0.47%

0.09%

0.42%

1991  |

81.53%

12.61%

2.32%

1.94%

0.77%

0.40%

0.08%

0.44%

2001  |

80.46%

13.43%

2.34%

1.87%

0.77%

0.41%

0.06%

0.72%

2011[120] |

79.80%

14.23%

2.30%

1.72%

0.70%

0.37%

| —  |

0.9%

Characteristics of religious groups[120] Religious
group  | Population (2011)
%  | Growth
(2001–2011)[121][122] | Sex ratio (2011)  | Literacy (2011)
(%)[123] | Work participation (2011)
(%)[124][125]

|
|
|
|
|

total[124] | rural  | urban  | child[126]
Hinduism  | 79.80% | 16.8% | 939 | 946 | 921 | 913 | 73.3% | 41.0%
Islam  | 14.23% | 24.6% | 951 | 957 | 941 | 943 | 68.5% | 32.6%
Christianity  | 2.30% | 15.5% | 1023 | 1008 | 1046 | 958 | 84.5% | 41.9%
Sikhism  | 1.72% | 8.4% | 903 | 905 | 898 | 828 | 75.4% | 36.3%
Buddhism  | 0.70% | 6.1% | 965 | 960 | 973 | 933 | 81.3% | 43.1%
Jainism  | 0.37% | 5.4% | 954 | 935 | 959 | 889 | 94.9% | 35.5%
Others/Religion Not Specified  | 0.90% | n/a | 959 | 947 | 975 | 974 | n/a | n/a

Percentage of total population of India's administrative divisions made up by Muslims (2011)[127]

## Caste/tribe

[edit]

See also: Caste system in India

Caste and community statistics as recorded from "Socially and Educationally Backward Classes Commission" (SEBC) or Mandal Commission of 1979, which was completed in 1983.

India has chosen not to officially count caste population since then.

The following data are from the Mandal report:[citation needed]

Caste/Tribe demographics (1983)

Caste/Tribe demographics (1983)  Caste/Tribe  | Population  | Percentage  | Notes

|
|
|

Total population | 731,000,000 |

100%

| *Margin of error 0.34%
Scheduled castes and tribes | 164,913,600 |

22.56%

Scheduled castes  | 110,015,500  |

15.05%

Scheduled tribes  | 54,898,100  |

7.51%

Non OBC/SC/ST Hindu castes/communities | 128,509,800 |

17.58%

Brahmin (including Bhumihar)  | 40,351,200  |

5.52%

Kshtriyas(Rajput)  | 28,509,000  |

3.90%

Maratha  | 16,155,100  |

2.21%

Jats  | 7,310,000  |

Vaishya, Bania, etc.  | 13,742,800  |

1.88%

Kayasthas  | 7,821,700  |

1.07%

Others [ Including Yadavs (Kshtriyas) ]  | 14,620,000  |

Non-Hindu communities and groups | 121,346,000 |

16.6%

| Non-Hindu scheduled and OBC
Muslim (Non S.T)  | 81,798,900  |

11.19%

0.02%

Christian (Non S.T)  | 15,789,600  |

2.16%

0.44%

Sikh (Non scheduled)  | 12,207,700  |

1.67%

0.22%

Buddhist (Non S.T)  | 4,897,700  |

0.67%

0.03%

Jain (Non scheduled)  | 3,435,700  |

0.47%

Other backward classes and communities (OBC) | 380,120,000 |

52%

| *OBC is a derived figure
Hindu OBC  | 318,716,000  |

43.60%

Non-Hindu OBC  | 61,404,000  |

8.40%

| *52% of Non-Hindus

## Ethnic groups

[edit]

See also: South Asian ethnic groups, Ethnic relations in India, Caste system in India, Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia, and Languages of India

This section has an unclear citation style. The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation and footnoting. (January 2025) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

|

List of Ethnic groups

1) Indo-Aryans and Aryanized People: Geographical Distribution: Predominantly in North India, including states like Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Bihar, and parts of Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra etc.

General Phenotype: Indo-Aryans typically have light to medium to dark skin tones, with a range of hair colors from black to brown and often brunette[citation needed]. Facial features can include prominent noses and well-defined bone structures.

Sources:

* C. Majumdar, R. Mukherjee, "The History and Culture of the Indian People," Bhāratīya Itihāsa Samiti, 1951.[128]
* S. B. Singh, "The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia," Cambridge University Press, 1995. ISBN 052141739X.[129]

2) Dravidian People: Geographical Distribution: Predominantly in South India, including states like Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, and Kerala etc.

General Phenotype: Dravidians generally have medium to dark skin tones, curly to wavy hair, and distinct facial features such as broader noses and fuller lips.

Sources:

* K. R. Subramanian, "The Dravidian Contribution to Indian Culture," Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 1966.[130]
* M. A. Rao, "History of South India," S. Chand & Company, 1976.[131]

3) Sino-Tibetan People: Geographical Distribution: Predominantly in Northeast India, including states like Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, and parts of Sikkim etc.

General Phenotype: Sino-Tibetan people often have lighter skin tones, straight black hair, and epicanthic folds in their eyelids, which are characteristic of East Asian phenotypes.

Sources:

* H. Risley, "The Tribes and Castes of Bengal," Calcutta, 1891.[132]
* R. B. Singh, "Ethnic Groups of North-East India," Concept Publishing Company, 1994. ISBN 8170224974.[133]

4) Austroasiatic Peoples: Geographical Distribution: Scattered across central and eastern India, with significant populations in Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal, and Chhattisgarh etc.

General Phenotype: Austroasiatic people generally have light to medium to dark skin tones, wavy to curly hair, and facial features that are somewhat intermediate between Dravidian and Sino-Tibetan populations.

Sources:

* D. Balakrishnan, "Austroasiatic and Other Languages of Eastern India," Calcutta University Press, 1961.[134]
* N. Chakrabarti, "The Austroasiatic Peoples of India," Anthropological Survey of India, 2003.[135]

5) Negrito: Geographical Distribution: Primarily in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

General Phenotype: Negrito people typically have very dark skin, tightly curled hair, and small statures.

Sources:

* L. A. Waddell, "The Tribes of the Andaman Islands," Cambridge University Press, 1901.[136]
* V. Ball, "Jungle Life in India," Dehli, 1972.[137]

Population of India by Ethnic Group (Share of Total Population): 1951–2011  | Indo-Aryans and Aryanized people (%)  | Dravidian people (%)  | Sino-Tibetan people (%)  | Austroasiatic (%)  | Negrito (%)  | Others (%)

|
|
|
|
|
|

1951[138] |

71.86%

23.95%

2.99%

0.60%

0.006%

0.594%

1961[139] |

72.24%

23.91%

2.93%

0.59%

0.005%

0.325%

1971[140] |

72.02%

23.49%

2.94%

0.59%

0.005%

0.955%

1981[141] |

71.98%

23.98%

2.88%

0.58%

0.005%

0.575%

1991[142] |

72.08%

24.02%

2.80%

0.56%

0.004%

0.536%

2001[143] |

71.25%

24.89%

2.83%

0.57%

0.004%

0.456%

2011[144] |

70.16%

24.96%

3.05%

1.48%

0.004%

0.346%

Sources:

* Census of India. New Delhi: Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.

1. **1951 Census of India:**
– *Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.* (1951). *1951 Census of India: Volume I – India (Part II-C) – Languages.* New Delhi: Government of India. Available at [8].

2\. **1961 Census of India:**

– *Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.* (1961). *1961 Census of India: Volume I – India (Part II-C) – Languages.* New Delhi: Government of India. Available at [citation needed].

3\. **1971 Census of India:**

– *Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.* (1971). *1971 Census of India: Volume I – India (Part II-C) – Languages.* New Delhi: Government of India. Available at [citation needed].

4\. **1981 Census of India:**

– *Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.* (1981). *1981 Census of India: Volume II – India (Part II-C) – Languages.* New Delhi: Government of India. Available at [citation needed].

5\. **1991 Census of India:**

– *Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.* (1991). *1991 Census of India: Volume II – India (Part II-C) – Languages.* New Delhi: Government of India. Available at [citation needed].

6\. **2001 Census of India:**

– *Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.* (2001). *2001 Census of India: Volume II – India (Part II-C) – Languages.* New Delhi: Government of India. Available at [citation needed].

7\. **2011 Census of India:**

– *Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.* (2011). *2011 Census of India: Volume II – India (Part II-C) – Languages.* New Delhi: Government of India. Available at [citation needed].

* Singh, K. S. (1992). *People of India: An Introduction*. Anthropological Survey of India. ISBN 8126012215 [citation needed].

2\. Ludden, David. (2013). India and South Asia: A Short History. Oneworld Publications. ISBN 1780741086 [citation needed].

3\. Bhagat, R. B. (2004). "Census Enumeration in India, 1991 and 2001: Issues and Concerns." Economic and Political Weekly[citation needed].

The national Census of India does not recognise racial or ethnic groups within India,[145] but recognises many of the tribal groups as Scheduled Castes and Tribes (see list of Scheduled Tribes in India). For a list of ethnic groups in the Republic of India (as well as neighbouring countries), see South Asian ethnic groups.

Linguistic groups in India chart[146][147]

1. Indo-Aryan (75%)
2. Dravidian (20%)
3. Kolarian, Tibeto-Burman, Khasi, Tai and others (5%)

According to a 2009 study published by Reich et al.., the modern Indian population is composed of two genetically divergent and heterogeneous populations which mixed in ancient times (about 1,200–3,500 BP), known as Ancestral North Indians (ANI) and Ancestral South Indians (ASI). ASI corresponds to the Dravidian-speaking population of southern India, whereas ANI corresponds to the Indo-Aryan-speaking population of northern India.[148][149] 700,000 people from the United States of any race live in India.[150] Between 300,000 and 1 million Anglo-Indians live in India.[151]

India is a country with a vast diversity of ethnic groups, each with its own distinct culture, language, and traditions. The major ethnic groups in India include the Indo-Aryans, Dravidians, Sino-Tibetans, Austroasiatic peoples, and various indigenous tribes. These groups are spread across different regions of India, each contributing to the country's rich cultural mosaic.

## Genetics

[edit]

See also: Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia

South Asian ancestry map

### Y-chromosome DNA

[edit]

[152]

Y-Chromosome DNA Y-DNA represents the male lineage, The Indian Y-chromosome pool may be summarised as follows where haplogroups R-M420, H, R2, L and NOP comprise generally more than 80% of the total chromosomes.[153]

H |

30%

|

R1a |

34%

R2 |

15%

L |

10%

NOP |

10%

| (Excluding R)
Other Haplogroups  |

15%

### Mitochondrial DNA

[edit]

[154]

Mitochondrial DNA mtDNA represents the female lineage. The Indian mitochondrial DNA is primarily made up of Haplogroup M[155]

Haplogroup M |

60%

|

Haplogroup UK |

15%

Haplogroup N |

25%

| (Excluding UK)

### Autosomal DNA

[edit]

Tripuri children preparing for a dance performance. The Tripuris are a Tibeto-Burman ethnic group.

Numerous genomic studies have been conducted in the last 15 years to seek insights into India's demographic and cultural diversity. These studies paint a complex and conflicting picture.

* In a 2003 study, Basu, Majumder et al.. have concluded on the basis of results obtained from mtDNA, Y-chromosome and autosomal markers that "(1) there is an underlying unity of female lineages in India, indicating that the initial number of female settlers may have been small; (2) the tribal and the caste populations are highly differentiated; (3) the Austroasiatic tribals are the earliest settlers in India, providing support to one anthropological hypothesis while refuting some others; (4) a major wave of humans entered India through the northeast; (5) the Tibeto-Burman tribals share considerable genetic commonalities with the Austroasiatic tribals, supporting the hypothesis that they may have shared a common habitat in southern China, but the two groups of tribals can be differentiated on the basis of Y-chromosomal haplotypes; (6) the Dravidian speaking populations were possibly widespread throughout India but are regulated to South India now; (7) formation of populations by fission that resulted in founder and drift effects have left their imprints on the genetic structures of contemporary populations; (8) the upper castes show closer genetic affinities with Central Asian populations, although those of southern India are more distant than those of northern India; (9) historical gene flow into India has contributed to a considerable obliteration of genetic histories of contemporary populations so that there is at present no clear congruence of genetic and geographical or sociocultural affinities."[156]
* In a later 2010 review article, Majumder affirms some of these conclusions, introduces and revises some other. The ongoing studies, concludes Majumder, suggest India has served as the major early corridor for geographical dispersal of modern humans from out-of-Africa. The archaeological and genetic traces of the earliest settlers in India has not provided any conclusive evidence. The tribal populations of India are older than the non-tribal populations. The autosomal differentiation and genetic diversity within India's caste populations at 0.04 is significantly lower than 0.14 for continental populations and 0.09 for 31 world population sets studied by Watkins et al.., suggesting that while tribal populations were differentiated, the differentiation effects within India's caste population was less than previously thought. Majumder also concludes that recent studies suggest India has been a major contributor to the gene pool of southeast Asia.[157][158]
* Another study covering a large sample of Indian populations allowed Watkins et al.. to examine eight Indian caste groups and four endogamous south Indian tribal populations. The Indian castes data show low between-group differences, while the tribal Indian groups show relatively high between-group differentiation. This suggests that people between Indian castes were not reproductively isolated, while Indian tribal populations experienced reproductive isolation and drift. Furthermore, the genetic fixation index data show historical genetic differentiation and segregation between Indian castes population is much smaller than those found in east Asia, Africa and other continental populations; while being similar to the genetic differentiation and segregation observed in European populations.[158]
* In 2006, Sahoo et al.. reported their analysis of genomic data on 936 Y-chromosomes representing 32 tribal and 45 caste groups from different regions of India. These scientists find that the haplogroup frequency distribution across the country, between different caste groups, was found to be predominantly driven by geographical, rather than cultural determinants. They conclude there is clear evidence for both large-scale immigration into ancient India of Sino-Tibetan speakers and language change of former Austroasiatic speakers, in the northeast Indian region.[159][160]
* The genome studies conducted up until 2010 have been on relatively small population sets. Many are from just one southeastern state of Andhra Pradesh (including Telangana, which was part of the state until June 2014). Thus, any conclusions on demographic history of India must be interpreted with caution. A larger national genome study with demographic growth and sex ratio balances may offer further insights on the extent of genetic differentiation and segregation in India over the millenniums.[157]

## Largest cities of India

[edit]

For a more comprehensive list, see List of cities in India by population.

Largest cities or towns in India

2011 Census of India[161]

| Rank | Name | State/UT | Pop. | Rank | Name | State/UT | Pop. |

Mumbai

Delhi | 1 | Mumbai | Maharashtra | 12,478,447 | 11 | Kanpur | Uttar Pradesh | 2,920,067  |
Chennai

Bangalore
2 | Delhi | Delhi | 11,007,835 | 12 | Lucknow | Uttar Pradesh | 2,901,474
3 | Chennai | Tamil Nadu | 8,696,010 | 13 | Nagpur | Maharashtra | 2,405,421
4 | Bangalore | Karnataka | 8,425,970 | 14 | Indore | Madhya Pradesh | 1,960,521
5 | Hyderabad | Telangana | 6,809,970 | 15 | Thane | Maharashtra | 1,818,872
6 | Ahmedabad | Gujarat | 5,570,585 | 16 | Bhopal | Madhya Pradesh | 1,795,648
7 | Kolkata | West Bengal | 4,486,679 | 17 | Visakhapatnam | Andhra Pradesh | 1,730,320
8 | Surat | Gujarat | 4,462,002 | 18 | Pimpri-Chinchwad | Maharashtra | 1,729,359
9 | Pune | Maharashtra | 3,115,431 | 19 | Patna | Bihar | 1,683,200
10 | Jaipur | Rajasthan | 3,073,350 | 20 | Vadodara | Gujarat | 1,670,806

## See also

[edit]

* Census in British India
* Culture of India
* Non-resident Indian and Overseas Citizen of India
* Immigration to India
* Demographics of Central Asia
* Female foeticide in India
* Hinduism in India
* Jainism in India
* Sikhism in India
* Islam in India
* Christianity in India
* Judaism in India
* Zoroastrianism in India
* Irreligion in India

### Government

[edit]

* 2011 Census of India
* National Commission on Population

### Lists

[edit]

* List of states and union territories of India by population
* List of states and union territories of India by fertility rate
* List of Indian states by life expectancy at birth
* List of cities in India by population
* List of metropolitan areas in India
* List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India

## Charts

[edit]

Graphs are temporarily unavailable on Wikipedia due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the "new Graph extension," will be provided as they become available.

Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.

|

Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.

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Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.

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## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Includes Bihari languages, Bajri Rajasthani languages, Pahari, Awadhi language, Bagheli/Baghel Khan Language, Banjari Language. A total of 12 types.

## References

[edit]

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## Bibliography

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* Arnold, David. Pandemic India: From Cholera to COVID-19 (Oxford University Press, 2022). Venkatesh, Archana (January 2023). "Review of Arnold, David, Pandemic India: From Cholera to Covid-19". H-Net Reviews.
* Chakravorty, Swastika, Srinivas Goli, and Kuriath S. James. "Family demography in India: Emerging patterns and its challenges". Sage Open 11.2 (2021): doi:10.1177/2158244021100817.
* Chamie, Joseph; Mirkin, Barry (August 2017), "Busting at the seams: India is unprepared for a near future when it will be the world's most populous country", Quartz. Joseph Chamie is former director of the United Nations Population Division and Barry Mirkin is former chief of the Population Policy Section of the United Nations Population Division.
* Chandrasekhar, S., and Ajay Sharma. "Urbanization and spatial patterns of internal migration in India". Spatial demography 3.2 (2015): 63–89.
* Sekher, T. V. "Rural demography of India". in  International handbook of rural demography (Springer, Dordrecht, 2012) pp. 169–189.
* Smith, Robert D., and Mohandas K. Mallath. "History of the growing burden of cancer in India: from antiquity to the 21st century". Journal of Global Oncology 5 (2019): 1–15.

Medieval India

* Lal, K. S. (1978). Growth of Muslim population in medieval India (A.D. 1000–1800). Delhi, Research Publications.
* Lal, K. S. (1995). Growth of scheduled tribes and castes in medieval India. New Delhi: Aditya Prakashan.

## External links

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Wikiquote has quotations related to Demographics of India.

* Census of India; government site with detailed data from 2001 census
* Anthropological Survey of India
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* Census of India map generator; generates maps based on 2001 census figures
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* Population of India 2011 map; distribution of population amongst states and union territories
* India's Demographic Outlook: Implications and Trends
* "World Population Prospects Archived 1 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine": Country Profile – India
* Aggregated demographic statistics from Indian and global data sources
* Demographic statistics for India – online on Bluenomics
* India comparing with China population projection graph Based on data from database of UN Population Division.

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* Subsidies
* Industrial licensing
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* NITI Aayog
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* Atmanirbhar Bharat

Currency|

* Indian rupee
* Sign
* History
* Historical Forex
* Digital rupee
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* Paisa
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* Governor
* Mint
* Inflation

Financial services|

* Banking
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* Bullion
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* Bombay
* National

History|

* COVID-19 impact
* Economic development
* Liberalisation
* Licence Raj
* Green revolution
* Government initiatives
* Numbering system

People|

* By net worth
* Demography
* Income
* Poverty
* Labour law
* Pensions
* EPFO
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States|

* Andhra Pradesh
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* Jammu and Kashmir
* Jharkhand
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* Kerala
* Ladakh
* Madhya Pradesh
* Maharashtra
* Mizoram
* Odisha
* Punjab
* Rajasthan
* Tamil Nadu
* Telangana
* Uttarakhand
* Uttar Pradesh
* West Bengal

Sectors|

* Agriculture
* Livestock
* Fishing
* Automotive
* Chemical
* Construction
* Defence
* Education
* Energy
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* Solar
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* Media
* Cinema
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* Television
* Printing
* Mining
* Coal
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* Pharmaceuticals
* Pulp and paper
* Retail
* Science and technology
* Biotechnology
* Space
* Telecommunications
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* Tourism
* Transport
* Aviation
* Civil
* Ports
* Rail
* Roads
* Electricity
* Water
* Power

Regulator|

* IRDAI
* RBI
* SEBI
* IBBI
* PFRDA

Other|

* NCLT
* NCLAT
* BIFR
* IBBI
* IBC
* SARFESI Act
* Income Tax Act
* Companies Act
* Banking Act
* Insurance Act
* FEMA
* Mumbai Consensus

* Society and culture

| Society|

* Caste system
* Corruption
* Crime
* Demographics
* Indians
* Education
* Universities in India
* Medical colleges in India
* Law colleges in India
* Engineering colleges in India
* Ethnic relations
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* Languages
* Life expectancy
* Literacy
* Poverty
* Prisons
* Religion
* Socio-economic issues
* Standard of living
* Water supply and sanitation
* Women
* Sexuality
* Youth

|

Culture|

* Arts and entertainment
* Architecture
* Blogging
* Cinema
* Comics
* Webcomics
* Cuisine
* wine
* Dance
* Dress
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* Literature
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* television
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* tallest
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* Traditional

* v
* t
* e

Economy of India

Companies|

* BSE SENSEX
* NIFTY 50

Governance|

* Ministry of Finance
* Finance ministers
* Ministry of Commerce and Industry
* Finance Commission
* Economic Advisory Council
* Central Statistical Office
* Securities and Exchange Board of India
* Enforcement Directorate
* External debt
* Foreign trade
* Foreign direct investment
* Foreign exchange reserves
* Remittances
* Taxation
* Subsidies
* Industrial licensing
* Voluntary guidelines
* NITI Aayog
* Make in India
* Atmanirbhar Bharat

Currency|

* Indian rupee
* Sign
* History
* Historical Forex
* Digital rupee
* Coinage
* Paisa
* Reserve Bank of India
* Governor
* Mint
* Inflation

Financial services|

* Banking
* Insurance
* Multi Commodity Exchange
* Bullion
* Black money
* Bombay
* National

History|

* COVID-19 impact
* Economic development
* Liberalisation
* Licence Raj
* Green revolution
* Government initiatives
* Numbering system

People|

* Billionaires
* Demography
* Income
* Poverty
* Labour law
* Pensions
* EPFO
* NPS
* PPF

By state|

* Andhra Pradesh
* Assam
* Bihar
* Delhi
* Goa
* Gujarat
* Haryana
* Himachal Pradesh
* Jammu and Kashmir
* Jharkhand
* Karnataka
* Kerala
* Ladakh
* Madhya Pradesh
* Maharashtra
* Mizoram
* Odisha
* Punjab
* Rajasthan
* Tamil Nadu
* Telangana
* Uttarakhand
* Uttar Pradesh
* West Bengal

Sectors|

* Agriculture
* Livestock
* Fishing
* Automotive
* Chemical
* Construction
* Defence
* Education
* Energy
* Electricity
* Nuclear
* Oil and gas
* Solar
* Wind
* Electronics and semiconductor
* Entertainment
* Forestry
* Gambling
* Healthcare
* Information technology
* Media
* Cinema
* FM Radio
* Television
* Printing
* Mining
* Coal
* Iron and Steel
* Pharmaceuticals
* Pulp and paper
* Retail
* Science and technology
* Biotechnology
* Space
* Telecommunications
* Textiles
* Tourism
* Transport
* Aviation
* Civil
* Ports
* Rail
* Roads
* Electricity
* Water

Regulator|

* IRDAI
* RBI
* SEBI
* IBBI

Other|

* NCLT
* NCLAT
* BIFR
* IBBI
* IBC
* SARFESI Act
* Income Tax Act
* Companies Act
* Banking Act
* Insurance Act
* FEMA
* Mumbai Consensus

* Category
* Commons
* Wikiquotes

* v
* t
* e

Demographics of Asia

Sovereign states|

* Afghanistan
* Armenia
* Azerbaijan
* Bahrain
* Bangladesh
* Bhutan
* Brunei
* Cambodia
* China
* Cyprus
* Egypt
* Georgia
* India
* Indonesia
* Iran
* Iraq
* Israel
* Japan
* Jordan
* Kazakhstan
* North Korea
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* Kuwait
* Kyrgyzstan
* Laos
* Lebanon
* Malaysia
* Maldives
* Mongolia
* Myanmar
* Nepal
* Oman
* Pakistan
* Philippines
* Qatar
* Russia
* Saudi Arabia
* Singapore
* Sri Lanka
* Syria
* Tajikistan
* Thailand
* Timor-Leste (East Timor)
* Turkey
* Turkmenistan
* United Arab Emirates
* Uzbekistan
* Vietnam
* Yemen

States with
limited recognition|

* Abkhazia
* Northern Cyprus
* Palestine
* South Ossetia
* Taiwan

Dependencies and
other territories|

* British Indian Ocean Territory
* Christmas Island
* Cocos (Keeling) Islands
* Hong Kong
* Macau

* Category
* Asia portal

* v
* t
* e

Census of India

Pre-independence|

| National censuses|

* Overview
* 1891

|

Post-Independence|

| National censuses|

* 1951
* 1961
* 1971
* 1981
* 1991
* 2001
* 2011
* 2024

|

Other censuses|

* Indian economic census
* 2011 Socio Economic and Caste Census
* Census of agriculture

See also: Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India, Demographics of India
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