Demographics of New Brunswick

Demographics of region

Population Density of New Brunswick in 2016

New Brunswick is one of Canada's three Maritime provinces and the only bilingual province in the country. The provincial Department of Finance estimates that the province's population in 2006 was 729,997 of which the majority is English-speaking but with a substantial French-speaking minority of mostly Acadian origin.[1]

First Nations in New Brunswick include the Mi'kmaq and Wolastoqiyik (Maliseet). The first European settlers, the Acadians are descendants of French settlers and also some of the Indigenous peoples of Acadia, a French colony in modern-day Nova Scotia. The Acadians were expelled by the British in 1755 for refusing to take an oath of allegiance to King George II which drove several thousand Acadian residents into exile in North America, the UK and France during the French and Indian War. (Those American Acadians who wound up in Louisiana, and other parts of the American South, are referred to as Cajuns, although some Cajuns are not of Acadian origin.) In time, some Acadians returned to the Maritime provinces of Canada, mainly to New Brunswick,[2] due to the British prohibiting them from resettling their lands and villages in what became Nova Scotia.

Many of the English-Canadian population of New Brunswick are descended from Loyalists who fled the American Revolution. This is commemorated in the province's motto, Spem reduxit ("hope was restored"). There is also a significant population with Irish ancestry, especially in Saint John and the Miramichi Valley. People of Scottish descent are scattered throughout the province, with high concentrations in the Miramichi and in Campbellton. A small population of Danish origin may be found in New Denmark in the northwest of the province.

## Population history

[edit]

This graph was using the legacy Graph extension, which is no longer supported. It needs to be converted to the new Chart extension.

|

Year  | Population  | Five Year
% change  | Ten Year
% change  | Rank Among
Provinces

|
|
|
|

1824 | 74,176 | n/a | n/a | n/a
1834 | 119,457 | n/a | 61.0 | n/a
1841 | 156,162 | n/a | n/a | n/a
1851 | 193,800 | n/a | 24.1 | n/a
1861 | 252,047 | n/a | 30.0 | n/a
1871 | 285,594 | n/a | 13.3 | 4
1881 | 321,233 | n/a | 12.5 | 4
1891 | 321,263 | n/a | 0.0 | 4
1901 | 331,120 | n/a | 3.1 | 4
1911 | 351,889 | n/a | 6.3 | 8
1921 | 387,876 | n/a | 10.2 | 8
1931 | 408,219 | n/a | 5.2 | 8
1941 | 457,401 | n/a | 12.0 | 8
1951 | 515,697 | n/a | 12.7 | 8
1956 | 554,616 | 7.5 | n/a | 8
1961 | 597,936 | 7.8 | 15.9 | 8
1966 | 616,788 | 3.2 | 11.2 | 8
1971 | 634,560 | 2.9 | 6.9 | 8
1976 | 677,250 | 6.7 | 9.8 | 8
1981 | 696,403 | 2.8 | 9.7 | 8
1986 | 709,445 | 1.9 | 4.8 | 8
1991 | 723,900 | 2.0 | 3.9 | 8
1996 | 738,133 | 2.0 | 4.0 | 8
2001 | 729,498 | -1.2 | 0.8 | 8
2006 | 729,997 | 0.1 | -1.1 | 8
2011 | 751,171 | 2.9 | 3.0 | 8
2016 | 747,101 | -0.5 | 2.3 | 8
2021 | 775,610 | 3.8 | 3.2 | 8

Source:[3] Statistics Canada[4][5]

## Population geography

[edit]

This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (September 2023)

|

### City Metropolitan Areas

[edit]

City[6] | 2021  | 2016  | 2011  | 2006  | Land area (km2)  | Density (/km2)

|
|
|
|
|
|

Greater Moncton | 157,717 | 144,810 | 138,644 | 126,424 | 2,562.47 | 61.5
Greater Saint John | 130,613 | 126,202 | 127,761 | 122,389 | 3,505.66 | 37.3
Greater Fredericton | 108,610 | 102,690 | 94,268 | 85,688 | 6,014.66 | 18.1
Greater Bathurst | 31,387 | 31,110 | 33,484 | 34,106 | 2,100.05 | 14.9
Greater Miramichi | 27,593 | 27,518 | 28,115 | 28,773 | 7,564.06 | 3.6
Greater Edmundston | 21,144 | 21,955 | 21,903 | 22,471 | 1,582.36 | 14.0
Greater Campbellton | 13,330 | 14,679 | 17,842 | 17,878 | 1,525.45 | 8.7

### Cities and towns

[edit]

Town | Population (2011) | Population ranking | Land area (km2) | Area ranking | Density (/km2) | Density ranking

|
|
|
|
|
|

Bathurst | 12,275 | 9 | 91.86 | 6 | 133.6 | 24
Beresford | 4,351 | 20 | 19.20 | 17 | 226.6 | 18
Bouctouche | 2,423 | 26 | 18.34 | 19 | 132.1 | 25
Campbellton | 7,385 | 12 | 18.66 | 18 | 395.7 | 9
Caraquet | 4,169 | 23 | 68.26 | 8 | 61.1 | 35
Dalhousie | 3,512 | 24 | 14.51 | 23 | 242.1 | 17
Dieppe | 23,310 | 4 | 54.11 | 11 | 430.8 | 6
Edmundston | 16,032 | 8 | 107.00 | 5 | 149.8 | 23
Florenceville-Bristol | 1,639 | 29 | 15.61 | 22 | 105.0 | 29
Fredericton | 56,224 | 3 | 131.67 | 4 | 427.0 | 7
Grand Bay–Westfield | 5,117 | 17 | 59.86 | 9 | 85.5 | 33
Grand Falls | 5,706 | 14 | 18.05 | 20 | 315.9 | 13
Hampton | 4,292 | 22 | 21.00 | 16 | 204.3 | 21
Hartland | 947 | 35 | 9.63 | 30 | 98.4 | 31
Lamèque | 1,432 | 31 | 12.45 | 28 | 115.1 | 27
Miramichi | 17,811 | 7 | 179.93 | 2 | 99.0 | 30
McAdam | 1,404 | 32 | 14.47 | 24 | 97.02 | 32
Moncton | 69,074 | 2 | 141.17 | 3 | 489.3 | 2
Nackawic | 1,049 | 34 | 8.40 | 32 | 124.9 | 26
Oromocto | 8,932 | 11 | 22.37 | 15 | 399.2 | 8
Quispamsis | 17,886 | 6 | 57.06 | 10 | 313.5 | 14
Richibucto | 1,286 | 33 | 11.83 | 27 | 108.7 | 28
Riverview | 19,128 | 5 | 33.88 | 13 | 564.6 | 1
Rothesay | 11,947 | 10 | 34.77 | 12 | 343.6 | 12
Sackville | 5,558 | 15 | 74.32 | 7 | 74.8 | 34
Saint Andrews | 1,889 | 28 | 8.35 | 33 | 226.2 | 19
Saint John | 70,063 | 1 | 315.82 | 1 | 221.8 | 20
Saint-Léonard | 1,343 | 32 | 5.20 | 34 | 258.3 | 16
Saint-Quentin | 2,095 | 27 | 4.30 | 35 | 486.7 | 3
Shediac | 6,053 | 13 | 12.50 | 26 | 484.4 | 4
Shippagan | 2,603 | 25 | 9.94 | 29 | 261.9 | 15
St. George | 1,543 | 30 | 16.13 | 21 | 95.6 | 32
St. Stephen | 4,817 | 19 | 13.45 | 24 | 358.0 | 11
Sussex | 4,312 | 21 | 9.03 | 31 | 477.4 | 5
Tracadie–Sheila | 4,933 | 18 | 24.65 | 14 | 200.1 | 22
Woodstock | 5,254 | 16 | 13.41 | 25 | 391.7 | 10

## Ethnic origin

[edit]

The information in the following table contains data from the 2021 Candidan census conducted by Statistics Canada.[7]

Of the 233,000 New Brunswickers whose mother tongue is French, the great majority are Acadians.[8] Most have indicated their ethnic origin as French and not as Acadian, so that the number of Acadians shown is much smaller.

Ethnic origin  | 2021 population  | Percent

|
|

Canadian | 174,910  | 23.0%
Irish | 155,915  | 20.5%
English | 137,145  | 18.1%
Scottish | 134,350  | 17.7%
French, n.o.s.(not otherwise specified)  | 118,205  | 15.3%
Acadian | 108,375  | 14.3%
German | 33,200  | 4.4%
New Brunswicker | 22,365  | 2.9%
French Canadian | 18,650  | 2.5%
British, n.o.s.  | 16,630  | 2.2%
Dutch | 13,310  | 1.8%
First Nations | 13,550  | 1.8%
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.  | 12,655  | 1.7%
European, n.o.s.  | 11,565  | 1.5%
Welsh | 11,500  | 1.5%
Métis | 9,445  | 1.2%
Italian | 8,255  | 1.1%
American | 7,185  | 0.9%
North American Indigenous | 5,675  | 0.7%
Québécois | 5,415  | 0.7%
Indian | 5,655  | 0.7%
Filipino | 4,960  | 0.6%
Chinese | 4,600  | 0.6%
Ukrainian | 4,600  | 0.6%
Danish | 4,170  | 0.5%

## Visible minorities and Indigenous peoples

[edit]

Visible minority and Indigenous population (2021 Canadian census)[9]

Population group | Population | %
European[a] | 681,695 | 89.8%
Visible minority group
| South Asian | 8,630 | 1.1%
Chinese | 4,085 | 0.5%
Black | 12,155 | 1.6%
Filipino | 5,190 | 0.7%
Arab | 5,060 | 0.7%
Latin American | 2,450 | 0.3%
Southeast Asian | 1,890 | 0.2%
West Asian | 915 | 0.1%
Korean | 1,655 | 0.2%
Japanese | 250 | 0.0%
Visible minority, n.i.e. | 550 | 0.1%
Multiple visible minorities | 1,375 | 0.2%
Total visible minority population | 44,205 | 5.8%
Indigenous group
| First Nations (North American Indian) | 20,960 | 2.8%
Métis | 10,170 | 1.3%
Inuk (Inuit) | 685 | 0.1%
Multiple Indigenous responses | 485 | 0.1%
Indigenous responses n.i.e. | 995 | 0.1%
Total Indigenous population | 33,295 | 4.4%
Total population | 759,195 | 100.0%

## Languages

[edit]

The province's distribution of English and French is highly regional

Compared to other provinces, New Brunswick has a relatively even split of English and French-speakers.

As a comparison, the minority language communities of Ontario and Quebec (Franco-Ontarians and English-speaking Quebecers respectively) make up less than 10% of those provinces' populations.[10] With both official language communities so strongly represented, New Brunswick is home to English and French-language hospitals, media, schools and universities. The province also has a high proportion of people that speak both languages, with 246,000 people, or 33.2% of the population speaking English and French (though Francophones make up two-thirds of those who are bilingual).[11]

Language policy is a perennial issue in New Brunswick politics and society. Recurring debates have arisen in regards to duality (the system of parallel English and French-speaking public services), interpretation of the provincial bilingualism policy and specifics of implementation. The extent of the provincial policy on bilingualism means that a new row is never far off in the New Brunswick news cycle.[12][13] Francophones advocate for full funding of French-language public services and fair representation in public sector employment, while Anglophones fear that the system of duality is financially inefficient, its extent is not worthwhile and that the provincial government's targets for bilingualism in public employment are hurting their chances to work for the government, as Anglophones are less likely than Francophones to be proficient enough in both official languages to use them in employment.

The province's bilingual status is enshrined in federal and provincial law. The Canadian Constitution makes specific mention of New Brunswick's bilingual status and defines the spirit of implementation as one based on community and individual rights (in contrast with the constitutional protections for the other provinces that is limited to individuals). The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms has a number of New Brunswick specific articles and makes specific mention of New Brunswick in each section relating to language. Of particular interest is Article 16.1, which declares that New Brunswick's Anglophone and Francophone communities have equal rights and privileges, including community-specific cultural and educational institutions, Article 18.1, declaring bilingual publication of the Canadian Parliament's works and laws and Article 18.2, specifying that the New Brunswick Legislature will publish its works in English and French. Article 16.1's distinction of linguistic community is important in that it recognizes not only the rights of individuals to use their language, but also demands that the two official language communities have their specific institutions upheld.

In 2012, New Brunswick Francophones scored lower on the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies than their Anglophone counterparts.[14]

### Knowledge of languages

[edit]

Knowledge of official languages of Canada in New Brunswick (2016)[15]

Language |  | Percent
English only |

| 57.15%
French only |

| 8.58%
English and French |

| 33.95%
Neither English nor French |

| 0.32%

The question on knowledge of languages allows for multiple responses. The following figures are from the 2021 Canadian Census, and lists languages that were selected by at least 0.5 percent of respondents.

Knowledge of languages in New Brunswick  Language  | 2021[16]

|

Pop. | %
English | 698,025  | 91.94%
French | 317,825  | 41.86%
Spanish | 7,580  | 1%
Arabic | 6,090  | 0.8%
Tagalog | 4,225  | 0.56%

### Mother tongue

[edit]

New Brunswick's official languages are shown in bold. Figures shown are for the number of single-language responses and the percentage of total single-language responses. During the 19th century Gaelic was also spoken in Campbellton and Dalhousie. The language died out as a natively-spoken language in the early 20th century.

The 2011 Canadian census showed a population of 751,171. Of the 731,855 single responses to the census question concerning mother tongue, the most commonly reported languages were:[17]

Ranking  | Language  | Population  | Percentage

|
|
|

1\.  | English | 479,930  | 65.58%
2\.  | French | 233,530  | 31.90%
3\.  | Mi'kmaq | 2,115  | 0.29%
4\.  | Korean | 1,810  | 0.25%
5\.  | German | 1,805  | 0.25%
6\.  | Arabic | 1,325  | 0.18%
7\.  | Spanish | 1,135  | 0.16%
8\.  | Dutch | 925  | 0.13%
9\.  | Tagalog | 585  | 0.08%
10\.  | Persian | 450  | 0.06%
11\.  | Italian | 440  | 0.06%
12\.  | Romanian | 420  | 0.06%
13\.  | Mandarin | 405  | 0.06%
14\.  | Russian | 355  | 0.05%
15\.  | Vietnamese | 285  | 0.04%
16\.  | Polish | 255  | 0.03%
17\.  | Hindi | 250  | 0.03%
18\.  | Cantonese | 225  | 0.03%
19\.  | Portuguese | 220  | 0.03%
20\.  | Urdu | 205  | 0.03%
21\.  | Bengali | 180  | 0.02%
22\.  | Hungarian | 155  | 0.02%
23\.  | Danish | 145  | 0.02%
24\.  | Greek | 140  | 0.02%
25\.  | Swahili | 140  | 0.02%
26\.  | Serbian | 120  | 0.02%

Note: "n.i.e.": not included elsewhere

There were also 45 single-language responses for Gujarati; 135 for Niger-Congo languages n.i.e.; 70 for Creole; 95 for Non-verbal languages (Sign languages); 115 for Japanese; 30 for Indo-Iranian languages n.i.e.; 5 for Somali; 20 for Sinhala (Sinhalese); and 40 for Malayalam. New Brunswick's official languages are shown in bold. (Figures shown are for the number of single language responses and the percentage of total single-language responses.)[17]

## Religion

[edit]

Religious groups in New Brunswick (1981−2021)  Religious group  | 2021[18] | 2011[19] | 2001[20] | 1991[21] | 1981[22]

|
|
|
|
|

Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | %
Christianity | 512,645  | 67.52%  | 616,910  | 83.84%  | 657,865  | 91.41%  | 674,780  | 94.18%  | 667,610  | 96.84%
Irreligion | 225,125  | 29.65%  | 111,435  | 15.14%  | 57,665  | 8.01%  | 38,740  | 5.41%  | 19,685  | 2.86%
Islam | 9,190  | 1.21%  | 2,640  | 0.36%  | 1,270  | 0.18%  | 255  | 0.04%  | 315  | 0.05%
Hinduism | 3,340  | 0.44%  | 820  | 0.11%  | 470  | 0.07%  | 610  | 0.09%  | 475  | 0.07%
Sikhism | 1,780  | 0.23%  | 20  | 0%  | 90  | 0.01%  | 45  | 0.01%  | 50  | 0.01%
Buddhism | 1,120  | 0.15%  | 975  | 0.13%  | 550  | 0.08%  | 365  | 0.05%  | 240  | 0.03%
Indigenous spirituality | 1,005  | 0.13%  | 525  | 0.07%  | —  | —  | —  | —  | —  | —
Judaism | 1,000  | 0.13%  | 620  | 0.08%  | 670  | 0.09%  | 880  | 0.12%  | 845  | 0.12%
Other | 3,990  | 0.53%  | 1,895  | 0.26%  | 1,120  | 0.16%  | 830  | 0.12%  | 160  | 0.02%
Total responses  | 759,195  | 97.88%  | 735,835  | 97.96%  | 719,710  | 98.66%  | 716,495  | 98.98%  | 689,370  | 98.99%
Total population  | 775,610  | 100%  | 751,171  | 100%  | 729,498  | 100%  | 723,900  | 100%  | 696,403  | 100%

## Migration

[edit]

### Immigration

[edit]

New Brunswick immigration[23]: 464–465 [24]: 425 [25]: 239 [26]: 108 Year  | Immigrant percentage  | Immigrant population  | Total population

|
|
|

1851  | 20.9%  | 40,432  | 193,800
1861  | 20.9%  | 52,602  | 252,047
1881  | 9.7%  | 31,068  | 321,233
1891  | 6.8%  | 22,006  | 321,263
1901  | 5.4%  | 17,942  | 331,120
1911  | 5.2%  | 18,313  | 351,889
1921  | 5.5%  | 21,458  | 387,876
1931  | 6%  | 24,401  | 408,219
1941  | 4.5%  | 20,592  | 457,401
1951  | 3.9%  | 19,875  | 515,697
1961  | 3.9%  | 23,283  | 597,936
1971  | 3.7%  | 23,735  | 634,560

The 2021 census reported that immigrants (individuals born outside Canada) comprise 44,125 persons or 5.8 percent of the total population of New Brunswick.[27]

Immigrants in New Brunswick by country of birth  Country of birth  | 2021[28][27] | 2016[29] | 2011[30][31] | 2006[32][33] | 2001[34][35]

|
|
|
|
|

Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | %
United States  | 6,480  | 14.7%  | 7,615  | 22.5%  | 8,225  | 28.9%  | 8,655  | 32.8%  | 7,960  | 35.4%
United Kingdom  | 4,915  | 11.1%  | 4,605  | 13.6%  | 5,260  | 18.5%  | 5,210  | 19.7%  | 5,300  | 23.6%
Philippines  | 3,780  | 8.6%  | 1,340  | 4%  | 705  | 2.5%  | 350  | 1.3%  | 210  | 0.9%
India  | 2,265  | 5.1%  | 820  | 2.4%  | 800  | 2.8%  | 595  | 2.3%  | 390  | 1.7%
China  | 2,125  | 4.8%  | 2,215  | 6.6%  | 1,050  | 3.7%  | 925  | 3.5%  | 490  | 2.2%
Syria  | 1,890  | 4.3%  | 1,225  | 3.6%  | 20  | 0.1%  | 20  | 0.1%  | 35  | 0.2%
Germany  | 1,395  | 3.2%  | 1,620  | 4.8%  | 1,650  | 5.8%  | 1,770  | 6.7%  | 1,570  | 7%
South Korea  | 1,180  | 2.7%  | 1,495  | 4.4%  | 1,620  | 5.7%  | 370  | 1.4%  | 25  | 0.1%
France  | 1,070  | 2.4%  | 760  | 2.2%  | 410  | 1.4%  | 320  | 1.2%  | 225  | 1%
Nigeria  | 980  | 2.2%  | 115  | 0.3%  | 40  | 0.1%  | 30  | 0.1%  | 50  | 0.2%
Total immigrants  | 44,125  | 5.8%  | 33,810  | 4.6%  | 28,465  | 3.9%  | 26,400  | 3.7%  | 22,470  | 3.1%
Total responses  | 759,195  | 97.9%  | 730,710  | 97.8%  | 735,835  | 98%  | 719,650  | 98.6%  | 719,710  | 98.7%
Total population  | 775,610  | 100%  | 747,101  | 100%  | 751,171  | 100%  | 729,997  | 100%  | 729,498  | 100%

### Recent immigration

[edit]

The 2021 Canadian census counted a total of 16,040 people who immigrated to New Brunswick between 2016 and 2021.[27]

Recent immigrants to New Brunswick by country of birth (2016 to 2021)[27]

Country of birth  | Population  | % recent immigrants
Philippines  | 2,325  | 14.5%
Syria  | 1,700  | 10.6%
India  | 1,365  | 8.5%
China  | 975  | 6.1%
Nigeria  | 905  | 5.6%
United States  | 605  | 3.8%
Ukraine  | 475  | 3%
Egypt  | 445  | 2.8%
France  | 390  | 2.4%
Democratic Republic of the Congo  | 370  | 2.3%
Total | 16,040 | 100%

### Interprovincial migration

[edit]

Net cumulative interprovincial migration per Province from 1997 to 2017, as a share of population of each Provinces

Main article: Interprovincial migration in Canada

New Brunswick has typically experienced less emigration than its size and economic situation would suggest, probably because of the low rate of emigration of its francophone population.[citation needed]

Interprovincial migration in New Brunswick  | In-migrants  | Out-migrants  | Net migration

|
|
|

2008–09  | 11,268  | 11,505  | −237
2009–10  | 10,883  | 10,312  | 571
2010–11  | 10,167  | 10,325  | −158
2011–12  | 10,044  | 11,850  | −1,806
2012–13  | 8,517  | 11,807  | −3,290
2013–14  | 9,055  | 12,572  | −3,517
2014–15  | 9,184  | 11,974  | −2,790
2015–16  | 10,248  | 11,361  | −1,113
2016–17  | 10,136  | 9,702  | 434
2017–18  | 10,709  | 10,228  | 481
2018–19  | 11,945  | 11,339  | 606

Source: Statistics Canada

## See also

[edit]

Demographics of Canada's provinces and territories

* Demographics of Canada
* Population of Canada by province and territory

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Statistic includes all persons that did not make up part of a visible minority or an indigenous identity.

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "French use declines at home and work as francophone numbers drop". CBC. 31 March 2019. Retrieved 15 February 2020.
2. ^ "A scenic tour of New Brunswick's East Coast". WestJet Magazine. 2013-08-21. Archived from the original on 2020-05-18. Retrieved 2020-05-04.
3. ^ Belshaw, John Douglas (2015). "10.2 Demographics". Canadian History: Pre-Confederation. BCCampus.
4. ^ Population urban and rural, by province and territory (New Brunswick) Archived 2006-12-31 at the Wayback Machine. Statistics Canada, 2005.
5. ^ Canada's population Archived November 4, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. Statistics Canada. Last accessed September 28, 2006.
6. ^ "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population". Stat Can. 9 February 2022. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
7. ^ "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population". Stat Can. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
8. ^ "New Brunswick, the heart of today's Acadia". Salut Canada. Retrieved 20 November 2022. "Some 233,000i people whose mother tongue is French—the great majority of whom are Acadians—represent one third of the province's population."
9. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-10-26). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-07-04.
10. ^ Canada, Government of Canada, Statistics (15 January 2001). "Population by mother tongue, by province and territory, excluding institutional residents (2011 Census) (New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario)". www.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2016-05-05.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
11. ^ "2014–2015 Annual Report, Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages of New Brunswick" (PDF). p. 39\. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-10-10. Retrieved 2017-11-15.
12. ^ "New Brunswick still debating language issues after 50 years of bilingualism | Toronto Star". thestar.com. 31 January 2016. Retrieved 2016-05-05.
13. ^ "Liberals, PCs show fissures over bilingualism controversy". www.cbc.ca. Retrieved 2016-05-05.
14. ^ "Study: The literacy skills of New Brunswick francophones". Statistics Canada. 2016-09-19. Retrieved 2016-09-21.
15. ^ "Census Profile, 2016 Census - New Brunswick [Province] and Nova Scotia [Province] \- Language". statcan.gc.ca. Statistics Canada. 9 August 2019. Retrieved 15 October 2019.
16. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-08-17). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Profile table New Brunswick [Province]". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2022-08-17.
17. ^ a b Detailed Mother Tongue (186), Knowledge of Official Languages (5), Age Groups (17A) and Sex (3) (2011 Census)
18. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-10-26). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-04-22.
19. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2015-11-27). "NHS Profile". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-04-22.
20. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2019-07-02). "2001 Community Profiles". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-04-22.
21. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2019-03-29). "Data tables, 1991 Census R9101 - Population by Religion (29), Showing Age Groups (13) Education (20% Data) - Canada, provinces and territories, census divisions and census subdivisions". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-04-22.
22. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2013-04-03). "1981 Census of Canada 20 per cent data base : highlight information on ethnicity, place of birth, citizenship, income, language, immigration, religion, shelter costs". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-04-22.
23. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2024-09-19). "JOURNAL OF THE HOUSE OF ASSEMBLY OF THE PROVINCE OF NEW BRUNSWICK FROM THE SEVENTH DAY OF JANUARY TO THE SEVENTH DAY OF APRIL 1852". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2024-09-30.
24. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (23 July 2012). "Censuses of Canada, 1665 to 1871 = Recensements du Canada, 1665 to 1871". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 30 September 2024.
25. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2013-04-03). "Sixth census of Canada, 1921 . Vol. II: Ages, conjugal condition, birthplace, birthplace of parents, year of immigration and naturalization, language spoken, literacy, school attendance, blindness and deaf-mutism". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-01-10.
26. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (4 September 2022). "1971 Census of Canada : population : vol. I – part 3 = Recensement du Canada 1971 : population : vol. I – partie 3. Birthplace. TABLE 42. Population Bom Outside Canada, Showing Numerical and Percentage Distribution, for Canada and Provinces, 1921-1971". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-01-10.
27. ^ a b c d Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-10-26). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2022-12-04.
28. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2023-06-21). "Place of birth and period of immigration by gender and age: Province or territory". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-10-15.
29. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2019-06-17). "Data tables, 2016 Census Immigrant Status and Period of Immigration (11), Place of Birth (272), Age (7A) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Divisions and Census Subdivisions, 2016 Census - 25% Sample Data". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-03-04.
30. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2019-01-23). "2011 National Household Survey: Data tables Profile - Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity, and Aboriginal Peoples for Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Divisions and Census Subdivisions, National Household Survey, 2011". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-03-04.
31. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2019-01-23). "2011 National Household Survey: Data tables Citizenship (5), Place of Birth (236), Immigrant Status and Period of Immigration (11), Age Groups (10) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2011 National Household Survey". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-11-11.
32. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2009-03-23). "Place of birth for the immigrant population by period of immigration, 2006 counts and percentage distribution, for Canada, provinces and territories - 20% sample data". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-03-04.
33. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2020-05-01). "2006 Census Topic-based tabulations Immigrant Status and Period of Immigration (8) and Place of Birth (261) for the Immigrants and Non-permanent Residents of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2006 Census - 20% Sample Data". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-03-04.
34. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2013-12-23). "2001 Census Topic-based tabulations Immigrant Status and Period of Immigration (10A) and Place of Birth of Respondent (260) for Immigrants and Non-permanent Residents, for Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2001 Census - 20% Sample Data". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-03-04.
35. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2013-12-23). "2001 Census Topic-based tabulations Selected Places of Birth (85) for the Immigrant Population, for Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 1996 and 2001 Censuses - 20% Sample Data". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-03-04.

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