Demographics of Romania

Population pyramid of Romania as of 2024

Population| 19,051,562 (2023)[1]
Density| 83.4/km2 (216/sq mi)
Growth rate|  1.19% (2023)
Birth rate|  9.292 births/1,000 population (2023)
Death rate|  13.393 deaths/1,000 population (2023)
Life expectancy|  76.6 years (2023)
• male|  72.9 years
• female|  80.5 years
Fertility rate| 1.71 children born/woman (2022)[2]
Infant mortality rate| 5.6 deaths/1,000 live births (2023)[3][4]
Net migration rate| −0.24 migrants/1,000 population (2015)
Age structure
0–14 years| 3,073,902 (16.1%)
15–64 years| 12,253,533 (64.3%)
65 and over| 3,726,380 (19.6%)
Sex ratio
Total| 0.95 males/female (2014)
At birth| 1.06 males/female
Under 15| 1.05 males/female
15–64 years| 1.02 males/female
65 and over| 0.73 males/female
Nationality
Nationality| noun: Romanian(s), adjective: Romanian
Major ethnic|  Romanians (89.33%)[5]
Minor ethnic|  Hungarians (6.05%)
Romanis (3.44%)
Other groups (1.18%)
Language
Official| Romanian
Spoken| Romanian and other minority languages

Demographic features of the population of Romania include population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations, and other aspects of the population.

About 89.3% of the people of Romania are ethnic Romanians (as per 2021 census), whose native language, Romanian, is an Eastern Romance language, descended from Latin (more specifically from Vulgar Latin) with some Slavic, French, Turkish, German, Hungarian, Greek and Italian borrowings.

Romanians are by far the most numerous group of speakers of an Eastern Romance language today. It has been said that they constitute "an island of Latinity"[6] in Eastern Europe, surrounded on all sides either by Slavic peoples (namely South Slavic and East Slavic peoples) or by the Hungarians. The Hungarian minority in Romania constitutes the country's largest minority, or as much as 6.0 per cent of the entire population.[7] With a population of about 19,054,267 people in 2022, Romania received 989,357 Ukrainian refugees on 27 May 2022, according to the United Nations (UN).[8]

The 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine that began on 24 February 2022 triggered a major refugee crisis in Europe.[9] In connection with the Russian invasion of Ukraine on 24 February 2022, as part of the Russian-Ukrainian war, by 15 May 2022, more than 6,223,821 Ukrainian refugees left the territory of Ukraine, moving to the countries closest to the west of Ukraine, of which more than 919,574 people fled to neighbouring Romania.[8]

## Population evolution

[edit]

Main article: Demographic history of Romania

See also: List of cities and towns in Romania and Metropolitan areas in Romania

Birth and death rates in 1950–2008. A huge surge of the birth rate in 1967 is the most prominent feature of these graphs.

Romania's population has declined steadily in recent decades, from a peak of 23.2 million in 1990 to 19.12 million in 2021.[10] Among the causes of population decline are high mortality, a low fertility rate since 1990, and tremendous levels of emigration.[10]

In 1990, Romania's population was estimated at 23.21 million.[11] Between 1990 and 2006, the estimated population loss exceeded 1.5 million,[11] though the actual figure is likely higher due to the surge in labor migration after 2001 and the tendency of some migrants to settle permanently in their host countries.[12]

Sources give varied estimates for Romania's historical population. The National Institute for Research and Development in Informatics (NIRDI) gives the following numbers (the figure for 2020 was provided by the National Institute of Statistics – INS):

millionyear69121518212419001920194019601980200020202040Population (million)Romania Population

See or edit source data.

‰years-40-30-20-1001020304019001920194019601980200020202040Natural change (per 1000)Crude migration change (per 1000)Romania Population Change

See or edit source data.

[13]

TFRyears12345619001920194019601980200020202040Total Fertility RateTotal Fertility Rate

See or edit source data.

## Ethnic groups

[edit]

Main article: Minorities in Romania

Romanians by counties (Ethnic maps 1930–2021) Ethnic map (1930 census) Ethnic map (1977 census) Ethnicity in Romania by county (inhabitants) based on the 2002 census data Romanians in Romania based on 2002 census data Ethnic map (2011 census) Ethnic map (2021 census)

Slightly more than 10% of the population of Romania is formed of minorities in Romania. The principal minorities are Hungarians and Roma, although other smaller ethnic groups exist too. Before World War II, minorities represented more than 28% of the total population. During the war that percentage was halved, largely by the loss of the border areas of Bessarabia and northern Bukovina (to the former Soviet Union, now Moldova and Ukraine) and southern Dobrudja (to Bulgaria). Two-thirds of the ethnic German population either left or were deported after World War II, a period that was followed by decades of relatively regular (by communist standards) migration. During the interwar period in Romania, the total number of ethnic Germans amounted to as much as 786,000 (according to some sources and estimates dating to 1939),[14][15] a figure which had subsequently fallen to circa 36,000 as of 2011 in contemporary Romania. One reason for the decline of Romanian Germans is that after the Romanian Revolution there has been a mass migration of Transylvania Saxons to Germany, in what was referred by British daily newspaper Guardian to as 'the most astonishing, and little reported, ethnic migration in modern Europe'.[16]

Of a total population of three quarter million Jews before World War II, about a third were killed during the Holocaust.[17] Mass emigration, mostly to Israel and United States, has reduced the surviving Jewish community to less than 6,000 in 2002 (it is estimated that the real numbers could be 3–4 times higher).[18]

Hungarians (Magyars; see Hungarians in Romania, especially in Harghita, Covasna, and Mureș counties) and Roma (see Romani people in Romania) are the principal minorities, with a declining German population (Banat Swabians in Timiș; Transylvanian Saxons in Sibiu, Brașov and elsewhere), and smaller numbers of Czechs, Slovaks, Serbs, Croats, and Banat Bulgarians (in Banat), Ukrainians (especially in Maramureș and Bukovina), Greeks of Romania (especially in Brăila and Constanța), Turks and Tatars (mainly in Constanța), Armenians, Russians (Lipovans, Old Believers in Tulcea), Jews and others. Since the Romanian Revolution of 1989, Bucharest and other cities have again become increasingly cosmopolitan, including identifiable presences from outside the EU (Chinese, Turks, Moldovans, Syrians, Iraqis, Africans) as well as from the EU (French, Italians, Germans, British, Greeks).[19] In Romania, there are also guest workers from countries such as Vietnam and Nepal.[20][21]

Minority populations are greatest in Transylvania and the Banat, areas in the north and west of the country, which were part of the Kingdom of Hungary (after 1867 the Austria-Hungary) until the end of World War I. Even before the union with Romania, ethnic Romanians comprised the overall majority in Transylvania. However, ethnic Hungarians and Germans were the dominant urban population until relatively recently, while Hungarians still constitute the majority in Harghita and Covasna counties.

The Roma constitute one of Romania's largest minorities. According to the 2011 Romanian census, they number 621,573 people or 3.08% of the total population, being the second-largest ethnic minority in Romania after Hungarians,[22] with significant populations in Mureș (8.9%) and Călărași (7,47%) counties. There are different estimates about the size of the total population of people with Roma ancestry in Romania because a lot of people of Roma descent do not declare themselves as Roma. The number of the Roma is usually underestimated in official statistics and may represent 5–11% of Romania's population.[23]

After Hungarians and the Roma, Ukrainians of Romania are the third-largest minority. According to the 2011 Romanian census they number 51,703 people, making up 0.3% of the total population.[24] Ukrainians mainly live in northern Romania, in areas close to the Ukrainian border. Over 60% of all Romanian Ukrainians live in Maramureș County (where they make up 6.77% of the population).

## Censuses in Romania

[edit]

Evolution of Romania's population between 1859–1899[25] Year | Population

|

1859–60 | 3,864,848[25]−4,424,961[26]
1884 | 4,648,123
1889 | 5,038,342
1894 | 5,406,249
1899 | 5,956,690
Population of Romania according to ethnic group in 1899[27] Ethnicity | Number | %

|
|

Romanians |  | 92.15
Hungarians |  | 1.82
Germans |  | 0.13
Austrians |  | –
Russians |  | 0.08
Bulgarians |  | 0,13
Turks |  | 0.40
Serbs |  | 0.07
Greeks |  | 0.34
Italians |  | 0.15
Foreigners without protection |  | 4,68
Others |  | 0.00
Unknown |  | 0.00
Total | 5,956,690 |

Population of Romania according to religion in 1899

|  |
Orthodoxy |

| 91.5%
Judaism |

| 4.5%
Catholicism |

| 2.5%
Protestantism |

| 0.4%
Muslim |

| 0.7%

Population of Romania according to ethnic group in 1912[28] Ethnicity | Number | %

|
|

Romanians |  | 93.47
Hungarians |  | 0.96
Germans |  | 0.11
Austrians |  | 0.63
Russians |  | 0.06
Bulgarians |  | 0.16
Turks |  | 0.47
Serbs |  | 0.06
Greeks |  | 0.24
Italians |  | 0.15
Foreigners without protection |  | 3.63
Others |  | 0.01
Unknown |  | 0.01
Total | 7,234,920 |

Population of Romania according to religion in 1912

|  |
Orthodoxy |

| 93.1%
Judaism |

| 3.3%
Catholicism |

| 2.2%
Protestantism |

| 0.3%
Muslim |

| 0.7%

Population of Romania according to ethnic group in 1930[29] Ethnicity | Number | %

|
|

Romanians | 12,981,324 | 71.9
Hungarians | 1,425,507 | 7.9
Germans | 745,421 | 4.1
Jews | 728,115 | 4.0
Ruthenians and Ukrainians | 582,115 | 3.2
Russians | 409,150 | 2.3
Bulgarians | 366,384 | 2.0
Roma (Gypsies) | 262,501 | 1.5
Turks | 154,772 | 0.9
Gagauzians | 105,750 | 0.6
Czechs and Slovaks | 51,842 | 0.3
Serbs, Croats and Slovenes | 51,062 | 0.3
Poles | 48,310 | 0.3
Greeks | 26,495 | 0.2
Tatars | 22,141 | 0.1
Armenians | 15,544 | <0.1
Hutsuls | 12,456 | <0.1
Albanians | 4,670 | <0.1
Others | 56,355 | 0.3
Undeclared | 7,114 | <0.1
Total | 18,057,028 | 100.0
Population of Romania according to ethnic group 1948–2021  Ethnic
group  | census 19481 | census 19562 | census 19663 | census 19774 | census 19925 | census 20026 | census 20117 | census 20218

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Number  | %  | Number  | %  | Number  | %  | Number  | %  | Number  | %  | Number  | %  | Number  | %  | %* | Number  | %  | %*
Romanians | 13,597,613 | 85.7 | 14,996,114 | 85.7 | 16,746,510 | 87.7 | 18,999,565 | 88.1 | 20,408,542 | 89.5 | 19,399,597 | 89.5 | 16,792,868 | 83.5 | 88.9 | 14,801,442 | 77.7 | 89.3
Hungarians | 1,499,851 | 9.4 | 1,587,675 | 9.1 | 1,619,592 | 8.5 | 1,713,928 | 7.9 | 1,624,959 | 7.1 | 1,431,807 | 6.6 | 1,227,623 | 6.1 | 6.5 | 1,002,151 | 5.3 | 6.0
Roma (Gypsies) | 53,425 | 0.3 | 104,216 | 0.6 | 64,197 | 0.3 | 227,398 | 1.05 | 401,087 | 1.8 | 535,140 | 2.5 | 621,573 | 3.1 | 3.3 | 569,477 | 3.0 | 3.4
Ukrainians | 37,582 | 0.2 | 60,479 | 0.4 | 54,705 | 0.3 | 55,510 | 0.3 | 65,764 | 0.3 | 61,098 | 0.3 | 50,920 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 45,835 | 0.3 | 0.3
Germans | 343,913 | 2.2 | 384,708 | 2.2 | 382,595 | 2.0 | 359,109 | 1.6 | 119,462 | 0.5 | 59,764 | 0.3 | 36,042 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 22,907 | 0.1 | 0.1
Turks | 28,782 | 0.2 | 14,329 | 0.2 | 18,040 | 0.1 | 23,422 | 0.1 | 29,832 | 0.1 | 32,098 | 0.2 | 27,698 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 20,945 | 0.1 | 0.1
Russians | 39,332 | 0.2 | 38,731 | 0.2 | 39,483 | 0.2 | 21,206 | 0.2 | 7,983 | 0.1 | 35,791 | 0.2 | 23,864 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 19,394 | 0.1 | 0.1
Lipovans | 11,090 | 0.1 | 30,623 | 0.2
Tatars |  |  |  |  |  |  | 23,369 | 0.1 | 24,596 | 0.1  |  |  |  |  |  | 18,156  | 0.1 | 0.1
Serbs | 45,447 | 0.3 | 46,517 | 0.3 | 44,236 | 0.3 | 34,429 | 0.2 | 29,408 | 0.1 | 22,561 | 0.1 | 18,076 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 12,026 | 0.0 | 0.1
Croats | 7,500 | 0.0 | 4,085 | 0.0 | 6,807 | 0.0 | 5,408 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4,842 | 0.0 | 0.0
Slovenes |  |  |  |  | 175 | 0.0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Slovaks | 35,143 | 0.2 | 23,331 | 0.2 | 22,151 | 0.1 | 21,286 | 0.1 | 19,594 | 0.1 | 17,226 | 0.2 | 13,654 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 10,232 | 0.0 | 0.1
Czechs | 11,821 | 0.0 | 9,978 | 0.0 | 7,683 | 0.0 | 5,797 | 0.0 | 3,941 | 0.0 | 2,477 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1,576 | 0.0 | 0.0
Bulgarians | 13,408 | 0.1 | 12,040 | 0.1 | 11,193 | 0.1 | 10,372 | 0.0 | 9,851 | 0.1 | 8,025 | 0.0 | 7,336 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 5,975 | 0.0 | 0.0
Greeks | 8,696 | 0.1 | 11,166 | 0.0 | 9,088 | 0.0 | 6,262 | 0.0 | 3,940 | 0.0 | 6,472 | 0.0 | 3,668 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2,086 | 0.0 | 0.0
Jews | 138,795 | 0.9 | 146,264 | 0.8 | 42,888 | 0.2 | 24,667 | 0.1 | 8,955 | 0.0 | 5,785 | 0.0 | 3,271 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2,378 | 0.0 | 0.0
Poles | 6,753 | 0.0 | 7,627 | 0.0 | 5,860 | 0.0 | 4,641 | 0.0 | 4,232 | 0.0 | 3,559 | 0.0 | 2,543 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2,137 | 0.0 | 0.0
Armenians | 6,987 | 0.0 | 6,441 | 0.0 | 3,436 | 0.0 | 2,342 | 0.0 | 1,957 | 0.0 | 1,780 | 0.0 | 1,361 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1,213 | 0.0 | 0.0
Macedonians |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,176 | 0.0 | 6,867 | 0.0 | 731 | 0.0 | 1,264 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1,089 | 0.0 | 0.0
Csangos |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,266 | 0.0 | 1,536 | 0.0 | 0.0 |  |  |
Aromanians |  |  |  |  |  |  | 982 | 0.0 | 21,736 | 0.1  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Others | 15,897 | 0.1 | 17,522 | 0.1 | 6,990 | <0.1 | 5,731 | <0.1 | 9,368 | <0.1 | 28,303 | 0.1 | 23,741 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 25,028 | 0.2 |
Undeclared |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,236,810 | 6.14  |  | 2,484,926 | 13.0  |
Total  | 15,872,624  | 17,489,450  | 19,103,163  | 21,559,910  | 22,810,035  | 21,680,974  | 20,121,641  | 19,053,815
1 The results of the 1948 census are according to language. 2 Source:[30] 3 Source:[30] 4 Source:[30] 5 Source:[30] 6 Source:[31] 7 Source:[32] 8 Source:[33]%*: of those declared ethnicity

## Vital statistics

[edit]

Romania total fertility rate by county (2019)

### Total Fertility Rate from 1850 to 1899

[edit]

The total fertility rate is the number of children born per woman. It is based on fairly good data for the entire period. Sources: Our World In Data and Gapminder Foundation.[34]

Years | 1850 | 1851 | 1852 | 1853 | 1854 | 1855 | 1856 | 1857 | 1858 | 1859 | 1860[34]

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Total Fertility Rate in Romania | 5.22 | 5.08 | 4.94 | 4.8 | 4.66 | 4.52 | 4.38 | 4.24 | 4.11 | 3.97 | 4.23
Years | 1861 | 1862 | 1863 | 1864 | 1865 | 1866 | 1867 | 1868 | 1869 | 1870[34]

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Total Fertility Rate in Romania | 4.29 | 4.29 | 4.07 | 4.82 | 4.64 | 4.19 | 4.25 | 4.48 | 4.56 | 4.61
Years | 1871 | 1872 | 1873 | 1874 | 1875 | 1876 | 1877 | 1878 | 1879 | 1880[34]

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Total Fertility Rate in Romania | 4.49 | 4.29 | 4.36 | 4.6 | 5.2 | 4.96 | 4.74 | 4.22 | 4.97 | 5.05
Years | 1881 | 1882 | 1883 | 1884 | 1885 | 1886 | 1887 | 1888 | 1889 | 1890[34]

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Total Fertility Rate in Romania | 5.56 | 5.41 | 5.74 | 5.55 | 5.78 | 5.65 | 5.49 | 5.68 | 5.44 | 5.16
Years | 1891 | 1892 | 1893 | 1894 | 1895 | 1896 | 1897 | 1898 | 1899[34]

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Total Fertility Rate in Romania | 5.67 | 5.23 | 5.43 | 5.48 | 5.67 | 5.45 | 5.75 | 4.92 | 5.63

### Before WWI

[edit]

| Average population  | Live births  | Deaths  | Natural change  | Crude birth rate (per 1000)  | Crude death rate (per 1000)  | Natural change (per 1000)  | Total fertility rates[34]

|
|
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|
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|
|

1900  | 6,050,000  | 235,000  | 146,000  | 89,000  | 38.8  | 24.2  | 14.7  | 5.20
1901  | 6,120,000  | 241,000  | 160,000  | 81,000  | 39.3  | 26.2  | 13.2  | 5.27
1902  | 6,210,000  | 242,000  | 172,000  | 70,000  | 39.0  | 27.7  | 11.3  | 5.23
1903  | 6,290,000  | 252,000  | 156,000  | 96,000  | 40.1  | 24.8  | 15.3  | 5.37
1904  | 6,390,000  | 256,000  | 156,000  | 100,000  | 40.1  | 24.4  | 15.6  | 5.37
1905  | 6,480,000  | 248,000  | 160,000  | 88,000  | 38.3  | 24.7  | 13.6  | 5.13
1906  | 6,570,000  | 262,000  | 157,000  | 105,000  | 39.9  | 23.9  | 16.0  | 5.35
1907  | 6,680,000  | 274,000  | 176,000  | 98,000  | 41.1  | 26.3  | 14.8  | 5.51
1908  | 6,770,000  | 273,000  | 185,000  | 88,000  | 40.3  | 27.4  | 13  | 5.40
1909  | 6,860,000  | 282,000  | 188,000  | 94,000  | 41.1  | 27.4  | 13.7  | 5.51
1910  | 6,970,000  | 274,000  | 173,000  | 101,000  | 39.3  | 24.8  | 14.5  | 5.27
1911  | 7,090,000  | 300,000  | 179,000  | 121,000  | 42.3  | 25.3  | 17.1  | 5.67
1912  | 7,240,000  | 314,000  | 166,000  | 148,000  | 43.4  | 22.9  | 20.4  | 5.82
1913  | 7,360,000  | 310,000  | 192,000  | 118,000  | 42.1  | 26.1  | 16.0  | 5.64
1914  | 7,770,000  | 327,000  | 183,000  | 144,000  | 42.1  | 23.5  | 18.5  | 5.64
1915  | 7,910,000  | 320,000  | 194,000  | 126,000  | 40.5  | 24.5  | 15.9  | 5.43
Years | 1916 | 1917 | 1918[34]

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Total Fertility Rate in Romania | 4.84 | 4.25 | 3.67

### Between WWI and WWII

[edit]

| Average population  | Live births  | Deaths  | Natural change  | Crude birth rate (per 1000)  | Crude death rate (per 1000)  | Natural change (per 1000)  | Total fertility rates[34]

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1919  | 15,920,000  | 366,000  | 328,000  | 38,000  | 23.0  | 20.6  | 2.4  | 3.08
1920  | 16,010,000  | 539,000  | 415,000  | 124,000  | 33.7  | 25.9  | 7.7  | 4.52
1921  | 16,240,000  | 620,000  | 372,000  | 248,000  | 38.2  | 22.9  | 15.3  | 5.12
1922  | 16,500,000  | 614,000  | 376,000  | 238,000  | 37.2  | 22.8  | 14.4  | 4.98
1923  | 16,770,000  | 609,000  | 372,000  | 237,000  | 36.4  | 22.1  | 14.4  | 4.88
1924  | 16,990,000  | 623,000  | 383,000  | 240,000  | 36.7  | 22.5  | 14.1  | 4.92
1925  | 17,190,000  | 606,000  | 362,000  | 244,000  | 35.2  | 21.1  | 14.1  | 4.72
1926  | 17,460,000  | 608,000  | 373,000  | 235,000  | 34.8  | 21.4  | 13.4  | 4.66
1927  | 17,690,000  | 603,000  | 393,000  | 210,000  | 34.1  | 22.2  | 11.9  | 4.57
1928  | 17,970,000  | 624,000  | 352,000  | 272,000  | 34.7  | 19.6  | 15.1  | 4.65
1929  | 17,640,000  | 601,000  | 378,000  | 223,000  | 34.1  | 21.4  | 12.6  | 4.57
1930  | 17,870,000  | 625,000  | 347,000  | 278,000  | 35.0  | 19.4  | 15.6  | 4.69
1931  | 18,190,000  | 605,000  | 379,000  | 226,000  | 33.3  | 20.8  | 12.4  | 4.46
1932  | 18,427,000  | 662,000  | 399,000  | 263,000  | 35.9  | 21.7  | 14.3  | 4.81
1933  | 18,653,000  | 598,000  | 348,000  | 250,000  | 32.1  | 18.7  | 13.4  | 4.30
1934  | 18,914,000  | 612,416  | 390,668  | 221,748  | 32.4  | 20.7  | 11.7  | 4.34
1935  | 19,088,000  | 585,503  | 402,720  | 182,783  | 30.7  | 21.1  | 9.6  | 4.11
1936  | 19,319,000  | 608,906  | 382,179  | 226,727  | 31.5  | 19.8  | 11.7  | 4.22
1937  | 19,535,000  | 601,310  | 377,954  | 223,356  | 30.8  | 19.3  | 11.4  | 4.13
1938  | 19,750,000  | 585,423  | 379,445  | 205,978  | 29.6  | 19.2  | 10.4  | 3.97
1939  | 19,934,000  | 563,817  | 370,348  | 193,469  | 28.3  | 18.6  | 9.7  | 3.79
Years | 1940 | 1941 | 1942 | 1943 | 1944 | 1945[34]

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Total Fertility Rate in Romania | 3.55 | 3.08 | 2.87 | 3.14 | 2.91 | 2.63

### After WWII

[edit]

This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (January 2022)

|

Main sources:[35][34][36][37]

Source: National Institute of Statistics[38]

| Average population (July 1)  | Live births  | Deaths  | Natural change  | Crude birth rate (per 1000)  | Crude death rate (per 1000)  | Natural change (per 1000)  | Crude migration change (per 1000)  | Total fertility rates[fn 1]

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1946  | 15,760,000  | 391,273  | 296,439  | 94,834  | 24.8  | 18.8  | 6.0  |  | 3.32
1947  | 15,860,000  | 370,562  | 349,331  | 21,231  | 23.4  | 22.0  | 1.3  | 5.0  | 3.14
1948  | 15,893,000  | 379,868  | 248,238  | 131,630  | 23.9  | 15.6  | 8.3  | −6.2  | 3.20
1949  | 16,084,000  | 444,065  | 219,881  | 224,184  | 27.6  | 13.7  | 13.9  | −2.1  | 3.70
1950  | 16,311,000  | 426,820  | 202,010  | 224,810  | 26.2  | 12.4  | 13.8  | 0.1  | 3.14
1951  | 16,464,000  | 412,534  | 210,021  | 202,513  | 25.1  | 12.8  | 12.3  | −3.0  | 3.01
1952  | 16,630,000  | 413,217  | 195,287  | 217,930  | 24.8  | 11.7  | 13.1  | −3.2  | 2.97
1953  | 16,847,000  | 401,717  | 194,752  | 206,965  | 23.8  | 11.6  | 12.3  | 0.6  | 2.76
1954  | 17,040,000  | 422,346  | 195,091  | 227,255  | 24.8  | 11.4  | 13.3  | −2.0  | 2.98
1955  | 17,325,000  | 442,864  | 167,535  | 275,329  | 25.6  | 9.7  | 15.9  | 0.6  | 3.07
1956  | 17,583,000  | 425,704  | 174,847  | 250,857  | 24.2  | 9.9  | 14.3  | 0.4  | 2.89
1957  | 17,829,000  | 407,819  | 181,923  | 225,896  | 22.9  | 10.2  | 12.7  | 1.1  | 2.73
1958  | 18,056,000  | 390,500  | 156,493  | 234,007  | 21.6  | 8.7  | 13.0  | −0.4  | 2.58
1959  | 18,226,000  | 368,007  | 186,767  | 181,240  | 20.2  | 10.2  | 9.9  | −0,6  | 2.43
1960  | 18,403,414  | 352,241  | 160,720  | 191,521  | 19.1  | 8.7  | 10.4  | −0.8  | 2.33
1961  | 18,566,932  | 324,859  | 161,936  | 162,923  | 17.5  | 8.7  | 8.8  | 0  | 2.17
1962  | 18,680,721  | 301,985  | 172,429  | 129,556  | 16.2  | 9.2  | 6.9  | −0.8  | 2.04
1963  | 18,813,131  | 294,886  | 155,767  | 139,119  | 15.7  | 8.3  | 7.4  | −0.4  | 2.01
1964  | 18,927,081  | 287,383  | 152,476  | 134,907  | 15.2  | 8.1  | 7.1  | −1.1  | 1.96
1965  | 19,027,367  | 278,362  | 163,393  | 114,969  | 14.6  | 8.6  | 6.0  | −0.8  | 1.91
1966  | 19,140,783  | 273,678  | 157,445  | 116,233  | 14.3  | 8.2  | 6.1  | −0.1  | 1.90
1967  | 19,284,814  | 527,764  | 179,129  | 348,635  | 27.4  | 9.3  | 18.1  | −10.7  | 3.66
1968  | 19,720,984  | 526,091  | 188,509  | 337,582  | 26.7  | 9.6  | 17.1  | 5.1  | 3.63
1969  | 20,010,178  | 465,764  | 201,225  | 264,539  | 23.3  | 10.1  | 13.2  | 1.3  | 3.19
1970  | 20,252,541  | 427,034  | 193,255  | 233,779  | 21.1  | 9.5  | 11.5  | 0.4  | 2.89
1971  | 20,469,658  | 400,146  | 194,306  | 205,840  | 19.5  | 9.5  | 10.1  | 0.6  | 2.66
1972  | 20,662,648  | 389,153  | 189,793  | 199,360  | 18.8  | 9.2  | 9.6  | −0.3  | 2.55
1973  | 20,827,525  | 378,696  | 203,559  | 175,137  | 18.2  | 9.8  | 8.4  | −0.5  | 2.44
1974  | 21,028,841  | 427,732  | 191,286  | 236,446  | 20.3  | 9.1  | 11.2  | −1.7  | 2.72
1975  | 21,245,103  | 418,185  | 197,538  | 220,647  | 19.7  | 9.3  | 10.4  | −0.2  | 2.62
1976  | 21,445,698  | 417,353  | 204,873  | 212,480  | 19.5  | 9.6  | 9.9  | −0.6  | 2.58
1977  | 21,657,569  | 423,958  | 208,685  | 215,273  | 19.6  | 9.6  | 9.9  | −0.2  | 2.60
1978  | 21,854,622  | 416,598  | 211,846  | 204,752  | 19.1  | 9.7  | 9.4  | −0.4  | 2.54
1979  | 22,048,305  | 410,603  | 217,509  | 193,094  | 18.6  | 9.9  | 8.8  | 0  | 2.50
1980  | 22,201,387  | 398,904  | 231,876  | 167,028  | 18.0  | 10.4  | 7.5  | −0.6  | 2.45
1981  | 22,352,635  | 381,101  | 224,635  | 156,466  | 17.0  | 10.0  | 7.0  | −0.2  | 2.37
1982  | 22,477,703  | 344,369  | 224,120  | 120,249  | 15.3  | 10.0  | 5.3  | 0.2  | 2.17
1983  | 22,553,074  | 321,498  | 233,892  | 87,606  | 14.3  | 10.4  | 3.9  | −0.5  | 2.00
1984  | 22,624,505  | 350,741  | 233,699  | 117,042  | 15.5  | 10.3  | 5.2  | −2.0  | 2.19
1985  | 22,724,836  | 358,797  | 246,670  | 112,127  | 15.8  | 10.9  | 4.9  | −0.5  | 2.26
1986  | 22,823,479  | 376,896  | 242,330  | 134,566  | 16.5  | 10.6  | 5.9  | −1.6  | 2.39
1987  | 22,940,430  | 383,199  | 254,286  | 128,913  | 16.7  | 11.1  | 5.6  | −0.5  | 2.42
1988  | 23,053,552  | 380,043  | 253,370  | 126,673  | 16.5  | 11.0  | 5.5  | −0.6  | 2.31
1989  | 23,151,564  | 369,544  | 247,306  | 122,238  | 16.0  | 10.7  | 5.3  | −1.1  | 2.19
1990  | 23,206,720  | 314,746  | 247,086  | 67,660  | 13.6  | 10.6  | 2.9  | −0.5  | 1.83
1991  | 23,185,084  | 275,275  | 251,760  | 23,515  | 11.9  | 10.9  | 1.0  | −1.9  | 1.56
1992  | 22,788,969  | 260,393  | 263,855  | −3,462  | 11.4  | 11.6  | −0.2  | −16.9  | 1.50
1993  | 22,755,260  | 249,994  | 263,323  | −13,329  | 11.0  | 11.6  | −0.6  | −0.9  | 1.45
1994  | 22,730,622  | 246,736  | 266,101  | –19,365  | 10.9  | 11.7  | −0.9  | −0.2  | 1.42
1995  | 22,680,951  | 236,640  | 271,672  | −35,032  | 10.4  | 12.0  | −1.5  | −0.6  | 1.34
1996  | 22,607,620  | 231,348  | 286,158  | −54,810  | 10.2  | 12.7  | −2.4  | −0.8  | 1.29
1997  | 22,545,925  | 236,891  | 279,315  | −42,424  | 10.5  | 12.4  | −1.9  | −0.9  | 1.31
1998  | 22,502,803  | 237,297  | 269,166  | −31,869  | 10.5  | 12.0  | −1.4  | −0.5  | 1.33
1999  | 22,458,022  | 234,600  | 265,194  | −30,594  | 10.4  | 11.8  | −1.4  | -0.6  | 1.32
2000  | 22,435,205  | 234,521  | 255,820  | −21,299  | 10.5  | 11.4  | −0.9  | −0.1  | 1.32
2001  | 22,408,393  | 220,368  | 259,603  | −39,235  | 9.8  | 11.6  | −1.8  | 0.6  | 1.23
2002  | 21,675,775  | 210,529  | 269,666  | −59,137  | 9.7  | 12.4  | −2.7  | −30.1  | 1.26
2003  | 21,574,365  | 212,459  | 266,575  | −54,116  | 9.8  | 12.4  | −2.5  | −2.2  | 1.29
2004  | 21,451,845  | 216,261  | 258,890  | −42,629  | 10.1  | 12.1  | −2.0  | −3.7  | 1.32
2005  | 21,319,673  | 221,020  | 262,101  | −41,081  | 10.4  | 12.3  | −1.9  | −4.2  | 1.38
2006  | 21,193,749  | 219,483  | 258,094  | −38,611  | 10.4  | 12.2  | −1.8  | −4.1  | 1.41
2007  | 20,882,980  | 214,728  | 251,965  | −37,237  | 10.3  | 12.1  | −1.8  | −12.9  | 1.43
2008  | 20,537,848  | 221,900  | 253,202  | −31,302  | 10.8  | 12.3  | −1.5  | −15.0  | 1.58
2009  | 20,367,437  | 222,388  | 257,213  | −34,825  | 10.9  | 12.6  | −1.7  | −6.6  | 1.65
2010  | 20,246,798  | 212,199  | 259,723  | −47,524  | 10.5  | 12.8  | −2.3  | −3.6  | 1.58
2011  | 20,147,657  | 196,242  | 251,439  | −55,197  | 9.7  | 12.5  | −2.7  | −2.2  | 1.46
2012  | 20,060,182  | 201,104  | 255,539  | −54,435  | 10.0  | 12.7  | −2.7  | −1.6  | 1.52
2013  | 19,988,694  | 188,599  | 247,475  | −58,876  | 9.4  | 12.4  | −2.9  | −0.6  | 1.45
2014  | 19,916,451  | 198,740  | 254,965  | −56,225  | 10.0  | 12.8  | −2.8  | −0.8  | 1.55
2015  | 19,822,250  | 201,995  | 262,442  | −60,447  | 10.2  | 13.2  | −3.0  | −1.7  | 1.61
2016  | 19,706,424  | 205,773  | 258,404  | −52,631  | 10.4  | 13.1  | −2.7  | −3.2  | 1.68
2017  | 19,592,933  | 210,590  | 262,321  | −51,731  | 10.7  | 13.4  | −2.6  | −3.1  | 1.77
2018  | 19,483,840  | 210,290  | 264,963  | −54,673  | 10.8  | 13.6  | −2.8  | −2.8  | 1.81
2019  | 19,394,228  | 211,175  | 260,877  | −49,702  | 10.9  | 13.5  | −2.6  | −2.0  | 1.86
2020  | 19,296,076  | 206,826  | 299,524  | −92,698  | 10.7  | 15.5  | −4.8  | −0.3  | 1.80
2021  | 19,126,302  | 199,107  | 336,075  | −136,968  | 10.4  | 17.6  | −7.2  | −1.7  | 1.81
2022  | 19,052,694  | 178,233  | 272,953  | −94,720  | 9.4  | 14.3  | −4.9  | 1.1  | 1.71
2023  | 19,065,215  | 160,078  | 244,061  | −83,983  | 8.4  | 12.8  | −4.4  | 5.1  | 1.54
2024  | 19,067,576  | 148,916  | 244,735  | –95,819  | 7.8  | 12.8  | −5.0  | 5.2  |

Note: The 2011 Romanian census gave a figure of 20,121,641.

The 2021 Romanian census gave a figure of 19,053,815.

### Current vital statistics

[edit]

The current vital statistics of Romania are as follows

Period  | Live births  | Deaths  | Natural increase

|
|
|

January–June 2024 | 69,445  | 121,814  | −52,369
January–June 2025 | 66,362  | 122,797  | −56,435
Difference |  −3,083 (−4.43%)  |  +983 (+ 0.80%)  |  −4,066
Source:[39]

### Total fertility rates by region

[edit]

2023[40] Regions | TFR

|

Nord-Est | 1.76
Centru | 1.65
Sud-Est | 1.56
Nord-Vest | 1.55
Romania | 1.54
Sud − Muntenia | 1.49
Vest | 1.44
Sud-Vest | 1.38
București - Ilfov | 1.33

Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.I.2021) (Provisional Estimates): [41]

Age Group  | Male  | Female  | Total  | %

|
|
|
|

Total  | 9 387 590  | 9 814 072  | 19 201 662  | 100
0–4  | 521 481  | 493 753  | 1 015 234  | 5.29
5–9  | 491 575  | 465 014  | 956 589  | 4.98
10–14  | 542 113  | 513 007  | 1 055 120  | 5.49
15–19  | 529 720  | 497 225  | 1 026 945  | 5.35
20–24  | 516 683  | 488 542  | 1 005 225  | 5.24
25–29  | 521 145  | 486 568  | 1 007 713  | 5.25
30–34  | 692 834  | 641 537  | 1 334 371  | 6.95
35–39  | 666 920  | 624 800  | 1 291 720  | 6.73
40–44  | 773 295  | 740 280  | 1 513 575  | 7.88
45–49  | 757 067  | 717 118  | 1 474 185  | 7.68
50–54  | 802 907  | 770 972  | 1 573 879  | 8.20
55–59  | 502 848  | 511 124  | 1 013 972  | 5.28
60–64  | 574 456  | 653 682  | 1 228 138  | 6.40
65−69  | 536 795  | 676 615  | 1 213 410  | 6.32
70−74  | 403 858  | 556 959  | 960 817  | 5.00
75−79  | 234 736  | 370 749  | 605 485  | 3.15
80−84  | 181 168  | 332 869  | 514 037  | 2.68
85−89  | 92 247  | 181 016  | 273 263  | 1.42
90−94  | 34 236  | 68 768  | 103 004  | 0.54
95−99  | 9 544  | 18 845  | 28 389  | 0.15
100+  | 1 962  | 4 629  | 6 591  | 0.03
Age group  | Male  | Female  | Total  | Percent
0–14  | 1 555 169  | 1 471 774  | 3 026 943  | 15.76
15–64  | 6 337 875  | 6 131 848  | 12 469 723  | 64.94
65+  | 1 494 546  | 2 210 450  | 3 704 996  | 19.30

### Life expectancy 1950–2020

[edit]

Life expectancy in Romania since 1932 Life expectancy in Romania since 1960 by gender

Average life expectancy at age 0 of the total population.[42]

Period  | Life expectancy in

Years

|

1950–1955  |  61.15
1955–1960  |  63.287
1960–1965  |  67.78
1965–1970  |  67.34
1970–1975  |  69.02
1975–1980  |  69.59
1980–1985  |  69.73
1985–1990  |  69.52
1990–1995  |  69.60
1995–2000  |  69.71
2000–2005  |  71.47
2005–2010  |  73.08
2010–2015  |  74.85
2015–2020  | ?

## Birth rates by counties

[edit]

Romania has 41 counties and one city with a special status, namely Bucharest. Ilfov County has the highest crude birth rate (12.0‰), while Vâlcea County has the lowest crude birth rate (6.6‰). Birth rates are generally higher in rural areas compared to urban areas.

Crude birth rate by province in 2016 (INS)[43] Județ | Total CBR (‰) | Urban (‰) | Rural (‰)

|
|
|

Romania | 8.6 | 8.3 | 8.9
Alba County | 8.0 | 7.5 | 8.8
Arad County | 8.5 | 8.1 | 8.9
Argeș County | 8.3 | 8.2 | 8.3
Bacău County | 8.0 | 7.5 | 8.5
Bihor County | 9.2 | 8.6 | 9.8
Bistrița-Năsăud County | 9.7 | 9.8 | 9.7
Botoșani County | 8.3 | 8.1 | 8.4
Brașov County | 9.6 | 8.6 | 12.6
Brăila County | 6.9 | 6.2 | 8.4
Bucharest City | 8.8 | 8.8 | —
Buzău County | 7.6 | 7.7 | 7.6
Caraș-Severin County | 6.9 | 6.7 | 7.3
Călărași County | 8.7 | 8.5 | 8.9
Cluj County | 9.5 | 9.2 | 9.9
Constanța County | 9.3 | 8.8 | 10.4
Covasna County | 9.6 | 8.1 | 11.2
Dâmbovița County | 8.3 | 7.7 | 8.6
Dolj County | 7.9 | 7.9 | 7.9
Galați County | 7.4 | 6.7 | 8.3
Giurgiu County | 8.3 | 7.2 | 8.8
Gorj County | 7.5 | 7.9 | 7.1
Harghita County | 9.4 | 8.4 | 10.2
Hunedoara County | 7.2 | 7.4 | 6.7
Ialomița County | 8.2 | 7.8 | 8.7
Iași County | 9.4 | 9.1 | 9.7
Ilfov County | 12.0 | 12.3 | 11.8
Maramureș County | 8.7 | 8.3 | 9.2
Mehedinți County | 7.8 | 7.6 | 8.1
Mureș County | 9.4 | 8.2 | 10.7
Neamț County | 7.5 | 7.0 | 7.9
Olt County | 7.0 | 7.8 | 6.5
Prahova County | 7.9 | 7.6 | 8.2
Satu Mare County | 8.6 | 7.6 | 9.5
Sălaj County | 10.0 | 10.2 | 9.9
Sibiu County | 9.3 | 8.4 | 11.3
Suceava County | 10.3 | 9.6 | 10.8
Teleorman County | 6.8 | 6.5 | 6.9
Timiș County | 9.4 | 9.0 | 10.0
Tulcea County | 7.3 | 7.8 | 6.8
Vaslui County | 8.2 | 7.5 | 8.8
Vâlcea County | 6.6 | 7.2 | 5.9
Vrancea County | 8.3 | 7.9 | 8.5

## Demographics statistics

[edit]

Population history of Romania (modern borders) Live births and deaths between 1930 and 2006 Population, fertility rate and net reproduction rate since 1950, United Nations estimates

Demographic statistics according to the World Population Review in 2019.[44]

* One birth every 3 minutes
* One death every 2 minutes
* Net loss of one person every 5 minutes
* One net migrant every 19 minutes

The following demographic statistics are from the CIA World Factbook, unless otherwise indicated.[45]

### Population

[edit]

c. 19,000,000 (January 2023 est.)

### Median age

[edit]

total: 41.6 years. Country comparison to the world: 38th
male: 40.2 years
female: 43 years (2018 est.)

### Birth rate

[edit]

8.7 births/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 211th

### Death rate

[edit]

12 deaths/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 17th

### Total fertility rate

[edit]

1.71 children born/woman (2017) Country comparison to the world: 154th

### Net migration rate

[edit]

−0.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 113th
−0.13 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2006 est.)[46]

### Mother's mean age at first birth

[edit]

26.7 years (2014 est.)

### Population growth rate

[edit]

−0.35% (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 219th
−0.127% (2007 estimate).[46]

### Urban–rural ratio

[edit]

Romania is one of the least urbanised countries in Europe. Just a slight majority, 56.4 percent, lives in urban areas (12,546,212 people in total). The remainder, 43.6 percent, lives in rural areas (9,695,506 people in total).[47]

urban population: 54% of total population (2018)
rate of urbanization: −0.38% annual rate of change (2015–20 est.)

### Sex ratio

[edit]

at birth:
1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years:
1.05 male(s)/female
15–64 years:
0.99 male(s)/female
65 years and over:
0.71 male(s)/female
total population:
0.95 male(s)/female (2008 est.)

### Infant mortality rate

[edit]

9.2 deaths/1,000 live births (May 2010);[48] down from 17.3 deaths/1,000 live births in 2002.[49]

### Life expectancy at birth

[edit]

* total population: 75.6 years (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 106th
* male: 72.1 years (2018 est.)
* female: 79.2 years (2018 est.)
* Total population: 75 years
* male: 71.4 years
* female: 78.8 years (2015 est.)[50]

### Literacy

[edit]

definition: age 15 and over can read and write (2015 est.)

total population: 98.8%
male: 99.1%
female: 98.5% (2015 est.)

### School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

[edit]

total: 14 years
male: 14 years
female: 15 years (2016)

### Unemployment, youth ages 15–24

[edit]

total: 20.6%. Country comparison to the world: 62nd
male: 19.9%
female: 21.8% (2016 est.)

### Nationality

[edit]

The noun form is Romanian(s), and the adjectival form is Romanian.

## Age structure

[edit]

Population pyramid of Romania in 2017

0–14 years: 14.31% (male 1,576,621 /female 1,493,082)
15–24 years: 10.45% (male 1,151,312 /female 1,091,956)
25–54 years: 46.11% (male 5,010,272 /female 4,883,090)
55–64 years: 12.37% (male 1,244,669 /female 1,409,854)
65 years and over: 16.76% (male 1,454,320 /female 2,141,940) (2018 est.)

The following demographic statistics are from National Institute of Statistic on 1 July 2016.

* 0–14 years: 14.7% (male 1,678,542/female 1,586,709)
* 15–64 years: 69.5% (male 7,744,863/female 7,687,078)
* 65 years and over: 15.8% (male 1,420,144/female 2,097,659) (2016 est.)

As a consequence of the pro-natalist policies of the Nicolae Ceaușescu regime (see Decree 770), Romania has a higher proportion of people born in the late 1960s and 1970s its population than any other Western country except Slovenia. The generations born in 1967 and 1968 were the largest, although fertility remained relatively high until 1990. 8.55% of the Romanian population was born in the period from 1976 to 1980, compared with 6.82% of Americans and 6.33% of Britons.[51]

### Age structure by ethnicity

[edit]

Population by ethnicity based on age groups, according to the 2011 census:[52]

Age group  | Total population  | Romanians  | Hungarians  | Roma  | Ukrainians  | Germans  | Turks  | Others/Undeclared

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

0–4 | 1,045,029  | 766,078  | 52,158  | 73,860  | 2,606  | 890  | 2,348  | 147,089
5–9 | 1,054,391  | 804,721  | 55,477  | 69,998  | 3,058  | 990  | 2,095  | 118,052
10–14 | 1,090,226  | 861,915  | 58,081  | 64,776  | 3,285  | 1,072  | 1,996  | 99,101
15–19 | 1,108,453  | 911,478  | 59,737  | 53,768  | 3,712  | 1,158  | 1,651  | 76,949
20–24 | 1,366,374  | 1,119,417  | 76,714  | 60,542  | 3,770  | 1,488  | 2,261  | 102,182
25–29 | 1,303,077  | 1,048,482  | 74,135  | 49,452  | 3,545  | 1,459  | 2,117  | 123,887
30–34 | 1,522,719  | 1,241,284  | 90,620  | 51,267  | 3,692  | 1,770  | 2,452  | 131,634
35–39 | 1,538,897  | 1,283,084  | 95,034  | 45,551  | 3,710  | 1,999  | 2,403  | 107,116
40–44 | 1,743,878  | 1,493,176  | 103,663  | 39,351  | 3,530  | 2,672  | 2,319  | 99,167
45–49 | 1,076,258  | 924,664  | 66,469  | 24,319  | 3,082  | 1,933  | 1,642  | 54,149
50–54 | 1,332,266  | 1,156,851  | 80,134  | 25,816  | 3,259  | 2,530  | 1,732  | 61,944
55–59 | 1,448,043  | 1,255,293  | 94,852  | 23,064  | 3,109  | 3,375  | 1,554  | 66,796
60–64 | 1,244,286  | 1,084,578  | 82,353  | 15,976  | 2,874  | 2,523  | 1,090  | 54,892
65–69 | 890,340  | 766,197  | 74,709  | 8,708  | 2,238  | 2,796  | 682  | 35,010
70–74 | 901,370  | 792,445  | 63,963  | 7,063  | 2,190  | 3,525  | 560  | 31,624
75–79 | 729,965  | 646,048  | 48,315  | 4,803  | 1,697  | 2,734  | 430  | 25,938
80–84 | 462,807  | 407,295  | 32,265  | 2,346  | 1,021  | 1,947  | 231  | 17,702
85+ | 263,262  | 229,862  | 18,944  | 913  | 542  | 1,181  | 135  | 11,685

## Immigration

[edit]

Main article: Immigration to Romania

Foreign-born population (according to Eurostat):[53]

| 2016 | 2018 | 2020

|
|
|

Population total  | 19,760,585 | 19,533,481 | 19,328,838
Total  | 347,344 | 510,526 | 723,913
Moldova | 137,406 | 201,628 | 302,001
Italy | 46,172 | 60,543 | 72,473
Spain | 35,857 | 46,645 | 59,978
Ukraine | 14,328 | 25,644 | 47,614
United Kingdom | 10,428 | 22,127 | 34,812
Germany | 10,750 | 20,739 | 34,071
France | 9,262 | 15,887 | 21,960
Bulgaria | 10,882 | 10,540 | 10,029
Hungary | 7,151 | 8,588 | 9,560
Russia | 5,596 | 7,294 | 9,308
Turkey | 6,769 | 7,933 | 9,230
Greece | 5,576 | 6,843 | 7,829
China | 4,235 | 5,485 | 6,125
United States | 3,634 | 5,095 | 5,771
Belgium | 1,808 | 3,120 | 4,970
Israel | 2,121 | 3,727 | 4,718
Vietnam | 111 | 642 | 4,223
Ireland | 1,299 | 2,678 | 3,829
Austria | 1,179 | 2,054 | 3,767
Syria | 2,833 | 3,376 | 3,191
Serbia | 1,897 | 2,484 | 2,845
Portugal | 929 | 1,771 | 2,369
Denmark | 545 | 1,105 | 2,246
Sri Lanka | 89 | 340 | 2,195
Nepal | 18 | 180 | 2,136
Netherlands | 552 | 1,220 | 1,921
Tunisia | 1,362 | 1,652 | 1,672
India | 235 | 421 | 1,572
Cyprus | 560 | 1,012 | 1,508
Iraq | 1,701 | 2,044 | 1,419
Iran | 1,348 | 1,350 | 1,410
Norway | 477 | 941 | 1,375
Sweden | 408 | 898 | 1,356
Morocco | 386 | 876 | 1,343
Philippines | 169 | 467 | 1,206
Switzerland | 361 | 789 | 1,136
Poland | 387 | 970 | 1,061
Pakistan | 404 | 437 | 1,032

### Net migration data

[edit]

Romania net migration  Year | Immigration (Permanent) | Emigration (Permanent) | Net Migration (Permanent) | Temporary Immigration | Temporary Emigration | Net Temporary Migration | Total Net Migration

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

1991 | 1,602 | 44,160 | −42,558 | – | – | – | −42,558
1992 | 1,753 | 31,152 | −29,399 | – | – | – | −29,399
1993 | 1,269 | 18,446 | −17,177 | – | – | – | −17,177
1994 | 878 | 17,146 | −16,268 | – | – | – | −16,268
1995 | 4,458 | 25,675 | −21,217 | – | – | – | −21,217
1996 | 2,053 | 21,526 | −19,473 | – | – | – | −19,473
1997 | 6,600 | 19,945 | −13,345 | – | – | – | −13,345
1998 | 11,907 | 17,536 | −5,629 | – | – | – | −5,629
1999 | 10,078 | 12,594 | −2,516 | – | – | – | −2,516
2000 | 11,024 | 14,753 | −3,729 | – | – | – | −3,729
2001 | 10,350 | 9,921 | 429 | – | – | – | 429
2002 | 6,582 | 8,154 | −1,572 | – | – | – | −1,572
2003 | 3,267 | 10,673 | −7,406 | 91,726 | 143,977 | −52,251 | −59,657
2004 | 2,987 | 13,082 | −10,095 | 98,329 | 194,488 | −96,159 | −106,254
2005 | 3,704 | 10,938 | −7,234 | 91,040 | 175,297 | −84,257 | −91,491
2006 | 7,714 | 14,197 | −6,483 | 100,537 | 188,439 | −87,902 | −94,385
2007 | 9,575 | 8,830 | 745 | 86,267 | 544,074 | −457,807 | −457,062
2008 | 10,030 | 8,739 | 1,291 | 138,929 | 302,796 | −163,867 | −162,576
2009 | 8,606 | 10,211 | −1,605 | 135,844 | 246,626 | −110,782 | −112,387
2010 | 7,059 | 7,906 | −847 | 149,885 | 197,985 | −48,100 | −48,947
2011 | 15,538 | 18,307 | −2,769 | 147,685 | 195,551 | −47,866 | −50,635
2012 | 21,684 | 18,001 | 3,683 | 167,266 | 170,186 | −2,920 | 763
2013 | 23,897 | 19,056 | 4,841 | 153,646 | 161,755 | −8,109 | −3,268
2014 | 36,644 | 11,251 | 25,393 | 136,035 | 172,871 | −36,836 | −11,443
2015 | 23,093 | 15,235 | 7,858 | 132,795 | 194,718 | −61,923 | −54,065
2016 | 27,863 | 22,807 | 5,056 | 137,455 | 207,578 | −70,123 | −65,067
2017 | 50,199 | 23,156 | 27,043 | 177,435 | 242,193 | −64,758 | −37,715
2018 | 65,678 | 27,229 | 38,449 | 172,578 | 231,661 | −59,083 | −20,634
2019 | 64,479 | 26,775 | 37,704 | 202,422 | 233,736 | −31,314 | 6,390
2020 | 32,250 | 21,031 | 11,219 | 145,519 | 186,818 | −41,299 | −30,080
2021 | 49,769 | 34,341 | 15,428 | 194,642 | 216,861 | −22,219 | −6,791
2022 | 54,839 | 48,438 | 6,401 | 293,024 | 202,311 | 90,713 | 97,114
2023 | 29,830 | 48,612 | −18,782 | 324,091 | 239,244 | 84,847 | 66,065
2023 | 28,431 | 51,062 | -22,631 | - | - | - | \-

[54]

## Religion

[edit]

Main article: Religion in Romania

Distribution of religions in Romania Distribution of Orthodox in Romania

* Romanian Orthodox — 86.7%
* Roman Catholic — 4.7%
* Protestant Churches (Calvin, Lutheran, Unitarian, Pentecostal, Baptist, Adventist) — 5.3%
* Greek Catholic – Uniate — 0.9%
* Islam — 0.3%
* Atheist — ≈0.04% (9,271 people)
* No religion — 0.1%
* Other religions — 2.0%
* Refused to declare — 0.1%

Religious affiliation tends to follow ethnic lines, with most ethnic Romanians identifying with the Romanian Orthodox Church. The Greek Catholic or Uniate church, reunified with the Orthodox Church by fiat in 1948, was restored after the 1989 revolution. The 2002 census indicates that 0.9% of the population is Greek Catholic, as opposed to about 10% prior to 1948. Roman Catholics, largely ethnic Hungarians and Germans, constitute 4.7% of the population; Calvinists, Baptists (see Baptist Union of Romania and Convention of the Hungarian Baptist Churches of Romania), Pentecostals, and Lutherans make up another 5%. There are smaller numbers of Unitarians, Muslims, and other religions.

## See also

[edit]

* Ageing of Europe
* Population exchange between Bulgaria and Romania
* Immigration to Romania

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ In fertility rates, 2.1 and above is a stable population and has been marked blue, 2 and below leads to an aging population and the result is that the population decreases.

## References

[edit]

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6. ^ See, for example, Fabio Bordignon, "Italian Decentralisation in Romania", SEF 2003, Warsaw. Abstract available online. Archived 2007-09-26 at the Wayback Machine
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8. ^ a b "Refugees fleeing Ukraine (since 24 February 2022)". UNHCR. 2022.
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11. ^ a b World Population Prospects. The 2010 Revision (PDF) (Report). Vol. I: Comprehensive Tables. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, United Nations, New York. 2011. p. 162.
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13. ^ Note: Crude migration change (per 1000) is a trend analysis, an extrapolation based average population change (current year minus previous) minus natural change of the current year (see table vital statistics). As average population is an estimate of the population in the middle of the year and not end of the year.
14. ^ Dr. Gerhard Reichning, Die deutschen Vertriebenen in Zahlen, Teil 1, Bonn 1995, Page 17
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20. ^ "Firmele caută angajaţi în Asia. Pe un şantier din Bucureşti, lucrează zeci de vietnamezi".
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25. ^ a b Leonida Colescu, director of Romanian Statistics Service between 1899–1922, discovered that the number of people was overestimated in the census conducted in 1859–1860 and calculated that the real figure was 3,864,848 people. Leonida Colescu (1944). Analiza rezultatelor recensãmântului general al populatiei României din 1899 (PDF). Institutul National de Statistica. p. 7–8; 19.
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32. ^ "Microsoft Word - REZULTATE DEFINITIVE RPL2011.doc" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-07-17. Retrieved 2018-04-11.
33. ^ "Population data" (PDF). wwwi.insse.ro. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-12-30. Retrieved 2023-01-06.
34. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Max Roser (2014), "Total Fertility Rate around the world over the last centuries", Our World In Data, Gapminder Foundation, archived from the original on 2019-02-09, retrieved 2019-02-07
35. ^ "TEMPO Online".
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47. ^ "POPULAŢIA ROMÂNIEI PE LOCALITĂŢI LA 1 IANUARIE 2016" (PDF). INS. Retrieved 11 April 2018.
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53. ^ "Population on 1 January by age group, sex and country of birth". Eurostat.
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## External links

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* Aromanians (26,500)
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Historical ethnic groups|

* Circassians (approximately 10,000 in the mid-19th century)
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* Citizens of the Republic of Moldova (177,000)
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* * = Subgroups of officially recognized ethnicities that are not treated by the Romanian authorities as separate minorities.

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