Deportation of undocumented Afghans from Pakistan

Mass exodus of Afghan nationals in 2023

In October 2023, the government of Pakistan announced a plan to deport foreign nationals who either did not have valid visas or had overstayed their visa for more than one year. The mass deportations primarily affected those Afghans who fled to Pakistan after Taliban's takeover of Afghanistan. There were an estimated 3.8 million Afghans in Pakistan at the time the deportation order was announced, according to the United Nations, while Pakistani authorities believed the number to be as high as 4.4 million.[1][2][3] Of these, only a few held the required documentation allowing them to legally stay in Pakistan.[1] Afghans accounted for 98% of the foreign nationals in Pakistan.[4] Deportations were to start from 1 November 2023. An estimated 746,800 Afghans were deported from Pakistan by 1 April 2024.[5]

The government cited increasing crime and violence, including suicide attacks, as the motivation for the mass deportations. However, outside observers noted there were likely also political reasons for the sudden deportations, for example that the Pakistan Army hoped to pressure the Taliban, who control the Afghan government, into a more cooperative foreign policy.[6] Some also argued that Pakistan is instituting collective punishment against Afghans and Afghan immigrants were being scapegoated for Pakistan's economic crisis.[7][8][9]

## Background

[edit]

Main article: Afghans in Pakistan

Afghan migration to Pakistan dates back to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979, which led to over three million Afghans seeking refuge in Pakistan.[10] Significant waves of Afghan refugees also came to Pakistan after the U.S. invasion of Afghanistan in 2001 and in 2021 when the Taliban returned to power following the US troop withdrawal from Afghanistan.[11] While some have returned home, around 4.4 million Afghan nationals, both documented and undocumented, remained in Pakistan in October 2023 according to government figures. Many were born and raised in Pakistan and have never been to Afghanistan.[12][13] The government claimed around 1.7 million were without visas.[14]

The government stated the deportations were a response to an increase in terrorist attacks in Pakistan. Pakistani officials said there have been 24 suicide bombings since January, 14 of which were carried out by Afghan nationals.[15] Eight of the 11 militants who recently attacked two Pakistani military installations in southwestern Balochistan province were Afghans.[16] The Pakistani government attributes this surge in violence to the Afghan Taliban providing safe harbor to the Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP), which organised several of these attacks.

On 3 October 2023, in a high committee meeting of the National Action Plan (NAP) chaired by Caretaker Prime Minister Anwarul Haq Kakar, all foreign nationals residing illegally in the country have to voluntarily leave the country or face deportation by 31 October.[17][18] During this time, 100,000–165,000 Afghans voluntarily left Pakistan.[19][20] Sarfraz Bugti, the interim Interior Minister, disclosed that a significant portion of suicide bombings in Pakistan this year were orchestrated by Afghan citizens.[21]

## Logistics

[edit]

On 1 November, the Ministry of Interior issued instructions to all provinces to deport illegal aliens under the Foreigners Act, 1946.[22] The government deployed law enforcement officials across the country.[23] It also launched a phone hotline for people to inform on undocumented immigrants.[24]

The Ministry of Interior has established 49 holding areas throughout the country to detain undocumented immigrants. These holding centers have been set up in all 36 districts of Punjab, three in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Peshawar, Haripur and Khyber districts, two in Sindh: Kemari and Malir districts and three in Balochistan: Quetta, Chagai and Pishin districts. One holding center has also been established in the federal capital Islamabad and Gilgit.[25]

Caretaker Interior Minister Sarfaraz Bugti directed authorities and agencies to treat undocumented migrants with respect while they are detained,[26] but also threatened anyone involved in aiding, harboring, or renting a home to an undocumented immigrant with prosecution. He urged Pakistani citizens to inform the government about illegal immigrants and their residences.[27][28]

## Deportation

[edit]

There have been numerous reports of both undocumented Afghans and Afghans who have refugee status being targeted by police amidst the campaign:[29][30] and around US$4 billion in Afghan-owned properties and other assets have reportedly been seized by Pakistan's government.[31]

In an effort to regulate illegal immigration, Pakistan is implementing the "One Document Regime" (ODR). This policy mandates all foreign nationals, including Afghans, to possess a valid visa for travel to the country. The ODR, already operational at the Torkham border crossing, is a significant step in controlling the movement of people and goods across the border.[32][33]

As of 5 November 2023, according to Pakistani border officials, 174,358 Afghan nationals in total left for Afghanistan since 17 September 2023.[34]

### Balochistan

[edit]

To accelerate the deportation process, additional crossing points have been established in Qila Saifullah, Qameruddin Karez, and Baracha Noor Wahab in the Chagai district by the authorities in Balochistan. These steps are designed to aid Afghan and Iranian Baloch immigrants in adhering to the 31 October deadline.[35]

### Islamabad

[edit]

The Islamabad police has finished the process of marking the locations of Afghan individuals residing in various areas of the federal capital. Additionally, a survey regarding the properties owned by Afghan nationals is currently in progress.[36]

Afghans who failed to leave the country were detained in nationwide sweeps and had their illegal mud-brick houses on the outskirts of the capital Islamabad demolished.[37][38]

### Punjab

[edit]

After the deadline expired, a deportation operation for illegal foreign nationals, including Afghans, was launched across Punjab. The plan, finalized by Punjab's Inspector General of Police, Dr. Usman Anwar, began its phased evacuation of illegal immigrants on 3 November.[39] The operation spans multiple divisions within Punjab, such as Rawalpindi, Gujranwala, Sargodha, Sheikhupura, Faisalabad, Lahore, Sahiwal, Bahawalpur, Multan, and Dera Ghazi Khan.[40] Small number of Pakistani citizens have also been wrongfully arrested and detained as Afghan citizens.[41]

### Sindh

[edit]

The Caretaker Cabinet of Sindh has decided to allocate 4.5 billion rupees for the repatriation of illegal immigrants. This amount was required for the repatriation of illegal aliens from Karachi, Sukkur, Hyderabad, Shaheed Benazirabad, Larkana and Mirpurkhas divisions. The cabinet approved funds beyond the budget allocation.[42][43]

## Criticism

[edit]

In November 2023, Pakistan Imposed an $830 (£660) exit fee on Afghan refugees and illegal immigrants.[44] The "unprecedented" action targets refugees who are waiting to leave Pakistan for western nations as part of resettlement programs. The United Nations and Western diplomats have denounced as "shocking and frustrating" Pakistan's move to charge hundreds of dollars in exit fees to each Afghan refugee who fled the Taliban's persecution.[45]

The BBC was informed by the UNHCR that it is working to "resolve the issue". "We are urging the government to waive these obligations for refugees. "Pakistani laws, like the immigration laws in other countries including the United Kingdom, have fines and punishments for individuals who overstay their visas or are in violation of immigration laws," a spokesman for the nation's Ministry of Foreign Affairs.[46]

## Reactions

[edit]

### Afghan government

[edit]

The Taliban-led government has expressed strong disapproval of Pakistan's move to deport Afghans residing in the country without permission, urging the Pakistani government to reconsider its decision.[47]

### International organizations

[edit]

The ongoing mass deportation has been condemned by the United Nations and Human Rights Watch, with the latter calling on Pakistan to halt the deportations while also calling on Western countries to immediately expediate the immigration process for those Afghans in Pakistan who are deemed to be "particularly at risk" if they are sent to Afghanistan.[48][49][50]

Amnesty International urged the reversal of the decision and condemned Pakistan's authorities for "arbitrarily arresting and harassing" Afghans living in the country.[51][52][53] The expulsions have further inflamed bilateral tensions with the Taliban government, which has criticized Pakistan's actions and urged the Pakistani government to "give more time" to Afghans leaving the country.[54][55]

The United Nations and international human rights organizations have raised alarms about Pakistan's intentions to remove Afghan individuals who entered the country illegally. They emphasize that a significant number, including those who fled Afghanistan after the Taliban's takeover in August 2021, are at risk of being deported.[56][57][58]

### Pakistani government

[edit]

Pakistan's caretaker government has stated that there will be no extension of the deadline for illegal immigrants to leave the country,[59][60] and claimed that the deportation is in line with international law.[61]

Caretaker Prime Minister Anwarul Haq Kakar said that the government's repatriation policy is not exclusive to Afghan nationals, but applies to all illegal immigrants in Pakistan. He stated that despite not being a signatory to the Geneva Convention, Pakistan has hosted over 4 million Afghan refugees for the past 40 years. He said that while not all Afghans are involved in illegal activities, certain groups contribute to the problem.[62]

Foreign Office spokesperson Mumtaz Zahra Baloch stated that the operation is not aimed at any particular nationality and the repatriation process adheres to international norms and principles, and will not affect foreign nationals who are legally residing or registered in Pakistan. She said that the government "takes its commitments towards protection and safety needs of those in vulnerable situations with utmost seriousness",[63][64] and that the repatriation of "illegals" will continue without revision.[65]

Interim Home Minister Sarfraz Bugti stated that the government's deportation drive is aimed at including all people living illegally in the country, not just Afghans. He said that the government's message regarding action against illegal residents was misunderstood.[66] The statement was made at a time when the government's deadline for illegal residents to leave the country was approaching.[67]

## See also

[edit]

* Deportation of Afghan immigrants from the United States

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b "Pakistan issues final warning to illegal immigrants to leave voluntarily before the November 1 deadline". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. 26 October 2023. Retrieved 31 October 2023.
2. ^ Ahmed, Munir. "Pakistan announces big crackdown on migrants in the country illegally, including 1.7 million Afghans". ABC News. Retrieved 31 October 2023.
3. ^ "Can Pakistan deport 1.7 million Afghan refugees? – DW – 10/04/2023". dw.com. Retrieved 31 October 2023.
4. ^ Hussain, Abid. "As Pakistan deports refugees, tense Afghanistan ties come in sharp focus". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 7 November 2023. Retrieved 7 November 2023. "According to the Pakistani government, there were about 4 million foreigners in the country before October 31, nearly 3.8 million of them Afghans. Of those, it says, only 2.2 million Afghans carry a government-approved document that makes them eligible to stay."
5. ^ "Pakistan-Afghanistan: Returns Emergency Response (as of 4 April 2024) - Afghanistan | ReliefWeb". reliefweb.int. 5 April 2024. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
6. ^ "Pakistan PM says expulsion of Afghans a response to Taliban non-cooperation". Reuters. 8 November 2023. Archived from the original on 8 November 2023. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
7. ^ "Pakistan expels undocumented Afghans. But at what price?". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Archived from the original on 6 November 2023. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
8. ^ Kugelman, Michael (1 November 2023). "Why Is Pakistan Expelling 1.7 Million Afghans?". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 3 November 2023. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
9. ^ "Forced expulsion". Dawn. 8 November 2023. Archived from the original on 8 November 2023. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
10. ^ Ghosh, Anwesha (2019). "Afghan Migration and Pakistan's Policy Response: Dynamics of Continuity and Change". Public Policy Research in the Global South. pp. 215–230. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-06061-9_12. ISBN 978-3-030-06060-2. S2CID 159051369. Archived from the original on 9 October 2023. Retrieved 7 October 2023.
11. ^ "Hundreds of thousands of Afghan migrants face deportation from Pakistan". NBC News. 1 November 2023. Archived from the original on 6 November 2023. Retrieved 6 November 2023.
12. ^ Hussain, Abid. "'Where do I go back to?': Expelled Afghans battle chaos at Pakistan border". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 3 November 2023. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
13. ^ Yeung, Sophia Saifi, Jessie (3 November 2023). "'There is no school for girls': Afghans who fled to Pakistan sent back to a homeland that is foreign to many". CNN. Archived from the original on 3 November 2023. Retrieved 4 November 2023.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
14. ^ "Pakistan says it will deport 1.7m Afghans and all other 'illegal immigrants'". The Guardian. 6 October 2023. Archived from the original on 7 October 2023. Retrieved 7 October 2023.
15. ^ Shahzad, Asif (3 October 2023). "Pakistan orders illegal immigrants, including 1.73 mln Afghans, to leave". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2 November 2023. Retrieved 4 November 2023 - via www.reuters.com.
16. ^ "Pakistan to Begin Deportation of 1.7 Million Undocumented Afghans". Voice of America. 3 October 2023. Archived from the original on 6 October 2023. Retrieved 7 October 2023.
17. ^ "Govt launches action against Illegal immigrants as deadline ends". The Nation. 1 November 2023. Archived from the original on 6 November 2023. Retrieved 6 November 2023.
18. ^ Khan, Iftikhar A. (4 October 2023). "Undocumented 'aliens' given 28 days to leave". DAWN. Archived from the original on 6 November 2023. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
19. ^ Hussain, Abid. "Thousands of Afghan refugees fleeing Pakistan as deportation deadline looms". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 4 November 2023. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
20. ^ "More than 165,000 Afghans flee Pakistan after deportation order". France 24. 2 November 2023. Archived from the original on 4 November 2023. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
21. ^ Hussain, Abid. "Why is Pakistan planning to deport undocumented Afghans?". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 8 October 2023. Retrieved 7 October 2023.
22. ^ "Govt initiates nationwide operation to deport illegal foreign nationals". www.radio.gov.pk. Archived from the original on 3 November 2023. Retrieved 5 November 2023.
23. ^ "MSN". MSN. Archived from the original on 5 November 2023. Retrieved 5 November 2023.
24. ^ "Ministry of Interior establishes dedicated helpline for complaints against illegal immigrants". Times of Karachi.[permanent dead link]
25. ^ "Comprehensive plan finalized for repatriation of illegal foreigners". www.radio.gov.pk. Archived from the original on 5 November 2023. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
26. ^ "Officials must be respectful with undocumented immigrants, directs Bugti". 31 October 2023. Archived from the original on 6 November 2023. Retrieved 6 November 2023.
27. ^ "Pakistan to Expel over a Million Illegal Migrants After November 1. Here's Why". Archived from the original on 6 November 2023. Retrieved 6 November 2023.
28. ^ "Govt launches action against Illegal immigrants as deadline ends". November 2023. Archived from the original on 6 November 2023. Retrieved 6 November 2023.
29. ^ Baloch, Shah Meer (1 November 2023). "Pakistan starts mass deportation of undocumented Afghans". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 4 November 2023. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
30. ^ "Pakistan's expulsion order deepens the Afghan crisis". Financial Times. 12 November 2023. Archived from the original on 15 November 2023. Retrieved 15 November 2023.
31. ^ "Assets Worth $4Bn of Afghans Has Been Confiscated, Says Pak-Afg Joint Chamber of Commerce". Afghanistan International. 4 November 2023. Archived from the original on 4 November 2023. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
32. ^ "Country to implement ODR to check illegal immigration". 4 November 2023. Archived from the original on 4 November 2023. Retrieved 5 November 2023.
33. ^ "Pakistan to introduce '1-document regime' for Afghan travelers". The Express Tribune. 2 October 2023. Archived from the original on 5 November 2023. Retrieved 5 November 2023.
34. ^ Farooq, Umer (6 November 2023). "Over 170,000 Afghans left Pakistan since Sept 17: officials". DAWN. Archived from the original on 7 November 2023. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
35. ^ "More crossings opened to speed up deportation drive". Globalpoliticsnews. Archived from the original on 4 November 2023. Retrieved 5 November 2023.
36. ^ Desk, Web (7 October 2023). "Islamabad police complete geo-tagging of Afghan nationals". ARY NEWS. Archived from the original on 8 October 2023. Retrieved 7 October 2023. `{{cite web}}`: `|last=` has generic name (help)
37. ^ "Pakistan demolishes homes, raids neighbourhoods under crackdown to force millions of Afghans to leave". ABC News. 3 November 2023. Archived from the original on 6 November 2023. Retrieved 6 November 2023.
38. ^ Afghans Refugee Homes Demolished In Islamabad Ahead Of Deadline To Leave Pakistan, 1 November 2023, archived from the original on 3 November 2023, retrieved 4 November 2023
39. ^ Report, Recorder (2 November 2023). "Eviction of illegal foreign nationals begins in Punjab". Brecorder. Archived from the original on 4 November 2023. Retrieved 5 November 2023.
40. ^ Report, Recorder (1 November 2023). "Evacuation of illegal foreign nationals: IGP Punjab announces plan". Brecorder. Archived from the original on 5 November 2023. Retrieved 5 November 2023.
41. ^ "Seven Pakistanis escape 'deportation' to Afghanistan". Dawn. 20 November 2023. Archived from the original on 20 November 2023. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
42. ^ "Cabinet allocates Rs4.5b for repatriation of illegal aliens". The Express Tribune. 1 November 2023. Archived from the original on 5 November 2023. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
43. ^ "Caretaker cabinet approves funds for repatriation of illegal foreigners". The Nation. 1 November 2023. Archived from the original on 4 November 2023. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
44. ^ "Pakistan imposes $830 (£660) exit fee on Afghan refugees and illegal immigrants". The Times of India. 24 November 2023. ISSN 0971-8257. Archived from the original on 24 November 2023. Retrieved 24 November 2023.
45. ^ Baloch, Shah Meer (22 November 2023). "Pakistan under fire for 'shocking' $830 exit fee for refugees who fled Taliban". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 24 November 2023. Retrieved 24 November 2023.
46. ^ "Pakistan charging refugees $830 to leave". 23 November 2023. Archived from the original on 24 November 2023. Retrieved 24 November 2023.
47. ^ "Pakistan's plan to evict thousands of Afghans 'unacceptable', says Taliban". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 8 October 2023. Retrieved 7 October 2023.
48. ^ "Pakistan: Afghans Detained, Face Deportation | Human Rights Watch". 31 October 2023. Archived from the original on 4 November 2023. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
49. ^ "Pakistan: Drop Threat to Deport Afghans | Human Rights Watch". 12 October 2023. Archived from the original on 3 November 2023. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
50. ^ "Afghans in Pakistan seeking resettlement in Canada fear being deported back to Afghanistan". The Globe and Mail. 3 November 2023. Archived from the original on 4 November 2023. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
51. ^ "Pakistan: Decision on forced returns of Afghan refugees must be reversed immediately". Amnesty International. 31 October 2023. Archived from the original on 3 November 2023. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
52. ^ "Pakistan: Government must not deport Afghan Refugees". Amnesty International. 4 October 2023. Archived from the original on 21 October 2023. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
53. ^ RFE/RL. "Amnesty International Flags Pakistan Over Treatment Of Afghan Refugees". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. Archived from the original on 1 August 2023. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
54. ^ "Taliban urges Pakistan to grant more time for undocumented Afghans to leave". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 4 November 2023. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
55. ^ "Kabul rejects deportation policy amid Pakistan resolve". www.thenews.com.pk. Archived from the original on 7 October 2023. Retrieved 7 October 2023.
56. ^ "Pakistan's Plan to Expel Illegal Afghan Migrants Alarms UN". VOA. 28 September 2023. Archived from the original on 7 October 2023. Retrieved 7 October 2023.
57. ^ "Taliban, Rights Groups Decry Pakistan's Decision to Evict Afghan Immigrants". VOA. 4 October 2023. Archived from the original on 9 October 2023. Retrieved 7 October 2023.
58. ^ "Pakistan to Begin Deportation of 1.7 Million Undocumented Afghans". VOA. 3 October 2023. Archived from the original on 6 October 2023. Retrieved 7 October 2023.
59. ^ "Pakistan says will not extend deadline for illegal immigrants to leave". 26 October 2023. Archived from the original on 6 November 2023. Retrieved 6 November 2023.
60. ^ "Pakistan won't extend deadline for expelling illegal immigrants: Interior Minister". Khaama Press. 26 October 2023. Archived from the original on 7 November 2023. Retrieved 6 November 2023.
61. ^ "'Illegal foreigners repatriation compliant with int'l norms'". Archived from the original on 3 November 2023. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
62. ^ "Deportation process applies to all illegal 'aliens': Kakar". 30 October 2023. Archived from the original on 4 November 2023. Retrieved 5 November 2023.
63. ^ "'Illegal foreigners repatriation compliant with int'l norms'". Archived from the original on 3 November 2023. Retrieved 5 November 2023.
64. ^ "Illegal immigrants: Operation not aimed at any particular nationality: FO". 6 October 2023. Archived from the original on 4 November 2023. Retrieved 5 November 2023.
65. ^ "Repatriation of illegal foreigners to continue without any reconsideration: FO". 2 November 2023. Archived from the original on 4 November 2023. Retrieved 5 November 2023.
66. ^ "Deportation drive aimed at all illegal residents, not solely Afghans: Bugti". Archived from the original on 4 November 2023. Retrieved 5 November 2023.
67. ^ "Interior minister insists deportation drive aimed at all illegal residents_ not solely Afghans". Archived from the original on 4 November 2023. Retrieved 5 November 2023.

* v
* t
* e

Afghanistan–Pakistan relations

Diplomatic posts|

* Embassy of Afghanistan, Islamabad
* Ambassadors of Afghanistan to Pakistan
* Embassy of Pakistan, Kabul

Diplomacy|

* Islamabad Accord
* Economic Cooperation Organization
* Trade Agreement
* Six plus Three
* Six plus Two Group on Afghanistan
* Pakistan and Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan peace talks

Incidents|

* Insurgency in Balochistan
* Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes
* 2017
* 2024
* Pakistan International Airlines Flight 326
* 1990 Afghan coup d'état attempt
* 1994 Peshawar school bus hijacking
* 1995 attack on the Embassy of Pakistan in Kabul, Afghanistan
* 2003 attack on the Embassy of Pakistan in Kabul
* 2010 attack on Pakistan ambassador to Iran
* 2014 Peshawar school massacre
* 2015 Camp Badaber attack
* February 2017 Lahore suicide bombing
* Sehwan suicide bombing
* 2021 Machh attack
* 2021 anti-Pakistan protests
* 2022 Pakistani airstrikes in Afghanistan
* 2023 Chitral cross-border attacks

Afghan conflict|

* Soviet–Afghan War
* Afghan mujahideen
* Badaber uprising
* Geneva Accords (1988)
* Afghan Civil War (1992–1996)
* Afghan Civil War (1996–2001)
* War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)
* History
* Kunduz airlift
* Taliban insurgency
* Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Economic relations|

* Afghanistan Oil Pipeline
* Afghanistan–Pakistan Transit Trade Agreement
* CASA-1000
* Khyber Pass Economic Corridor
* Turkmenistan–Afghanistan–Pakistan–India Pipeline
* Mazar-i-Sharif-Kabul-Peshawar railway line

Related|

* Durand line
* Border barrier
* AfPak
* Pashtunistan
* Sports rivalries
* Haqqani network
* Jinnah Hospital
* Inter-Services Intelligence activities in Afghanistan
* Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism
* Pashtun Tahafuz Movement
* Taliban
* Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan
* United Nations Good Offices Mission in Afghanistan and Pakistan
* United Nations Security Council Resolution 622
* United Nations Security Council Resolution 647
* Quetta Shura

Category:Afghanistan–Pakistan relations

Portals:

* Afghanistan
* Pakistan
* Politics

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template