Dhangu-Djangu language

Australian Aboriginal language

Dhangu

Djangu
Native to| Australia
Region| Northern Territory
Ethnicity| Dhaŋu, Djaŋu

Native speakers

| 310 (2016 census)[1]

Language family

Pama–Nyungan

* Yolngu Matha
* Northern (Dhangu)
* Dhangu

Dialects|

* Wan.gurri
* Lamamirri
* Rirratjingu
* Gaalpu
* Ngayimil
* Warramiri
* Mandatja

Signed forms

| Yolŋu Sign Language
Language codes
ISO 639-3| `dhg`
Glottolog| `dhan1270`
AIATSIS[2]| `N192` Dhangu, `N202` Djangu
ELP| Dhangu-Djangu

Dhangu (Dhaŋu, Dangu) and Djangu (Djaŋu) constitute an Australian Aboriginal language of the Yolŋu group, spoken by the Dhaŋu and Djaŋu people in Australia's Northern Territory. The varieties of the two moieties of Dhangu are (a) Wan.gurri, Lamamirri and (b) Rirratjingu, Gaalpu, Ngayimil. There are two other Djangu (Djaŋu) dialects, Warramiri and Mandatja; dhangu and djangu are the words for "this" in the various dialects. Nhangu is a closely related language.[3]

## Phonology

[edit]

### Consonants

[edit]

| Peripheral | Laminal | Apical | Glottal

|
|
|
|

Labial | Velar | Dental | Palatal | Alveolar | Retroflex
Plosive | Fortis | p | k | t̪ | c | t | ʈ | ʔ
Lenis | b | g | d̪ | ɟ | d | ɖ
Nasal | m | ŋ | n̪ | ɲ | n | ɳ |
Rhotic |  |  |  |  | ɾ | (ɽ)  |
Lateral |  |  |  |  | l | ɭ |
Glide | w |  | j |  | ɻ |

* /ɖ/ may also be heard as a tap [ɽ] in intervocalic positions.[4]
* The tap /ɾ/ may also be heard as a trill [r].

### Vowels

[edit]

| Front | Back

|
|

High | i iː | u uː
Low | a aː

* A long vowel /uː/ may also be heard as [oː].[5]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "Census 2016, Language spoken at home by Sex (SA2+)". stat.data.abs.gov.au. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 29 October 2017.
2. ^ N192 Dhangu at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies (see the info box for additional links)
3. ^ Dixon, R. M. W. (2002). Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development. Cambridge University Press. p. xxxvi.
4. ^ MacLellan, Marilyn (1992). A study of the Wangurri language. University of Sydney.
5. ^ McLellan, Marilyn (2014). Djaŋu (Warramirri) Dictionary. Aboriginal Resource and Development Services Inc.

* v
* t
* e

Pama–Nyungan languages

Paman languages

| North|

* Adithinngithigh
* Andjingith
* Anguthimri
* Arritinngithigh
* Awngthim
* Luthigh
* Mbiywom
* Ndrangith
* Ngkoth
* Uradhi

|

Northeast|

* Umpila

Wik|

* Ayabadhu
* Kugu-Muminh
* Pakanha
* Wik-Me'nh
* Wik-Mungkan
* Wik-Ngathan
* Wik-Ompom

Lamalamic|

* Lamalama
* Morrobolam

Yalanjic|

* Barrow Point
* Gugu Yalandyi
* Guugu Yimidhirr

Southwest|

* Koko-Bera
* Kok Thawa
* Kunjen
* Ogh-Undjan
* Kuuk Thaayorre
* Kuuk Yak
* Yir-Yoront

Norman|

* Kurtjar
* Kuthant

Thaypan|

* Alungul
* Angkula
* Aghu Tharrnggala
* Ikarranggal
* Takalak
* Thaypan

Southern|

* Agwamin
* Mbara-Yanga
* Mbabaram
* Walangama

Other|

* Djabugay
* Flinders Island
* Gugadj
* Kok Narr
* Mbariman-Gudhinma
* Umbindhamu

Eastern Pama–Nyungan

| Dyirbalic|

* Dyirbal
* Nyawaygi
* Warrgamay
* Wulguru

|

Maric|

* Bidjara
* Biri
* Kingkel
* Warrongo

Waka–Kabic|

* Barunggam
* Dappil
* Gabi-Gabi
* Gureng Gureng
* Wakawaka
* Wuliwuli

Durubalic|

* Guwar
* Janday
* Nunukul
* Turrbal

Gumbaynggiric|

* Kumbainggar
* Yaygir

Wiradhuric|

* Gamilaraay
* Ngiyambaa
* Wiradjuri

Yuin–Kuric|

* Awabakal
* Darkinjung
* Dharug
* Dhanggati
* Ngarigo
* Ngunnawal
* Tharawal
* Wormi

Gippsland|

* Dhudhuroa
* Gunaikurnai
* Pallanganmiddang

Other|

* Anewan
* Bandjalang
* Kalaw Lagaw Ya
* Yidiny

Southern Pama–Nyungan

| Yotayotic|

* Yabula-Yabula
* Yotayota

|

Kulinic|

Kolakngat

| Kulin|

* Bunurong
* Dja Dja Wurrung
* Ledji-Ledji
* Madhi-Madhi
* Wadi-Wadi
* Wathaurong
* Wemba Wemba
* Woiwurrung–Taungurung

|

Drual|

* Bungandidj
* Dhauwurd Wurrung
* Kuurn Kopan Noot

Lower Murray|

* Keramin
* Ngayawung
* Yaralde
* Yitha-Yitha
* Yuyu

Thura-Yura|

* Adnyamathanha
* Barngarla
* Kaurna
* Kuyani
* Narungga
* Nauo
* Ngadjuri
* Nukunu
* Wirangu

Mirniny|

* Mirning
* Ngadjunmaya

Nyungic|

* Galaagu
* Kalaamaya
* Natingero
* Nyungar

Western Pama–Nyungan

| Kartu|

* Badimaya
* Malgana
* Nhanda
* Wajarri
* Yinggarda

|

Kanyara–Mantharta|

* Kanyara
* Mantharta

Ngayarta|

* Jurruru
* Kurrama
* Martuthunira
* Ngarla
* Ngarluma-Kariyarra
* Nhuwala
* Nyamal
* Nyiyaparli
* Panyjima
* Yindjibarndi
* Yinhawangka

Marrngu|

* Karajarri
* Mangala
* Nyangumarta

Northern Pama–Nyungan

| Ngumpin–Yapa|

* Ngarrga
* Ngumbin

|

Warumungu|

* Warumungu

Warluwaric|

* Wagaya
* Bularnu
* Yindjilandji
* Warluwarra
* Yanyuwa

Kalkatungic|

* Kalkatungu
* Yalarnnga

Mayi|

* Mayi-Kulan
* Mayi-Kutuna
* Ngawun

Central Pama–Nyungan

| Wati|

* Ngardi
* Wanman
* Western Desert

|

Arandic|

* Arrernte
* Kaytetye
* Lower Arrernte

Karnic|

* Arabana
* Diyari
* Mithaka
* Ngamini
* Yarluyandi
* Ngura
* Pitta Pitta
* Wanggamala
* Wangka-Yutjurru
* Wilson River
* Bundhamara
* new Wangkumara/Garlali
* Yandruwandha

Other|

* Baagandji
* Bulloo River
* old Wangkumara/Garlali
* Muruwari
* Barranbinja
* Yardli

Other Pama–Nyungan

| Yolŋu|

* Dhaŋu
* Dhuwal
* Djaŋu
* Djinba
* Djinaŋ
* Ritharrŋu
* Nhaŋu

|

Other|

* Lower Burdekin
* Bindal

Macro-Pama–Nyungan?

| Macro-Gunwinyguan|

| Maningrida|

* Burarra
* Ndjébbana
* Gurr-goni
* Nakkara

|

Mangarrayi-Marran|

* Alawa
* Mangarrayi
* Marra
* Warndarrang
* Yugul

Gunwinyguan|

* Jawoyn
* Uwinymil
* Waray
* Kunwinjku
* Dalabon
* Kunbarlang
* Ngalakgan
* Rembarrnga
* Ngandi
* Nunggubuyu
* Anindilyakwa

Other|

* Gaagudju
* Kungarakany
* Wardaman
* Wagiman

Tangkic|

* Kayardild
* Lardil
* Minkin
* Gangalidda (Yukulta)

Garrwan|

* Garrwa
* Gunindiri
* Waanyi

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