Diego Rivera

Mexican muralist (1886–1957)

In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is  Rivera y Barrientos and the second or maternal family name is  Acosta y Rodríguez.

Diego Rivera

Rivera in 1957

Born|

Diego María de la Concepción Juan Nepomuceno Estanislao de la Rivera y Barrientos Acosta y Rodríguez

(1886-12-08)December 8, 1886

Guanajuato, Mexico

Died| November 24, 1957(1957-11-24) (aged 70)

Mexico City, Mexico

Resting place| Panteón de Dolores, Mexico
Education| San Carlos Academy
Known for| Painting, murals
Notable work| Man, Controller of the Universe, The History of Mexico, Detroit Industry Murals, Man at the Crossroads
Movement|

* Cubism
* Realism
* Mexican muralism

Spouses|

Angelina Beloff

(m. 1911; div. 1921)​

Guadalupe Marín

(m. 1922; div. 1928)​

Frida Kahlo

(m. 1929; div. 1939)​

(m. 1940; died 1954)​

Emma Hurtado

(m. 1955)​

Relatives|

* Marika Rivera (daughter)
* Ruth Rivera Marín (daughter)

Diego María de la Concepción Juan Nepomuceno Estanislao de la Rivera y Barrientos Acosta y Rodríguez (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈdjeɣo riˈβeɾa]; December 8, 1886 – November 24, 1957) was a Mexican painter. His large frescoes helped establish the mural movement in Mexican and international art.

Between 1922 and 1953, Rivera painted murals in, among other places, Mexico City, Chapingo, and Cuernavaca, Mexico; and San Francisco, Detroit, and New York City. In 1931, a retrospective exhibition of his works was held at the Museum of Modern Art in Manhattan, shortly before Rivera's commencement of his 27-mural series known as Detroit Industry Murals the next year.

Rivera had four wives and numerous children, including at least one illegitimate daughter. His first child and only son died at the age of two. His third wife was fellow Mexican artist Frida Kahlo, with whom he had a volatile relationship that continued until her death. His previous two marriages, ending in divorce, were respectively to a fellow artist and a novelist, and his final marriage was to his agent.

Due to his importance in the country's art history, the government of Mexico declared Rivera's works as monumentos históricos.[1] As of 2018, Rivera holds the record for highest price at auction for a work by a Latin American artist. The 1931 painting The Rivals, part of the record-setting collection of Peggy Rockefeller and David Rockefeller, sold for US$9.76 million.[2]

## Personal life

[edit]

Frida Kahlo and Diego Rivera in 1932, photo by: Carl Van Vechten Amedeo Modigliani, Portrait of Diego Rivera, 1914

Rivera was born on December 8, 1886, in Guanajuato, Mexico, to María del Pilar Barrientos and Diego Rivera Acosta, a well-to-do couple.[3] His twin brother Carlos died at the age of two.[4]

His mother María del Pilar Barrientos was said to have converso ancestry (Spanish ancestors who were forced to convert from Judaism to Catholicism in the 15th and 16th centuries).[5] Rivera wrote in 1935: "My Jewishness is the dominant element in my life", despite never being raised practicing any Jewish faith, Rivera felt that his Jewish ancestry informed his art and gave him "sympathy with the downtrodden masses".[6][3] Diego was of Spanish, Amerindian, African, Italian, Jewish, Russian, and Portuguese descent.[3][7][8]

Rivera began drawing at the age of three, a year after his twin brother died. When he was caught drawing on the walls of the house, his parents installed chalkboards and canvas on the walls to encourage him.

### Marriages and family

[edit]

After moving to Paris, Rivera met Angelina Beloff, an artist from the pre-Revolutionary Russian Empire. They married in 1911, and had a son, Diego (1916–1918), who died young. During that time, Rivera also had a relationship with painter Maria Vorobieff-Stebelska, who gave birth to a daughter named Marika Rivera in 1918 or 1919.[9][page needed]

Portrait of Angelina Beloff, 1918

Rivera divorced Beloff and married Guadalupe Marín as his second wife in June 1922, after having returned to Mexico. They had two daughters, Ruth and Guadalupe.

From left to right, top to bottom, Leon Caillou, Rivera, David Alfaro Siqueiros, Magda Caillou, Angelina Beloff, Graciela Amador in Paris, 1920

He was still married when he met art student Frida Kahlo in Mexico. They began a passionate affair and, after he divorced Marín, Rivera married Kahlo on August 21, 1929. He was 42 and she was 22. Their mutual infidelities and his violent temper resulted in divorce in 1939, but they remarried December 8, 1940, in San Francisco. A year after Kahlo's death, on July 29, 1955, Rivera married Emma Hurtado, his agent since 1946. In his later years Rivera lived in the United States and Mexico. Rivera died on November 24, 1957, at the age of 70. He was buried at the Panteón de Dolores in Mexico City.[10]

### Personal beliefs

[edit]

Rivera was an atheist. His mural Dreams of a Sunday in the Alameda depicted Ignacio Ramírez holding a sign that read, "God does not exist". This work caused a furor, but Rivera refused to remove the inscription. The painting was not shown for nine years – until Rivera agreed to remove the inscription. He said, "To affirm 'God does not exist', I do not have to hide behind Don Ignacio Ramírez; I am an atheist and I consider religions to be a form of collective neurosis."[11]

### Art education and circle

[edit]

From the age of ten, Rivera studied art at the Academy of San Carlos in Mexico City. He was sponsored to continue study in Europe by Teodoro A. Dehesa Méndez, the governor of the State of Veracruz. After arriving in Europe in 1907, Rivera first went to Madrid, Spain to study with Eduardo Chicharro.

From there he went to Paris, a destination for young European and American artists and writers, who settled in inexpensive flats in Montparnasse. His circle frequented La Ruche, where his Italian friend Amedeo Modigliani painted his portrait in 1914.[12] His circle of close friends included Ilya Ehrenburg, Chaïm Soutine, Modigliani and his wife Jeanne Hébuterne, Max Jacob, gallery owner Léopold Zborowski, and Moise Kisling. Rivera's former lover Marie Vorobieff-Stebelska (Marevna) honored the circle in her painting Homage to Friends from Montparnasse (1962).[13]

In those years, some prominent young painters were experimenting with an art form that would later be known as Cubism, a movement led by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque. From 1913 to 1917, Rivera enthusiastically embraced this new style.[14] Around 1917, inspired by Paul Cézanne's paintings, Rivera shifted toward Post-Impressionism, using simple forms and large patches of vivid colors. His paintings began to attract attention, and he was able to display them at several exhibitions.

Rivera claimed in his autobiography that, while in Mexico in 1904, he engaged in cannibalism, pooling his money with others to "purchase cadavers from the city morgue" and particularly "relish[ing] women's brains in vinaigrette".[15][16][17] This claim has been considered factually suspect[18] or an elaborate lie.[19] He wrote in his autobiography: "I believe that when man evolves a civilization higher than the mechanized but still primitive one he has now, the eating of human flesh will be sanctioned. For then man will have thrown off all of his superstitions and irrational taboos."[20]

## Career in Mexico

[edit]

In 1920, urged by Alberto J. Pani, the Mexican ambassador to France, Rivera left France and traveled through Italy studying its art, including Renaissance frescoes. After José Vasconcelos became Minister of Education, Rivera returned to Mexico in 1921 to become involved in the government sponsored Mexican mural program planned by Vasconcelos.[21] See also Mexican muralism. The program included such Mexican artists as José Clemente Orozco, David Alfaro Siqueiros, and Rufino Tamayo, and the French artist Jean Charlot. In January 1922,[22][self-published source] he painted–experimentally in encaustic–his first significant mural Creation[23] in the Bolívar Auditorium of the National Preparatory School in Mexico City while guarding himself with a pistol against right-wing students.

Bodegón español, 1918

In the autumn of 1922, Rivera participated in the founding of the Revolutionary Union of Technical Workers, Painters and Sculptors, and later that year he joined the Mexican Communist Party[24] (including its Central Committee). His murals, subsequently painted only in fresco, are about Mexican society and reflected the country's 1910 Revolution. Rivera developed his own native style based on large, simplified figures and bold colors with an Aztec influence clearly present in murals at the Secretariat of Public Education in Mexico City[25] begun in September 1922, intended to consist of one hundred and twenty-four frescoes, and finished in 1928.[22] Rivera's art work, in a fashion similar to the steles of the Maya, tells stories. The mural En el Arsenal (In the Arsenal)[26] shows on the right-hand side Tina Modotti holding an ammunition belt and facing Julio Antonio Mella, in a light hat, and Vittorio Vidali behind in a black hat. However, the En el Arsenal detail shown does not include the right-hand side described nor any of the three individuals mentioned; instead it shows the left-hand side with Frida Kahlo handing out munitions. Leon Trotsky lived with Rivera and Kahlo for several months while exiled in Mexico.[27] Some of Rivera's most famous murals are featured at the National School of Agriculture (Chapingo Autonomous University of Agriculture) at Chapingo near Texcoco (1925–1927), in the Cortés Palace in Cuernavaca (1929–30), and the National Palace in Mexico City (1929–30, 1935).[28][29][30]

Rivera painted murals in the main hall and corridor at the Chapingo Autonomous University of Agriculture (UACh). He also painted a fresco mural titled Tierra Fecundada[31] (Fertile Land in English) in the university's chapel between 1923 and 1927. Fertile Land depicts the revolutionary struggles of Mexico's peasant (farmers) and working classes (industry) in part through the depiction of hammer and sickle joined by a star in the soffit of the chapel. In the mural, a "propagandist" points to another hammer and sickle. The mural features a woman with an ear of corn in each hand, which art critic Antonio Rodriguez describes as evocative of the Aztec goddess of maize in his book Canto a la Tierra: Los murales de Diego Rivera en la Capilla de Chapingo.

The corpses of revolutionary heroes Emiliano Zapata and Otilio Montano are shown in graves, their bodies fertilizing the maize field above. A sunflower in the center of the scene "glorifies those who died for an ideal and are reborn, transfigured, into the fertile cornfield of the nation", writes Rodrigues. The mural also depicts Rivera's wife Guadalupe Marin as a fertile nude goddess and their daughter Guadalupe Rivera y Marin as a cherub.[32] The mural was slightly damaged in an earthquake, but has since been repaired and touched up, remaining in pristine form.[citation needed]

## Later years

[edit]

En el Arsenal (detail), 1928 Portrait of Diego Rivera, March 19, 1932; photo by Carl Van Vechten Rivera (left) accompanies the director Rudolf Engel (center) and vice-president Otto Nagel (right) of the Akademie der Künste der DDR; Berlin Ostbahnhof, March 21, 1956

In the autumn of 1927, Rivera went to Moscow, Soviet Union, having accepted a government invitation to take part in the celebration of the 10th anniversary of the October Revolution. The following year, while still in the Soviet Union, he met American Alfred H. Barr Jr., who would soon become Rivera's friend and patron. Barr was the founding director of the Museum of Modern Art in New York City.[33]

Although commissioned to paint a mural for the Red Army Club in Moscow, in 1928 Rivera was ordered by authorities to leave the country because, he suspected, of "resentment on the part of certain Soviet artists."[34] He returned to Mexico. In 1929, after the assassination of former president Álvaro Obregón the previous year, the government suppressed the Mexican Communist Party. That year Rivera was expelled from the party because of his suspected Trotskyite sympathies. In addition, observers noted that his 1928 mural In the Arsenal includes the figures of communists Tina Modotti, Cuban Julio Antonio Mella, and Italian Vittorio Vidali. After Mella was murdered in January 1929, allegedly by Stalinist assassin Vidali, Rivera was accused of having had advance knowledge of a planned attack.

After divorcing his second wife, Guadalupe (Lupe) Marin, Rivera married the much younger Frida Kahlo in August 1929. They had met when she was a student, and she was 22 years old when they married; Rivera was 42. Also in 1929, American journalist Ernestine Evans's book The Frescoes of Diego Rivera, was published in New York City; it was the first English-language book on the artist. In December, Rivera accepted a commission from the American ambassador to Mexico to paint murals in the Palace of Cortés in Cuernavaca, where the US had a consulate.[35]

In September 1930, Rivera accepted a commission by architect Timothy L. Pflueger for two works related to his design projects in San Francisco. Rivera and Kahlo went to the city in November. Rivera painted a mural for the City Club of the San Francisco Stock Exchange for US$2,500.[36] He also completed a fresco for the California School of Fine Art, a work that was later relocated to what is now the Diego Rivera Gallery at the San Francisco Art Institute.[35] During that period, Rivera and Kahlo worked and lived at the studio of Ralph Stackpole, who had recommended Rivera to Pflueger. Rivera met Helen Wills Moody, a notable American tennis player, who modeled for his City Club mural.[36]

In November 1931, the Museum of Modern Art in New York City mounted a retrospective exhibition of Rivera's work; Kahlo attended with him.[37] Between 1932 and 1933, Rivera completed a major commission: twenty-seven fresco panels, entitled Detroit Industry, on the walls of an inner court at the Detroit Institute of Arts. Part of the cost was paid by Edsel Ford, scion of the entrepreneur.

During the McCarthyism of the 1950s, a large sign was placed in the courtyard defending the artistic merit of the murals while attacking his politics as "detestable."[33]

House of Diego Rivera and Frida Kahlo (built by Juan O'Gorman in 1930)

His mural Man at the Crossroads, originally a three-paneled work,[38] begun as a commission for John D. Rockefeller Jr. in 1933 for the Rockefeller Center in New York City, was later destroyed. Because it included a portrait of Vladimir Lenin, former leader of the Soviet Union and Marxist pro-worker content, Rockefeller's son, the press, and some of the public protested, but the decision to destroy it was made by the management company. Anti-Communism ran high in some American circles, although many others in this period of the Great Depression had been drawn to the movement as offering hope to labor.

When Rivera refused to remove Lenin from the painting, he was ordered to leave the US. One of Rivera's assistants managed to take a few photographs of the work so Diego was able to later recreate it. American poet Archibald MacLeish wrote six "irony-laden" poems about the mural.[39] The New Yorker magazine published E. B. White's light poem, "I paint what I see: A ballad of artistic integrity", also in response to the controversy with number of sponsors taking offense to it.[40] As a result of the negative publicity, officials in Chicago cancelled their commission for Rivera to paint a mural for the Chicago World's Fair. Rivera released a press statement, saying that he would use the remaining money from his commission at Rockefeller Center to repaint the same mural, over and over, wherever he was asked, until the money ran out. He had been paid in full although the mural was reportedly destroyed. There have been rumors that the mural was covered over rather than removed and destroyed, but this has not been confirmed. In December 1933, Rivera returned to Mexico. He repainted Man at the Crossroads in 1934 in the Palacio de Bellas Artes in Mexico City, calling this version Man, Controller of the Universe.

Diego Rivera's Pan American Unity mural (1940) under restoration in the Roberts Family Gallery at SFMOMA, July 19, 2021;[41] photo by Steven Saylor

On June 5, 1940, invited again by Pflueger, Rivera returned for the last time to the United States to paint a ten-panel mural for the Golden Gate International Exposition in San Francisco. His work, Pan American Unity was completed November 29, 1940. Rivera painted in front of attendees at the Exposition, which had already opened. He received US$1,000 per month and US$1,000 for travel expenses.[36] The mural includes representations of two of Pflueger's architectural works, and portraits of Rivera's wife, Frida Kahlo, woodcarver Dudley C. Carter, and actress Paulette Goddard. She is shown holding Rivera's hand as they plant a white tree together.[36] Rivera's assistants on the mural included Thelma Johnson Streat, a pioneer African-American artist, dancer, and textile designer. The mural and its archives are now held by City College of San Francisco.[42][43]

In 1946-47, Rivera painted A Dream of a Sunday Afternoon in the Alameda Park, a fresco that featured a fully elaborated figure of La Calavera Catrina. This character, which was created by José Guadalupe Posada, originally consisted of a print depicting the head and shoulders of a skeletal woman in a big hat. Rivera endowed his Catrina figure with indigenous features and thus transformed her into a nationalist icon. Catrina is the most common image associated with Day of the Dead.[44]

### Membership in AMORC

[edit]

The Tomb of Diego Rivera in The Rotunda of Illustrious Persons inside the Panteón de Dolores

In 1926, Rivera became a member of AMORC, the Ancient Mystical Order Rosae Crucis, an occult organization founded by American occultist Harvey Spencer Lewis. In 1926, Rivera was among the founders of AMORC's Mexico City lodge, called Quetzalcoatl after an ancient indigenous god. He painted an image of Quetzalcoatl for the local temple.[45]

In 1954, Rivera tried to be readmitted into the Mexican Communist Party. He had been expelled in part because of his support of Trotsky, who had been exiled and assassinated years before in Mexico. Rivera was required to justify his AMORC activities. At the time, the Mexican Communist Party excluded persons involved in Freemasonry, and regarded AMORC as suspiciously similar to Freemasonry.[46] Rivera told his questioners that, by joining AMORC, he wanted to infiltrate a typical "Yankee" organization on behalf of Communism. However, he also claimed that AMORC was "essentially materialist, insofar as it only admits different states of energy and matter, and is based on ancient Egyptian occult knowledge from Amenhotep IV and Nefertiti."[47]

### Representation in other media

[edit]

Diego Rivera has been portrayed in several films. He was played by Rubén Blades in Cradle Will Rock (1999), by Alfred Molina in Frida (2002), and (in a brief appearance) by José Montini in Eisenstein in Guanajuato (2015).

Barbara Kingsolver's novel, The Lacuna features Rivera, Kahlo, and Leon Trotsky as major characters. An important scene of the Netflix television series Sense8 (Episode S1E8 Death Doesn't Let You Say Goodbye, broadcast in 2015) is played in the Anahuacalli Museum, called “Diego Rivera Museum” by the Lito character. He and his co-sensate, Nomi, discuss about Rivera sitting in front of what is supposed to be a sketch of Rivera's Man at the Crossroads mural for the Rockefeller Center, destroyed in 1933 by Rockefeller.

## Autobiography

[edit]

My Life, My Art: An Autobiography, by Diego Rivera, with Gladys March,[48] was published posthumously in 1960. Beginning with a 1944 interview for a newspaper article, March "spent several months each year with Rivera, eventually filling 2,000 pages with his recollections and interpretations of his art and life", and compiled an autobiography, written in the first person.[49]

## Gallery

[edit]

### Paintings

[edit]

* Self-portrait with Broad-Brimmed Hat, 1907, 84.5 × 61.5 cm. Museo Dolores Olmedo

* Avila Morning (The Ambles Valley), 1908, 97 × 123 cm. Museo Nacional de Arte

* Street in Ávila (Ávila Landscape), 1908, 129 × 141 cm. Museo Nacional de Arte

* El Picador, 1909, 177 × 113 cm. Museo Dolores Olmedo

* The House on the Bridge, 1909, 147 × 121 cm. Museo Nacional de Arte

* After the Storm (The Grounded Ship), 1910, 120.7 × 146.7 cm. Museo Nacional de Arte

* Landscape, 1911. Frida Kahlo Museum.

* Portrait of Adolfo Best Maugard, 1913, 227.5 × 161.5 cm. Museo Nacional de Arte

* Adoration of the Virgin and Child, 1912–13, oil and encaustic on canvas, 150 × 120 cm, private collection

* The Sun Breaking through the Mist, 1913, 83.5 × 59 cm. Museo Dolores Olmedo

* The Woman at the Well, 1913, 145 × 125 cm. Museo Nacional de Arte

* The Alarm Clock, 1914. Frida Kahlo Museum

* Two Women (Dos Mujeres, Portrait of Angelina Beloff and Maria Dolores Bastian), 1914, 197.5 × 161.3 cm. Arkansas Arts Center

* Portrait de Messieurs Kawashima et Foujita, 1914, oil and collage on canvas, 78.5 × 74 cm. Private collection

* Young Man with a Fountain Pen, 1914, 79.5 × 63.5 cm. Museo Dolores Olmedo

* El Rastro, 1915, 27.5 × 38.5 cm. Museo Dolores Olmedo

* Portrait of Ramón Gómez de la Serna, 1915, 109.6 × 90.2 cm. Latin American Art Museum of Buenos Aires

* Zapata-style Landscape, 1915, 145 × 125 cm. Museo Nacional de Arte

* Portrait of Marevna, c.1915, 145.7 × 112.7 cm. Art Institute of Chicago

* Seated Woman (Women with the Body of a Guitar), 1915–16. Frida Kahlo Museum

* Urban Landscape, 1916. Frida Kahlo Museum

* Still Life with Tulips (Naturaleza Muerta con Tulipanes), 1916, oil on canvas, 67.8 × 53.7 cm

* Le bock, 1917

* Knife and Fruit in Front of the Window, 1917, 91.8 × 92.4 cm. Museo Dolores Olmedo

* Still Life with Utensils, 1917, 71 × 54 cm. Museo Dolores Olmedo

* The Mathematician, 1919, 115.5 × 80.5 cm. Museo Dolores Olmedo

* Maternidad, Angelina y el niño Diego (Motherhood, Angelina and the Child Diego), c. August 1916, oil on canvas, 134.5 × 88.5 cm, Museo de Arte Carrillo Gil. This work forms part of Rivera's Crystal Cubist period

* The Outskirts of Paris, 1918

* Still Life with Ricer also known as Still Life with Garlic Press, 1918

* Bather of Tehuantepec, 1923

* Flowers festival, 1925

* Cargadora con perro, 1927

### Murals

[edit]

* Mural of exploitation of Mexico by Spanish conquistadores, Palacio Nacional, Mexico City (1929–1945)

* Mural of the Aztec city of Tenochtitlan, Palacio Nacional, Mexico City

* Mural of the Aztec market of Tlatelolco, Palacio Nacional, Mexico City

* Mural showing Aztec production of gold, Palacio Nacional, Mexico City

* Mural showing Totonaca celebrations and ceremonies, Palacio Nacional, Mexico City

* Detail of Man, Controller of the Universe, fresco at Palacio de Bellas Artes showing Leon Trotsky, Friedrich Engels, and Karl Marx

* Detail of Man, Controller of the Universe, fresco at Palacio de Bellas Artes showing Vladimir Lenin

* Mural (detail) Sueño de una Tarde Dominical en la Alameda Central in Mexico City, featuring Rivera and Frida Kahlo standing by La Calavera Catrina (width: 15.6 m)

* Mural at the National Palace, Mexico City

* Diego Rivera's mural The History of Mexico at the National Palace in Mexico City

* Detail of The History of Mexico showing betrayed revolution at Palacio Nacional, Mexico City

* Recreation of Man at the Crossroads (renamed Man, Controller of the Universe), originally created in 1934 (detail)

* View of the Murals by Diego Rivera in the Palacio Nacional

* Detroit Industry, North Wall, 1932–33. Detroit Institute of Arts

* Detroit Industry, South Wall, 1932–33. Detroit Institute of Arts

### Sculptures

[edit]

* Tlaloc Fountain in Cárcamo de Dolores, Mexico City, 1951

* 3D mural of Quetzalcóatl in the Exekatlkalli (Casa de los Vientos) in Acapulco, Guerrero, 1957

## See also

[edit]

* Mexico portal
* Biography portal
* Visual arts portal

* List of works by Diego Rivera
* Anahuacalli Museum
* Crystal Cubism
* Elaine Hamilton-O'Neal
* Jewish culture
* Gabriel Bracho, Venezuelan muralist
* Cárcamo de Dolores
* Glorious Victory painting of the 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état that the CIA backed to overthrow the democratically elected Guatemalan president Jacobo Arbenz.
* María Izquierdo

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Traurig, Greenberg (November 26, 2014). "In love with Diego or Frida? A brief look at Mexican art regulations". Cultural Assets. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
2. ^ Feingold, Spencer (May 10, 2018). "Diego Rivera painting becomes highest-priced Latin American art". CNN. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
3. ^ a b c Marnham, Patrick (1998). "Dreaming With His Eyes Open, A Life of Diego Rivera". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 16, 2018. Retrieved March 4, 2021.
4. ^ online biography Retrieved October 13, 2010
5. ^ Lipman, Jennifer (November 24, 2010). "On this day: Diego Rivera dies, November 24 1957: a portrait of an artist". The Jewish Chronicle. Archived from the original on December 21, 2010. Retrieved March 4, 2021. "His mother was a Converso, a Jew whose ancestors had been forced to convert to Catholicism. Although he was not raised as a Jew and later declared himself an atheist"
6. ^ "Mexico Virtual Jewish History Tour". Jewish Virtual Library, A Project of Aice. American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise. Archived from the original on January 23, 2003. Retrieved September 20, 2012.
7. ^ "A ascendência portuguesa de Diego Rivera | BUALA". www.buala.org. Retrieved May 22, 2023.
8. ^ "O sangue português de Diego Rivera". September 12, 2018.
9. ^ Angelina Beloff, Memorias
10. ^ "Diego Rivera — Biography". artinthepicture.com. Archived from the original on December 14, 2007. Retrieved December 14, 2007.
11. ^ Stein, Philip (1994). Siqueiros: His Life and Works. New York City: International Publishers Co. p. 176\. ISBN 0-7178-0706-1.
12. ^ "Modigliani, Amedeo - 1914 Portrait of Diego Rivera (Museo de Arte, Sao Paolo, Brazil) | Flickr - Photo Sharing!". Flickr. June 2, 2009. Retrieved December 8, 2011.
13. ^ "M. Marevna, 'Homage to Friends from Montparnasse', 1962, A private collection, Moscow". The State Russian Museum. Archived from the original on October 11, 2007. Retrieved December 14, 2007.
14. ^ Gale, Robert L. (February 2000). Millet, Francis Davis (1846-1912), artist and writer. American National Biography Online. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1700588.
15. ^ Rivera, Diego, My Art, My Life: An Autobiography (with Gladys March), New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1991, p. 20; originally published by The Citadel Press, New York, 1960.
16. ^ Sleeping With the Enemy
17. ^ An experiment in cannibalism
18. ^ Lewis F. Petrinovich, The Cannibal Within, Transaction Publishers, 2000, ISBN 0202369501
19. ^ Pete Hamill, Diego Rivera, Harry N. Abrams, 1999, ISBN 0810932342
20. ^ Rivera, Diego, My Art, My Life: An Autobiography (with Gladys March), 1991, p. 21.
21. ^ "Diego Rivera: Biography". Retrieved September 22, 2007.
22. ^ a b "Diego Rivera: Chronology". Yahoo! GeoCities. Archived from the original on March 8, 2008. Retrieved September 21, 2007.
23. ^ "Diego Rivera. Creation. / La creación. 1922–3". Olga's Gallery. Retrieved December 14, 2007.
24. ^ "Diego Rivera". Fred Buch. Retrieved September 22, 2007.
25. ^ "Diego Rivera". Olga's Gallery. Retrieved December 14, 2007.
26. ^ "Diego Rivera. From the cycle: Political Vision of the Mexican People (Court of Fiestas): Insurrection aka The Distribution of Arms. / El Arsenal – Frida Kahlo repartiendoarmas". Olga's Gallery. Retrieved December 14, 2007.
27. ^ Chasteen, John Charles. Born in Blood and Fire, W. W. Norton & Company, 2006, p. 225.
28. ^ "Diego Rivera". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved September 21, 2007.
29. ^ "Diego Rivera". Answers.com. Retrieved September 21, 2007.
30. ^ "Images of Murals by Diego Rivera in the Palacio Nacional de Mexico". homepages.bluffton.edu. Retrieved September 26, 2023.
31. ^ "Scala Archives -". www.scalarchives.com. Archived from the original on January 5, 2022. Retrieved January 5, 2022.
32. ^ "ART: The Mexico of My Father". May 11, 2016.
33. ^ a b Schjeldahl, Peter (November 28, 2011). "The Painting on the Wall". The New Yorker. Condé Nast. pp. 84–85. Retrieved January 12, 2012.
34. ^ Rivera, Diego, My Art, My Life: An Autobiography (with Gladys March), 1991, p. 93.
35. ^ a b "The Commission". San Francisco Art Institute. Archived from the original on September 9, 2006. Retrieved September 22, 2007.
36. ^ a b c d Poletti, Therese; Paiva, Tom (2008). Art Deco San Francisco: The Architecture of Timothy Pflueger. Princeton Architectural Press. ISBN 978-1-56898-756-9.
37. ^ Gerry Souter (2012). Kahlo. New York: Parkstone International. ISBN 9781780424385. p. 18.
38. ^ O'Sullivan, Michael (January 23, 2014). "'Man at the Crossroads' art review". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved April 21, 2020.
39. ^ "Archibald MacLeish Criticism". Enotes.com. Retrieved December 8, 2011.
40. ^ White, E. B. (May 20, 1933). "I paint what I see". The New Yorker. Art-talks.org. Retrieved December 8, 2011.
41. ^ "Pan American Unity: A Mural by Diego Rivera". www.sfmoma.org. Retrieved June 1, 2024.
42. ^ "City College's "Pan American Unity" is at SFMOMA!". The Diego Rivera Mural Project. City College of San Francisco. Retrieved December 14, 2007.
43. ^ "Pan American Unity Mural". City College of San Francisco. Archived from the original on July 22, 2013. Retrieved July 17, 2013.
44. ^ Cordova, Ruben C. (2019). "José Guadalupe Posada and Diego Rivera Fashion Catrina: From Sellout To National Icon (and Back Again?)". Retrieved March 13, 2023.
45. ^ Raquel Tibol, "Apareció la serpiente: Diego Rivera y los rosacruces," Proceso 701 (April 9, 1990), pp. 50–53.
46. ^ Tibol, "Apareció la serpiente," p.53
47. ^ Diego Rivera, Arte y política, México: Grijalbo, 1979, p. 354. ISBN 968-419-083-2.
48. ^ Rivera, Diego, My Art, My Life: An Autobiography (with Gladys March), New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1991; originally published by The Citadel Press, New York, 1960.
49. ^ My Art, My Life: An Autobiography

## Notes

[edit]

## Further reading

[edit]

* Aguilar, Louis. "Detroit was muse to legendary artists Diego Rivera and Frida Kahlo". The Detroit News. April 6, 2011
* Azuela, Alicia. Diego Rivera en Detroit. Mexico City: UNAM 1985
* Bloch, Lucienne. "On location with Diego Rivera." Art in America 74 (February 1986, pp. 102–23
* Craven, David. Diego Rivera as Epic Modernist. New York: G.K. Hall 1997
* Dickerman, Leah, and Anna Indych-López. Diego Rivera: Murals for the Museum of Modern Art. New York: The Museum of Modern Art 2011
* Downs, Linda. Diego Rivera: The Detroit Industry Murals. Detroit: The Detroit Institute of Arts 1999
* Evans, Robert [Joseph Freeman]. "Painting and Politics: The Case of Diego Rivera." New Masses (February 1932) 22-25
* González Mello, Renato. "Manuel Gamio, Diego Rivera and the Politics of Mexican Anthropology." RES 45 (Spring 2004) 161-85
* Lee, Anthony. Painting on the Left: Rivera, Radical Politics, and San Francisco's Public Murals. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press 1999
* Linsley, Robert. "Utopia Will Not be Televised: Rivera at Rockefeller Center." Oxford Art Journal 17, no. 2 (1994) 48-62.
* Moyssén, Xavier, ed. Diego Rivera: Textos de arte. Mexico City: UNAM 1986
* Paquette, Catha (2017). At the Crossroads: Diego Rivera and his Patrons at MoMA, Rockefeller Center, and the Palace of Fine Arts. Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-1477311004.
* Rivera, Diego. Arte y política, Raquel Tibol, ed. Mexico City Grijalbo 1979
* Rivera, Diego and Gladys March. My Life, Life: An Autobiography. New York: Dover Publications 1960
* Rodrigues, Antonio. "Canto a la tierra: Los murales de Diego Rivera en la Capilla de Chapingo." (trans. Allyson Cadwell) Texcoco: Universidad Autonoma Chapingo, 1986 (1st reprint, 2000)
* Rochfort, Desmond. Mexican Muralists: Orozco, Rivera, Siqueiros, London: Laurence King, 1993
* Siqueiros, David Alfaro. "Rivera's Counter-Revolutionary Road." New Masses May 29, 1934
* Wolfe, Bertram. The Fabulous Life of Diego Rivera. New York: Stein and Day 1963
* Wolfe, Bertram and Diego Rivera. Portrait of Mexico. New York: Covici, Friede Publishers 1937

## External links

[edit]

Diego Rivera at Wikipedia's sister projects

* Media from Commons
* Quotations from Wikiquote
* Texts from Wikisource

* Creation (1931). From the Collections of the Library of Congress
* Trials of the Hero-Twins (1931) From the Collections at the Library of Congress
* Human Sacrifice Before Tohil (1931) From the Collections at the Library of Congress
* Cubist paintings by Rivera
* Diego Rivera discography at Discogs

* v
* t
* e

Diego Rivera

List of works

Murals|

* History of Morelos, Conquest and Revolution (1929–1930)
* The History of Mexico (1929–1935)
* Pan American Unity (1940)
* Sueño de una Tarde Dominical en la Alameda Central (1946–1947)

Frescoes|

* Detroit Industry Murals (1932–1933)
* Man at the Crossroads (1933, 1934)

Other paintings|

* The Rivals (1931)
* Zapata (1932)
* Glorious Victory (1954)

Museums|

* Anahuacalli Museum
* Frida Kahlo Museum
* Museo Dolores Olmedo
* Museo Mural Diego Rivera
* Pinacoteca Diego Rivera

Cultural
depictions|

* Frieda and Diego Rivera (1931 painting)
* The Two Fridas (1939 painting)
* Diego and I (1949 painting)
* The Love Embrace (1949 painting)
* Frida Still Life (1983 film)
* Frida (1991 opera)
* Diego et Frida (1993 book)
* Cradle Will Rock (1999 film)
* Frida (2002 film)
* Broken Wings (2016 ballet)
* Frida (2024 film)

Related|

* Angelina Beloff  (1st wife)
* Guadalupe Marín (2nd wife)
* Frida Kahlo (3rd wife)
* Marie Vorobieff (conjugal partner)
* Marika Rivera (daughter)
* Ruth Rivera Marín (daughter)
* Cristina Kahlo (model and sister-in-law)
* Tina Modotti (model)
* Diego Rivera Gallery

* v
* t
* e

Mexican muralism

Murals|

* History of Morelos, Conquest and Revolution (1929-1930)
* The History of Mexico (1929-1935)
* Prometheus (1930)
* América Tropical: Oprimida y Destrozada por los Imperialismos (1932)
* Detroit Industry Murals (1932-1933)
* The Epic of American Civilization (1932-1934)
* Man at the Crossroads (1934)
* Pan American Unity (1940)
* Sueño de una Tarde Dominical en la Alameda Central (1946-1947)
* Day and Night (1954)
* Still Life (1954)
* La Marcha de la Humanidad (1960s)

Museums|

* Museo Mural Diego Rivera
* San Ildefonso College

Artists|

* Diego Rivera
* David Alfaro Siqueiros
* José Clemente Orozco
* Alfredo Ramos Martínez
* Roberto Montenegro
* Federico Cantú
* Fernando Leal
* Rufino Tamayo
* Jorge González Camarena
* Desiderio Hernández Xochitiotzin
* Pedro Nel Gómez
* Juan O'Gorman
* Pablo O'Higgins
* José Chávez Morado
* Jean Charlot
* Ramón Alva de la Canal
* Raúl Anguiano
* Amado de la Cueva
* Fermín Revueltas
* Benito Messeguer
* Vlady Kibalchich Russakov
* Alfredo Zalce
* Manuel Rodriguez Lozano
* Jorge Figueroa Acosta
* Arnold Belkin
* Carlos Mérida
* Leopoldo Flores

* v
* t
* e

Past and present members of the Salón de la Plástica Mexicana

Artists|

* Gilberto Aceves Navarro
* Luis Acosta
* Aurea Aguilar
* Ignacio Aguirre
* Rodolfo Aguirre Tinoco
* Lourdes Alaniz
* Ernesto Alcántara
* Rosa María Alfonseca
* David Alfaro Siqueiros
* Ramón Alva de la Canal
* Ernesto Álvarez Cortés
* Jesús Álvarez Amaya
* Lola Álvarez Bravo
* Manuel Álvarez Bravo
* Colette Álvarez Urbajtel
* Jorge Alzaga
* Pablo Amor
* Raúl Anguiano
* Anibal Angulo
* Chappie Angulo
* Luis Y. Aragón
* Gustavo Arias Murueta
* Gabriela Arévalo
* Javier Arévalo
* Rolando Arjona
* Luis Arenal
* Gerardo Murillo ("Dr. Atl")
* Abelardo Ávila
* Oscar Ávila Soberanes
* Alfonso Ayala
* Héctor Ayala
* Ignacio Asúnsolo
* Octavio Bajonero
* Santos Balmori
* Pedro Banda
* Silvia Barbescu
* Osvaldo Barra Cunningham
* Sofía Bassi
* Feliciano Béjar
* Arnold Belkin
* Valerio Bello
* Angelina Beloff
* Alberto Beltrán
* Félix Beltrán
* Luis Beltrán
* Roberto Berdecio
* Ignacio M. Beteta
* Helen Bickham
* Ángel Bracho
* Adrian Brun
* Ángel Boliver
* Enrique Bostelmann
* Bruno Pablo Bresani
* Alejandro Caballero
* Rocío Caballero
* Geles Cabrera
* Yolanda Cabrera
* Celia Calderón
* Gloria Calero Sierra
* Susana Campos
* Alfonso Campos Quiroz
* Federico Canessi
* Federico Cantú
* Gerardo Cantú
* Francisco Cárdenas Martínez
* Alfredo Cardona Chacón
* Angélica Carrasco
* Julio Carrasco Bretón
* Leonora Carrington
* Jorja Carreño
* Beatriz Caso
* Pilar Castañeda
* Isidro Eduardo Castellanos Paredes
* Rosa Castillo
* Fidencio Castillo
* Carmen Castilleja
* Guillermo Castrejón
* Antonio Castro López
* Fernando Castro Pacheco
* Vita Castro
* Elizabeth Catlett
* Alberto Cavazos
* Guillermo Ceniceros
* Pedro Cervantes
* Enrique Climent
* Arnaldo Coen
* Vladimir Cora
* Flaviano Coral
* Pedro Coronel
* Álvaro Cortés
* Erasto Cortés Juárez
* Francisco Corzas
* Olga Costa
* Hugo Covantes
* Christa Cowrie
* José Víctor Crowley
* Héctor Cruz
* Marco Antonio Cruz
* Dolores Cueto
* Germán Cueto
* Alejandro Chacón Pineda
* Blanca Charolet
* Carlos Antonio Chávez
* José Chávez Morado
* Tomas Chávez Morado
* Maria Eugenia Chellet
* Julio Chico
* Chungtar Chong López
* Azteca de Gyves
* Myriam de la Riva
* Alberto de la Vega
* Gonzalo de la Paz Pérez
* Javier del Cueto
* Antonio Díaz Cortés
* Francisco Díaz de León
* María Elena Delgado
* Olga Dondé
* Roberto Donis
* Francisco Dosamantes
* Guillermina Dulché
* Armando Eguiza
* Evangelina Elizondo
* Laura Elenes
* Augusto Escobedo
* Jesús Escobedo
* Arturo Estrada
* Manuel Echauri
* Enrique Echeverría
* Alfredo Falfán Vivanco
* Gabriel Fernández Ledesma
* Javier Fernández Helguera
* Luis Filcer
* David Flores
* Leopoldo Flores
* Pedro Friedeberg
* Manuel Fuentes Estrada
* Mario Fuentes
* Dina Frumin
* Guillermo Gadda
* Byron Galvez
* Jesús Gallardo
* Mario Gallardo
* José Gama González
* Vicente Gandía
* José Julio Gaona
* Andrés Garay
* María García
* Arturo García Bustos
* Arturo García Campos
* Héctor García Cobo
* Carlos García Estrada
* José García Narezo
* José de Jesús García Gil
* Adalberto García Ordaz
* Luis García Robledo
* Antonio García Vega
* Mauricio García Vega
* Elva Garma
* Andrea Gómez
* Mauro Gómez
* Esther González Gómez
* Jorge González Camarena
* Melquiades González
* Silvia H. González
* Gregorio González
* Consuelo González Salazar
* Ignacio Granados
* Irma Grizá
* Alfredo Guati Rojo
* Arturo Guerrero
* Carlos Guerrero
* Jesús Guerrero Galván
* Lorenzo Guerrero
* Xavier Guerrero
* Ángela Gurría
* Luis Gutiérrez
* Jesús Gutiérrez Martínez
* Olivia Guzmán
* José Hernández Delgadillo
* Desiderio Hernández Xochitiotzin
* Miguel Hernández Urbán
* Cuauhtémoc Hernández Landa
* Víctor Manuel Hernández Castillo
* Manuel Herrera Cartalla
* Elena Huerta Muzquiz
* Rodolfo Hurtado
* Francisco Icaza
* Xavier Iñiguez
* María Izquierdo
* Tania Janco
* Carlos Jaurena
* Abel Jiménez
* Sarah Jiménez
* Alberto Jiménez Quinto
* Heriberto Juárez
* Juan Carlos Juárez Arreola
* Carlos Jurado
* Jazzamoart
* Frida Kahlo
* James Key
* Macrina Krauss
* Pablo Kubli
* María Lagunes
* Carlos Lamothe Silva
* Carmen Lang Merino
* Marisa Lara
* Gerardo Lartigue
* Paulina Lavista
* Agustín Lazo
* Rina Lazo
* Paula Lazos
* Fernando Leal
* Miguel Ledezma Campos
* Alfredo León Gil
* Rosa Lie Johansson
* Armando López Becerra
* Julia López
* Nacho López
* Amador Lugo
* Catherine Mac Deville
* Leonel Maciel
* Maridel Macluf
* Elsa Madrigal
* Francisco Magallán
* Maka
* Tosia Malamud
* Salvador Manzano
* Maria Luisa Martin
* Francisco Marín
* Arturo Márquez
* Ofelia Márquez Huitzil
* Mary Martín
* Héctor Martínez Arteche
* Gustavo Martínez Bermúdez
* Magdalena Martínez Franco
* Pedro Martínez Osorio
* Jesús Martínez
* Ricardo Martínez de Hoyos
* Ángel Mateos Benavides
* Daniel Manrique
* Rafael Mazón
* John Mc.Ghee
* Jody Mc.Grath
* Arturo Mecalco
* Ramiro Medina
* Jaime Mejía
* Patricia Mejía Contreras
* Deyanira África Melo
* Eliana Menassé
* Olga Méndez
* Leopoldo Méndez
* Antonio Mendoza
* Carlos Mérida
* Oscar Merino
* Rafael Merino
* Benito Messeguer
* Adolfo Mexiac
* Guillermo Meza
* Alfonso Michel
* Flor Minor
* Raúl Monje Poo
* José Monjaraz
* Roberto Montenegro
* Gustavo Montoya
* Francisco Mora
* Vicente Jesús Montes
* Aliria Morales
* Virginia Morales
* Alejandro Moreno
* Francisco Moreno Capdevila
* Nicolás Moreno
* Carlos Nakatani
* Rogelio Naranjo
* Eduardo Nasta Luna
* Antonio Nava
* Nefero
* Ignacio Nieves Beltrán
* Leonardo Nierman
* Claudia Nierman
* Rodolfo Nieto
* Luis Nishizawa
* Isidoro Ocampo
* Juan O'Gorman
* Pablo O'Higgins
* Froylan Ojeda
* Carlos Olachea
* Armando Ortega
* Ignacio Ortiz
* Trinidad Osorio
* Carlos Orozco Romero
* Mario Orozco Rivera
* Luis Ortiz Monasterio
* Javier Oteiza
* Fernando Pacheco
* Javier Padilla
* Sandra Pani
* Uriel Parker
* Mariano Paredes
* Tomás Parra
* Héctor Pérez Cruz
* Antonio Peláez
* Aida Petit Jean
* Feliciano Peña
* Ángel Pichardo
* Luz María Pizá Núñez
* Salvador Pizarro
* Enrique Pontones
* Pedro Preux
* Antonio Pujol
* Alejandro Quijano
* Yolanda Quijano
* Francisco Quintanar
* Adolfo Quinteros
* Fanny Rabel
* Alice Rahon
* Abel Ramírez Águilar
* Antonio Ramírez
* Everardo Ramírez
* Noemí Ramírez
* Jorge Germán Ramírez Nieto
* Mario Rendón Lozano
* María Luisa Reid
* Walter Reuter
* Maria Antonieta Reyes
* Jesús Reyes Ferreira
* Mario Reyes
* José Reyes Meza
* Antonio Reynoso
* Diego Rivera
* Elvia Rivero Chavero
* Gilberto Rodríguez
* Antonio Rodríguez de la Serna
* Antonio Rodríguez Luna
* Manuel Rodríguez Lozano
* Ignacio Rodríguez
* José Julio Rodríguez
* Oscar Rodríguez
* Tránsito Rojas Santamarina
* Rosa Rolanda
* Mario Romero González
* José Luis Rueda Leal
* José L. Ruíz
* Antonio Ruiz El Corcito
* Froylan Ruiz
* Juan Manuel Salazar
* Cecilia Sanchez Duarte
* Carlos Sánchez
* Sergio Sánchez Ramos
* Herlinda Sánchez Laurel
* Sebastián
* Alfredo Serrano Lara
* Victor Scareño
* Naomi Siegmann
* Sikuame
* Adriano Silva
* Adriano Silva Pantoja
* Waldemar Sjölander
* Luz Maria Solloa Junco
* Elena Somonte
* Juan Soriano
* Hermenegildo Sosa
* Rosendo Soto
* Valetta Swann
* Eduardo Talledos Sánchez
* Rufino Tamayo
* Leticia Tarragó
* José Guillermo Téllez Brun
* Silvia Tinoco
* Luis Toledo
* Elena Tolmacs
* Maria Teresa Toral
* Ángeles Torrejón
* Gerardo Torres
* Jorge Tovar
* Guillermo Toussaint
* Paulina Trejo
* Lucinda Urrusti
* Cordelia Urueta
* Luis Valsoto
* Sergio Valadez Estrada
* Ángel Vallarta
* Nancy van Overveldt
* Aniceto Vargas
* Zalathiel Vargas
* Octavio Vázquez
* Reynaldo Velázquez
* Gabriel Vergara
* Fernando Vilchis
* Alfonso Villanueva
* Luis Vizuet
* Vlady
* Barry Wolfrid
* Héctor Xavier
* Mariana Yampolsky
* Moisés Zabludovsky
* Alfredo Zalce
* Ángel Zamarripa
* Beatriz Zamora
* Álvaro Zardoni
* Gerardo Zarr
* Nahum B. Zenil
* Francisco Zúñiga
* José Zúñiga
* Celso Zubire

* v
* t
* e

Frida Kahlo

Paintings|

* Self-portrait in a Velvet Dress (1926)
* Frieda and Diego Rivera (1931)
* Henry Ford Hospital (1932)
* My Dress Hangs There (1933)
* Memory, the Heart (1937)
* Self-Portrait Dedicated to Leon Trotsky (1937)
* The Frame (1938)
* Self-Portrait with Monkey (1938)
* The Suicide of Dorothy Hale (1938)
* What the Water Gave Me (1938)
* The Two Fridas (1939)
* Two Nudes in a Forest (1939)
* Self-Portrait with Thorn Necklace and Hummingbird (1940)
* The Wounded Table (1940)
* The Broken Column (1944)
* The Wounded Deer (1946)
* Self Portrait with Loose Hair (1947)
* Diego and I (1949)
* The Love Embrace of the Universe, the Earth (Mexico), Myself, Diego, and Señor Xolotl (1949)

Works about Kahlo|

* Frida Still Life (1983 film)
* Frida: A Biography of Frida Kahlo (1983)
* Frida (1991 opera)
* Diego et Frida (1993 biography)
* Frida (2002 film)
* Broken Wings (2016 ballet)
* Frida (2024 film)

Other depictions|

* The History of Mexico (1935 mural)
* Pan American Unity (1940 mural)
* Dream of a Sunday Afternoon in the Alameda Central (1947 mural)
* Cradle Will Rock (1999 film)
* Coco (2017 animated film)

Related|

* Frida Kahlo Home and Museum
* Diego Rivera (husband)
* Cristina Kahlo (sister)
* Guillermo Kahlo (father)
* Museo Dolores Olmedo

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Authority control databases

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* VIAF

National|

* Germany
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* BnF data
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Artists|

* ULAN
* RKD Artists
* KulturNav
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People|

* Trove
* Deutsche Biographie

Other|

* NARA
* SNAC

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