Dogma

Beliefs accepted by members of a group without question

This article is about established beliefs, doctrines or sets of theological or philosophical tenets. For other uses, see Dogma (disambiguation).

Dogma, in its broadest sense, is any belief held definitively and without the possibility of reform. It may be in the form of an official system of principles or doctrines of a religion, such as Judaism, Roman Catholicism, Protestantism,[1] or Islam, the positions of a philosopher or philosophical school, such as Stoicism, and political belief systems such as fascism, socialism, progressivism, liberalism, and conservatism.[2][3]

In the pejorative sense, dogma refers to enforced decisions, such as those of aggressive political interests or authorities.[4][5] More generally, it is applied to some strong belief that its adherents are not willing to discuss rationally. This attitude is named as a dogmatic one, or dogmatism, and is often used to refer to matters related to religion, though this pejorative sense strays far from the formal sense in which it is applied to religious belief. The pejorative sense is not limited to theistic attitudes alone and is often used with respect to political or philosophical dogmas.

## Etymology

[edit]

See also: Doxa

The word dogma was adopted in the 17th century from Latin: dogma, lit. 'philosophical tenet or principle', derived from the Ancient Greek: δόγμα, romanized: dogma, lit. 'opinion, belief, judgement' from the Ancient Greek: δοκεῖ, romanized: dokeî, lit. 'it seems that...'. The plural is based on the Latin: dogmata, though dogmas may be more commonly used in English.

## In philosophy

[edit]

### Pyrrhonism

[edit]

Part of a series on

Pyrrhonism

Pyrrhonists

* Pyrrho
* Timon of Phlius
* Aenesidemus
* Agrippa the Skeptic
* Sextus Empiricus

Concepts

* Ataraxia
* Acatalepsy
* Adiaphora
* Aporia
* Dogma
* Epoché

Similar philosophies

* Academic skepticism

Modern influence

* Münchhausen trilemma
* Benson Mates
* Robert Fogelin

Philosophy portal

* v
* t
* e

In Pyrrhonism, "dogma" refers to assent to a proposition about a non-evident matter.[6] The main principle of Pyrrhonism is expressed by the word acatalepsia, which connotes the ability to withhold assent from doctrines regarding the truth of things in their own nature; against every statement its contradiction may be advanced with equal justification. Consequently, Pyrrhonists withhold assent with regard to non-evident propositions, i.e., dogmas.[7] Pyrrhonists argue that dogmatists, such as the Stoics, Epicureans, and Peripatetics, have failed to demonstrate that their doctrines regarding non-evident matters are true.

## In religion

[edit]

### Christianity

[edit]

In Christianity, a dogma is a belief communicated by divine revelation and defined by the Church,[8] The organization's formal religious positions may be taught to new members or simply communicated to those who choose to become members. It is rare for agreement with an organization's formal positions to be a requirement for attendance, though membership may be required for some church activities.[8]

In the narrower sense of the church's official interpretation of divine revelation,[9] theologians distinguish between defined and non-defined dogmas, the former being those set out by authoritative bodies such as the Roman Curia for the Catholic Church, the latter being those which are universally held but have not been officially defined, the nature of Christ as universal redeemer being an example.[10] The term originated in late ancient Greek philosophy legal usage, in which it meant a decree or command, and came to be used in the same sense in early Christian theology.[11] Protestants to differing degrees are less formal about doctrine, and often rely on denomination-specific beliefs, but seldom refer to these beliefs as dogmata. The first[citation needed] unofficial institution of dogma in the Christian church was by Saint Irenaeus in his Demonstration of Apostolic Teaching, which provides a 'manual of essentials' constituting the 'body of truth'.

#### Catholicism and Eastern Christianity

[edit]

Main article: Dogma in the Catholic Church

For Catholicism and Eastern Christianity, the dogmata are contained in the Nicene Creed and the canon laws of two, three, seven, or twenty ecumenical councils (depending on whether one is Church of the East, Oriental Orthodox, Eastern Orthodox, or Roman Catholic). These tenets are summarized by John of Damascus in his Exact Exposition of the Orthodox Faith, which is the third book of his main work, titled The Fount of Knowledge. In this book he takes a dual approach in explaining each article of the faith: one, directed at Christians, where he uses quotes from the Bible and, occasionally, from works of other Church Fathers, and the second, directed both at members of non-Christian religions and at atheists, for whom he employs Aristotelian logic and dialectics.

The decisions of fourteen later councils that Catholics hold as dogmatic and a small number of decrees promulgated by popes exercising papal infallibility (for examples, see Immaculate Conception and Assumption of Mary) are considered as being a part of the Catholic Church's sacred body of dogma.

### Judaism

[edit]

In the Jewish commentary tradition, dogma is a principle by which the Rabbanim can try the proofs of faith about the existence of God and truth;[12] dogma is what is necessarily true for rational thinking.[13] In Jewish Kabbalah, a dogma is an archetype of the Pardes or Torah Nistar, the secrets of Bible. In the relation between "logical thinking" and "rational Kabbalah" the "Partzuf" is the means to identify "dogma".[clarification needed]

### Buddhism

[edit]

Main article: View (Buddhism)

View or position (Sanskrit: दृष्टि, romanized: dṛṣṭi; Pali: diṭṭhi) is a central idea in Buddhism that corresponds with the Western notion of dogma.[14] In Buddhist thought, a view is not a simple, abstract collection of propositions, but a charged interpretation of experience which intensely shapes and affects thought, sensation, and action.[15] Having the proper mental attitude toward views is therefore considered an integral part of the Buddhist path, as sometimes correct views need to be put into practice and incorrect views abandoned, while at other times all views are seen as obstacles to enlightenment.[16]

### Islam

[edit]

In the context of Islam, dogma is best translated as عقيدة (ʿAqīda).

ʿAqīda refers to the core tenets of Islamic belief, such as faith in Allah, the prophets, the afterlife, and other essential doctrines. It is a fundamental aspect of Islamic theology, and different Islamic schools (e.g., Ashʿarī, Māturīdī, and Salafī) have varying interpretations of ʿAqīda while agreeing on its foundational principles.

## See also

[edit]

* Axiom – Statement that is taken to be true
* Central dogma of molecular biology – Explanation of the flow of genetic information within a biological system
* Doctrine#Religious usage – Codification of beliefs
* Dogmatic theology – Theology of theoretical official truths
* Escalation of commitment – A human behavior pattern in which the participant takes on increasingly greater risk
* Faith – Confidence or trust, often characterized as without evidence
* Pseudoskepticism – Position that appears to be skeptic but is actually dogmatic
* Standard social science model – Alleged model of social science thought

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "Dogma". New Advent Catholic Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 5 June 2022. Retrieved 5 October 2016.
2. ^ "Yes, liberal democracy is struggling, and the progressive left isn't helping". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 16 January 2021.
3. ^ "Challenging the Dogmas of Right and Left". The Atlantic. 18 September 2017. Archived from the original on 17 January 2021. Retrieved 16 January 2021.
4. ^ "dogma". Merriam-Webster.com. Encyclopædia Britannica Company, Inc. Archived from the original on 2022-07-29.
5. ^ "Dogma". dictionary.com. Archived from the original on 23 September 2016. Retrieved 4 October 2016.
6. ^ Sextus Empiricus, 'Outlines of Pyrrhonism', I. 13.
7. ^ Sextus Empiricus, 'Outlines of Pyrrhonism', I. 14.
8. ^ a b Blackburn 2016, p. 139.
9. ^ Stanglin 2009, p. 240.
10. ^ O'Collins 1983, pp. 162–163.
11. ^ McKim 2001, p. 350.
12. ^ Joseph Albo, Sefer HaIkkarim
13. ^ "Fons Vitae" of Solomon ibn Gabirol
14. ^ Fuller 2005, p. 1.
15. ^ Lusthaus, Dan (2002). Buddhist Phenomenology (PDF). Routledge. p. 242, n. 46. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-02-19. Retrieved 2018-08-27.
16. ^ Fuller 2005, pp. 1–2.

## Bibliography

[edit]

* Blackburn, Simon (2016). "Dogma". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-873530-4.
* Fuller, Paul (2005). The Notion of Diṭṭhi in Theravāda Buddhism: The Point of View (PDF). Routledge. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 26, 2015.
* McKim, D.K. (2001). "Dogma". In Elwell, Walter A. (ed.). Evangelical Dictionary of Theology. Baker Academic. ISBN 978-0-8010-2075-9.
* O'Collins, Gerald (1983). "Dogma". In Richardson, Alan; Bowden, John (eds.). The Westminster Dictionary of Christian Theology. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-664-22748-7.
* Stanglin, K.D. (2009). "Dogma". In Dyrness, William A.; Kärkkäinen, Veli-Matti (eds.). Global Dictionary of Theology: A Resource for the Worldwide Church. InterVarsity Press. ISBN 978-0-8308-7811-6.

## External links

[edit]

Look up dogma in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Wikiquote has quotations related to Dogma.

Wikisource has the text of the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia article Dogma.

* Dogma Archived 2007-02-13 at the Wayback Machine – Strong's N.T. Greek Lexicon
* Il Domani – terribile o radioso? – del Dogma Archived 2014-09-26 at the Wayback Machine, a book by Enrico Maria Radaelli with a Preface by Roger Scruton and comments by Brunero Gherardini, Alessandro Gnocchi-Mario Palmaro, and Mario Oliveri (Roma 2012)
* Irenaeus. Demonstration of the Apostolic Preaching. pp. 70–75. [online] available at: Christian Classics ethereal library St. Irenaeus: Demonstration of the Apostolic Preaching – Christian Classics Ethereal Library [Accessed 20 June 2017]

* v
* t
* e

Conformity

Enforcement|

| Proscription|

* Damnatio memoriae
* Dissident / Dissenter
* Exile
* Émigré
* Homo sacer
* Ostracism
* Blacklisting
* Cancel culture
* Censorship
* Deplatforming
* Outcast
* Outlaw
* Civil death
* Vogelfrei
* Persona non grata
* Public enemy
* Enemy of the people
* Enemy of the state
* Scapegoating
* Shunning

|

Governmental pressure|

* Authoritarianism
* Harmonisation of law
* Nationalism
* Left-wing nationalism
* National conservatism
* Totalitarianism
* Tyranny of the majority

Group pressure|

* Bandwagon effect
* Brainwashing
* Closure (sociology)
* Collectivism
* Consensus reality
* Culture shock
* Dogma
* Echo chamber
* False consensus effect
* Fear of missing out
* Groupthink
* Hazing
* Herd mentality
* Identification (psychology)
* Indoctrination
* Invented tradition
* Memory conformity
* Mere-exposure effect
* Milieu control
* Mobbing
* Normalization
* Normative social influence
* Passing (sociology)
* Patriotism
* Peer pressure
* Pluralistic ignorance
* Propaganda
* Psychosocial issue
* Purity spiral
* Operant conditioning
* Rally 'round the flag effect
* Social construction of gender
* Social contagion
* Addiction
* Behavioral
* Crime
* Hysterical
* Suicide
* Emotional
* Social influence
* Social integration
* Socialization
* Spiral of silence
* Teasing
* Toxic positivity
* Untouchability

Individual pressure|

* Authoritarian personality
* Authoritarian leadership style
* Right-wing authoritarianism
* Control freak
* Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder

Conformity|

* Compliance
* Communal reinforcement
* Countersignaling
* Creeping normality
* Herd behavior
* Internalization
* Normalization of deviance
* Obedience
* Preference falsification
* Social proof
* Social reality

Experiments|

* Asch conformity experiments
* Breaching experiment
* Milgram experiment
* Stanford prison experiment

Anticonformity|

* Alternative media
* Anti-authoritarianism
* Anti-social behaviour
* Self-segregation
* Civil disobedience
* Cosmopolitanism
* Counterculture
* Culture jamming
* Deviance
* Devil's advocate
* Dissent / Defection
* Political
* Eccentricity
* Eclecticism
* Hermit
* Idiosyncrasy
* Individualism
* Insubordination
* Pueblo clown
* Rebellion
* Red team
* Satire
* Shock value

Authority control databases

International|

* FAST

National|

* Germany
* United States
* France
* BnF data
* Latvia
* Israel

Other|

* Yale LUX

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template