Donald Knuth

American computer scientist and mathematician (born 1938)

Donald Knuth

Knuth in 2011

Born|

Donald Ervin Knuth

(1938-01-10) January 10, 1938 (age 87)

Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.

Education|

* Case Western Reserve University (BS, MS)
* California Institute of Technology (PhD)

Known for|

See list

*     * The Art of Computer Programming,
* TeX, METAFONT,
* Computer Modern,
* Knuth's up-arrow notation,
* Knuth–Morris–Pratt algorithm,
* Knuth–Bendix completion algorithm,
* MMIX,
* Robinson–Schensted–Knuth correspondence, LR parser,
* Literate programming

Spouse| Nancy Jill Carter
Children| 2
Awards|

See list

*     * SIGCSE Outstanding Contribution (1986)
* Grace Murray Hopper Award (1971)
* Turing Award (1974)
* Member of the National Academy of Sciences (1975)
* National Medal of Science (1979)
* John von Neumann Medal (1995)
* Harvey Prize (1995)
* Kyoto Prize (1996)
* Foreign Member of the Royal Society (2003)[1]
* Faraday Medal (2011)
* BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award (2010)
* Turing Lecture (2011)
* Flajolet Lecture (2014)

Scientific career
Fields|

* Mathematics
* Computer science

Institutions| Stanford University
University of Oslo
Thesis| Finite Semifields and Projective Planes (1963)
Doctoral advisor| Marshall Hall, Jr.[2]
Doctoral students|

* Leonidas J. Guibas
* Michael Fredman
* Scott Kim
* Vaughan Pratt
* Robert Sedgewick
* Jeffrey Vitter
* Andrei Broder[2]

Website| cs.stanford.edu/~knuth

Donald Ervin Knuth (/kəˈnuːθ/ kə-NOOTH;[3] born January 10, 1938) is an American computer scientist and mathematician. He is a professor emeritus at Stanford University. He is the 1974 recipient of the ACM Turing Award, informally considered the Nobel Prize of computer science.[4] Knuth has been called the "father of the analysis of algorithms".[5]

Knuth is the author of the multi-volume work The Art of Computer Programming. He contributed to the development of the rigorous analysis of the computational complexity of algorithms and systematized formal mathematical techniques for it. In the process, he also popularized the asymptotic notation. In addition to fundamental contributions in several branches of theoretical computer science, Knuth is the creator of the TeX computer typesetting system, the related METAFONT font definition language and rendering system, and the Computer Modern family of typefaces.

As a writer and scholar, Knuth created the WEB and CWEB computer programming systems designed to encourage and facilitate literate programming, and designed the MIX/MMIX instruction set architectures. He strongly opposes the granting of software patents, and has expressed his opinion to the United States Patent and Trademark Office and European Patent Organisation.

## Biography

[edit]

### Early life

[edit]

Donald Knuth was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, to Ervin Henry Knuth and Louise Marie Bohning.[6] He describes his heritage as "Midwestern Lutheran German".[7]: 66  His father owned a small printing business and taught bookkeeping.[8] While a student at Milwaukee Lutheran High School, Knuth thought of ingenious ways to solve problems. For example, in eighth grade, he entered a contest to find the number of words that the letters in "Ziegler Giant Bar"[9] could be rearranged to create; the judges had identified 2,500 such words. With time gained away from school due to a fake stomachache, Knuth used an unabridged dictionary and determined whether each dictionary entry could be formed using the letters in the phrase. He identified over 4,500 words, winning the contest.[7]: 3  As prizes, the school received a new television and enough candy bars for all of his schoolmates to eat.[10][11]

### Education

[edit]

Knuth received a scholarship in physics to the Case Institute of Technology (now part of Case Western Reserve University) in Cleveland, Ohio, enrolling in 1956.[12] He also joined the Beta Nu Chapter of the Theta Chi fraternity. While studying physics at Case, Knuth was introduced to the IBM 650, an early commercial computer. After reading the computer's manual, Knuth decided to rewrite the assembly and compiler code for the machine used in his school because he believed he could do it better.[13]

In 1958, Knuth created a program to help his school's basketball team win its games.[14] He assigned "values" to players in order to gauge their probability of scoring points, a novel approach that Newsweek and CBS Evening News later reported on.[13]

Knuth was one of the founding editors of the Case Institute's Engineering and Science Review, which won a national award as best technical magazine in 1959.[15][16] He then switched from physics to mathematics, and received two degrees from Case in 1960:[12] his Bachelor of Science, and simultaneously a master of science by a special award of the faculty, who considered his work exceptionally outstanding.[4][13]

At the end of his senior year at Case in 1960, Knuth proposed to Burroughs Corporation to write an ALGOL compiler for the B205 for $5,500. The proposal was accepted and he worked on the ALGOL compiler between graduating from Case and going to Caltech. [7]: 66 [17]: 7

In 1963, with mathematician Marshall Hall as his adviser,[2] he earned a PhD in mathematics from the California Institute of Technology, with a thesis titled Finite Semifields and Projective Planes.[18]

### Early work

[edit]

In 1963, after receiving his PhD, Knuth joined Caltech's faculty as an assistant professor.[19]

While at Caltech and after the success of the Burroughs B205 ALGOL compiler, he became consultant to Burroughs Corporation, joining the Product Planning Department. At Caltech he was operating as a mathematician but at Burroughs as a programmer working with the people he considered to have written the best software at the time in the ALGOL compiler for the B220 computer (successor to the B205).[7]: 9

Knuth was offered a $100,000 contract to write compilers at Green Tree Corporation but turned it down making a decision not to optimize income and continued at Caltech and Burroughs. He received a National Science Foundation Fellowship and Woodrow Wilson Foundation Fellowship but they had the condition that you could not do anything else but study as a graduate student so he would not be able to continue as a consultant to Burroughs. He chose to turn down the fellowships and continued with Burroughs.[7]: 12  In summer 1962, he wrote a FORTRAN compiler for Univac, but considered that “I sold my soul to the devil” to write a FORTRAN compiler.[7]: 15

After graduating, Knuth returned to Burroughs in June 1961 but did not tell them he had graduated with a master's degree, rather than the expected bachelor's degree. Impressed by the ALGOL syntax chart, symbol table, recursive-descent approach and the separation of the scanning, parsing and emitting functions of the compiler Knuth suggested an extension to the symbol table that one symbol could stand for a string of symbols. This became the basis of the DEFINE in Burroughs ALGOL, which has since been adopted by other languages. However, some really disliked the idea and wanted DEFINE removed. The last person to think it was a terrible idea was Edsger Dijkstra on a visit to Burroughs.[17]: 17

Knuth worked on simulation languages at Burroughs producing SOL ‘Simulation Oriented Language’, an improvement on the state-of-the-art, co-designed with J. McNeeley. He attended a conference in Norway in May, 1967 organised by the people who invented the Simula language. Knuth influenced Burroughs to use Simula.[20][21] Knuth had a long association with Burroughs as a consultant from 1960 to 1968 until his move into more academic work at Stanford in 1969.[22][23]

In 1962, Knuth accepted a commission from Addison-Wesley to write a book on computer programming language compilers. While working on this project, he decided that he could not adequately treat the topic without first developing a fundamental theory of computer programming, which became The Art of Computer Programming. He originally planned to publish this as a single book, but as he developed his outline for the book, he concluded that he required six volumes, and then seven, to thoroughly cover the subject. He published the first volume in 1968.[24]

Just before publishing the first volume of The Art of Computer Programming, Knuth left Caltech to accept employment with the Institute for Defense Analyses' Communications Research Division,[25] then situated on the Princeton campus, which was performing mathematical research in cryptography to support the National Security Agency.

In 1967, Knuth attended a Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics conference and someone asked what he did. At the time, computer science was partitioned into numerical analysis, artificial intelligence, and programming languages. Based on his study and The Art of Computer Programming book, Knuth decided the next time someone asked he would say, "Analysis of algorithms".[26]

In 1969, Knuth left his position at Princeton to join the Stanford University faculty,[27] where he became Fletcher Jones Professor of Computer Science in 1977. He became Professor of The Art of Computer Programming in 1990, and has been emeritus since 1993.[28][29]

## Writings

[edit]

Knuth is a writer as well as a computer scientist.[19]

### The Art of Computer Programming (TAOCP)

[edit]

Main article: The Art of Computer Programming

> "The best way to communicate from one human being to another is through story."

— Donald Knuth[26]

In the 1970s, Knuth called computer science "a totally new field with no real identity. And the standard of available publications was not that high. A lot of the papers coming out were quite simply wrong. ... So one of my motivations was to put straight a story that had been very badly told."[30]

From 1972 to 1973, Knuth spent a year at the University of Oslo among people such as Ole-Johan Dahl. This is where he had originally intended to write the seventh volume in his book series, which was to deal with programming languages. But Knuth had finished only the first two volumes when he came to Oslo, and thus spent the year on the third volume, next to teaching. The third volume came out just after Knuth returned to Stanford in 1973.[31]

Concrete Mathematics: A Foundation for Computer Science originated with an expansion of the mathematical preliminaries section of Volume 1 of TAoCP. Knuth found that there were mathematical tools necessary for Volume 1, but missing from his repertoire, and decided that a course introducing those tools to computer science students would be useful. Knuth introduced the course at Stanford in 1970. Course notes developed by Oren Patashnik evolved into the 1988 text, with authors Ronald Graham, Knuth, and Patashnik. A second edition of Concrete Mathematics was published in 1994.

By 2011, Volume 4A of TAoCP had been published.[24] In April 2020, Knuth said he anticipated that Volume 4 of TAoCP will have at least parts A through F.[26] Volume 4B was published in October 2022.

### Other works

[edit]

Knuth is also the author of Surreal Numbers,[32] a mathematical novelette on John Horton Conway's set theory construction of an alternate system of numbers. Instead of simply explaining the subject, the book seeks to show the development of the mathematics. Knuth wanted the book to prepare students for doing original, creative research.

In 1995, Knuth wrote the foreword to the book A=B by Marko Petkovšek, Herbert Wilf and Doron Zeilberger.[33] He also occasionally contributes language puzzles to Word Ways: The Journal of Recreational Linguistics.[34]

Knuth has delved into recreational mathematics. He contributed articles to the Journal of Recreational Mathematics beginning in the 1960s, and was acknowledged as a major contributor in Joseph Madachy's Mathematics on Vacation.[35]

Knuth also appears in a number of Numberphile[36] and Computerphile videos on YouTube, where he discusses topics from writing Surreal Numbers[37] to why he does not use email.[38]

Knuth had proposed the name "algorithmics" as a better name for the discipline of computer science.[39]

### Works about his religious beliefs

[edit]

In addition to his writings on computer science, Knuth, a Lutheran,[40] is also the author of 3:16 Bible Texts Illuminated,[41] in which he examines the Bible by a process of systematic sampling, namely an analysis of chapter 3, verse 16 of each book. Each verse is accompanied by a rendering in calligraphic art, contributed by a group of calligraphers led by Hermann Zapf. Knuth was invited to give a set of lectures at MIT on the views on religion and computer science behind his 3:16 project, resulting in another book, Things a Computer Scientist Rarely Talks About, where he published the lectures God and Computer Science.[42]

### Opinion on software patents

[edit]

Knuth strongly opposes granting software patents to trivial solutions that should be obvious, but has expressed more nuanced views for nontrivial solutions such as the interior-point method of linear programming.[43] He has expressed his disagreement directly to both the United States Patent and Trademark Office and European Patent Organisation.[44]

## Programming

[edit]

### Digital typesetting

[edit]

In the 1970s, the publishers of TAOCP abandoned Monotype in favor of phototypesetting. Knuth became so frustrated with the inability of the latter system to approach the quality of the previous volumes, which were typeset using the older system, that he took time out to work on digital typesetting and created TeX and Metafont.[45]

### Literate programming

[edit]

While developing TeX, Knuth created a new methodology of programming, which he called literate programming, because he believed that programmers should think of programs as works of literature:

> Instead of imagining that our main task is to instruct a computer what to do, let us concentrate rather on explaining to human beings what we want a computer to do.[46]

Knuth embodied the idea of literate programming in the WEB system. The same WEB source is used to weave a TeX file, and to tangle a Pascal source file. These in their turn produce a readable description of the program and an executable binary respectively. A later iteration of the system, CWEB, replaces Pascal with C, C++, and Java.[47]

Knuth used WEB to program TeX and METAFONT, and published both programs as books, both originally published the same year: TeX: The Program (1986); and METAFONT: The Program (1986).[48] Around the same time, LaTeX, the now-widely adopted macro package based on TeX, was first developed by Leslie Lamport, who later published its first user manual in 1986.[49]

## Personal life

[edit]

Donald Knuth married Nancy Jill Carter on 24 June 1961, while he was a graduate student at the California Institute of Technology. They have two children: John Martin Knuth and Jennifer Sierra Knuth.[50]

Knuth gives informal lectures a few times a year at Stanford University, which he calls "Computer Musings". He was a visiting professor at the Oxford University Department of Computer Science in the United Kingdom until 2017 and an Honorary Fellow of Magdalen College.[51][52]

Knuth is an organist and a composer. He and his father served as organists for Lutheran congregations. Knuth and his wife have a 16-rank organ in their home.[53] In 2016 he completed a piece for organ, Fantasia Apocalyptica, which he calls a "translation of the Greek text of the Revelation of Saint John the Divine into music". It was premièred in Sweden on January 10, 2018.[54]

### Chinese name

[edit]

Knuth's Chinese name is Gao Dena (simplified Chinese: 高德纳; traditional Chinese: 高德納; pinyin: Gāo Dénà).[55][3] He was given this name in 1977 by Frances Yao shortly before making a three-week trip to China.[3][56] In the 1980 Chinese translation of Volume 1 of The Art of Computer Programming (simplified Chinese: 计算机程序设计艺术; traditional Chinese: 計算機程式設計藝術; pinyin: Jìsuànjī chéngxù shèjì yìshù), Knuth explains that he embraced his Chinese name because he wanted to be known by the growing numbers of computer programmers in China at the time. In 1989, his Chinese name was placed atop the Journal of Computer Science and Technology's header, which Knuth says "makes me feel close to all Chinese people although I cannot speak your language".[56]

### Humor

[edit]

One of Knuth's reward checks

Knuth used to pay a finder's fee of $2.56 for any typographical errors or mistakes discovered in his books, because "256 pennies is one hexadecimal dollar", and $0.32 for "valuable suggestions". According to an article in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Technology Review, these Knuth reward checks are "among computerdom's most prized trophies". Knuth had to stop sending real checks in 2008 due to bank fraud, and now gives each error finder a "certificate of deposit" from a publicly listed balance in his fictitious "Bank of San Serriffe".[57]

He once warned a correspondent, "Beware of bugs in the above code; I have only proved it correct, not tried it."[3]

Knuth published his first "scientific" article in a school magazine in 1957 under the title "The Potrzebie System of Weights and Measures". In it, he defined the fundamental unit of length as the thickness of Mad No. 26, and named the fundamental unit of force "whatmeworry". Mad published the article in issue No. 33 (June 1957).[58][59]

To demonstrate the concept of recursion, Knuth intentionally referred "Circular definition" and "Definition, circular" to each other in the index of The Art of Computer Programming, Volume 1.

The preface of Concrete Mathematics has the following paragraph:

> When DEK taught Concrete Mathematics at Stanford for the first time, he explained the somewhat strange title by saying that it was his attempt to teach a math course that was hard instead of soft. He announced that, contrary to the expectations of his colleagues, he was not going to teach the Theory of Aggregates, nor Stone's Embedding Theorem, nor even the Stone–Čech compactification. (Several students from the civil engineering department got up and quietly left the room.)

At the TUG 2010 Conference, Knuth announced a satirical XML-based successor to TeX, titled "iTeX" (pronounced [iː˨˩˦tɛks˧˥⸨bell⸩], spoken while ringing a bell), which would support features such as arbitrarily scaled irrational units, 3D printing, input from seismographs and heart monitors, animation, and stereophonic sound.[60][61][62]

## Awards and honors

[edit]

In 1971, Knuth received the first ACM Grace Murray Hopper Award.[4] He has received various other awards, including the Turing Award, the National Medal of Science, the John von Neumann Medal, and the Kyoto Prize.[4]

Knuth was elected a Distinguished Fellow of the British Computer Society (DFBCS) in 1980 in recognition of his contributions to the field of computer science.[63]

In 1990, he was awarded the one-of-a-kind academic title Professor of The Art of Computer Programming; the title has since been revised to Professor Emeritus of The Art of Computer Programming.

Knuth was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1975. He was also elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 1981 for organizing vast subject areas of computer science so that they are accessible to all segments of the computing community. In 1992, he became an associate of the French Academy of Sciences. Also that year, he retired from regular research and teaching at Stanford University in order to finish The Art of Computer Programming. He was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society in 2003.[1]

Knuth was elected as a Fellow (first class of Fellows) of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics in 2009 for his outstanding contributions to mathematics.[64] He is a member of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters.[65] In 2012, he became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society[66] and a member of the American Philosophical Society.[67] Other awards and honors include:

* First ACM Grace Murray Hopper Award, 1971[4]
* Turing Award, 1974[4]
* Lester R. Ford Award, 1975[68] and 1993[69]
* Josiah Willard Gibbs Lecturer, 1978[70][71]
* National Medal of Science, 1979[72]
* Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement, 1985[73]
* Franklin Medal, 1988[4]
* John von Neumann Medal, 1995[4]
* Harvey Prize from the Technion, 1995[74]
* Kyoto Prize, 1996[4]
* Fellow of the Computer History Museum "for his fundamental early work in the history of computing algorithms, development of the TeX typesetting language, and for major contributions to mathematics and computer science." 1998[75]
* Asteroid 21656 Knuth, named in his honor in May 2001[76][77]
* Katayanagi Prize, 2010[78]
* BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award in the category of Information and Communication Technologies, 2010[79]
* Turing Lecture, 2011
* Stanford University School of Engineering Hero Award, 2011[80]
* Flajolet Lecture Prize, 2014[81]

## Publications

[edit]

A short list of his publications include:[82]

The Art of Computer Programming:

1. ——— (1997). The Art of Computer Programming. Vol. 1: Fundamental Algorithms (3rd ed.). Addison-Wesley Professional. ISBN 978-0-201-89683-1.
2. ——— (1997). The Art of Computer Programming. Vol. 2: Seminumerical Algorithms (3rd ed.). Addison-Wesley Professional. ISBN 978-0-201-89684-8.
3. ——— (1998). The Art of Computer Programming. Vol. 3: Sorting and Searching (2nd ed.). Addison-Wesley Professional. ISBN 978-0-201-89685-5.
4. ——— (2011). The Art of Computer Programming. Vol. 4A: Combinatorial Algorithms, Part 1. Addison-Wesley Professional. ISBN 978-0-201-03804-0.
5. ——— (2022). The Art of Computer Programming. Vol. 4B: Combinatorial Algorithms, Part 2. Addison-Wesley Professional. ISBN 978-0-201-03806-4.
6. ——— (2005). MMIX—A RISC Computer for the New Millennium. Vol. 1, Fascicle 1. ISBN 978-0-201-85392-6.
7. ——— (2008). The Art of Computer Programming. Vol. 4, Fascicle 0: Introduction to Combinatorial Algorithms and Boolean Functions. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 978-0-321-53496-5.
8. ——— (2009). The Art of Computer Programming. Vol. 4, Fascicle 1: Bitwise Tricks & Techniques, Binary Decision Diagrams. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 978-0-321-58050-4.
9. ——— (2005). The Art of Computer Programming. Vol. 4, Fascicle 2: Generating All Tuples and Permutations. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 978-0-201-85393-3.
10. ——— (2005). The Art of Computer Programming. Vol. 4, Fascicle 3: Generating All Combinations and Partitions. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 978-0-201-85394-0.
11. ——— (2006). The Art of Computer Programming. Vol. 4, Fascicle 4: Generating All Trees—History of Combinatorial Generation. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 978-0-321-33570-8.
12. ——— (2018). The Art of Computer Programming. Vol. 4, Fascicle 5: Mathematical Preliminaries Redux, Backtracking, Dancing Links. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 978-0-134-67179-6.
13. ——— (2015). The Art of Computer Programming. Vol. 4, Fascicle 6: Satisfiability. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 978-0-134-39760-3.
14. ——— (2025). The Art of Computer Programming. Vol. 4, Fascicle 7: Constraint Satisfaction. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 978-0-135-32824-8.

Computers and Typesetting (all books are hardcover unless otherwise noted):

1. ——— (1984). Computers & Typesetting. Vol. A, The TeXbook. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. ISBN 978-0-201-13447-6., x+483pp.
2. ——— (1984). Computers & Typesetting. Vol. A, The TeXbook. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. ISBN 978-0-201-13448-3. (softcover).
3. ——— (1986). Computers & Typesetting. Vol. B, TeX: The Program. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. ISBN 978-0-201-13437-7., xviii+600pp.
4. ——— (1986). Computers & Typesetting. Vol. C, The METAFONTbook. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. ISBN 978-0-201-13445-2., xii+361pp.
5. ——— (1986). Computers & Typesetting. Vol. C, The METAFONTbook. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. ISBN 978-0-201-13444-5. (softcover).
6. ——— (1986). Computers & Typesetting. Vol. D, METAFONT: The Program. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. ISBN 978-0-201-13438-4., xviii+566pp.
7. ——— (1986). Computers & Typesetting. Vol. E, Computer Modern Typefaces. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. ISBN 978-0-201-13446-9., xvi+588pp.
8. ——— (2000). Computers & Typesetting. Vol. A-E Boxed Set. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. ISBN 978-0-201-73416-4.

Books of collected papers:

1. ——— (1992). Literate Programming. Lecture Notes. Stanford, CA: Center for the Study of Language and Information—CSLI. ISBN 978-0-937073-80-3.[83]
2. ——— (1996). Selected Papers on Computer Science. Lecture Notes. Stanford, CA: Center for the Study of Language and Information—CSLI. ISBN 978-1-881526-91-9.[84]
3. ——— (1999). Digital Typography. Lecture Notes. Stanford, CA: Center for the Study of Language and Information—CSLI. ISBN 978-1-57586-010-7.[85]
4. ——— (2000). Selected Papers on Analysis of Algorithms. Lecture Notes. Stanford, CA: Center for the Study of Language and Information—CSLI. ISBN 978-1-57586-212-5.[86]
5. ——— (2003). Selected Papers on Computer Languages. Lecture Notes. Stanford, CA: Center for the Study of Language and Information—CSLI. ISBN 978-1-57586-381-8., ISBN 1-57586-382-0 (paperback)[87]
6. ——— (2003). Selected Papers on Discrete Mathematics. Lecture Notes. Stanford, CA: Center for the Study of Language and Information—CSLI. ISBN 978-1-57586-249-1., ISBN 1-57586-248-4 (paperback)[88]
7. Donald E. Knuth, Selected Papers on Design of Algorithms (Stanford, California: Center for the Study of Language and Information—CSLI Lecture Notes, no. 191), 2010. ISBN 1-57586-583-1 (cloth), ISBN 1-57586-582-3 (paperback)[89]
8. Donald E. Knuth, Selected Papers on Fun and Games (Stanford, California: Center for the Study of Language and Information—CSLI Lecture Notes, no. 192), 2011. ISBN 978-1-57586-585-0 (cloth), ISBN 978-1-57586-584-3 (paperback)[90]
9. Donald E. Knuth, Companion to the Papers of Donald Knuth (Stanford, California: Center for the Study of Language and Information—CSLI Lecture Notes, no. 202), 2011. ISBN 978-1-57586-635-2 (cloth), ISBN 978-1-57586-634-5 (paperback)[91]

Other books:

1. Graham, Ronald L; Knuth, Donald E.; Patashnik, Oren (1994). Concrete mathematics: A foundation for computer science (Second ed.). Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. ISBN 978-0-201-55802-9. MR 1397498. xiv+657 pp.
2. Knuth, Donald Ervin (1974). Surreal numbers: how two ex-students turned on to pure mathematics and found total happiness: a mathematical novelette. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 978-0-201-03812-5.[32]
3. Donald E. Knuth, The Stanford GraphBase: A Platform for Combinatorial Computing (New York, ACM Press) 1993. second paperback printing 2009. ISBN 0-321-60632-9
4. Donald E. Knuth, 3:16 Bible Texts Illuminated (Madison, Wisconsin: A-R Editions), 1990. ISBN 0-89579-252-4
5. Donald E. Knuth, Things a Computer Scientist Rarely Talks About (Center for the Study of Language and Information—CSLI Lecture Notes no 136), 2001. ISBN 1-57586-326-X
6. Donald E. Knuth, MMIXware: A RISC Computer for the Third Millennium (Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag— Lecture Notes in Computer Science, no. 1750), 1999. viii+550pp. ISBN 978-3-540-66938-8
7. Donald E. Knuth and Silvio Levy, The CWEB System of Structured Documentation (Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley), 1993. iv+227pp. ISBN 0-201-57569-8. Third printing 2001 with hypertext support, ii + 237 pp.
8. Donald E. Knuth, Tracy L. Larrabee, and Paul M. Roberts, Mathematical Writing (Washington, D.C.: Mathematical Association of America), 1989. ii+115pp ISBN 978-0883850633
9. Daniel H. Greene and Donald E. Knuth, Mathematics for the Analysis of Algorithms (Boston: Birkhäuser), 1990. viii+132pp. ISBN 978-0817647285
10. Donald E. Knuth, Mariages Stables: et leurs relations avec d'autres problèmes combinatoires (Montréal: Les Presses de l'Université de Montréal), 1976. 106pp. ISBN 978-0840503428
11. Donald E. Knuth, Stable Marriage and Its Relation to Other Combinatorial Problems: An Introduction to the Mathematical Analysis of Algorithms. ISBN 978-0821806036
12. Donald E. Knuth, Axioms and Hulls (Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag—Lecture Notes in Computer Science, no. 606), 1992. ix+109pp. ISBN 3-540-55611-7

## See also

[edit]

* -yllion
* Attribute grammar
* Big O notation
* CC system
* Dancing Links
* Knuth–Bendix completion algorithm
* Knuth Prize
* Knuth shuffle
* Knuth's Algorithm X
* Knuth's Simpath algorithm
* Knuth's up-arrow notation
* Knuth–Morris–Pratt algorithm
* Davis–Knuth dragon
* Bender–Knuth involution
* TPK algorithm
* Fisher–Yates shuffle
* Robinson–Schensted–Knuth correspondence
* Man or boy test
* Plactic monoid
* Quater-imaginary base
* TeX
* Triangular number
* The Complexity of Songs
* Uniform binary search
* List of pioneers in computer science
* List of scholars on the relationship between religion and science

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b "Professor Donald Knuth ForMemRS". London: Royal Society. Archived from the original on November 17, 2015.
2. ^ a b c Donald Knuth at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
3. ^ a b c d Knuth, Donald Ervin. "Frequently Asked Questions". Home page. Stanford University. Archived from the original on August 3, 2019. Retrieved November 2, 2010.
4. ^ a b c d e f g h i Walden, David. "Donald E. Knuth - A.M. Turing Award Laureate". Archived from the original on October 17, 2019. Retrieved December 14, 2022.
5. ^ Karp, Richard M. (February 1986). "Combinatorics, Complexity, and Randomness". Communications of the ACM. 29 (2): 98–109\. doi:10.1145/5657.5658.
6. ^ O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F. (October 2015), "Donald Knuth", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews, retrieved July 2, 2021
7. ^ a b c d e f Feigenbaum, Edward (2007). "Oral History of Donald Knuth" (PDF). Computer History Museum. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 9, 2008. Retrieved September 17, 2020.
8. ^ Molly Knight Raskin (2013). No Better Time: The Brief, Remarkable Life of Danny Lewin--the Genius who Transformed the Internet. Da Capo Press, Incorporated. pp. 61–62\. ISBN 978-0-306-82166-0.
9. ^ Advertisement, Minneapolis Star, February 13, 1952, page 59.
10. ^ Shasha, Dennis Elliott; Lazere, Cathy A (1998). Out of their minds: the lives and discoveries of 15 great computer scientists. Springer. p. 90\. ISBN 978-0-387-98269-4.
11. ^ Knuth, Donald (2011). Selected Papers on Fun and Games. Center for the Study of Language and Information—CSLI Lecture Notes, no. 192. p. 400\. ISBN 978-1-57586-584-3.
12. ^ a b "Donald E. Knuth". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved September 17, 2020.
13. ^ a b c Koshy, Thomas (2004). Discrete mathematics with applications. Academic Press. p. 244\. ISBN 978-0-12-421180-3. Archived from the original on November 12, 2012. Retrieved July 30, 2011.
14. ^ Lyons, Keith (September 25, 2018). "Donald Knuth, basketball and computers in sport". Clyde Street Archive. Archived from the original on August 16, 2019. Retrieved August 16, 2019.
15. ^ "Beta Nu of Theta Chi, History of Beta Nu Chapter". CWRU. Archived from the original on September 4, 2016. Retrieved April 15, 2019.
16. ^ "Beta Nu, Theta Chi". Theta Chi. Archived from the original on December 21, 2019. Retrieved December 21, 2019.
17. ^ a b Waychoff, Richard. "Stories About the B5000 and People Who Were There" (PDF). Computer History Museum.
18. ^ Knuth, Donald Ervin (1963). Finite Semifields and Projective Planes (PDF) (PhD). California Institute of Technology.
19. ^ a b Knuth, Donald Ervin. "Curriculum vitae". Stanford University. Archived from the original on August 3, 2019. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
20. ^ Dahl, Ole-Johan. "The Birth of Object Orientation: the Simula Languages" (PDF).
21. ^ "Biography".
22. ^ "Interview with Richard Nance 2013".
23. ^ Dahl, Ole-Johan. "The Birth of Object Orientation: the Simula Languages".
24. ^ a b Knuth, Donald Ervin (August 3, 2019). "The Art of Computer Programming (TAOCP)". Archived from the original on August 3, 2019. Retrieved February 6, 2018.
25. ^ "Institute for Defense Analyses". INFORMS. August 27, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2024.
26. ^ a b c D'Agostino, Susan (April 16, 2020). "The Computer Scientist Who Can't Stop Telling Stories". Quanta Magazine. Retrieved April 19, 2020.
27. ^ "Timeline". Computer Science @ Stanford - Spotlight at Stanford. June 21, 2019. Retrieved January 8, 2024.
28. ^ Knuth, Donald Ervin. "Home page". Stanford University. Archived from the original on November 27, 2019. Retrieved March 16, 2005.
29. ^ "Donald Knuth". Profiles. Stanford University. Archived from the original on June 12, 2016. Retrieved August 24, 2020.
30. ^ "BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Awards". Archived from the original on August 19, 2016. Retrieved October 15, 2016.
31. ^ "Publikasjonen "Datahistorien ved Universitetet i Oslo - Institutt for informatikk 1977 - 1997" utgitt" [The publication "Computer history at the University of Oslo - Department of Informatics 1977 - 1997" published]. University of Oslo (in Norwegian). 1997. Archived from the original on April 29, 2021. Retrieved April 29, 2021.
32. ^ a b Knuth, Donald Ervin. "Surreal numbers". Home page. Archived from the original on August 3, 2019. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
33. ^ Zeilberg. "DEK". Rutgers. Archived from the original on August 28, 2017. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
34. ^ "The Linguist List -- Journal Page". linguistlist.org. Archived from the original on June 11, 2021. Retrieved December 14, 2022.
35. ^ Madachy, Joseph S.,Mathematics on Vacation, Thomas Nelson & Sons Ltd. 1966
36. ^ "Videos about Numbers and Stuff". Numberphile. Archived from the original on November 4, 2018. Retrieved August 16, 2019.
37. ^ Numberphile (June 27, 2016), Surreal Numbers (writing the first book) - Numberphile, archived from the original on December 11, 2021, retrieved July 19, 2019
38. ^ Computerphile (August 21, 2015), Why Don Knuth Doesn't Use Email - Computerphile, archived from the original on July 11, 2018, retrieved July 19, 2019
39. ^ Burkholder, Leslie (1992). Philosophy and the Computer. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9780429301629.
40. ^ Platoni 2006.
41. ^ Knuth, Donald Ervin (1991). 3:16 : Bible texts illuminated. Madison, WI: A-R Eds. ISBN 978-0-89579-252-5.
42. ^ Knuth, Donald Ervin (2001). Things a Computer Scientist Rarely Talks About. Stanford, California: Center for the Study of Language and Information Publications. ISBN 978-1-57586-326-9.
43. ^ "All Questions Answered" (PDF). Notices (article). March 2002. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 30, 2019. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
44. ^ Knuth, Donald Ervin. "Against software patents" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 24, 2015. Retrieved February 1, 2020Letter`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: postscript (link) to the patent offices in the USA and Europe.
45. ^ Knuth, Donald Erwin (1997). "Digital Typography (Kyoto Prize Lecture, 1996)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on January 27, 2018.
46. ^ Knuth, Donald Erwin (1984). "Literate Programming" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on August 19, 2019. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
47. ^ "Knuth and Levy: CWEB".
48. ^ Knuth, Donald (April 11, 2019). "Knuth: Computers and Typesetting". www-cs-faculty.stanford.edu. Archived from the original on April 11, 2019. Retrieved July 19, 2019.
49. ^ Lamport, Leslie (1986). LATEX : a document preparation system. Addison-Wesley Pub. Co. ISBN 020115790X. OCLC 12550262.
50. ^ O'Connor, J. J.; Robertson, E. F. (2015). "Donald Ervin Knuth". University of St Andrews. Archived from the original on October 5, 2017. Retrieved October 20, 2017.
51. ^ "Professor Donald Knuth". Magdalen College. Archived from the original on January 4, 2011. Retrieved December 6, 2010.
52. ^ "Notices". Oxford University Gazette. October 30, 2014. Archived from the original on May 15, 2015. Retrieved May 21, 2015.
53. ^ "The Organ of Don and Jill Knuth". Retrieved January 11, 2023 – via Stanford.edu.
54. ^ de Groot, Martin (November 3, 2018). "Arts and Culture: A polymath brings his genius to bear on a multimedia work for pipe organ". Waterloo Region Record.
55. ^ Reutenauer, Arthur. "A brief history of TeX, volume II". TUGboat: 68–72\. ISSN 0896-3207.
56. ^ a b Knuth, Donald Ervin (1980). 计算机程序设计技巧 (Ji suan ji cheng xu she ji ji qiao) [The Art of Computer Programming]. Translated by Guan, JiWen; Su, Yunlin. Beijing: Defense Industry Publishing Co. "I fondly hope that many Chinese computer programmers will learn to recognize my Chinese name Gao Dena, which was given to me by Francis Yao just before I visited your country in 1977. I still have very fond memories of that three-week visit, and I have been glad to see Gao Dena on the masthead of the Journal of Computer Science and Technology since 1989. This name makes me feel close to all Chinese people although I cannot speak your language."
57. ^ "Rewriting the Bible in 0s and 1s". Technology Review. Archived from the original on July 9, 2022.
58. ^ Knuth, Donald Ervin (June 1957). "The Potrzebie System of Weights & Measures". Mad Magazine. No. 33\. Archived from the original on November 6, 2018. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
59. ^ Kidder, Tracy (2016). A Truck Full of Money. Random House. p. 68\. ISBN 9780812995244.
60. ^ Knuth, Don (2010). "TUG 2010" (conference panel video). Zeeba TV. Archived from the original on March 25, 2016. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
61. ^ Knuth, Donald Ervin, An Earth-shaking announcement (video recording), Zeeba TV
62. ^ Knuth, Donald Ervin (2010). "An Earthshaking Announcement" (PDF). TUGboat. 31 (2): 121–24\. ISSN 0896-3207. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 13, 2019. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
63. ^ Anon (2016). "Roll of Distinguished Fellows". British Computer Society. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved September 10, 2014.
64. ^ "Fellows". Siam. 2009. Archived from the original on April 21, 2019. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
65. ^ "Gruppe 1: Matematiske fag" (in Norwegian). Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters. Archived from the original on November 10, 2013. Retrieved October 7, 2010.
66. ^ "Fellows of the American Mathematical Society". Retrieved December 14, 2022.
67. ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved March 19, 2021.
68. ^ Knuth, D. E. (1974). "Computer science and its relation to mathematics". Amer. Math. Monthly. 81 (4): 323–343\. doi:10.2307/2318994. JSTOR 2318994. Archived from the original on February 20, 2019. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
69. ^ Knuth, D. E. (1992). "Two notes on notation". Amer. Math. Monthly. 99 (5): 403–422\. arXiv:math/9205211. Bibcode:1992math......5211K. doi:10.2307/2325085. JSTOR 2325085. S2CID 119584305. Archived from the original on February 20, 2019. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
70. ^ "Josiah Willard Gibbs Lectures". American Mathematical Society. Archived from the original on October 7, 2016. Retrieved October 15, 2016.
71. ^ Knuth, Donald E. (1979). "Mathematical typography" (PDF). Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. (N.S.). 1 (2): 337–372\. doi:10.1090/s0273-0979-1979-14598-1. MR 0520078. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 28, 2015. Retrieved June 1, 2022.
72. ^ "The President's National Medal of Science: Recipient Details - NSF - National Science Foundation". www.nsf.gov. Archived from the original on November 23, 2018. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
73. ^ "Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement". www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement.
74. ^ "Harvey". IL: Technion. 1995. Archived from the original on July 21, 2011.
75. ^ "Donald Knuth: 1998 Fellow". Computer History Museum. 2015. Archived from the original on March 13, 2018. Retrieved March 12, 2018.
76. ^ "21656 Knuth (1999 PX1)". Minor Planet Center. Archived from the original on May 8, 2016. Retrieved February 23, 2019.
77. ^ "MPC/MPO/MPS Archive". Minor Planet Center. Archived from the original on March 5, 2019. Retrieved February 23, 2019.
78. ^ "Katayanagi". CMU. Archived from the original on June 15, 2019. Retrieved January 6, 2020.
79. ^ Galardonados (2010). "Fronteras" (in Spanish). ES: FBBVA. Archived from the original on August 19, 2016.
80. ^ Myers, Andrew (June 1, 2001). "Stanford's Don Knuth, a pioneering hero of computer programming". Stanford Report. Archived from the original on June 23, 2011. Retrieved June 27, 2011.
81. ^ Knuth, Donald. "Problems That Philippe Would Have Loved" (PDF). Stanford University. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 16, 2018. Retrieved March 23, 2022.
82. ^ Knuth, Donald Ervin. "Books". Home page (list). Archived from the original on August 3, 2019. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
83. ^ Knuth, Donald Ervin. "Literate Programming". Home page. Archived from the original on August 3, 2019. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
84. ^ Knuth, Donald Ervin. "Selected Papers on Computer Science". Home page. Archived from the original on August 3, 2019. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
85. ^ Knuth, Donald Ervin (1983). "Digital Typography". Scientific American. 249 (2): 106–119\. Bibcode:1983SciAm.249b.106B. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0883-106. Archived from the original on May 5, 2019. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
86. ^ Knuth, Donald Ervin. "Selected Papers on Analysis of Algorithms". Home page. Archived from the original on August 3, 2019. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
87. ^ Knuth, Donald Ervin. "Selected Papers on Computer Languages". Home page. Archived from the original on August 3, 2019. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
88. ^ Knuth, Donald Ervin. "Selected Papers on Discrete Mathematics". Home page. Archived from the original on August 3, 2019. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
89. ^ Knuth, Donald Ervin. "Selected Papers on Design of Algorithms". Home page. Archived from the original on August 3, 2019. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
90. ^ Knuth, Donald Ervin. "Selected Papers on Fun and Games". Home page. Archived from the original on August 3, 2019. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
91. ^ Knuth, Donald Ervin. "Companion to the Papers of Donald Knuth". Home page. Archived from the original on August 3, 2019. Retrieved March 26, 2020.

## Bibliography

[edit]

* Knuth, Donald Ervin. "Home page". Stanford University.
* Knuth, Donald Ervin. "The Art of Computer Programming (TAOCP)". Retrieved May 20, 2012.
* Platoni, Kara; Archibald, Timothy (May–June 2006). "Love at First Byte". Stanford Magazine. Archived from the original on September 25, 2006. Retrieved May 18, 2006.

## External links

[edit]

Donald Knuth at Wikipedia's sister projects

* Media from Commons
* Quotations from Wikiquote
* Data from Wikidata

* Donald Knuth's home page at Stanford University.
* Knuth, Donald Ervin (November 8, 2001). "Donald E. Knuth Interview" (Interview). Interviewed by Frana, Philip L. Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota. Knuth discusses software patenting, structured programming, collaboration and his development of TeX.
* Donald Knuth at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
* O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Donald Knuth", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
* Donald E. Knuth at DBLP Bibliography Server
* Free scores by Donald Knuth at the International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP)
* Interview at Stanford University "Donald Knuth – All Questions Answered" on YouTube
* Biography of Donald Knuth from the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences
* Donald Ervin Knuth – Stanford Lectures (Archive)
* Interview with Donald Knuth by Lex Fridman
* Siobhan Roberts, The Yoda of Silicon Valley. The New York Times, 17 December 2018.

Links to related articles

* v
* t
* e

Donald Knuth

Publications|

* The Art of Computer Programming
* "The Complexity of Songs"
* Computers and Typesetting
* Concrete Mathematics
* Surreal Numbers
* Things a Computer Scientist Rarely Talks About
* Selected papers series

Software|

* TeX
* Metafont
* MIXAL (MIX
* MMIX)

Fonts|

* AMS Euler
* Computer Modern
* Concrete Roman

Literate programming|

* WEB
* CWEB

Algorithms|

* Knuth's Algorithm X
* Knuth–Bendix completion algorithm
* Knuth–Morris–Pratt algorithm
* Knuth shuffle
* Robinson–Schensted–Knuth correspondence
* Trabb Pardo–Knuth algorithm
* Generalization of Dijkstra's algorithm
* Knuth's Simpath algorithm

Other|

* Dancing Links
* Knuth reward check
* Knuth Prize
* Knuth's up-arrow notation
* Man or boy test
* Quater-imaginary base
* -yllion
* Potrzebie system of weights and measures

* v
* t
* e

A. M. Turing Award laureates

* Alan Perlis (1966)
* Maurice Wilkes (1967)
* Richard Hamming (1968)
* Marvin Minsky (1969)
* James H. Wilkinson (1970)
* John McCarthy (1971)
* Edsger W. Dijkstra (1972)
* Charles Bachman (1973)
* Donald Knuth (1974)
* Allen Newell / Herbert A. Simon (1975)
* Michael O. Rabin / Dana Scott (1976)
* John Backus (1977)
* Robert W. Floyd (1978)
* Kenneth E. Iverson (1979)
* Tony Hoare (1980)
* Edgar F. Codd (1981)
* Stephen Cook (1982)
* Dennis Ritchie / Ken Thompson (1983)
* Niklaus Wirth (1984)
* Richard Karp (1985)
* John Hopcroft / Robert Tarjan (1986)
* John Cocke (1987)
* Ivan Sutherland (1988)
* William Kahan (1989)
* Fernando J. Corbató (1990)
* Robin Milner (1991)
* Butler Lampson (1992)
* Juris Hartmanis / Richard E. Stearns (1993)
* Edward Feigenbaum / Raj Reddy (1994)
* Manuel Blum (1995)
* Amir Pnueli (1996)
* Douglas Engelbart (1997)
* Jim Gray (1998)
* Fred Brooks (1999)
* Andrew Yao (2000)
* Ole-Johan Dahl / Kristen Nygaard (2001)
* Leonard Adleman / Ron Rivest / Adi Shamir (2002)
* Alan Kay (2003)
* Vint Cerf / Bob Kahn (2004)
* Peter Naur (2005)
* Frances Allen (2006)
* Edmund M. Clarke / E. Allen Emerson / Joseph Sifakis (2007)
* Barbara Liskov (2008)
* Charles P. Thacker (2009)
* Leslie Valiant (2010)
* Judea Pearl (2011)
* Shafi Goldwasser / Silvio Micali (2012)
* Leslie Lamport (2013)
* Michael Stonebraker (2014)
* Whitfield Diffie / Martin Hellman (2015)
* Tim Berners-Lee (2016)
* John L. Hennessy / David Patterson (2017)
* Yoshua Bengio / Geoffrey Hinton / Yann LeCun (2018)
* Ed Catmull / Pat Hanrahan (2019)
* Alfred Aho / Jeffrey Ullman (2020)
* Jack Dongarra (2021)
* Robert Metcalfe (2022)
* Avi Wigderson (2023)
* Andrew Barto / Richard S. Sutton (2024)

* v
* t
* e

United States National Medal of Science laureates

Behavioral and social science

| 1960s|

1964
Neal Elgar Miller

|

1980s|

1986
Herbert A. Simon
1987
Anne Anastasi
George J. Stigler
1988
Milton Friedman

1990s|

1990
Leonid Hurwicz
Patrick Suppes
1991
George A. Miller
1992
Eleanor J. Gibson
1994
Robert K. Merton
1995
Roger N. Shepard
1996
Paul Samuelson
1997
William K. Estes
1998
William Julius Wilson
1999
Robert M. Solow

2000s|

2000
Gary Becker
2003
R. Duncan Luce
2004
Kenneth Arrow
2005
Gordon H. Bower
2008
Michael I. Posner
2009
Mortimer Mishkin

2010s|

2011
Anne Treisman
2014
Robert Axelrod
2015
Albert Bandura

2020s|

2023
Huda Akil
Shelley E. Taylor
2025
Larry Bartels

Biological sciences

| 1960s|

1963
C. B. van Niel
1964
Theodosius Dobzhansky
Marshall W. Nirenberg
1965
Francis P. Rous
George G. Simpson
Donald D. Van Slyke
1966
Edward F. Knipling
Fritz Albert Lipmann
William C. Rose
Sewall Wright
1967
Kenneth S. Cole
Harry F. Harlow
Michael Heidelberger
Alfred H. Sturtevant
1968
Horace Barker
Bernard B. Brodie
Detlev W. Bronk
Jay Lush
Burrhus Frederic Skinner
1969
Robert Huebner
Ernst Mayr

|

1970s|

1970
Barbara McClintock
Albert B. Sabin
1973
Daniel I. Arnon
Earl W. Sutherland Jr.
1974
Britton Chance
Erwin Chargaff
James V. Neel
James Augustine Shannon
1975
Hallowell Davis
Paul Gyorgy
Sterling B. Hendricks
Orville Alvin Vogel
1976
Roger Guillemin
Keith Roberts Porter
Efraim Racker
E. O. Wilson
1979
Robert H. Burris
Elizabeth C. Crosby
Arthur Kornberg
Severo Ochoa
Earl Reece Stadtman
George Ledyard Stebbins
Paul Alfred Weiss

1980s|

1981
Philip Handler
1982
Seymour Benzer
Glenn W. Burton
Mildred Cohn
1983
Howard L. Bachrach
Paul Berg
Wendell L. Roelofs
Berta Scharrer
1986
Stanley Cohen
Donald A. Henderson
Vernon B. Mountcastle
George Emil Palade
Joan A. Steitz
1987
Michael E. DeBakey
Theodor O. Diener
Harry Eagle
Har Gobind Khorana
Rita Levi-Montalcini
1988
Michael S. Brown
Stanley Norman Cohen
Joseph L. Goldstein
Maurice R. Hilleman
Eric R. Kandel
Rosalyn Sussman Yalow
1989
Katherine Esau
Viktor Hamburger
Philip Leder
Joshua Lederberg
Roger W. Sperry
Harland G. Wood

1990s|

1990
Baruj Benacerraf
Herbert W. Boyer
Daniel E. Koshland Jr.
Edward B. Lewis
David G. Nathan
E. Donnall Thomas
1991
Mary Ellen Avery
G. Evelyn Hutchinson
Elvin A. Kabat
Robert W. Kates
Salvador Luria
Paul A. Marks
Folke K. Skoog
Paul C. Zamecnik
1992
Maxine Singer
Howard Martin Temin
1993
Daniel Nathans
Salome G. Waelsch
1994
Thomas Eisner
Elizabeth F. Neufeld
1995
Alexander Rich
1996
Ruth Patrick
1997
James Watson
Robert A. Weinberg
1998
Bruce Ames
Janet Rowley
1999
David Baltimore
Jared Diamond
Lynn Margulis

2000s|

2000
Nancy C. Andreasen
Peter H. Raven
Carl Woese
2001
Francisco J. Ayala
George F. Bass
Mario R. Capecchi
Ann Graybiel
Gene E. Likens
Victor A. McKusick
Harold Varmus
2002
James E. Darnell
Evelyn M. Witkin
2003
J. Michael Bishop
Solomon H. Snyder
Charles Yanofsky
2004
Norman E. Borlaug
Phillip A. Sharp
Thomas E. Starzl
2005
Anthony Fauci
Torsten N. Wiesel
2006
Rita R. Colwell
Nina Fedoroff
Lubert Stryer
2007
Robert J. Lefkowitz
Bert W. O'Malley
2008
Francis S. Collins
Elaine Fuchs
J. Craig Venter
2009
Susan L. Lindquist
Stanley B. Prusiner

2010s|

2010
Ralph L. Brinster
Rudolf Jaenisch
2011
Lucy Shapiro
Leroy Hood
Sallie Chisholm
2012
May Berenbaum
Bruce Alberts
2013
Rakesh K. Jain
2014
Stanley Falkow
Mary-Claire King
Simon Levin

2020s|

2023
Gebisa Ejeta
Eve Marder
Gregory Petsko
Sheldon Weinbaum
2025
Bonnie Bassler
Angela Belcher
Helen Blau
Emery N. Brown
G. David Tilman
Teresa Woodruff

Chemistry

| 1960s|

1964
Roger Adams

|

1980s|

1982
F. Albert Cotton
Gilbert Stork
1983
Roald Hoffmann
George C. Pimentel
Richard N. Zare
1986
Harry B. Gray
Yuan Tseh Lee
Carl S. Marvel
Frank H. Westheimer
1987
William S. Johnson
Walter H. Stockmayer
Max Tishler
1988
William O. Baker
Konrad E. Bloch
Elias J. Corey
1989
Richard B. Bernstein
Melvin Calvin
Rudolph A. Marcus
Harden M. McConnell

1990s|

1990
Elkan Blout
Karl Folkers
John D. Roberts
1991
Ronald Breslow
Gertrude B. Elion
Dudley R. Herschbach
Glenn T. Seaborg
1992
Howard E. Simmons Jr.
1993
Donald J. Cram
Norman Hackerman
1994
George S. Hammond
1995
Thomas Cech
Isabella L. Karle
1996
Norman Davidson
1997
Darleane C. Hoffman
Harold S. Johnston
1998
John W. Cahn
George M. Whitesides
1999
Stuart A. Rice
John Ross
Susan Solomon

2000s|

2000
John D. Baldeschwieler
Ralph F. Hirschmann
2001
Ernest R. Davidson
Gábor A. Somorjai
2002
John I. Brauman
2004
Stephen J. Lippard
2005
Tobin J. Marks
2006
Marvin H. Caruthers
Peter B. Dervan
2007
Mostafa A. El-Sayed
2008
Joanna Fowler
JoAnne Stubbe
2009
Stephen J. Benkovic
Marye Anne Fox

2010s|

2010
Jacqueline K. Barton
Peter J. Stang
2011
Allen J. Bard
M. Frederick Hawthorne
2012
Judith P. Klinman
Jerrold Meinwald
2013
Geraldine L. Richmond
2014
A. Paul Alivisatos
2025
R. Lawrence Edwards

Engineering sciences

| 1960s|

1962
Theodore von Kármán
1963
Vannevar Bush
John Robinson Pierce
1964
Charles S. Draper
Othmar H. Ammann
1965
Hugh L. Dryden
Clarence L. Johnson
Warren K. Lewis
1966
Claude E. Shannon
1967
Edwin H. Land
Igor I. Sikorsky
1968
J. Presper Eckert
Nathan M. Newmark
1969
Jack St. Clair Kilby

|

1970s|

1970
George E. Mueller
1973
Harold E. Edgerton
Richard T. Whitcomb
1974
Rudolf Kompfner
Ralph Brazelton Peck
Abel Wolman
1975
Manson Benedict
William Hayward Pickering
Frederick E. Terman
Wernher von Braun
1976
Morris Cohen
Peter C. Goldmark
Erwin Wilhelm Müller
1979
Emmett N. Leith
Raymond D. Mindlin
Robert N. Noyce
Earl R. Parker
Simon Ramo

1980s|

1982
Edward H. Heinemann
Donald L. Katz
1983
Bill Hewlett
George Low
John G. Trump
1986
Hans Wolfgang Liepmann
Tung-Yen Lin
Bernard M. Oliver
1987
Robert Byron Bird
H. Bolton Seed
Ernst Weber
1988
Daniel C. Drucker
Willis M. Hawkins
George W. Housner
1989
Harry George Drickamer
Herbert E. Grier

1990s|

1990
Mildred Dresselhaus
Nick Holonyak Jr.
1991
George H. Heilmeier
Luna B. Leopold
H. Guyford Stever
1992
Calvin F. Quate
John Roy Whinnery
1993
Alfred Y. Cho
1994
Ray W. Clough
1995
Hermann A. Haus
1996
James L. Flanagan
C. Kumar N. Patel
1998
Eli Ruckenstein
1999
Kenneth N. Stevens

2000s|

2000
Yuan-Cheng B. Fung
2001
Andreas Acrivos
2002
Leo Beranek
2003
John M. Prausnitz
2004
Edwin N. Lightfoot
2005
Jan D. Achenbach
2006
Robert S. Langer
2007
David J. Wineland
2008
Rudolf E. Kálmán
2009
Amnon Yariv

2010s|

2010
Shu Chien
2011
John B. Goodenough
2012
Thomas Kailath

2020s|

2023
Subra Suresh
2025
John Dabiri

Mathematical, statistical, and computer sciences

| 1960s|

1963
Norbert Wiener
1964
Solomon Lefschetz
H. Marston Morse
1965
Oscar Zariski
1966
John Milnor
1967
Paul Cohen
1968
Jerzy Neyman
1969
William Feller

|

1970s|

1970
Richard Brauer
1973
John Tukey
1974
Kurt Gödel
1975
John W. Backus
Shiing-Shen Chern
George Dantzig
1976
Kurt Otto Friedrichs
Hassler Whitney
1979
Joseph L. Doob
Donald E. Knuth

1980s|

1982
Marshall H. Stone
1983
Herman Goldstine
Isadore Singer
1986
Peter Lax
Antoni Zygmund
1987
Raoul Bott
Michael Freedman
1988
Ralph E. Gomory
Joseph B. Keller
1989
Samuel Karlin
Saunders Mac Lane
Donald C. Spencer

1990s|

1990
George F. Carrier
Stephen Cole Kleene
John McCarthy
1991
Alberto Calderón
1992
Allen Newell
1993
Martin David Kruskal
1994
John Cocke
1995
Louis Nirenberg
1996
Richard Karp
Stephen Smale
1997
Shing-Tung Yau
1998
Cathleen Synge Morawetz
1999
Felix Browder
Ronald R. Coifman

2000s|

2000
John Griggs Thompson
Karen Uhlenbeck
2001
Calyampudi R. Rao
Elias M. Stein
2002
James G. Glimm
2003
Carl R. de Boor
2004
Dennis P. Sullivan
2005
Bradley Efron
2006
Hyman Bass
2007
Leonard Kleinrock
Andrew J. Viterbi
2009
David B. Mumford

2010s|

2010
Richard A. Tapia
S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan
2011
Solomon W. Golomb
Barry Mazur
2012
Alexandre Chorin
David Blackwell
2013
Michael Artin

2020s|

2025
Ingrid Daubechies
Cynthia Dwork

Physical sciences

| 1960s|

1963
Luis W. Alvarez
1964
Julian Schwinger
Harold Urey
Robert Burns Woodward
1965
John Bardeen
Peter Debye
Leon M. Lederman
William Rubey
1966
Jacob Bjerknes
Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
Henry Eyring
John H. Van Vleck
Vladimir K. Zworykin
1967
Jesse Beams
Francis Birch
Gregory Breit
Louis Hammett
George Kistiakowsky
1968
Paul Bartlett
Herbert Friedman
Lars Onsager
Eugene Wigner
1969
Herbert C. Brown
Wolfgang Panofsky

|

1970s|

1970
Robert H. Dicke
Allan R. Sandage
John C. Slater
John A. Wheeler
Saul Winstein
1973
Carl Djerassi
Maurice Ewing
Arie Jan Haagen-Smit
Vladimir Haensel
Frederick Seitz
Robert Rathbun Wilson
1974
Nicolaas Bloembergen
Paul Flory
William Alfred Fowler
Linus Carl Pauling
Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer
1975
Hans A. Bethe
Joseph O. Hirschfelder
Lewis Sarett
Edgar Bright Wilson
Chien-Shiung Wu
1976
Samuel Goudsmit
Herbert S. Gutowsky
Frederick Rossini
Verner Suomi
Henry Taube
George Uhlenbeck
1979
Richard P. Feynman
Herman Mark
Edward M. Purcell
John Sinfelt
Lyman Spitzer
Victor F. Weisskopf

1980s|

1982
Philip W. Anderson
Yoichiro Nambu
Edward Teller
Charles H. Townes
1983
E. Margaret Burbidge
Maurice Goldhaber
Helmut Landsberg
Walter Munk
Frederick Reines
Bruno B. Rossi
J. Robert Schrieffer
1986
Solomon J. Buchsbaum
H. Richard Crane
Herman Feshbach
Robert Hofstadter
Chen-Ning Yang
1987
Philip Abelson
Walter Elsasser
Paul C. Lauterbur
George Pake
James A. Van Allen
1988
D. Allan Bromley
Paul Ching-Wu Chu
Walter Kohn
Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.
Jack Steinberger
1989
Arnold O. Beckman
Eugene Parker
Robert Sharp
Henry Stommel

1990s|

1990
Allan M. Cormack
Edwin M. McMillan
Robert Pound
Roger Revelle
1991
Arthur L. Schawlow
Ed Stone
Steven Weinberg
1992
Eugene M. Shoemaker
1993
Val Fitch
Vera Rubin
1994
Albert Overhauser
Frank Press
1995
Hans Dehmelt
Peter Goldreich
1996
Wallace S. Broecker
1997
Marshall Rosenbluth
Martin Schwarzschild
George Wetherill
1998
Don L. Anderson
John N. Bahcall
1999
James Cronin
Leo Kadanoff

2000s|

2000
Willis E. Lamb
Jeremiah P. Ostriker
Gilbert F. White
2001
Marvin L. Cohen
Raymond Davis Jr.
Charles Keeling
2002
Richard Garwin
W. Jason Morgan
Edward Witten
2003
G. Brent Dalrymple
Riccardo Giacconi
2004
Robert N. Clayton
2005
Ralph A. Alpher
Lonnie Thompson
2006
Daniel Kleppner
2007
Fay Ajzenberg-Selove
Charles P. Slichter
2008
Berni Alder
James E. Gunn
2009
Yakir Aharonov
Esther M. Conwell
Warren M. Washington

2010s|

2011
Sidney Drell
Sandra Faber
Sylvester James Gates
2012
Burton Richter
Sean C. Solomon
2014
Shirley Ann Jackson

2020s|

2023
Barry Barish
Myriam Sarachik
2025
Richard Alley
Wendy Freedman
Keivan Stassun

* v
* t
* e

Grace Murray Hopper Award recipients

* Knuth (1971)
* Dirksen (1972)
* Cress (1972)
* Breed/Lathwell/Moore (1973)
* Baird (1974)
* Scherr (1975)
* Shortliffe (1976)
* Kurzweil (1978)
* Wozniak (1979)
* Metcalfe (1980)
* Bricklin (1981)
* Reid (1982)
* Ingalls (1984)
* Green (1985)
* Joy (1986)
* Ousterhout (1987)
* Steele (1988)
* Hillis (1989)
* Stallman (1990)
* Hsu (1991)
* Stroustrup (1993)
* Goldwasser (1996)
* Hwu (1999)
* Kavraki (2000)
* Necula (2001)
* Srikant (2002)
* Keckler (2003)
* Rexford (2004)
* Reingold (2005)
* Klein (2006)
* Paxson (2007)
* Engler (2008)
* Roughgarden (2009)
* Gentry (2010)
* Ahn (2011)
* Casado and Katabi (2012)
* Felzenszwalb (2013)
* Ratnasamy (2014)
* Waters (2015)
* Heer (2016)
* Randles (2017)
* Daskalakis and Freedman (2018)
* Balcan (2019)
* Gollakota (2020)
* Popa (2021)
* Alizadeh (2022)
* Mittal (2023)

* v
* t
* e

Free and open-source typography

Software
and libraries|

* FontForge
* Fontmatrix
* FreeType
* Ghostscript
* HarfBuzz
* Metafont
* MetaPost
* MetaType1
* Pango
* TeX
* Graphite
* ICU

Licenses|

* Apache License
* BSD licenses
* Creative Commons licenses
* GNU General Public License \+ GPL font exception
* GNU Lesser General Public License
* LaTeX Project Public License
* MIT License
* SIL Open Font License
* Ubuntu Font Licence

Operating system,
corporate and
professional|

* Andika
* Bitstream Charter
* Bitstream Vera
* DejaVu
* Breeze Sans
* Cascadia Code
* Cantarell
* Charis SIL
* Computer Modern
* Concrete Roman
* Courier Prime
* Doulos SIL
* Droid
* Noto
* Open Sans
* Roboto
* Fira
* Gentium
* Ghostscript fonts
* GNU FreeFont
* GNU Unifont
* Go and Go Mono
* Hershey fonts
* IBM Plex
* Liberation
* Croscore
* Literata
* Lohit
* Luxi
* Nanum fonts
* Nimbus Mono
* Sans
* Roman
* OCR-A
* OCR-B
* Overpass
* Selawik
* Source Code
* Source Han Sans
* Source Han Serif
* Source Sans
* Source Serif
* STIX fonts
* Tiresias
* Ubuntu, Ubuntu Titling
* Utopia
* Zilla Slab

Government
typefaces|

* National Fonts
* PT Fonts
* Railway Sans
* e-Ukraine

Other
typefaces|

* Amiri
* Antykwa Półtawskiego
* Asana-Math
* Atkinson Hyperlegible
* Cardo
* Chandas
* Comic Neue
* Cormorant
* EB Garamond
* Gentium
* IM Fell
* Inconsolata
* Iosevka
* Jomolhari
* Junicode
* Kochi
* Lato
* Linux Libertine
* Montserrat
* M+
* News Cycle
* Open Baskerville
* OpenDyslexic
* Squarish Sans CT
* Theano Didot
* WenQuanYi
* XITS

Groups and
people|

* Donald Knuth
* Ray Larabie
* Raph Levien
* Behdad Esfahbod
* Font Awesome
* Greek Font Society
* Font Library
* Google Fonts
* SIL International

Free and open-source software portal

* Open-source Unicode typefaces
* List of open source typefaces
* List of free software Unicode typefaces

* v
* t
* e

Contributors to Mad

* "The Usual Gang of Idiots"

Publisher|

* William M. Gaines (1952–1992)

Editors|

* Harvey Kurtzman (1952–1956)
* editorship
* Al Feldstein (1956–1984)
* John Ficarra (1984–2017)
* Nick Meglin (1984–2004)
* Joe Raiola (1984–2017)
* Bill Morrison (2017–2019)
* Allie Goertz (2018–2019)

Writers|

* Tony Barbieri
* Dick DeBartolo
* Desmond Devlin
* Michael Gallagher
* Stan Hart
* Frank Jacobs
* Tom Koch
* Arnie Kogen
* Paul Laikin
* Barry Liebmann
* Larry Siegel
* Lou Silverstone
* Mike Snider

Writer-Artists|

* Sergio Aragonés
* Dave Berg
* John Caldwell
* Jerry DeFuccio
* Duck Edwing
* Al Jaffee
* Peter Kuper
* Don Martin
* Paul Peter Porges
* Antonio Prohías

Artists|

* John Putnam (Art Director, 1954–1980)
* Tom Bunk
* Bob Clarke
* Paul Coker
* Jack Davis
* Mort Drucker
* Will Elder
* Frank Kelly Freas
* Drew Friedman
* Bob Jones
* Hermann Mejía
* Norman Mingo
* Joe Orlando
* Tom Richmond
* Jack Rickard
* John Severin
* Bob Staake
* Angelo Torres
* Rick Tulka
* Sam Viviano
* James Warhola
* Basil Wolverton
* Monte Wolverton
* Wally Wood
* George Woodbridge
* Bill Wray

Infrequent contributors|

* Stan Freberg
* Russ Heath
* Donald Knuth
* Ernie Kovacs
* Jay Lynch
* Henry Morgan
* Roger Price
* Irving Schild
* Bernard Shir-Cliff

Related|

* Alfred E. Neuman
* Maria Reidelbach

* v
* t
* e

Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 2003

Fellows|

* John D. Barrow
* Jocelyn Bell Burnell
* Mariann Bienz
* William Bonfield
* John Milton Brown
* Mark Wayne Chase
* Michael Coey
* Kay Davies
* Anthony Dickinson
* Eleanor Dodson
* Peter Dornan
* Ann Dowling
* Jeffery Errington
* Roger Fletcher
* Roderick Flower
* Melvyn Greaves
* Peter Green
* Keith Gull
* Peter Holland
* James Hough
* Malcolm Irving
* Jonathan D. G. Jones
* Michael L. Klein
* Alan MacDiarmid
* Stephen Mann
* Richard John Nelmes
* Stephen O'Rahilly
* Bridget Ogilvie
* Tim Palmer
* John Papaloizou
* Venki Ramakrishnan
* Elizabeth Robertson
* John Gair Robson
* John Donald Scott
* Richard H. Sibson
* Leon Simon
* Geoffrey L. Smith
* Adrian Sutton
* Karen Vousden
* Andrew Watson
* Fiona Watt
* Peter N. T. Wells

Foreign|

*  Denis Baylor
*  Fotis Kafatos
*  Klaus von Klitzing
*  Donald Knuth
*  José Sarukhán
*  Valentine Telegdi

* v
* t
* e

John von Neumann Lecturers

* Lars Ahlfors (1960)
* Mark Kac (1961)
* Jean Leray (1962)
* Stanislaw Ulam (1963)
* Solomon Lefschetz (1964)
* Freeman Dyson (1965)
* Eugene Wigner (1966)
* Chia-Chiao Lin (1967)
* Peter Lax (1968)
* George F. Carrier (1969)
* James H. Wilkinson (1970)
* Paul Samuelson (1971)
* Jule Charney (1974)
* James Lighthill (1975)
* René Thom (1976)
* Kenneth Arrow (1977)
* Peter Henrici (1978)
* Kurt O. Friedrichs (1979)
* Keith Stewartson (1980)
* Garrett Birkhoff (1981)
* David Slepian (1982)
* Joseph B. Keller (1983)
* Jürgen Moser (1984)
* John W. Tukey (1985)
* Jacques-Louis Lions (1986)
* Richard M. Karp (1987)
* Germund Dahlquist (1988)
* Stephen Smale (1989)
* Andrew Majda (1990)
* R. Tyrrell Rockafellar (1992)
* Martin D. Kruskal (1994)
* Carl de Boor (1996)
* William Kahan (1997)
* Olga Ladyzhenskaya (1998)
* Charles S. Peskin (1999)
* Persi Diaconis (2000)
* David Donoho (2001)
* Eric Lander (2002)
* Heinz-Otto Kreiss (2003)
* Alan C. Newell (2004)
* Jerrold E. Marsden (2005)
* George C. Papanicolaou (2006)
* Nancy Kopell (2007)
* David Gottlieb (2008)
* Franco Brezzi (2009)
* Bernd Sturmfels (2010)
* Ingrid Daubechies (2011)
* John M. Ball (2012)
* Stanley Osher (2013)
* Leslie Greengard (2014)
* Jennifer Tour Chayes (2015)
* Donald Knuth (2016)
* Bernard J. Matkowsky (2017)
* Charles F. Van Loan (2018)
* Margaret H. Wright (2019)
* Nick Trefethen (2020)
* Chi-Wang Shu (2021)
* Leah Keshet (2022)
* Yousef Saad (2023)
* Jorge Nocedal (2024)

Authority control databases

International|

* ISNI
* VIAF
* FAST
* WorldCat

National|

* Germany
* United States
* France
* BnF data
* Japan
* Italy
* Australia
* Czech Republic
* Spain
* Portugal
* Netherlands
* Norway
* Latvia
* Croatia
* Greece
* Korea
* Sweden
* Poland
* Israel
* Catalonia
* Belgium

Academics|

* CiNii
* Mathematics Genealogy Project
* Association for Computing Machinery
* Scopus
* zbMATH
* Google Scholar
* DBLP
* MathSciNet

Artists|

* MusicBrainz

People|

* Trove
* Deutsche Biographie
* DDB

Other|

* IdRef
* SNAC
* Yale LUX

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template