Donald Trump

President of the United States (2017–2021; since 2025)

"Trump" redirects here. For other uses, see Trump (disambiguation) and Donald Trump (disambiguation).

Donald Trump

Official portrait, 2025

45th & 47th President of the United States

Incumbent

Assumed office
January 20, 2025
Vice President| JD Vance
Preceded by| Joe Biden
In office
January 20, 2017 – January 20, 2021
Vice President| Mike Pence
Preceded by| Barack Obama
Succeeded by| Joe Biden
Personal details
Born|

Donald John Trump

(1946-06-14) June 14, 1946 (age 79)
Queens, New York City, U.S.
Political party| Republican (1987–1999, 2009–2011, 2012–present)
Other political
affiliations|

* Reform (1999–2001)
* Democratic (2001–2009)
* Independent (2011–2012)

Spouses|

* Ivana Zelníčková

(m. 1977; div. 1990)​

* Marla Maples

(m. 1993; div. 1999)​

* Melania Knauss

(m. 2005)​

Children|

* Donald Jr.
* Ivanka
* Eric
* Tiffany
* Barron

Parents|

* Fred Trump
* Mary Anne MacLeod

Relatives| Trump family
Residence| White House
Education| University of Pennsylvania (BS)
Occupation|

* Politician
* businessman
* media personality

Signature|
Website|

* White House website
* First presidency:
* Presidential library
* White House archives

Donald Trump's voice

Trump on the WHO's declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic
Recorded March 11, 2020

|  |

This article is part of
a series about

Donald Trump

|

* * *

Business and personal

* Age and health
* Business career
* The Trump Organization
* wealth
* tax returns
* cryptocurrency
* Conspiracy theories
* Endorsements
* Eponyms
* Family
* Foundation
* grants
* American football
* Golf
* Honors
* John McCain comments
* Legal affairs
* indictments
* Media career
* The Apprentice
* bibliography
* filmography
* Nicknames
* Voters
* Obama–Trump voters
* Sanders–Trump voters
* Public image
* in popular culture
* in music
* SNL parodies
* baby balloon
* dance
* handshakes
* pseudonyms
* Racial views
* antisemitism
* Religious views
* Residences
* Rhetoric
* Security incidents
* Sexual misconduct allegations
* Epstein ties
* Trump–Musk feud

* * *

45th and 47th
President of the United States
Incumbent

* Presidencies
* first
* second
* timeline
* Transitions
* first
* second
* Inaugurations
* first
* second
* Portraits
* Presidential library

* * *

Tenure

* First 100 days
* first term
* second term
* Executive actions
* executive orders
* first term
* second term
* proclamations
* pardons
* first term
* second term
* Trips
* foreign
* first term
* '17
* '18
* '19
* '20–'21
* Riyadh summit
* North Korea summits
* Singapore
* Hanoi
* DMZ
* Helsinki summit
* Namaste Trump
* second term
* '25
* Middle East visit
* Shutdowns
* January 2018
* 2018–2019
* Opinion polls
* first term
* second term
* Legal affairs as president
* first term
* second term
* Protests
* federal law enforcement deployment
* St. John's Church photo op
* No Kings
* Social media
* Twitter
* False or misleading statements
* Trumpism
* TikTok controversy
* American Civil War
* Attempts to overturn the 2020 presidential election
* fake electors plot
* Eastman memos
* lawsuits
* Texas v. Pennsylvania
* Jeffrey Clark letter
* Fascism
* Mar-a-Lago face

* * *

Policies

* Domestic
* first term
* second term
* Economy
* first term
* tax cuts
* tariffs
* USMCA
* farmer bailouts
* second term
* One Big Beautiful Bill Act
* tariffs
* China
* Canada and Mexico
* Liberation Day
* TACO
* Environment
* Paris Agreement withdrawal
* America's Water Infrastructure Act of 2018
* Foreign policy
* first term
* Syria strikes
* 2017
* 2018
* Kosovo–Serbia agreements
* second term
* Russian invasion of Ukraine
* Putin call
* Saudi Arabia summit
* Zelenskyy Oval Office meeting
* minerals agreement
* peace talks
* Putin summit in Alaska
* Armenia–Azerbaijan agreement
* America First
* Saudi Arabia arms deal
* Iran
* first term
* nuclear deal withdrawal
* second term
* Iran negotiations
* Iran–Israel war
* June 2025 strikes
* Iran–Israel war ceasefire
* Israel
* Jerusalem recognition
* Golan Heights recognition
* Palestine peace plan
* Abraham Accords
* Killings
* al-Baghdadi
* Soleimani
* Afghanistan withdrawal
* Taliban deal
* American expansionism
* Proposed Venezuela invasion
* Immigration
* first term
* second term
* travel ban
* border wall
* family separation policy
* migrant detentions
* troop deployments
* national emergency
* Infrastructure
* Social issues
* First Step Act
* cannabis
* Space
* COVID-19 pandemic
* Taskforce
* Communication
* Government response
* stimulus bills
* CARES Act
* Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021
* Operation Warp Speed
* Interference with science agencies
* Targeting of political opponents and civil society
* AI

* * *

Appointments (

* first
* second

* Cabinets
* first
* second
* Ambassadors
* first
* second
* Federal judges
* inferior courts
* Supreme Court candidates
* Gorsuch
* Kavanaugh
* Barrett
* Executives
* first
* second
* U.S. Attorneys
* first
* second

* * *

Presidential campaigns

* 2000
* primaries
* 2016
* election
* primaries
* endorsements
* rallies
* Las Vegas incident
* convention
* debates
* foreign policy
* Make America Great Again
* Never Trump movement
* people
* Access Hollywood tape
* wiretapping allegations
* Spygate
* 2020
* election
* primaries
* endorsements
* political
* non-political
* opposition
* rallies
* convention
* debates
* GOP reactions to election fraud claims
* Raffensperger phone call
* 2024
* election
* primaries
* endorsements
* opposition
* eligibility
* Agenda 47
* rallies
* convention
* debates
* assassination attempts
* PA
* perpetrator
* photographs
* FL
* suspect

* * *

Impeachments

* Efforts to impeach Donald Trump
* resolutions
* First impeachment
* Ukraine scandal
* House inquiry
* Senate trial
* Second impeachment
* Capitol attack
* Senate trial
* Proposed expungements

* * *

Legal proceedings

* 2020 election federal indictment
* Classified documents federal indictment
* Special counsel investigation
* FBI investigation
* FBI search of Mar-a-Lago
* Trump v. United States
* New York felony conviction for falsifying business records
* Stormy Daniels scandal
* New York investigations
* Georgia election indictment
* Georgia election investigation
* mug shot

* * *

* v
* t
* e

Donald John Trump (born June 14, 1946) is an American politician, media personality, and businessman who is the 47th president of the United States. A member of the Republican Party, he served as the 45th president from 2017 to 2021.

Born into a wealthy family in New York City, Trump graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1968 with a bachelor's degree in economics. He became the president of his family's real estate business in 1971, renamed it the Trump Organization, and began acquiring and building skyscrapers, hotels, casinos, and golf courses. He launched side ventures, many licensing the Trump name, and filed for six business bankruptcies in the 1990s and 2000s. From 2004 to 2015, he hosted the reality television show The Apprentice, bolstering his fame as a billionaire. Presenting himself as a political outsider, Trump won the 2016 presidential election against Democratic Party nominee Hillary Clinton.

During his first presidency, Trump imposed a travel ban on seven Muslim-majority countries, expanded the Mexico–United States border wall, and enforced a family separation policy on the border. He rolled back environmental and business regulations, signed the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, and appointed three Supreme Court justices. In foreign policy, Trump withdrew the U.S. from agreements on climate, trade, and Iran's nuclear program, and initiated a trade war with China. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic from 2020, he downplayed its severity, contradicted health officials, and signed the CARES Act. After losing the 2020 presidential election to Joe Biden, Trump attempted to overturn the result, culminating in the January 6 Capitol attack in 2021. He was impeached in 2019 for abuse of power and obstruction of Congress, and in 2021 for incitement of insurrection; the Senate acquitted him both times.

In 2023, Trump was found liable in civil cases for sexual abuse and defamation and for business fraud. He was found guilty of falsifying business records in 2024, making him the first U.S. president convicted of a felony. After winning the 2024 presidential election against Kamala Harris, he was sentenced to a penalty-free discharge, and two felony indictments against him for retention of classified documents and obstruction of the 2020 election were dismissed without prejudice. A racketeering case related to the 2020 election in Georgia is pending.

Trump began his second presidency by initiating mass layoffs of federal workers. He imposed tariffs on nearly all countries at the highest level since the Great Depression and signed the One Big Beautiful Bill Act. His administration's actions--including intimidation of political opponents and civil society, deportations of immigrants, and extensive use of executive orders--have drawn over 300 lawsuits challenging their legality. High-profile cases have underscored his broad interpretation of the unitary executive theory and have led to significant conflicts with the federal courts. In 2025, he authorized airstrikes on Iranian nuclear sites.

Since 2015, Trump's leadership style and political agenda--often referred to as Trumpism--have reshaped the Republican Party's identity. Many of his comments and actions have been characterized as racist or misogynistic, and he has made false or misleading statements and promoted conspiracy theories to an extent unprecedented in American politics. Trump's actions, especially in his second term, have been described as authoritarian and contributing to democratic backsliding. After his first term, scholars and historians ranked him as one of the worst presidents in American history.

## Early life and education

[edit]

At New York Military Academy, 1964

Donald John Trump was born on June 14, 1946, at Jamaica Hospital in the New York City borough of Queens, the fourth child of Fred Trump and Mary Anne MacLeod Trump.[1] He is of German and Scottish descent.[2] He grew up with his older siblings, Maryanne, Fred Jr., and Elizabeth, and his younger brother, Robert, in a mansion in the Jamaica Estates neighborhood of Queens.[3] Fred Trump paid his children each about $20,000 a year, equivalent to $265,000 a year in 2024. Trump was a millionaire in inflation-adjusted dollars by age eight.[4][a]

Trump attended the private Kew-Forest School through seventh grade. He was a difficult child and showed an early interest in his father's business. His father enrolled him in New York Military Academy, a private boarding school, to complete secondary school.[5] The academy pushed students into sports[6] and drilled the imperative of winning.[7] Trump exaggerated his abilities.[8][b] Trump played a year of varsity football and soccer, and three years of baseball,[6] emerging as cocaptain, cleanup batter, and excellent first baseman.[10] In high school his grades improved to a B average.[11][c]

Trump considered a show business career but instead, to be closer to home, enrolled at Fordham University in 1964.[13] He dropped ROTC officer training after one year,[14] and played indifferent football, squash, and tennis.[15] His Fordham friends introduced him to golf.[16] His junior year he transferred to the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, most often commuting to his father's office on weekends, and graduating in May 1968 with a Bachelor of Science in economics.[17][18] In college[19] he was not the top student he sometimes claimed to be.[20] By the time he went to Wharton--where he does not appear in a list of those receiving honors[d]--he was eyeing a career in real estate.[19] He was exempted from the draft during the Vietnam War due to a claim of bone spurs in his heels.[21] Notwithstanding five years in military school,[19] he had no interest in going to war.[21]

Growing up, he considered his father and the family's pastor, Norman Vincent Peale,[22] to be his mentors.[23] His father told him repeatedly that he was "a king" and to be "a killer".[24] Peale preached self-confidence as the impetus for prosperity.[25][e]

## Business career

[edit]

Main articles: Business career of Donald Trump and The Trump Organization

Further information: Business projects of Donald Trump in Russia and Tax returns of Donald Trump

### Real estate

[edit]

Starting in 1968, Trump was employed at Trump Management, his father's real estate company,[27] which managed the middle-class apartment complexes Fred had built in Queens, Staten Island, and Brooklyn.[28] His main tasks were collecting rent and making repairs[29] for about five years.[30] Captivated by its glamor and riches,[31] Trump asked his father to expand to Manhattan where prices were at least three orders of magnitude higher, but his father was content in the outer boroughs.[30] In 1971, he moved to Manhattan where he planned to move the business[32] and commuted to his father's office.[33] That year, his father made himself chairman and Trump president, overseeing 48 private corporations and 15 family partnerships.[19] Trump renamed the disparate businesses to a single umbrella, the Trump Organization.[34]

Roy Cohn, Trump's most important early influence after his father,[35] was his fixer, lawyer, and mentor[36] for 13 years in the 1970s and 1980s.[37] Cohn taught Trump to think that life is transactional.[38] In 1973, Cohn helped Trump countersue the U.S. government for $100 million (equivalent to $708 million in 2024[39]) over its charges that Trump's properties had discriminated against Black applicants and tenants. Trump's counterclaims were dismissed, and the government's case was settled with the Trumps signing a consent decree agreeing to desegregate. Four years later, the Trumps again faced the courts when they were found in contempt of the decree.[40] Helping Trump projects,[41] Cohn was a consigliere whose Mafia connections controlled construction unions.[42] In 1979, Cohn introduced political consultant Roger Stone to Trump, who enlisted Stone's services to deal with the federal government.[43]

Trump moved from his studio to a penthouse with a view and got a real estate broker's license in the mid-1970s.[44] Before age thirty, he showed his propensity for litigation, no matter the outcome and cost; even when he lost, he described the case as a win.[45] Over three decades as of 2018, Trump had been involved in more than 4,000 lawsuits,[46] liens, and other filings, often filed for nonpayment against him by employees, contractors, real estate brokers, and his own attorneys.[47] Between 1991 and 2009, Trump filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection for six of his businesses: the Plaza Hotel in Manhattan, the casinos in Atlantic City, New Jersey, and the Trump Hotels & Casino Resorts company.[48][49]

In 1992, Trump, his siblings Maryanne, Elizabeth, and Robert, and his cousin John W. Walter formed All County Building Supply & Maintenance Corp, each with a 20 percent share. The company had no offices and is alleged to have been a shell company for paying the vendors providing services and supplies for Trump's rental units, then billing those services and supplies to Trump Management with markups of 20–50 percent and more. The owners shared the proceeds generated by the markups. The increased costs were used to get state approval for increasing the rents of his rent-stabilized units. In January 1994, the siblings formed Apartment Management Associates and took over the management fees formerly collected by Trump Management. As well as inflating rents, the schemes served to transfer assets from Fred Trump to his children and nephew and lower the tax burden.[50]

#### Manhattan and Chicago developments

[edit]

In 1985 with a model of one of his aborted Manhattan development projects[51]

Trump attracted public attention in 1978 with the launch of his family's first Manhattan venture: the renovation of the derelict Commodore Hotel, adjacent to Grand Central Terminal.[52] The financing was facilitated by a $400 million city property tax abatement arranged for him by his father who also, jointly with Hyatt, guaranteed a $70 million bank construction loan.[53][54] The hotel reopened in 1980 as the Grand Hyatt Hotel,[55] and that same year, he obtained rights to develop Trump Tower, a mixed-use skyscraper in Midtown Manhattan.[56] The building houses the headquarters of the Trump Corporation and Trump's PAC and was his primary residence until 2019.[57] In 1988, Trump acquired the Plaza Hotel with a loan from a consortium of 16 banks.[58] The hotel filed for bankruptcy protection in 1992, and a reorganization plan was approved a month later, with the banks taking control of the property.[59]

In 1995, Trump defaulted on over $3 billion of bank loans, and the lenders seized the Plaza Hotel along with most of his other properties in a "vast and humiliating restructuring" that allowed him to avoid personal bankruptcy.[60][61] The lead bank's attorney said of the banks' decision that they "all agreed that he'd be better alive than dead".[60] In 1996, Trump acquired and renovated the mostly vacant 71-story skyscraper at 40 Wall Street, later rebranded as the Trump Building.[62] In the early 1990s, he won the right to develop a 70-acre (28 ha) tract in the Lincoln Square neighborhood near the Hudson River. Struggling with debt from other ventures in 1994, he sold most of his interest in the project to Asian investors, who financed the project's completion, Riverside South.[63] Trump's last major construction project was the 92-story mixed-use Trump International Hotel and Tower in Chicago, which opened in 2008. In 2024, The New York Times and ProPublica reported that the Internal Revenue Service was investigating whether he had twice written off losses incurred through construction cost overruns and lagging sales of residential units in the building he had declared to be worthless on his 2008 tax return.[64]

#### Atlantic City casinos

[edit]

Entrance of the Trump Taj Mahal in Atlantic City

In 1984, Trump opened Harrah's at Trump Plaza, a hotel and casino, with financing and management help from the Holiday Corporation.[65] It was unprofitable, and he paid Holiday $70 million in May 1986 to take sole control.[66] In 1985, he bought the unopened Atlantic City Hilton Hotel and renamed it Trump Castle.[67] Both casinos filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in 1992.[68] Trump bought a third Atlantic City venue in 1988, the Trump Taj Mahal. It was financed with $675 million in junk bonds and completed for $1.1 billion, opening in April 1990.[65] He filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in 1991. Under the provisions of the restructuring agreement, he gave up half his initial stake and personally guaranteed future performance.[69] To reduce his $900 million of personal debt, he sold the Trump Shuttle airline; his megayacht, the Trump Princess, which had been leased to his casinos and kept docked; and other businesses.[70] In 1995, Trump founded Trump Hotels & Casino Resorts (THCR), which assumed ownership of the Trump Plaza.[71] THCR purchased the Taj Mahal and the Trump Castle in 1996 and went bankrupt in 2004 and 2009, leaving him with 10 percent ownership.[65] He remained chairman until 2009.[72]

#### Golf clubs

[edit]

In 1985, Trump acquired the Mar-a-Lago estate in Palm Beach, Florida.[73] In 1995, he converted the estate into a private club with an initiation fee and annual dues. He continued to use a wing of the house as a private residence.[74] He declared the club his primary residence in 2019.[57] He began building and buying golf courses in 1999, owning 17 golf courses by 2016.[75]

### Licensing the Trump name

[edit]

See also: List of things named after Donald Trump

The Trump Organization often licensed the Trump name for consumer products and services, including foodstuffs, apparel, learning courses, and home furnishings.[76] Over 50 licensing or management deals involved Trump's name, generating at least $59 million for his companies.[77] By 2018, only two consumer goods companies continued to license his name.[76] During the 2000s, Trump licensed his name to residential property developments worldwide, 40 of which were never built.[78]

### Side ventures

[edit]

See also: Donald Trump and American football

1985 New Jersey Generals press conference in Trump Tower

In 1970, Trump invested $70,000 of his father's wealth to receive billing as coproducer of a Broadway comedy—and lost the money.[79] After making low-ball bids for the New York Mets and the Cleveland Indians baseball teams, in 1983 for about $6 million, he purchased the New Jersey Generals, a team in the United States Football League.[80] The league folded after the 1985 season, largely due to his attempt to move to a fall schedule (when it would have competed with the National Football League [NFL] for audience) and his attempt to force a merger with the NFL by bringing an antitrust suit.[81] Trump and his Plaza Hotel hosted several boxing matches at the Atlantic City Convention Hall.[65][82] In 1989 and 1990, he lent his name to the Tour de Trump cycling stage race, an attempt to create an American equivalent of European races such as the Tour de France or the Giro d'Italia.[83]

From 1986 to 1988, he purchased significant blocks of shares in various public companies while suggesting that he intended to take over the company and then sold his shares for a profit,[84] leading some observers to think he was engaged in greenmail.[85] The New York Times found that he initially made millions of dollars in such stock transactions, but "lost most, if not all, of those gains after investors stopped taking his takeover talk seriously".[84]

Trump's star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame

In 1988, Trump purchased the Eastern Air Lines Shuttle, financing the purchase with $380 million (equivalent to $1.01 billion in 2024[39]) in loans from a syndicate of 22 banks. He renamed the airline Trump Shuttle and operated it until 1992.[86] He defaulted on his loans in 1991, and ownership passed to the banks.[87] In 1996, he purchased the Miss Universe pageants, including Miss USA and Miss Teen USA.[88] Due to disagreements with CBS about scheduling, he took both pageants to NBC in 2002.[89][90] In 2007, he received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his work as producer of Miss Universe.[91] NBC and Univision dropped the pageants in June 2015 in reaction to his comments about Mexican immigrants.[92]

In 2005, Trump cofounded Trump University, a company that sold real estate seminars for up to $35,000. After New York State authorities notified the company that its use of "university" violated state law (as it was not an academic institution), its name was changed to the Trump Entrepreneur Initiative in 2010.[93] In 2013, the State of New York filed a $40 million civil suit against Trump University, alleging that the company made false statements and defrauded consumers. Additionally, two class actions were filed in federal court against Trump and his companies. Internal documents revealed that employees were instructed to use a hard-sell approach, and former employees testified that Trump University had defrauded or lied to its students.[94] Shortly after he won the 2016 presidential election, he agreed to pay a total of $25 million to settle the three cases.[95]

### Foundation

[edit]

Main article: Donald J. Trump Foundation

The Donald J. Trump Foundation was a private foundation established in 1988.[96] From 1987 to 2006, Trump gave his foundation $5.4 million, which had been spent by the end of 2006. After donating a total of $65,000 in 2007–2008, he stopped donating any personal funds to the charity,[97] which received millions from other donors, including $5 million from Vince McMahon.[98] The foundation gave to health- and sports-related charities, conservative groups,[99] and charities that held events at Trump properties.[97] In 2016, The Washington Post reported that the charity had committed several potential legal and ethical violations, including self-dealing and tax evasion.[100] Also in 2016, the New York attorney general stated the foundation had violated state law by soliciting donations without submitting to required annual external audits and ordered it to cease its fundraising activities in New York immediately.[101] Trump's team announced in December 2016 that the foundation would be dissolved.[102] In June 2018, the New York attorney general's office filed a civil suit against the foundation, Trump, and his adult children, seeking $2.8 million in restitution and additional penalties.[103] In December 2018, the foundation ceased operation and disbursed its assets to other charities.[104] In November 2019, a New York state judge ordered Trump to pay $2 million to a group of charities for misusing the foundation's funds, in part to finance his presidential campaign.[105]

### Legal affairs and bankruptcies

[edit]

Main article: Personal and business legal affairs of Donald Trump

According to a review of state and federal court files conducted by USA Today in 2018, Trump and his businesses had been involved in more than 4,000 state and federal legal actions.[106] While he has not filed for personal bankruptcy, his over-leveraged hotel and casino businesses in Atlantic City and New York filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection six times between 1991 and 2009.[49] They continued to operate while the banks restructured debt and reduced his shares in the properties.[49] During the 1980s, more than 70 banks had lent Trump $4 billion.[107] After his corporate bankruptcies of the early 1990s, most major banks, with the exception of Deutsche Bank, declined to lend to him.[108] After the January 6 Capitol attack, the bank decided not to do business with him or his affiliated company in the future.[109]

### Wealth

[edit]

Main article: Wealth of Donald Trump

Trump (rightmost) and wife Ivana at a 1985 state dinner for King Fahd of Saudi Arabia with President Ronald Reagan and First Lady Nancy Reagan

Trump has said he began his career with "a small loan of a million dollars" from his father and that he had to pay it back with interest.[110] He borrowed at least $60 million from his father, largely did not repay the loans, and received another $413 million (2018 equivalent, adjusted for inflation) from his father's company.[111][50] Posing as a Trump Organization official named "John Barron", Trump called journalist Jonathan Greenberg in 1984, trying to get a higher ranking on the Forbes 400 list of wealthy Americans.[112] Trump self-reported his net worth over a wide range: from minus $900 million in 1990[113] to $10 billion in 2015.[114] In 2015, Forbes estimated his net worth at $4.5 billion, based on interviews with more than 80 sources.[115] In 2025, the magazine estimated his net worth at $5.1 billion and ranked him the 700th wealthiest person in the world.[116]

## Media career

[edit]

Main article: Media career of Donald Trump

See also: Bibliography of Donald Trump

Trump has published 19 books under his name, most written or cowritten by ghostwriters.[117] His first book, The Art of the Deal (1987), was a New York Times Best Seller, and was credited by The New Yorker with making Trump famous as an "emblem of the successful tycoon".[118] The book was ghostwritten by Tony Schwartz, who is credited as a coauthor. Trump had cameos in many films and television shows from 1985 to 2001.[119] Trump acquired his style of politics from professional wrestling—with its staged fights and name-calling.[120] He sporadically appeared for the professional wrestling company WWE from the late 1980s including Wrestlemania 23 in 2007.[121][122] Starting in the 1990s, Trump appeared 24 times as a guest on the nationally syndicated Howard Stern Show.[123] He had his own short-form talk radio program, Trumped!, from 2004 to 2008.[124] From 2011 until 2015, he was a guest commentator on Fox & Friends.[125] In 2021, Trump, who had been a member since 1989, resigned from SAG-AFTRA to avoid a disciplinary hearing regarding the January 6 attack.[126] Two days later, the union permanently barred him.[127]

### The Apprentice and The Celebrity Apprentice

[edit]

Main articles: The Apprentice (American TV series) and The Celebrity Apprentice

Producer Mark Burnett made Trump a television star[128] when he created The Apprentice, which Trump hosted from 2004 to 2015 (including variant The Celebrity Apprentice). On the shows, he was a superrich chief executive who eliminated contestants with the catchphrase "you're fired". The New York Times called his portrayal "a highly flattering, highly fictionalized version" of himself.[129] The shows remade Trump's image for millions of viewers nationwide.[129][130] With the related licensing agreements, they earned him more than $400 million.[131]

## Early political aspirations

[edit]

Further information: Political career of Donald Trump

Trump registered as a Republican in 1987; a member of the Independence Party, the New York state affiliate of the Reform Party, in 1999; a Democrat in 2001; a Republican in 2009; unaffiliated in 2011; and a Republican in 2012.[132]

Speaking at CPAC, February 2011

In 1987, Trump placed full-page advertisements in major newspapers[133] expressing his views on foreign policy and how to eliminate the federal budget deficit.[134] In 1988, he approached Lee Atwater, asking to be put into consideration to be Republican nominee George H. W. Bush's running mate. Bush found the request "strange and unbelievable".[135][136] Trump was a candidate in the 2000 Reform Party presidential primaries for three months before he withdrew in February 2000.[137][138][139] In 2011, Trump considered challenging President Barack Obama in the 2012 election. He spoke at the Conservative Political Action Conference in February and gave speeches in states with early primaries.[140][141] In May 2011, he announced that he would not run.[140]

## 2016 presidential election

[edit]

Main article: 2016 United States presidential election

Further information: Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign, 2016 Republican Party presidential primaries, and First presidential transition of Donald Trump

Trump announced his candidacy for the 2016 election in June 2015.[142][143] He campaigned as a rich, successful businessman and an outsider without political experience,[144][145][146] and claimed media bias against him.[147][148] His campaign statements were often opaque and suggestive,[149] and a record number were false.[150][151][152] He became the Republican front-runner in March 2016[153] and was declared the presumptive Republican nominee in May.[154]

Campaigning in Arizona, March 2016

Trump described NATO as "obsolete"[155][156] and espoused views described by The Washington Post as noninterventionist and protectionist.[157] His campaign platform emphasized renegotiating U.S.–China relations and free trade agreements such as NAFTA and strongly enforcing immigration laws. Other campaign positions included pursuing energy independence while opposing climate change regulations, modernizing services for veterans, repealing and replacing the Affordable Care Act, abolishing Common Core education standards, investing in infrastructure, simplifying the tax code while reducing taxes, and imposing tariffs on imports by companies that offshore jobs. He advocated increasing military spending and extreme vetting or banning of immigrants from Muslim-majority countries.[158] He promised to build a wall on the Mexico–U.S. border and vowed that Mexico would pay for it.[159] He pledged to deport millions of illegal immigrants residing in the U.S.,[160] and criticized birthright citizenship for incentivizing "anchor babies".[161] According to an analysis in Political Science Quarterly, Trump made "explicitly racist and sexist appeals to win over white voters" during his 2016 presidential campaign.[162] In particular, his campaign launch speech drew criticism for claiming Mexican immigrants were "bringing drugs, they're bringing crime, they're rapists";[163] in response, NBC fired him from Celebrity Apprentice.[164]

Trump's FEC-required reports listed assets above $1.4 billion and outstanding debts of at least $315 million.[165][166] He did not release his tax returns, contrary to the practice of every major candidate since 1976 and his promises in 2014 and 2015 to do so if he ran for office.[167][168] He said his tax returns were being audited, and that his lawyers had advised him against releasing them.[169] After a lengthy court battle to block release of his tax returns and other records to the Manhattan district attorney for a criminal investigation, including two appeals by Trump to the U.S. Supreme Court, in February 2021 the high court allowed the records to be released to the prosecutor for review by a grand jury.[170][171] In October 2016, portions of Trump's state filings for 1995 were leaked to a reporter from The New York Times. They show that he had declared a loss of $916 million that year, which could have let him avoid taxes for up to 18 years.[172]

Trump won 306 pledged electoral votes versus 232 for Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton. After elector defections on both sides, the official count was 304 to 227.[173] The fifth person to be elected president despite losing the popular vote,[f] he received nearly 2.9 million fewer votes than Clinton, 46.3% to her 48.25%.[174] He was the only president who neither served in the military nor held any government office prior to becoming president.[175] His election marked the return of a Republican undivided government.[g][176] Trump's victory sparked protests in major U.S. cities.[177][178]

## First presidency (2017–2021)

[edit]

Main article: First presidency of Donald Trump

For a chronological guide, see Timeline of the Donald Trump presidencies.

Taking the oath of office, administered by Chief Justice John G. Roberts Jr., on January 20, 2017 Official portrait, 2017

### Early actions

[edit]

See also: First presidential transition of Donald Trump and First 100 days of Donald Trump's first presidency

Trump was inaugurated on January 20, 2017. The day after his inauguration, an estimated 2.6 million people worldwide, including 500,000 in Washington, D.C., protested against him in the Women's Marches.[179] During his first week in office, Trump signed six executive orders, including authorizing procedures for repealing the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ("Obamacare"), withdrawal from the Trans-Pacific Partnership negotiations, advancement of the Keystone XL and Dakota Access Pipeline projects, and planning for a wall along the U.S. border with Mexico.[180]

### Conflicts of interest

[edit]

See also: First presidency of Donald Trump § Ethics

Before being inaugurated, Trump moved his businesses into a revocable trust,[181][182] rather than a blind trust or equivalent arrangement "to cleanly sever himself from his business interests".[183] He continued to profit from his businesses and knew how his administration's policies affected them.[182][184] Although he said he would eschew "new foreign deals", the Trump Organization pursued operational expansions in Scotland, Dubai, and the Dominican Republic.[182][184] Lobbyists, foreign government officials, and Trump donors and allies generated hundreds of millions of dollars for his resorts and hotels.[185] Trump was sued for violating the Domestic and Foreign Emoluments Clauses of the U.S. Constitution, the first time that the clauses had been substantively litigated.[186] One case was dismissed in lower court.[187] Two were dismissed by the Supreme Court as moot after his term.[188]

During the campaign, Trump had pledged to donate his presidential salary[189] and profits from foreign patronage[190] to the U.S. government. He donated his salary to federal agencies and publicized each donation until July 2020. Federal agencies surveyed by The Washington Post in July 2021 reported not having received any gifts after that month.[191] Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington reported in 2024 that he had donated $448,000 of an estimated $13.6 million in payments from foreign governments in his first term.[192]

### Domestic policy

[edit]

Main articles: Domestic policy of the first Donald Trump administration, Economic policy of the first Donald Trump administration, Environmental policy of the first Donald Trump administration, and Social policy of the first Donald Trump administration

Trump took office at the height of the longest economic expansion in American history,[193] which began in 2009 and continued until February 2020, when the COVID-19 recession began.[194] In December 2017, he signed the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017. It reduced tax rates for businesses and individuals and eliminated the penalty associated with the Affordable Care Act's individual mandate.[195][196] The Trump administration claimed that the act would not decrease government revenue, but 2018 revenues were 7.6 percent lower than projected.[197] Under Trump, the federal budget deficit increased by almost 50 percent, to nearly $1 trillion in 2019.[198] By the end of his term, the U.S. national debt increased by 39 percent, reaching $27.75 trillion, and the U.S. debt-to-GDP ratio hit a post-World War II high.[199] Trump also failed to deliver the $1 trillion infrastructure spending plan on which he had campaigned.[200]

Trump is the only modern U.S. president to leave office with a smaller workforce than when he took office, by three million people.[193][201] He rejects the scientific consensus on climate change.[202][203][204][205] He reduced the budget for renewable energy research by 40 percent and reversed Obama-era policies directed at curbing climate change.[206] He withdrew from the Paris Agreement, making the U.S. the only nation to not ratify it.[207] He aimed to boost the production and exports of fossil fuels.[208][209] Natural gas expanded under Trump, but coal continued to decline.[210][211] He rolled back more than 100 federal environmental regulations, including those that curbed greenhouse gas emissions, air and water pollution, and the use of toxic substances. He weakened protections for animals and environmental standards for federal infrastructure projects, and expanded permitted areas for drilling and resource extraction, such as allowing drilling in the Arctic Refuge.[212]

Trump dismantled federal regulations on health,[213][214] labor,[214] the environment,[215][214] and other areas, including a bill that made it easier for severely mentally ill persons to buy guns.[216] During his first six weeks in office, he delayed, suspended, or reversed ninety federal regulations,[217] often "after requests by the regulated industries".[218] The Institute for Policy Integrity found that 78 percent of his proposals were blocked by courts or did not prevail over litigation.[219] During his campaign, Trump vowed to repeal and replace the Affordable Care Act.[220] In office, he scaled back the Act's implementation through executive orders.[221][222] He expressed a desire to "let Obamacare fail"; his administration halved the enrollment period and drastically reduced funding for enrollment promotion.[223][224] In June 2018, the Trump administration joined 18 Republican-led states in arguing before the Supreme Court that the elimination of the financial penalties associated with the individual mandate had rendered the Act unconstitutional.[225][226] Their pleading would have eliminated health insurance coverage for up to 23 million Americans, but was unsuccessful.[225] During the 2016 campaign, Trump promised to protect funding for Medicare and other social safety-net programs. In January 2020, he expressed willingness to consider cuts to them.[227]

In response to the opioid epidemic, Trump signed legislation in 2018 to increase funding for drug treatments, but was widely criticized for failing to make a concrete strategy.[228] He barred organizations that provide abortions or abortion referrals from receiving federal funds.[229] He said he supported "traditional marriage", but considered the nationwide legality of same-sex marriage "settled".[230] His administration rolled back key components of the Obama administration's workplace protections against discrimination of LGBTQ people.[231] His attempted rollback of anti-discrimination protections for transgender patients in August 2020 was halted by a federal judge after a Supreme Court ruling extended employees' civil rights protections to gender identity and sexual orientation.[232] Trump has said he is opposed to gun control, although his views have shifted over time.[233] His administration took an anti-marijuana position, revoking Obama-era policies that provided protections for states that legalized marijuana.[234] He is a long-time advocate of capital punishment,[235][236] and his administration oversaw the federal government execute 13 prisoners, more than in the previous 56 years combined, ending a 17-year moratorium.[237] In 2016, he said he supported the use of interrogation torture methods "a hell of a lot worse than waterboarding."[238][239]

### Race relations

[edit]

Unite the Right rally comments

Trump's comments on the 2017 Unite the Right rally, condemning "this egregious display of hatred, bigotry and violence on many sides" and stating that there were "very fine people on both sides", were criticized as implying a moral equivalence between the white supremacist demonstrators and the counter-protesters.[240] In a January 2018 discussion of immigration legislation, he reportedly referred to El Salvador, Haiti, Honduras, and African nations as "shithole countries".[241] His remarks were condemned as racist.[242]

With a group of officials and advisors walking from the White House to St. John's Church, following the forced removal of protesters at Lafayette Square

In July 2019, Trump tweeted that four Democratic congresswomen--all minorities, three of whom are native-born Americans--should "go back" to the countries they "came from".[243] Two days later the House of Representatives voted 240–187, mostly along party lines, to condemn his "racist comments".[244] White nationalist publications and social media praised his remarks, which continued over the following days.[245] He continued to make similar remarks during his 2020 campaign.[246] In June 2020, during the George Floyd protests, federal law-enforcement officials used tear gas and other crowd control tactics to remove a largely peaceful crowd of lawful protesters from Lafayette Square, outside the White House.[247][248] Trump then posed with a Bible for a photo-op at the nearby St. John's Episcopal Church,[247][249][250] with religious leaders condemning both the treatment of protesters and the photo opportunity itself.[251] Many retired military leaders and defense officials condemned his proposal to use the U.S. military against anti-police-brutality protesters.[252]

### Pardons and commutations

[edit]

Further information: List of people granted executive clemency in the first presidency of Donald Trump

During his first term, Trump granted 237 requests for clemency, fewer than all presidents since 1900 with the exception of George H. W. Bush and George W. Bush.[253] Only 25 of them had been vetted by the Justice Department's Office of the Pardon Attorney; the others were granted to people with personal or political connections to him, his family, and his allies, or recommended by celebrities.[254][255] In his last full day in office, he granted 73 pardons and commuted 70 sentences.[256] Several Trump allies were not eligible for pardons under Justice Department rules, and in other cases the department had opposed clemency.[254] The pardons of three military service members convicted of or charged with violent crimes were opposed by military leaders.[257]

### Immigration

[edit]

Main articles: Immigration policy of the first Donald Trump administration and Mexico–United States border crisis § First Trump administration (2017–2021)

Further information: Trump travel ban, Trump administration family separation policy, and Mexico–United States border wall § First Trump administration (2017–2021)

Examining border wall prototypes in Otay Mesa, California

As president, Trump described illegal immigration as an "invasion" of the United States[258] and drastically escalated immigration enforcement.[259][260] He implemented harsh policies against asylum seekers[260] and deployed nearly 6,000 troops to the U.S.–Mexico border to stop illegal crossings.[261] He reduced the number of refugees admitted to record lows, from an annual limit of 110,000 before he took office to 15,000 in 2021.[262][263][264] Trump also increased restrictions on granting permanent residency to immigrants needing public benefits.[265] One of his central campaign promises was to build a wall along the U.S.–Mexico border;[266] during his first term, the U.S. built 73 miles (117 km) of wall in areas without barriers and 365 miles (587 km) to replace older barriers.[267] In 2018, Trump's refusal to sign any spending bill unless it allocated funding for the border wall[268] resulted in the longest-ever federal government shutdown, for 35 days from December 2018 to January 2019.[269][270] The shutdown ended after he agreed to fund the government without any funds for the wall.[269] To avoid another shutdown, Congress passed a funding bill with $1.4 billion for border fencing in February.[271] Trump later declared a national emergency on the southern border to divert $6.1 billion of funding to the border wall[271] despite congressional disagreement.[272]

In January 2017, Trump signed an executive order that denied entry to citizens of six Muslim-majority countries for four months and from Syria indefinitely.[273][274] The order caused many protests and legal challenges that resulted in nationwide injunctions.[273][274][275] A revised order giving some exceptions was also blocked by courts,[276][277] but the Supreme Court ruled in June that the ban could be enforced on those lacking "a bona fide relationship with a person or entity" in the U.S.[278] Trump replaced the ban in September with a presidential proclamation extending travel bans to North Koreans, Chadians, and some Venezuelan officials, but excluded Iraq and Sudan.[279] The Supreme Court allowed that version to go into effect in December 2017,[280] and ultimately upheld the ban in 2019.[281] From 2017 to 2018, the Trump administration had a policy of family separation that separated over 4,400 children of illegal immigrants from their parents at the U.S.–Mexico border,[282][283] an unprecedented[284] policy sparked public outrage in the country.[285] Despite Trump initially blaming Democrats[286][287] and insisting he could not stop the policy with an executive order, he acceded to public pressure in June 2018 and mandated that illegal immigrant families be detained together unless "there is a concern" of risk for the child.[288][289] A judge later ordered that the families be reunited and further separations stopped except in limited circumstances,[290][291] though over 1,000 additional children were separated from their families after the order.[283]

### Foreign policy

[edit]

Main articles: Foreign policy of the first Donald Trump administration and Tariffs in the first Trump administration

Further information: Russia–United States relations § First Trump administration (2017–2021), China–United States relations § First Trump administration (2017–2021), 2017–2018 North Korea crisis, and 2018–19 Korean peace process

G7 leaders at the 45th summit in France, 2019

Trump described himself as a "nationalist"[292] and his foreign policy as "America First".[293] He supported populist, neo-nationalist, and authoritarian governments.[294] Unpredictability, uncertainty, and inconsistency characterized foreign relations during his tenure.[293][295] Relations between the U.S. and its European allies were strained under Trump.[296] He criticized NATO allies and privately suggested that the U.S. should withdraw from NATO.[297][298] Trump supported many of the policies of Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu.[299] In 2020, Trump hosted the signing of the Abraham Accords between Israel and the United Arab Emirates and Bahrain to normalize their foreign relations.[300]

Shaking hands with Russian president Vladimir Putin during the 2018 summit in Helsinki, Finland

Trump began a trade war with China in 2018 after imposing tariffs and other trade barriers he said would force China to end longstanding unfair trade practice and intellectual property infringement.[301] Trump weakened the toughest U.S. sanctions imposed after the 2014 Russian annexation of Crimea.[302][303] Trump praised and, according to some critics, rarely criticized Russian president Vladimir Putin,[304][305] though he opposed some actions of Russia's government.[306] He withdrew the U.S. from the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty, citing alleged Russian noncompliance,[307] and supported Russia's possible return to the G7.[308] As North Korea's nuclear weapons were increasingly seen as a serious threat,[309] Trump became the first sitting U.S. president to meet a North Korean leader, meeting Kim Jong Un three times: in Singapore in June 2018, in Hanoi in February 2019, and in the Korean Demilitarized Zone in June 2019.[310] Talks in October 2019 broke down and no denuclearization agreement was reached.[311][312]

### Personnel

[edit]

Main articles: Political appointments of the first Trump administration and First cabinet of Donald Trump

Further information: Hiring and personnel of Donald Trump

By the end of Trump's first year in office, 34 percent of his original staff had resigned, been fired, or been reassigned.[313] As of early July 2018[update], 61 percent of his senior aides had left[314] and 141 staffers had left in the previous year.[315] Both figures set a record for recent presidents.[316] Close personal aides to Trump quit or were forced out.[317] He publicly disparaged several of his former top officials.[318]

Trump had four White House chiefs of staff, marginalizing or pushing out several.[319] In May 2017, he dismissed FBI director James Comey, saying a few days later that he was concerned about Comey's role in the Trump–Russia investigations.[320][321] Three of Trump's 15 original cabinet members left or were forced to resign within his first year.[322][317] Trump was slow to appoint second-tier officials in the executive branch, saying many of the positions are unnecessary. In October 2017, there were hundreds of sub-cabinet positions without a nominee.[323] By January 8, 2019, of 706 key positions, 433 had been filled and he had no nominee for 264.[324]

### Judiciary

[edit]

Further information: List of federal judges appointed by Donald Trump and Donald Trump judicial appointment controversies

Trump appointed 226 federal judges, including 54 to the courts of appeals and three to the Supreme Court: Neil Gorsuch, Brett Kavanaugh, and Amy Coney Barrett.[325] His Supreme Court appointments politically shifted the Court to the right.[326][327][328] In the 2016 campaign, he pledged that Roe v. Wade would be overturned "automatically" if he were elected and given the opportunity to appoint two or three anti-abortion justices. He later took credit when Roe was overturned by Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization in 2022; all three of his Supreme Court nominees voted with the majority.[329][330] Trump disparaged courts and judges he disagreed with, often in personal terms, and questioned the judiciary's constitutional authority. His attacks on courts drew rebukes from observers, including sitting federal judges, concerned about the effect of his statements on the judicial independence and public confidence in the judiciary.[331][332]

### COVID-19 pandemic

[edit]

Main article: COVID-19 pandemic in the United States

Further information: U.S. federal government response to the COVID-19 pandemic and Communication of the Trump administration during the COVID-19 pandemic

See also: Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States

Conducting a COVID-19 press briefing with members of the White House Coronavirus Task Force on March 15, 2020

Trump initially ignored public health warnings and calls for action from health officials within his administration.[333] Trump established the White House Coronavirus Task Force on January 29.[334] On March 27, he signed into law the CARES Act--a $2.2 trillion bipartisan economic stimulus bill--the largest stimulus in U.S. history.[335][336] After weeks of attacks to draw attention away from his slow response, Trump halted funding of the World Health Organization in April.[337] In April 2020, Republican-connected groups organized anti-lockdown protests against the measures state governments were taking to combat the pandemic;[338][339] Trump encouraged the protests on Twitter,[340] although the targeted states did not meet his administration's guidelines for reopening.[341] He repeatedly pressured federal health agencies to take actions he favored,[342] such as approving unproven treatments.[343][344] In October, Trump was hospitalized at Walter Reed National Military Medical Center for three days with a severe case of COVID-19.[345]

### Investigations

[edit]

Further information: Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections, Mueller special counsel investigation, and Mueller report

After he assumed office, Trump was the subject of increasing Justice Department and congressional scrutiny, with investigations covering his election campaign, transition, and inauguration, actions taken during his presidency, his private businesses, personal taxes, and charitable foundation.[346] There were ten federal criminal investigations, eight state and local investigations, and twelve congressional investigations.[347]

In July 2016, the FBI launched Crossfire Hurricane, an investigation into possible links between Russia and Trump's 2016 campaign.[348] After Trump fired Comey in May 2017, the FBI opened a second investigation into Trump's personal and business dealings with Russia.[349] In January 2017, three U.S. intelligence agencies jointly stated with "high confidence" that Russia interfered in the 2016 presidential election to favor Trump.[350][351] Many suspicious[352] links between Trump associates and Russian officials were discovered.[353][354][355] Trump told Russian officials he was unconcerned about Russia's election interference.[356] Crossfire Hurricane was later transferred to Robert Mueller's special counsel investigation;[357] the investigation into Trump's ties to Russia was ended by Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein after he told the FBI that Mueller would pursue the matter.[358][359] At the request of Rosenstein, the Mueller investigation examined criminal matters "in connection with Russia's 2016 election interference".[358] Mueller submitted his final report in March 2019.[360] The report found that Russia did interfere in 2016 to favor Trump[361] and that Trump and his campaign welcomed and encouraged the effort,[362][363][364] but that the evidence "did not establish" that Trump campaign members conspired or coordinated with Russia.[365][366] Trump claimed the report exonerated him despite Mueller writing that it did not.[367] The report also detailed potential obstruction of justice by Trump but "did not draw ultimate conclusions"[368][369] and left the decision to charge the laws to Congress.[370]

In April 2019, the House Oversight Committee issued subpoenas seeking financial details from Trump's banks, Deutsche Bank and Capital One, and his accounting firm, Mazars USA. He sued the banks, Mazars, and committee chair Elijah Cummings to prevent the disclosures.[371] In May, two judges ruled that both Mazars and the banks must comply with the subpoenas;[372][373][374] Trump's attorneys appealed.[375] In September 2022, Trump and the committee agreed to a settlement regarding Mazars, and the firm began turning over documents.[376]

### Impeachments

[edit]

Main articles: First impeachment of Donald Trump and Second impeachment of Donald Trump

Displaying the headline "Trump acquitted" in 2020

Trump was impeached twice by the House of Representatives, though acquitted by the Senate on both occasions. The first impeachment arose from a whistleblower complaint that in 2019 Trump had pressured Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy to investigate Joe and Hunter Biden,[377] in an attempt to gain an advantage in the 2020 presidential election.[378] In December 2019, the House voted to impeach Trump for abuse of power and obstruction of Congress,[379] and the Senate acquitted him in February 2020.[380]

The second impeachment came after the January 6 Capitol attack, for which the House charged Trump with incitement of insurrection on January 13, 2021.[381] Trump left office on January 20, and was acquitted on February 13\. Seven Republican senators voted for conviction.[382]

## 2020 presidential election

[edit]

Further information: 2020 United States presidential election and Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign

Trump filed to run for reelection only a few hours after becoming president in 2017.[383] He held his first reelection rally less than a month after taking office[384] and officially became the Republican nominee in August 2020.[385] Trump's campaign focused on crime, claiming that cities would descend into lawlessness if Democratic nominee Joe Biden won.[386] He repeatedly misrepresented Biden's positions[387][388] and appealed to racism.[389] Starting in early 2020, Trump sowed doubts about the election, claiming without evidence that it would be rigged and that widespread use of mail balloting would produce massive election fraud.[390][391] He blocked funding for the U.S. Postal Service, saying he wanted to prevent any increase in voting by mail.[392] He repeatedly refused to say whether he would accept the results if he lost and commit to a peaceful transition of power.[393][394]

### Loss to Biden and rejection of outcome

[edit]

Further information: Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election and 2020–21 United States election protests

Biden won the November 2020 election, receiving 81.3 million votes (51.3 percent) to Trump's 74.2 million (46.8 percent)[395][396] and 306 electoral votes to Trump's 232.[397] The Electoral College formalized Biden's victory on December 14.[397] Trump declared victory before the results were known on the morning after the election.[398] Days later, when Biden was projected the winner, Trump baselessly alleged election fraud.[399] As part of an effort to overturn the results, Trump and his allies filed many legal challenges to the results, which were rejected by at least 86 judges in both state and federal courts for having no factual or legal basis.[400][401]

Trump's allegations were also refuted by state election officials,[402] and the Supreme Court declined to hear a case asking it to overturn the results in four states won by Biden.[403] Trump repeatedly sought help to overturn the results, personally pressuring Republican local and state office-holders,[404] Republican legislators,[405] the Justice Department,[406] and Vice President Pence,[407] urging actions such as replacing presidential electors,[405] or that Georgia officials "find" votes and announce a "recalculated" result.[404] In the weeks after the election, Trump withdrew from public activities.[408] He initially blocked government officials from cooperating in Biden's presidential transition.[409][410] After three weeks, the administrator of the General Services Administration declared Biden the "apparent winner" of the election, allowing the disbursement of transition resources to his team.[411] While Trump said he recommended that the GSA begin transition protocols, he still did not formally concede.[412][413] Trump did not attend Biden's inauguration on January 20.[414]

### January 6 Capitol attack

[edit]

Main article: January 6 United States Capitol attack

In December 2020, reports emerged that U.S. military leaders were on high alert, and ranking officers had discussed what to do if Trump declared martial law.[415] CIA director Gina Haspel and Army general Mark Milley, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, grew concerned that Trump might attempt a coup or military action against China or Iran.[416][417] Milley insisted that he be consulted about any military orders from Trump, including the use of nuclear weapons.[418][419]

A crowd of Trump supporters during the attack

At noon on January 6, 2021, while Congress was certifying the presidential election results in the U.S. Capitol, Trump held a rally at the nearby Ellipse. Speaking from behind a glass barrier,[420] he called for the election to be overturned and urged his supporters to "fight like hell" and "take back our country" by marching to the Capitol.[421] His supporters then formed a mob that broke into the building, disrupting certification and causing the evacuation of Congress.[422] During the attack, Trump posted on social media but did not ask the rioters to disperse. In a tweet at 6 p.m., he told them to "go home with love & in peace", called them "great patriots", and restated that he had won the election.[423] Congress later reconvened and confirmed Biden's victory in the early hours of January 7.[424]

More than 140 police officers were injured, and five people died during or after the attack.[425][426] The event has been described as an attempted self-coup by Trump.[h]

## Between presidencies (2021–2025)

[edit]

Upon leaving the White House, Trump began living at Mar-a-Lago, establishing an office there as provided for by the Former Presidents Act.[430] His continuing false claims concerning the 2020 election were commonly referred to as the "big lie" by his critics, although in May 2021, he and many of his supporters began using the term to refer to the election itself.[431][432] The Republican Party used his false claims about the election to justify imposing new voting restrictions in its favor.[433][434][435] As of July 2022, he continued to pressure state legislators to overturn the election.[436] Unlike other former presidents, Trump continued to dominate his party; a 2022 profile in The New York Times described him as a modern party boss.[437] He continued fundraising, raising a war chest containing more than twice that of the Republican Party, and profited from fundraisers many Republican candidates held at Mar-a-Lago. Much of his focus was on party governance and installing in key posts officials loyal to him.[437] In the 2022 midterm elections, he endorsed over 200 candidates for various offices.[438] In February 2021, he registered a new company, Trump Media & Technology Group (TMTG), for providing "social networking services" to U.S. customers.[439][440] In March 2024, TMTG merged with special-purpose acquisition company Digital World Acquisition and became a public company.[441] In February 2022, TMTG launched Truth Social, a social media platform.[442]

### Legal issues

[edit]

See also: Personal and business legal affairs of Donald Trump and Legal affairs of the first Donald Trump presidency

In 2019, journalist E. Jean Carroll accused Trump of raping her in the 1990s and sued him for defamation over his denial.[443] Carroll sued him again in 2022 for battery and more defamation.[444] He was found liable for sexual abuse and defamation and ordered to pay $5 million in one case[445] and $83.3 million in the other.[445][446] In 2022, New York filed a civil lawsuit against Trump accusing him of inflating the Trump Organization's value to gain an advantage with lenders and banks.[447][448] He was found liable and ordered to pay $350 million plus interest.[448]

Classified intelligence material found during search of Mar-a-Lago

In connection with Trump's efforts to overturn the 2020 election and his involvement in the January 6 attack, in December 2022 the U.S. House committee on the attack recommended criminal charges against him for obstructing an official proceeding, conspiracy to defraud the United States, and inciting or assisting an insurrection.[449] In August 2023, a grand jury in Fulton County, Georgia, indicted him on 13 charges, including racketeering, for his efforts to subvert the 2020 election in the state.[450][451]

In January 2022, the National Archives and Records Administration retrieved 15 boxes of documents Trump had taken to Mar-a-Lago after leaving the White House, some of which were classified.[452] In the ensuing Justice Department investigation, officials retrieved more classified documents from his lawyers.[452] On August 8, 2022, FBI agents searched Mar-a-Lago for illegally held documents, including those in breach of the Espionage Act, collecting 11 sets of classified documents, some marked top secret.[453][454] A federal grand jury constituted by Special Counsel Jack Smith indicted Trump in June 2023 on 31 counts of "willfully retaining national defense information" under the Espionage Act, among other charges.[452][455][456] Trump pleaded not guilty.[457] In July 2024, judge Aileen Cannon dismissed the case, ruling Smith's appointment as special prosecutor was unconstitutional.[458]

In May 2024, Trump was convicted on 34 felony counts of falsifying business records.[459] The case stemmed from evidence that he booked Michael Cohen's hush-money payments to adult film actress Stormy Daniels as business expenses to cover up his alleged 2006–2007 affair with Daniels during the 2016 election.[459][460] On January 10, 2025, the judge gave Trump a no-penalty sentence known as an unconditional discharge, saying that punitive requirements would have interfered with presidential immunity.[461] After his reelection, the 2020 election obstruction case and the classified documents case were dismissed without prejudice due to Justice Department policy against prosecuting sitting presidents.[462]

## 2024 presidential election

[edit]

Main article: 2024 United States presidential election

Further information: Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign, 2024 Republican Party presidential primaries, and Second presidential transition of Donald Trump

At a rally in Arizona, August 2024

In November 2022, Trump announced his candidacy for the 2024 presidential election and created a fundraising account.[463][464] In March 2023, the campaign began diverting ten percent of the donations to his leadership PAC. His campaign had paid $100 million towards his legal bills by March 2024.[465][466]

During the campaign, Trump made increasingly violent and authoritarian statements.[467][468][469][470] He said that he would weaponize the FBI and the Justice Department against his political opponents[471][472] and use the military to target Democratic politicians and those that did not support his candidacy.[473][474] He used harsher and more dehumanizing anti-immigrant rhetoric than during his presidency.[475][476][477][478] His rhetoric, calling his political opponents "the enemy", vermin, and fascists, has been described by some historians and scholars as authoritarian, fascist,[i] and unlike anything a political candidate has ever said in American history.[483][474][484] Age and health concerns also arose during the campaign, with several medical experts highlighting an increase in rambling, tangential speech and behavioral disinhibition.[485]

Trump mentioned "rigged election" and "election interference" earlier and more frequently than in the 2016 and 2020 campaigns and refused to commit to accepting the 2024 election results.[486][487] Analysts for The New York Times described this as an intensification of his "heads I win; tails you cheated" rhetorical strategy; the newspaper stated that the claim of a rigged election had become the backbone of the campaign.[487]

On July 13, 2024, Trump was shot in the ear in an assassination attempt at a campaign rally in Butler Township, Pennsylvania.[488][489][490] Two days later, the 2024 Republican National Convention nominated him as their presidential candidate, with Senator JD Vance as his running mate.[491] In September, he was targeted but unharmed in an assassination attempt in Florida.[492] Trump won the election in November 2024 with 312 electoral votes to incumbent vice president Kamala Harris's 226.[493] He also won the popular vote with 49.8% to Harris's 48.3%.[494] His victory in 2024 was part of a global backlash against incumbent parties,[495][496] in part due to the 2021–2023 inflation surge.[497][498] Several outlets described his reelection as an extraordinary comeback.[499][500]

## Second presidency (2025–present)

[edit]

Main article: Second presidency of Donald Trump

For a chronological guide, see Timeline of the Donald Trump presidencies.

Taking the oath of office, administered by Chief Justice John Roberts, January 20, 2025

Trump began his second term upon his inauguration on January 20, 2025.[501] He became the oldest individual to assume the presidency,[502] the first president with a felony conviction, and the second person to serve two nonconsecutive terms as president.[503]

### Early actions, 2025–present

[edit]

See also: First 100 days of Donald Trump's second presidency

Upon taking office, Trump signed a series of executive orders. Many of these tested his legal authority, and drew immediate legal action.[504] He issued more executive orders on his first day than any other president.[505] Four days into his second term, analysis conducted by Time found that nearly two-thirds of his executive actions "mirror or partially mirror" proposals from Project 2025.[506] In his first weeks, several of his actions ignored or violated federal laws, regulations, and the Constitution according to American legal scholars.[507][508][509] In his administration's first month, Trump issued ninety executive orders, memorandums, and directives.[510] He used the government to target his political opponents and his actions against civil society were described by legal experts and hundreds of political scientists as authoritarian and contributing to democratic backsliding.[511][512] His orders and actions were challenged by over 300 lawsuits nationwide, with most of them still moving through the courts by July 2.[513][514]

### Conflicts of interest, 2025–present

[edit]

Further information: Second presidency of Donald Trump § Ethics, and Cryptocurrency in the second Donald Trump administration

Trump's second presidency was described as having fewer guardrails against conflicts of interest than his first,[515] and breaking with decades of ethical norms.[516] He maintained a publicly-traded company in Trump Media & Technology Group, and diversified it into financial services.[517] He pursued new overseas real estate deals involving state-affiliated entities, and had several branding and licensing deals selling Trump-branded merchandise.[515] He profited from events held at his hotels and golf courses and did not place his assets in a blind trust, as previous presidents had done.[518]

Trump repealed the previous administration's ethics guidelines and enforcement of laws prohibiting bribery[519][520] without establishing formal ethics guidelines for his political appointees, many of whom entered his administration with an "uncharacteristically large list of potential conflicts of interest".[521] He dropped corruption charges against politicians with ties to him[522] and paused enforcement of the law prohibiting companies operating in the U.S. to bribe foreign governments.[523]

Trump launched, promoted, and personally benefited from two cryptocurrency tokens ("meme coins"), $Trump and $Melania.[519][524] He also directly benefited from his family's cryptocurrency company World Liberty Financial, which engaged in an unprecedented mixing of private enterprise and government policy.[525]

In July 2025, the Trump administration accepted a $400 million luxury jet from Qatar to serve as Air Force One until the end of his second term and then be transferred to his presidential library. The retrofitting as Air Force One is estimated to cost up to $1 billion.[526]

### Mass terminations of federal employees

[edit]

Main article: 2025 United States federal mass layoffs

Trump implemented a hiring freeze across the federal government and ordered telework of federal employees to be discontinued within 30 days.[527][528] He ordered a review of many career civil service positions with the intention of reclassifying them into at-will positions without job protections.[528][529][530] He initiated mass job terminations of federal employees,[531] which were described by legal experts as unprecedented or in violation of federal law,[532] with the intent of replacing them with workers more aligned with his agenda.[533] By late February, the administration had fired more than 30,000 people.[534] To facilitate further terminations, it adopted a novel legal interpretation that vastly expands the range of departments and agencies considered as having national security for their primary function,[535][536][537] declaring various federal workers' unions "hostile".[538][539] A late March executive order based on this interpretation excluded dozens of departments and agencies from federal labor-management relations programs, prompting them to sue to invalidate their collective bargaining agreements,[540][537] which could remove union protections from one million federal employees.[538][541] He ordered an end to diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) projects in the federal government and placed employees in DEI offices on leave. He rescinded Lyndon B. Johnson's 1965 Executive Order 11246, which mandated that federal contractors take affirmative action to end racial discrimination.[542][543]

Trump and Elon Musk's Department of Government Efficiency largely dismantled several federal agencies including USAID and the Department of Education, unilaterally fired several thousand staff, and reduced administrative functions to statutory minimums.[544][545][546] Some actions, such as attempts to dismantle the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, were paused by federal courts.[547] Many of his actions attempted to bring historically independent institutions under direct executive branch control in diminished forms.[548]

### Pardons and commutations, 2025–present

[edit]

Further information: List of people granted executive clemency in the second presidency of Donald Trump

As in his first presidency, Trump frequently bypassed the Office of the Pardon Attorney.[549] He installed political loyalist Ed Martin who described the rationale for granting pardons as "No MAGA left behind".[550] Trump's pardons and grants of clemency favored political allies and loyalists,[551][552] and disproportionately pardoned "the powerful, famous, well-connected and wealthy" accused of white-collar crime.[552] Trump granted clemency to all January 6 rioters convicted or charged on his first day in office, including those who violently attacked police, by pardoning more than 1,500 and commuting the sentences of 14.[553][554]

### Domestic policy, 2025–present

[edit]

Main articles: Domestic policy of the second Donald Trump administration, Economic policy of the second Donald Trump administration, Education policy of the second Donald Trump administration, and Science policy of the second Donald Trump administration

Trump inherited a resilient economy from the Biden administration, with increasing economic growth, low unemployment, and declining inflation.[j]

Trump canceled and paused federal grants and made large cuts to scientific research.[561] He promoted climate change denial and misinformation,[562] and appointed oil, gas, and chemical lobbyists to the EPA to reverse climate regulations and pollution controls.[563] He declared a national energy emergency, allowing the suspension of environmental regulations, loosening the rules for fossil fuel extraction and limiting renewable energy projects.[564][565] He initiated a review of the "legality and continued applicability" of the EPA endangerment finding, which is the basis of most federal regulations on greenhouse gases,[566] and again withdrew the U.S. from the Paris Agreement on climate change.[567]

Dismantling government agencies enforcing the laws against political corruption and white-collar fraud,[568] Trump reduced the Department of Justice's Public Integrity Section from 30 to five lawyers,[569][570] dismissed 17 independent inspectors general at government agencies[571] and 12 members of independent oversight boards and watchdog agencies,[572] and disbanded the squad in the FBI's Washington field office that investigated allegations of fraud and corruption against government officials and members of Congress.[573][574] He pardoned or dropped charges against officials accused of corruption.[573]

Trump attributed societal problems to diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) initiatives and wokeness.[575] Equating diversity with incompetence,[575] he reversed pro-diversity policies in the federal government.[576][577] His administration aggressively moved against the rights of transgender people and what it termed "gender ideology".[578][579] He sought to remake civil society to his preferences by executive order.[580] On DEI and antisemitism grounds, he threatened cultural institutions[581] and sixty universities,[582] and forced law firms to capitulate to his political agenda.[580]

#### One Big Beautiful Bill Act

[edit]

In July 2025, Trump signed the One Big Beautiful Bill Act into law. The bill made the tax cuts of the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act permanent and added additional tax deductions for a total of around $4.5 trillion, mostly benefiting the highest income brackets and costing people in the lowest income bracket $1,600 per year; increased funding for national defense, deportations, the border wall, and a missile shield; and removed tax credits for clean energy projects using renewable energy sources such as wind and solar power and for buyers of electric vehicles. The bill cut funding for Medicaid and SNAP and added additional work requirements for eligibility and a $35 co-payment for some Medicaid services; the cuts and additional requirements will take effect after the 2026 general election. The bill was projected by the Congressional Budget Office to increase the budget deficit by $3.4 trillion by 2034, cause 11.8 million people to lose Medicaid coverage, and eliminate SNAP benefits for three million people.[583][584]

### Immigration, 2025–present

[edit]

Main articles: Immigration policy of the second Donald Trump administration and Deportation in the second presidency of Donald Trump

Further information: Mexico–United States border crisis § Second Trump administration (2025–present), and Mexico–United States border wall § Second Trump administration (2025–present)

In his first days in office, Trump instructed Border Patrol agents to summarily deport illegal immigrants crossing the border, disabling the CBP One app that was being used to schedule border crossings. He resumed the remain in Mexico policy, designated drug cartels as terrorist groups, and ordered construction to be resumed on a border wall.[585][586]

Deportation operations first focused on "target lists" of criminals formed prior to Trump's second term.[587] Then his administration removed asylum applicants who failed to meet requirements,[588] revoked the parole status of immigrants who entered the U.S. under CBP One and CHNV humanitarian parole,[586] attempted to remove birthright citizenship,[589] and suspended the Refugee Admissions Program.[590] In March, he used the Alien Enemies Act of 1798 to imprison illegal immigrants without trial—one by "administrative error"[591] and most without criminal records[k]—at the Terrorism Confinement Center in El Salvador.[593] He targeted activists, legal immigrants, tourists, and students with visas who expressed criticism of his policies or pro-Palestinian advocacy.[594]

### Foreign policy, 2025–present

[edit]

Main article: Foreign policy of the second Donald Trump administration

Further information: Tariffs in the second Trump administration, China–United States trade war, 2025 United States trade war with Canada and Mexico, and American expansionism under Donald Trump

Trump's second term foreign policy has been variously described as imperialist, expansionist,[595][596] isolationist, and autarkist, employing the "America First" ideology as its cornerstone.[597] His relations with allies were transactional and ranged from indifference to hostility, including threats of annexation.[598][599] He ordered the U.S. government to stop funding and working with the WHO and announced the U.S.'s intention to formally leave the WHO.[600][601]

Meeting with Zelenskyy (49:21)

In February 2025, Trump and Vice President Vance met with Volodymyr Zelenskyy, the president of Ukraine, in the Oval Office. The meeting, which was televised live, was highly contentious as Trump and Vance berated Zelenskyy. Media outlets described it as an unprecedented public confrontation between an American president and a foreign head of state.[602][603]

Trump and his incoming administration helped broker a Gaza war ceasefire alongside the Biden administration, enacted a day prior to his inauguration.[604][605][606] In March, Israel broke the ceasefire.[606]

Trump's economic policies have been described as protectionist,[607] with Trump imposing tariffs on most countries, including large tariffs on major trading partners China, Canada, and Mexico.[608] He started a global trade war, imposing tariffs at the highest level since the 1930 Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act at the onset of the Great Depression.[609][610] Economists argued that the administration misunderstood the relationship between trade deficits and tariffs, using flawed assumptions.[611] He suspended American financial contributions to the World Trade Organization.[612]

### Personnel, 2025–present

[edit]

Main articles: Political appointments of the second Trump administration and Second cabinet of Donald Trump

In his second term, Trump selected cabinet members with personal loyalty to him,[613][614] with the "focus on loyalty over subject-matter expertise".[614] In February 2025, the White House stated that Elon Musk was a special government employee.[615] Trump gave Musk's Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE) access to many federal government agencies.[615] Musk's teams operated in eighteen departments and agencies in the administration's first month,[616] including in the Treasury Department's $5 trillion payment system,[617] the Small Business Administration, the Office of Personnel Management, and the General Services Administration.[618] He nominated or appointed 23 former Fox News employees to his administration.[619]

### Judiciary, 2025–present

[edit]

See also: List of federal judges appointed by Donald Trump

Following legal setbacks, Trump increased his criticism of the judiciary and called for impeachment of federal judges who ruled against him.[620] He threatened, signed executive actions, and ordered investigations into his political opponents, critics, and organizations aligned with the Democratic Party.[621] By mid-July, a Washington Post analysis found he defied judges and the courts in roughly one third of all cases against him, actions which were described by legal experts as unprecedented for any presidential administration.[622] His defiance of court orders and a claimed right to disobey the courts raised fears among legal experts of a constitutional crisis.[623] Multiple analyses conducted by academic scholars and The New York Times found that both Republican and Democratic judicial appointees have found numerous constitutional and statutory flaws with Trump administration policies.[624] He engaged in an unprecedented targeting of law firms and lawyers that previously represented positions adverse to himself.[625][626]

## Political practice and rhetoric

[edit]

Further information: Trumpism, Political positions of Donald Trump, and Rhetoric of Donald Trump

Beginning with his 2016 campaign, Trump's politics and rhetoric led to the creation of a political movement known as Trumpism.[627] His political positions are populist,[628][629] more specifically described as right-wing populist.[630][631] He has been described as embracing far-right extremism,[632][633] and he helped bring far-right fringe ideas and organizations into the mainstream.[634] Many of his actions and rhetoric have been described as authoritarian and contributing to democratic backsliding.[635][636] Trump pushed for an expansion of presidential power under a maximalist interpretation of the unitary executive theory.[637][638] His political base has been compared to a cult of personality.[l]

Trump's rhetoric and actions have been accused of creating and exacerbating anger and distrust through the use of an "us" versus "them" narrative.[646] He explicitly and routinely disparages racial, religious, and ethnic minorities,[647] and scholars consistently find that racial animus regarding blacks, immigrants, and Muslims are the best predictors of support for Trump.[648] His rhetoric has been described as using fearmongering and demagogy which intensified during his 2024 presidential campaign.[649] He has said that he believes real power comes from fear.[650] The alt-right movement coalesced around and supported his candidacy, due in part to its opposition to multiculturalism and immigration.[651][652][653] He has a strong appeal to evangelical Christian voters and Christian nationalists,[654] and his rallies take on the symbols, rhetoric, and agenda of Christian nationalism.[655] Trump has also used anti-communist sentiment in his rhetoric, regularly calling his opponents "communists" and "Marxists".[656][657]

### Racial and gender views

[edit]

Main articles: Racial views of Donald Trump and Donald Trump sexual misconduct allegations

Many of Trump's comments and actions have been characterized as racist.[658] In a 2018 national poll, about half of respondents said he is racist; a greater proportion believed that he emboldened racists.[659] Several studies and surveys found that racist attitudes fueled his political ascent and were more important than economic factors in determining the allegiance of Trump voters.[660] Racist and Islamophobic attitudes are strong indicators of support for Trump.[661] He has been accused of racism for insisting a group of five black and Latino teenagers were guilty of raping a white woman in the 1989 Central Park jogger case, even after they were exonerated in 2002.[662]

In 2011, Trump became the leading proponent of the racist "birther" conspiracy theory that Barack Obama, the first black U.S. president, was not born in the United States.[663] He claimed credit for pressuring the government to publish Obama's birth certificate, which he considered fraudulent.[664] He acknowledged that Obama was born in the U.S. in September 2016,[665] though reportedly expressed birther views privately in 2017.[666] During the 2024 presidential campaign, he made false attacks against the racial identity of his opponent, Kamala Harris, that were described as reminiscent of the birther conspiracy theory.[667] His 2024 campaign made extensive use of dehumanizing language and racial stereotypes.[668][669][670][671] In 2025, he promoted false claims of white genocide in South Africa[672] and created the White South African refugee program.[673]

Trump has a history of belittling women when speaking to the media and on social media.[674][675] He made lewd comments, disparaged women's physical appearances, and referred to them using derogatory epithets.[675] At least 25 women publicly accused him of sexual misconduct, including rape, kissing without consent, groping, looking under women's skirts, and walking in on naked teenage pageant contestants. He has denied the allegations.[676] In October 2016, a 2005 "hot mic" recording surfaced in which he bragged about kissing and groping women without their consent, saying that, "when you're a star, they let you do it. You can do anything. ... Grab 'em by the pussy."[677] He characterized the comments as "locker-room talk".[678][679] The incident's widespread media exposure led to his first public apology, videotaped during his 2016 presidential campaign.[680]

### Link to violence and hate crimes

[edit]

Further information: Rhetoric of Donald Trump § Violence

Trump has been identified as a key figure in increasing political violence in the U.S., both for and against him.[681][682][683] He is described as embracing extremism, conspiracy theories such as Q-Anon, and far-right militia movements to a greater extent than any modern American president,[632][684] and engaging in stochastic terrorism.[685][686]

Research suggests Trump's rhetoric is associated with an increased incidence of hate crimes,[687][688] and that he has an emboldening effect on expressing prejudicial attitudes due to his normalization of explicit racial rhetoric.[689] During his 2016 campaign, he urged or praised physical attacks against protesters or reporters.[690][691] Numerous defendants investigated or prosecuted for violent acts and hate crimes cited his rhetoric in arguing that they were not culpable or should receive leniency.[692][693] A nationwide review by ABC News in May 2020 identified at least 54 criminal cases, from August 2015 to April 2020, in which he was invoked in direct connection with violence or threats of violence mostly by white men and primarily against minorities.[694] Trump's refusal to condemn the white supremacist Proud Boys during a 2020 presidential debate[695] and his comment, "Proud Boys, stand back and stand by", were said to have led to increased recruitment for the pro-Trump group.[696] Counterterrorism researchers described his normalization and revisionist history of the January 6 Capitol attack, and grant of clemency to all January 6 rioters, as encouraging future political violence.[697][698]

### Conspiracy theories

[edit]

Main article: List of conspiracy theories promoted by Donald Trump

Since before his first presidency, Trump has promoted numerous conspiracy theories, including Obama "birtherism", global warming being a hoax, and alleged Ukrainian interference in U.S. elections.[699][700][701] After the 2020 presidential election, he promoted conspiracy theories for his defeat that were characterized as "the big lie".[702][703]

### False or misleading statements

[edit]

Main article: False or misleading statements by Donald Trump

Fact-checkers from The Washington Post,[704] the Toronto Star,[705] and CNN[706] compiled data on "false or misleading claims" (orange background) and "false claims" (violet foreground).

Trump frequently makes false statements in public remarks[707][150] to an extent unprecedented in American politics.[707][708][709] His falsehoods are a distinctive part of his political identity[708] and have been described as firehosing.[710] His false and misleading statements were documented by fact-checkers, including at The Washington Post, which tallied 30,573 false or misleading statements made by him during his first presidency,[704] increasing in frequency over time.[711]

Some of Trump's falsehoods were inconsequential,[712][713] while others had more far-reaching effects, such as his unproven promotion of antimalarial drugs as a treatment for COVID-19,[714][715] causing a U.S. shortage of these drugs and panic-buying in Africa and South Asia.[716][717] Other misinformation, such as misattributing a rise in crime in England and Wales to the "spread of radical Islamic terror", served his domestic political purposes.[718] His attacks on mail-in ballots and other election practices weakened public faith in the integrity of the 2020 presidential election,[719][720] while his disinformation about the pandemic delayed and weakened the national response to it.[721][722][723] He habitually does not apologize for his falsehoods.[724] Until 2018, the media rarely referred to his falsehoods as lies, including when he repeated demonstrably false statements.[725][726][727]

### Social media

[edit]

Main articles: Social media use by Donald Trump and Twitter use by Donald Trump

See also: Personal and business legal affairs of Donald Trump § Lawsuits over social media ban

Trump's social media presence attracted worldwide attention after he joined Twitter in 2009. He posted frequently during his 2016 campaign and as president until Twitter banned him after the January 6 attack.[728] He often used Twitter to communicate directly with the public and sideline the press;[729] in 2017, his press secretary said that his tweets constituted official presidential statements.[730]

After years of criticism for allowing Trump to post misinformation and falsehoods, Twitter began to tag some of his tweets with fact-checks in May 2020.[731] In response, he said social media platforms "totally silence" conservatives and he would "strongly regulate, or close them down".[732] After the January 6 attack, he was banned from Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and other platforms.[733] The loss of his social media presence diminished his ability to shape events[734][735] and correlated with a dramatic decrease in the volume of misinformation on Twitter.[736] In February 2022, he launched social media platform Truth Social where he attracted a fraction of his Twitter following.[737] Elon Musk, after acquiring Twitter, reinstated his Twitter account in November 2022.[738][739] Meta Platforms' two-year ban lapsed in January 2023, allowing him to return to Facebook and Instagram.[740]

### Relationship with the press

[edit]

Further information: First presidency of Donald Trump § Relationship with the news media, Personal and business legal affairs of Donald Trump, and Donald Trump's conflict with the media

Talking to the press, March 2017

Trump sought media attention throughout his career, maintaining a "love-hate" relationship with the press.[741] In the 2016 campaign, he benefited from a record amount of free media coverage,[742] estimated at $2 billion.[743] As a candidate and as president, he frequently accused the press of bias, calling it the "fake news media" and "the enemy of the people".[744]

The first Trump presidency reduced formal press briefings from about one hundred in 2017 to about half that in 2018 and to two in 2019; they also revoked the press passes of two White House reporters, which were restored by the courts.[745] Trump's 2020 presidential campaign sued The New York Times, The Washington Post, and CNN for defamation in opinion pieces about his stance on Russian election interference. All the suits were dismissed.[746][747] By 2024, Trump repeatedly voiced support for outlawing political dissent and criticism,[748] and said that reporters should be prosecuted for not divulging confidential sources and media companies should possibly lose their broadcast licenses for unfavorable coverage of him.[749]

Following his reelection, Trump launched lawsuits and created blacklists against certain media outlets, and took over the process run by the White House Correspondents' Association to choose what outlets have access to him.[750] Rather than comply with a court order to restore Associated Press access, the White House made a policy of limited access for all wire services.[751] The Federal Communications Commission launched investigations into media outlets accused of bias against him.[752]

## Personal life

[edit]

### Family

[edit]

Further information: Trump family

In 1977, Trump married Ivana.[753] They had three children: Donald Jr. (b. 1977), Ivanka (b. 1981), and Eric (b. 1984). The couple divorced in 1990, following his affair with model and actress Marla Maples.[754] He and Maples married in 1993 and divorced in 1999. They have one daughter, Tiffany (b. 1993), whom Maples raised in California.[755] In 2005, he married Slovenian model Melania Knauss.[756] They have one son, Barron (b. 2006).[757]

### Health

[edit]

Main article: Age and health concerns about Donald Trump

Trump says he has never drunk alcohol, smoked cigarettes, or used drugs.[758][759] He sleeps about four or five hours a night.[760][761] He has called golfing his "primary form of exercise", but usually does not walk the course.[762] He considers exercise a waste of energy because he believes the body is "like a battery, with a finite amount of energy", which is depleted by exercise.[763][764] In 2015, his campaign released a letter from his longtime personal physician, Harold Bornstein, stating that he would "be the healthiest individual ever elected to the presidency".[765] In 2018, Bornstein said Trump had dictated the contents of the letter and that three of Trump's agents had seized his medical records in a February 2017 raid on Bornstein's office.[765][766]

### Religion

[edit]

Main article: Donald Trump and religion

Trump said in 2016 that he was a Presbyterian and a Protestant.[767][768] In 2020, he said he was a nondenominational Christian.[769] However, many have questioned the depth of these religious affiliations. A survey during Trump's first presidency (2017–2021) showed that 63 percent of Americans did not believe he was religious, despite his professed Christian affiliation, and that only 44 percent of Americans believed that Trump was a Christian.[770] Some of Trump's comments on the Bible or Christian practice have led critical observers to suggest that his knowledge of Christianity is superficial or erroneous, and few biographers have described Trump as deeply or even particularly religious.[771][772]

In his first term, Trump appointed his personal pastor[773] and spiritual advisor,[774] millionaire televangelist Paula White-Cain, to the White House Office of Public Liaison.[775] In his second term, he appointed her senior advisor to the newly created White House Faith Office.[776][777]

## Assessments

[edit]

### Public image

[edit]

Main articles: Public image of Donald Trump and Donald Trump in popular culture

See also: Opinion polling on the first Donald Trump administration and Opinion polling on the second Donald Trump administration

In Trump's first term, from 2017 to 2020, international approval ratings of U.S. leadership dropped from about 22 percent in a Gallup poll[778] of 134 countries to just 16 percent—lower than China's Xi Jinping and Russia's Vladimir Putin—in a Pew Research poll[779] of 13 countries. In 2017, estimation of U.S. leadership declined most among allies.[780]

Domestically, in his first term, Trump had chiefly partisan support: 88 percent among Republicans and 7 percent among Democrats.[781] In a 2021 Gallup poll, he was the only president never to reach a 50 percent approval rating, and he was the first not to be named most admired in his first year in office.[782]

In his second term's first quarter according to Gallup, Trump's approval rating was 45 percent—somewhat better than his first term, and far below the 60 percent average of other presidents. Support remained polarized; he had the approval of 90 percent among Republicans, 37 percent among independents, and 4 percent among Democrats.[783]

### Scholarly rankings

[edit]

Further information: Historical rankings of presidents of the United States

In C-SPAN's 2021 survey of presidential historians,[784] historians ranked Trump as the fourth-worst president. He rated lowest in the leadership characteristics categories for moral authority and administrative skills.[785][786] The Siena College Research Institute's 2022 survey ranked him third-worst. He was ranked near the bottom in all categories except for luck, willingness to take risks, and party leadership, and ranked last in several categories.[787] In 2018 and 2024, members of the American Political Science Association ranked him the worst president.[788][789]

## See also

[edit]

* List of awards and honors received by Donald Trump
* Pseudonyms used by Donald Trump

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Beginning when Trump was three years old, his father gave each of his children $6,000 every year, the maximum allowed without incurring a gift tax. To avoid taxes, Fred made them landlords of two of his housing developments, paying each $13,928 in rent every year.
2. ^ Never mind his boasts, he was neither the academy's best athlete, nor the best baseball player in New York state.[9]
3. ^ Later, in 2015, he threatened his high school, colleges, and the College Board with legal action if they released his academic records.[12]
4. ^ UPenn's 1968 commencement program lists Trump as a recipient of a Bachelor's of Science in Economics and not a recipient of Academic Honors.[18]
5. ^ Later Trump would emulate Peale's The Power of Positive Thinking in The Art of the Deal.[26]
6. ^ Presidential elections in the U.S. are decided by the Electoral College. Each state names a number of electors equal to its representation in Congress and (in most states) all electors vote for the winner of their state's popular vote.
7. ^ A Republican president combined with Republican control of both chambers of Congress.
8. ^ Several sources:[427][428][429]
9. ^ Several sources:[479][480][481][482]
10. ^ Multiple sources describe the economy inherited by the Trump administration as resilient and strong.[555][556][557][558][559][560]
11. ^ CBS could find no criminal records for 75% of the Venezuelans detained.[592]
12. ^ Multiple sources:[639][640][641][642][643][644][645]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Kranish & Fisher 2017, pp. 30, 37.
2. ^ Kranish & Fisher 2017, p. v.
3. ^ Horowitz, Jason (September 22, 2015). "Donald Trump's Old Queens Neighborhood Contrasts With the Diverse Area Around It". The New York Times. Retrieved November 7, 2018.
4. ^ Buettner & Craig 2024, pp. 30–31.
5. ^ Kranish & Fisher 2017, pp. 33, 38, 45.
6. ^ a b Buettner & Craig 2024, p. 66.
7. ^ Kranish & Fisher 2017, p. 42.
8. ^ Buettner & Craig 2024, pp. 71, 310.
9. ^ Buettner & Craig 2024, pp. 71.
10. ^ Barrett 2016, pp. 73–74.
11. ^ Barrett 2016, p. 73.
12. ^ Ashford, Grace (February 27, 2019). "Michael Cohen Says Trump Told Him to Threaten Schools Not to Release Grades". The New York Times.
13. ^ Kranish & Fisher 2017, pp. 45–47.
14. ^ Buettner & Craig 2024, p. 99.
15. ^ Barrett 2016, p. 74.
16. ^ Buettner & Craig 2024, p. 98.
17. ^ Kranish & Fisher 2017, pp. 47–50.
18. ^ a b "Two Hundred and Twelfth Commencement for the Conferring of Degrees" (PDF). University of Pennsylvania. May 20, 1968. pp. 19–21. Retrieved March 31, 2023.
19. ^ a b c d Barrett 2016, p. 75.
20. ^ Kranish & Fisher 2017, p. 47.
21. ^ a b Kranish & Fisher 2017, p. 48.
22. ^ O'Brien 2005a, p. 48.
23. ^ Kranish & Fisher 2017, pp. 81.
24. ^ Hurt III 1993, pp. 13.
25. ^ Haberman 2022, p. 9.
26. ^ Kranish & Fisher 2017, p. 99.
27. ^ Kranish & Fisher 2017, pp. 50–51.
28. ^ Kranish & Fisher 2017, pp. 52–53.
29. ^ Barrett 2016, p. 76.
30. ^ a b O'Brien 2005a, p. 51.
31. ^ Kranish & Fisher 2017, p. 58.
32. ^ Barrett 2016, p. 79.
33. ^ Kranish & Fisher 2017, p. 59.
34. ^ Blair, Gwenda (February 9, 2018). "Enter Donald: The Trump Empire Goes to Manhattan". Gotham Center for New York City History.
35. ^ Barrett 2016, p. 81.
36. ^ Barrett 2016, p. 126.
37. ^ Mahler, Jonathan; Flegenheimer, Matt (June 20, 2016). "What Donald Trump Learned From Joseph McCarthy's Right-Hand Man". The New York Times. Retrieved May 26, 2020.
38. ^ Haberman 2022, p. 33.
39. ^ a b 1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved February 29, 2024.
40. ^ Barrett 2016, p. 82–84.
41. ^ Barrett 2016, pp. 190–191.
42. ^ Johnston 2016, pp. 45–46.
43. ^ Brenner, Marie (June 28, 2017). "How Donald Trump and Roy Cohn's Ruthless Symbiosis Changed America". Vanity Fair. Retrieved May 26, 2020.
44. ^ Barrett 2016, pp. 78–80, 84.
45. ^ Buettner & Craig 2024, p. 126.
46. ^ Penzenstadler, Nick; Reilly, Steve; Wilson, David; Yi, Karen; Linders, Pim; Kelly, John; Dionise, Jeff (n.d.). "Donald Trump: Three decades: 4,095 lawsuits". USA Today.
47. ^ Reilly, Steve (April 25, 2018). "USA Today exclusive: Hundreds allege Donald Trump doesn't pay his bills". USA Today.
48. ^ Qiu, Linda (June 21, 2016). "Yep, Donald Trump's companies have declared bankruptcy...more than four times". PolitiFact. Retrieved May 25, 2023.
49. ^ a b c Winter, Tom (June 24, 2016). "Trump Bankruptcy Math Doesn't Add Up". NBC News. Retrieved February 26, 2020.
50. ^ a b Barstow, David; Craig, Susanne; Buettner, Russ (October 2, 2018). "Trump Engaged in Suspect Tax Schemes as He Reaped Riches From His Father". The New York Times. Retrieved October 2, 2018.
51. ^ Handy, Bruce (April 1, 2019). "Trump Once Proposed Building a Castle on Madison Avenue". The Atlantic. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
52. ^ Nevius, James (April 3, 2019). "The winding history of Donald Trump's first major Manhattan real estate project". Curbed.
53. ^ Rich, Frank (April 30, 2018). "The Original Donald Trump". New York. Retrieved May 8, 2018.
54. ^ Kessler, Glenn (March 3, 2016). "Trump's false claim he built his empire with a 'small loan' from his father". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 29, 2021.
55. ^ Kranish & Fisher 2017, p. 84.
56. ^ Geist, William E. (April 8, 1984). "The Expanding Empire of Donald Trump". The New York Times Magazine. Retrieved September 29, 2021.
57. ^ a b Haberman, Maggie (October 31, 2019). "Trump, Lifelong New Yorker, Declares Himself a Resident of Florida". The New York Times. Retrieved January 24, 2020.
58. ^ "Trump Revises Plaza Loan". The New York Times. November 4, 1992. Retrieved May 23, 2023.
59. ^ "Trump's Plaza Hotel Bankruptcy Plan Approved". The New York Times. Reuters. December 12, 1992. Retrieved May 24, 2023.
60. ^ a b Segal, David (January 16, 2016). "What Donald Trump's Plaza Deal Reveals About His White House Bid". The New York Times. Retrieved May 3, 2022.
61. ^ Stout, David; Gilpin, Kenneth N. (April 12, 1995). "Trump Is Selling Plaza Hotel To Saudi and Asian Investors". The New York Times. Retrieved July 18, 2019.
62. ^ Kranish & Fisher 2017, p. 298.
63. ^ Bagli, Charles V. (June 1, 2005). "Trump Group Selling West Side Parcel for $1.8 billion". The New York Times. Retrieved May 17, 2016.
64. ^ Kiel, Paul; Buettner, Russ (May 11, 2024). "IRS Audit of Trump Could Cost Former President More Than $100 Million". ProPublica. Retrieved August 26, 2024.
65. ^ a b c d McQuade, Dan (August 16, 2015). "The Truth About the Rise and Fall of Donald Trump's Atlantic City Empire". Philadelphia. Retrieved March 21, 2016.
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744. ^ Hetherington, Marc; Ladd, Jonathan M. (May 1, 2020). "Destroying trust in the media, science, and government has left America vulnerable to disaster". Brookings Institution. Retrieved October 11, 2021.
745. ^ Grynbaum, Michael M. (December 30, 2019). "After Another Year of Trump Attacks, 'Ominous Signs' for the American Press". The New York Times. Retrieved October 11, 2021.
746. ^ "US judge throws out Donald Trump's lawsuit against New York Times". The Guardian. May 3, 2023. Retrieved November 25, 2024.
747. ^ Geltzer, Joshua A.; Katyal, Neal K. (March 11, 2020). "The True Danger of the Trump Campaign's Defamation Lawsuits". The Atlantic. Retrieved October 1, 2020.
748. ^ Kapur, Sahil (October 13, 2024). "'Totally illegal': Trump escalates rhetoric on outlawing political dissent and criticism". NBC News. Retrieved November 23, 2024.
749. ^ Folkenflik, David (October 21, 2024). "Could Trump's threats against news outlets carry weight if he wins the presidency?". NPR News. Retrieved November 23, 2024.
750. ^ VendeHei, Jim; Allen, Mike (February 26, 2025). "Behind the Curtain: Trump's media-control strategy". Axios. Retrieved March 20, 2025.
751. ^ Stelter, Brian; Waldenberg, Samantha (April 16, 2025). "The Trump White House is axing the wire service spot from the coverage pool, the latest salvo in its battle with the AP". CNN.
752. ^ Brodkin, Jon (January 23, 2025). "Trump's FCC chair gets to work on punishing TV news stations accused of bias". Ars Technica. Retrieved March 20, 2025.
753. ^ Blair 2015, p. 300.
754. ^ Barron, James (December 12, 1990). "Trumps Get Divorce; Next, Who Gets What?". The New York Times. Retrieved March 5, 2023.
755. ^ Hafner, Josh (July 19, 2016). "Get to know Donald's other daughter: Tiffany Trump". USA Today. Retrieved July 10, 2022.
756. ^ Kranish & Fisher 2017, p. 266.
757. ^ "Donald Trump Fast Facts". CNN. July 2, 2021. Retrieved September 29, 2021.
758. ^ Nagourney, Adam (October 30, 2020). "In Trump and Biden, a Choice of Teetotalers for President". The New York Times. Retrieved February 5, 2021.
759. ^ Parker, Ashley; Rucker, Philip (October 2, 2018). "Kavanaugh likes beer — but Trump is a teetotaler: 'He doesn't like drinkers.'". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 5, 2021.
760. ^ Dangerfield, Katie (January 17, 2018). "Donald Trump sleeps 4–5 hours each night; he's not the only famous 'short sleeper'". Global News. Retrieved February 5, 2021.
761. ^ Almond & Du 2020.
762. ^ Ballengee, Ryan (July 14, 2018). "Donald Trump says he gets most of his exercise from golf, then uses cart at Turnberry". Golf News Net. Retrieved July 4, 2019.
763. ^ Rettner, Rachael (May 14, 2017). "Trump thinks that exercising too much uses up the body's 'finite' energy". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 29, 2021.
764. ^ O'Donnell & Rutherford 1991, p. 133.
765. ^ a b Marquardt, Alex; Crook, Lawrence III (May 1, 2018). "Exclusive: Bornstein claims Trump dictated the glowing health letter". CNN. Retrieved May 20, 2018.
766. ^ Schecter, Anna (May 1, 2018). "Trump doctor Harold Bornstein says bodyguard, lawyer 'raided' his office, took medical files". NBC News. Retrieved June 6, 2019.
767. ^ Campbell, Colin (January 23, 2016). "Trump: If I'm president, 'Christianity will have power' in the US". Business Insider. Retrieved January 20, 2025.
768. ^ Engel, Pamela (June 8, 2016). "Trump on God: 'Hopefully I won't have to be asking for much forgiveness'". Business Insider. Retrieved January 20, 2025.
769. ^ Jenkins, Jack; Mwaura, Maina (October 24, 2020). "Trump, confirmed a Presbyterian, now identifies as 'non-denominational Christian'". America. Retrieved January 20, 2025.
770. ^ Fahmy, Dalia (March 25, 2020). "Most Americans don't see Trump as religious; fewer than half say they think he's Christian". Pew Research Center. Archived from the original on February 10, 2025. Retrieved April 21, 2023.
771. ^ Friedman, Ann (April 19, 2017). "Op-Ed: Is Trump religious? Who cares?". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved March 31, 2025. ""Has Trump found religion in the Oval Office?" a headline asked. The answer from several of Trump's biographers was no. "Donald has never been a spiritually or religiously serious person," Timothy O'Brien, author of "TrumpNation: The Art of Being Donald," told Politico."
772. ^ Taylor, Jessica (January 18, 2016). "Citing 'Two Corinthians,' Trump Struggles To Make The Sale To Evangelicals". NPR News. Retrieved March 31, 2025.
773. ^ Peters, Jeremy W.; Dias, Elizabeth (November 2, 2019). "Paula White, Newest White House Aide, Is a Uniquely Trumpian Pastor". The New York Times. Retrieved August 14, 2025.
774. ^ Shellnut, Faith (February 10, 2025). "Trump Appoints Paula White to Oversee Faith Office". Christianity Today. Retrieved August 14, 2025.
775. ^ Peters, Jeremy W.; Haberman, Maggie (October 31, 2019). "Paula White, Trump's Personal Pastor, Joins the White House". The New York Times. Retrieved September 29, 2021.
776. ^ Gabbatt, Adam (April 5, 2025). "'False teacher': Trump's pick to head the 'White House faith office' roils some fellow Christians". The Guardian. Retrieved August 14, 2025.
777. ^ Bridges, C. A.; Walker, Diamond (February 20, 2025). "Trump's new faith office. What to know about controversial Florida pastor Paula White". The Palm Beach Post. Retrieved August 14, 2025.
778. ^ Datta, Monti (September 16, 2019). "3 countries where Trump is popular". The Conversation. Retrieved October 3, 2021.
779. ^ Wike, Richard; Fetterolf, Janell; Mordecai, Mara (September 15, 2020). "U.S. Image Plummets Internationally as Most Say Country Has Handled Coronavirus Badly". Pew Research Center. Retrieved December 24, 2020.
780. ^ "Rating World Leaders: 2018 The U.S. vs. Germany, China and Russia". Gallup, Inc. Retrieved October 3, 2021 - via Politico. Page 9
781. ^ Jones, Jeffrey M. (January 18, 2021). "Last Trump Job Approval 34%; Average Is Record-Low 41%". Gallup, Inc. Retrieved October 3, 2021.
782. ^ Bach, Natash (December 28, 2017). "Trump Is the Only Elected U.S. President Not to Be Named America's Most Admired Man In His First Year". Fortune. Retrieved November 19, 2024.
783. ^ Brenan, Megan (January 29, 2025). "Trump's Inaugural Approval Rating Is Historically Low Again". Gallup, Inc. Retrieved January 29, 2025.
784. ^ "Presidential Historians Survey 2021". C-SPAN. 2021. Retrieved June 30, 2021.
785. ^ Sheehey, Maeve (June 30, 2021). "Trump debuts at 41st in C-SPAN presidential rankings". Politico. Retrieved March 31, 2023.
786. ^ Brockell, Gillian (June 30, 2021). "Historians just ranked the presidents. Trump wasn't last". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 1, 2021.
787. ^ "American Presidents: Greatest and Worst". Siena College Research Institute. June 22, 2022. Retrieved July 11, 2022.
788. ^ Rottinghaus, Brandon; Vaughn, Justin S. (February 19, 2018). "Opinion: How Does Trump Stack Up Against the Best—and Worst—Presidents?". The New York Times. Retrieved July 13, 2024.
789. ^ Chappell, Bill (February 19, 2024). "In historians' Presidents Day survey, Biden vs. Trump is not a close call". NPR News.

## Works cited

[edit]

### Books

[edit]

* Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention. Regan Arts. ISBN 978-1-68245-079-6.
* Blair, Gwenda (2015) [2001]. The Trumps: Three Generations That Built an Empire. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-5011-3936-9.
* Buettner, Russ; Craig, Susanne (2024). Lucky Loser: How Donald Trump Squandered His Father's Fortune And Created The Illusion of Success. Penguin Press. ISBN 978-0-593-29864-0.
* D'Antonio, Michael (2015). Never enough : Donald Trump and the pursuit of success. Thomas Dunne Books, St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-1-250-04238-5.
* Haberman, Maggie (2022). Confidence Man: The Making of Donald Trump and the Breaking of America. Penguin Press. ISBN 978-0-593-29734-6.
* Harvey, Michael (2022). "Introduction: History's Rhymes". In Harvey, Michael (ed.). Donald Trump in Historical Perspective. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781003110361-1. ISBN 978-1-003-11036-1.
* Hassan, Steven (2024) [2019]. The Cult of Trump. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-9821-2734-3.
* Hurt III, Harry (1993). Lost Tycoon. W. W. Norton Company, Inc. p. 447\. ISBN 0-393-03029-6.
* Johnston, David Cay (2016). The Making of Donald Trump. Melville House Publishing. ISBN 978-1-61219-658-9.
* Johnston, David Cay (2021). The Big Cheat: How Donald Trump Fleeced America And Enriched Himself And His Family. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-9821-7804-8.
* Kakutani, Michiko (2018). "The Firehose of Falsehood: Propaganda and Fake News". The Death of Truth: Notes on Falsehood in the Age of Trump. Crown/Archetype. ISBN 978-0-525-57484-2.
* Klein, Naomi (2017). No Is Not Enough. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-198679-1.
* Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-5011-5652-6.
* Meacham, Jon (2016). Destiny and Power: The American Odyssey of George Herbert Walker Bush. Random House. ISBN 978-0-8129-7947-3.
* O'Brien, Timothy L. (2005a). TrumpNation: The Art of Being The Donald. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN 978-0-446-69617-3.
* O'Donnell, John R.; Rutherford, James (1991). Trumped!. Crossroad Press Trade Edition. ISBN 978-1-946025-26-5.

​​​​​

### Journals

[edit]

* Adams, Kenneth Alan (Spring 2021). "The Trump Death Cult". Journal of Psychohistory. 48 (4): 256–276\. ISSN 0145-3378. Retrieved November 6, 2024.
* Almond, Douglas; Du, Xinming (December 2020). "Later bedtimes predict President Trump's performance". Economics Letters. 197 109590\. doi:10.1016/j.econlet.2020.109590. ISSN 0165-1765. PMC 7518119. PMID 33012904.
* Berman, Sheri (May 2021). "The Causes of Populism in the West". Annual Review of Political Science. 24: 71–88\. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-041719-102503. ISSN 1094-2939.
* Campani, Giovanna; Concepción, Sunamis Fabelo; Soler, Angel Rodriguez; Savín, Claudia Sánchez (November 2, 2022). "The Rise of Donald Trump Right-Wing Populism in the United States: Middle American Radicalism and Anti-Immigration Discourse". Societies. 12 (6): 154. doi:10.3390/soc12060154.
* Castañeda, Ernesto; Jenks, Daniel (April 17, 2023). Costa, Bruno Ferreira; Parton, Nigel (eds.). "January 6th and De-Democratization in the United States". Social Sciences. 12 (4). MDPI: 238–253\. doi:10.3390/socsci12040238. ISSN 2076-0760.
* Diamond, Michael J. (February 22, 2023). "Perverted Containment: Trumpism, Cult Creation, and the Rise of Destructive American Populism". Psychoanalytic Inquiry. 43 (2): 96–109\. doi:10.1080/07351690.2023.2163147.
* Edwards, Jason A. (2018). "Make America Great Again: Donald Trump and Redefining the U.S. Role in the World". Communication Quarterly. 66 (2): 176. doi:10.1080/01463373.2018.1438485.
* Franks, Andrew S.; Hesami, Farhang (September 18, 2021). "Seeking Evidence of The MAGA Cult and Trump Derangement Syndrome: An Examination of (A)symmetric Political Bias". Societies. 11 (3): 113. doi:10.3390/soc11030113.
* Gaufman, Elizaveta; Ganesh, Bharath (2024). "The Trump Carnival: Populism, Transgression and the Far Right Bias - Chapter 6: Laughing Culture". De Gruyter Contemporary Social Sciences. 35: 69–70\. doi:10.1515/9783111238135-006.
* Johnson, Kevin R. (2017a). "Immigration and civil rights in the Trump administration: Law and policy making by executive order". Santa Clara Law Review. 57 (3): 611–665.
* Johnson, Kevin R.; Cuison-Villazor, Rose (May 2, 2019). "The Trump Administration and the War on Immigration Diversity". Wake Forest Law Review. 54 (2): 575–616.
* Kaufman, Robert R.; Haggard, Stephan (2019). "Democratic Decline in the United States: What Can We Learn from Middle-Income Backsliding?". Perspectives on Politics. 17 (2): 417–432\. doi:10.1017/S1537592718003377. S2CID 149457724.
* Lajevardi, Nazita; Oskooii, Kassra A. R. (2018). "Old-Fashioned Racism, Contemporary Islamophobia, and the Isolation of Muslim Americans in the Age of Trump". Journal of Race, Ethnicity, and Politics. 3 (1): 112–152\. doi:10.1017/rep.2017.37.
* McGurk, Brett (January 22, 2020). "The Cost of an Incoherent Foreign Policy: Trump's Iran Imbroglio Undermines U.S. Priorities Everywhere Else". Foreign Affairs.
* Nacos, Brigitte L.; Shapiro, Robert Y.; Bloch-Elkon, Yaeli (2020). "Donald Trump: Aggressive Rhetoric and Political Violence". Perspectives on Terrorism. 14 (5): 2–25\. ISSN 2334-3745. JSTOR 26940036. Retrieved January 20, 2025.
* O'Brien, Shannon (July 22, 2020). "Donald Trump and the Kayfabe Presidency - Wrestling with the Presidency: How Donald Trump Uses Wrestling and Theatrical Tactics in the Public Sphere". Rhetoric, Politics and Society: 39–58\. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-50551-6_3.
* Parker, Christopher Sebastian; Towler, Christopher C. (May 2019). "Race and Authoritarianism in American Politics". Annual Review of Political Science. 22: 503–519\. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-050317-064519. ISSN 1094-2939.
* Perry, Samuel L.; Whitehead, Andrew L.; Grubbs, Joshua B. (April 21, 2021). "The Devil That You Know: Christian Nationalism and Intent to Change One's Voting Behavior For or Against Trump in 2020". Politics and Religion. 15 (2): 229–246\. doi:10.1017/S175504832100002X. hdl:11244/334967.
* Piazza, James; Van Doren, Natalia (October 8, 2022). "It's About Hate: Approval of Donald Trump, Racism, Xenophobia and Support for Political Violence". American Politics Research. 51 (3): 299–314\. doi:10.1177/1532673X221131561. ISSN 1532-673X. Retrieved January 20, 2025.
* Pion-Berlin, David; Bruneau, Thomas; Goetze, Richard B. Jr. (April 7, 2022). "The Trump self-coup attempt: comparisons and civil–military relations". Government and Opposition. FirstView (4): 789–806\. doi:10.1017/gov.2022.13. S2CID 248033246.
* Reyes, Antonio (May 4, 2020). "I, Trump The cult of personality, anti-intellectualism and the Post-Truth era". Journal of Language and Politics. 19 (6): 869–892\. doi:10.1075/jlp.20002.rey. ISSN 1569-2159.
* Rothe, Dawn L.; Collins, Victoria E. (November 17, 2019). "Turning Back the Clock? Violence against Women and the Trump Administration". Victims & Offenders. 14 (8): 965–978\. doi:10.1080/15564886.2019.1671284.
* Ross, Bertrall L. (October 2024). "Polarization, Populism, and the Crisis of American Democracy". Annual Review of Law and Social Science. 20: 293–308\. doi:10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-041922-035113. ISSN 1550-3631. Retrieved December 20, 2024.
* Schaffner, Brian F.; Macwilliams, Matthew; Nteta, Tatishe (March 2018). "Understanding White Polarization in the 2016 Vote for President: The Sobering Role of Racism and Sexism". Political Science Quarterly. 133 (1): 9–34\. doi:10.1002/polq.12737.
* Stephens-Dougan, LaFluer (May 2021). "The Persistence of Racial Cues and Appeals in American Elections". Annual Review of Political Science. 24: 301–320\. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-082619-015522. ISSN 1094-2939.
* Sundahl, Anne-Mette Holmgård (May 4, 2022). "Personality Cult or a Mere Matter of Popularity?". International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society. 36 (4): 431–458\. doi:10.1007/s10767-022-09423-0. PMC 9066393. PMID 35528318.
* Urbinati, Nadia (May 2019). "Political Theory of Populism". Annual Review of Political Science. 22: 111–127\. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-050317-070753. ISSN 1094-2939. Retrieved December 20, 2024.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Mercieca, Jennifer R. (2020). Demagogue for President: The Rhetorical Genius of Donald Trump. Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 978-1-62349-906-8.
* O'Brien, Timothy L. (2005). TrumpNation: The Art of Being The Donald. Warner Books. ISBN 978-0-446-57854-7.

## External links

[edit]

Library resources about
Donald Trump

* * *

* Resources in your library
* Resources in other libraries

By Donald Trump

* Resources in your library
* Resources in other libraries

* Archive of Donald Trump's tweets. (Enter 2021-01-09 into the End Date field to view tweets from before the suspension.)
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* v
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Donald Trump

* 45th (2017–2021) and 47th (2025–present) President of the United States

Life and
politics|

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Books|

* The Art of the Deal (1987)
* Trump: Surviving at the Top (1990)
* Trump: The Art of the Comeback (1997)
* The America We Deserve (2000)
* Trump: How to Get Rich (2004)
* The Way to the Top (2004)
* Trump 101 (2006)
* Why We Want You to Be Rich (2006)
* Think Big and Kick Ass (2007)
* Time to Get Tough (2011)
* Midas Touch (2011)
* Crippled America (2015)
* Our Journey Together (2021)
* Letters to Trump (2023)
* Save America (2024)

Campaigns|

* 2000 presidential campaign
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* announcement
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* 2016 Republican primaries
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* endorsements
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* Trump Bible
* "God Bless the U.S.A." (campaign song)
* "Y.M.C.A." (campaign song)

Legal affairs|

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* ← Barack Obama
* ← Joe Biden →

* * *

* Category

* v
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* e

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* Previous: Obama administration
* Next: Biden administration

* See also: Second Trump administration

General|

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| Timeline|

* First 100 days
* 2017
* Q1
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* Q1
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* Q1
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|

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| Domestic|

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|

Economic|

* Tax cuts
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Foreign|

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Immigration|

* Travel bans
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* replacement
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* Border wall
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Protests|

* 2017 Women's March
* list
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* list
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* list
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* list
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* list
* Portland
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* list
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* December 2019 impeachment protests
* 2020 Women's March
* January list
* October list
* Racial unrest
* George Floyd protests
* list-USA
* list-abroad
* Trump Statue Initiative
* God Emperor Trump

Related|

* 2016 election
* Trump campaign
* Trumpism
* Donald Trump and fascism
* Social media
* Twitter
* Crossfire Hurricane
* Classified information disclosures
* Special counsel investigations
* Mueller
* Durham
* Links between Trump administration and Russian government officials
* Russian bounty program
* Anonymous senior official op-ed
* Stormy Daniels scandal
* Ukraine scandal
* Federal government data breach
* Attempts to overturn the 2020 presidential election
* Fake electors plot
* Chesebro memos
* Eastman memos
* Lawsuits
* Texas v. Pennsylvania
* Jeffrey Clark letter
* January 6 United States Capitol attack
* timeline
* aftermath
* continued protests
* domestic reactions
* international reactions
* Presidential Library

* Category

* v
* t
* e

Second presidency of Donald Trump (2025–present)

* Previous: Biden administration

* See also: First Trump administration

General|

* Appointments
* ambassadors
* attorneys
* Cabinet
* Vance vice presidency
* Executive orders
* Legal affairs
* Opinion polling
* Pardons
* January 6 defendants
* Proclamations
* Trips
* 2025
* international
* Marco Rubio

Events|

| Timeline|

* First 100 days
* 2025
* Q1
* Q2
* Q3

|

Speeches|

* Joint address to Congress

Other|

* Transition
* Inauguration

Policies|

| Domestic|

* DEI
* Department of Government Efficiency
* network of DOGE
* deferred resignation
* mass layoffs
* targets
* USAID
* "Designating English as the Official Language of the United States"
* Dismissals of inspectors general
* Education
* Federal funding freeze
* Federal hiring freeze
* Golden Dome
* NOAA
* Office of Shipbuilding
* Online resource removals
* "Restoring Names That Honor American Greatness"
* Gulf of America
* Mount McKinley
* Science
* TAKE IT DOWN Act
* Targeting political opponents and civil society
* Law firms
* Transgender people
* US Army 250th Anniversary Parade
* White House Faith Office

|

Economic|

* Cryptocurrency
* $Trump
* memecoin dinner
* Strategic bitcoin reserve
* "No tax on tips"
* Stargate Project
* Tariffs
* China trade war
* Canada and Mexico trade war
* "Liberation Day" tariffs
* TACO
* AI policy

Environment|

* Paris Agreement withdrawal

Fiscal|

* One Big Beautiful Bill Act
* Rescissions Act of 2025

Foreign|

* Expansionism
* Canada
* Gaza Strip
* Greenland
* Munich Security Conference
* Russian invasion of Ukraine
* Putin call
* Saudi Arabia summit
* Zelenskyy Oval Office meeting
* minerals agreement
* peace talks
* Putin summit in Alaska
* Withdrawal from WHO
* Gaza war
* Yemen attacks
* Signal group chat leaks
* Ras Isa oil terminal airstrikes
* US–Houthi ceasefire
* Relations with Iran
* Iran negotiations
* Iran–Israel war
* June 2025 Iran strikes
* Iran–Israel war ceasefire
* Middle East visit
* Ramaphosa Oval Office meeting
* Armenia–Azerbaijan agreement

Immigration|

* Deportation and detention of U.S. citizens
* Alligator Alcatraz
* Deportation of immigrants
* Indians
* Venezuelans
* J.G.G. v. Trump
* Deportation of Kilmar Abrego Garcia
* W.M.M. v. Trump
* Activist deportations
* Mahmoud Khalil
* Rasha Alawieh
* Rümeysa Öztürk
* Mohsen Mahdawi
* Arrest of Hannah Dugan
* Laken Riley Act
* Jocelyn Nungaray National Wildlife Refuge
* Guantanamo Migrant Operations Center
* White South African refugee program
* Trump Gold Card
* "Protecting the Meaning and Value of American Citizenship"
* State of Washington v. Trump
* Trump v. CASA
* Barbara v. Trump
* Travel ban
* Proclamation 10949

Healthcare|

* Make America Healthy Again
* MAHA Commission
* MAHA report
* HHS gender dysphoria report

Protests|

* Efforts to impeach
* resolutions
* 50501 movement
* protests
* Day of Action
* Anti-deportation protests
* Los Angeles
* Newsom v. Trump
* Canadian boycott
* Day Without Immigrants
* Department of Justice resignations
* Economic Blackout
* Response to DOGE
* DOGE lawsuits
* People's March
* Stand Up for Science 2025
* Hands Off protests
* No Kings protests
* Good Trouble Lives On protest
* Rage Against the Regime

Related|

* 2024 election
* Trump campaign
* Presidential library
* Agenda 47
* Anti-LGBTQ movement
* Border crisis
* Donald Trump and fascism
* Elon Musk feud
* Kennedy Center
* Penny debate in the United States
* Project 2025
* Project Esther
* Trumpism
* Mar-a-Lago face

* Category

Offices and distinctions

| Party political offices

Preceded by

Mitt Romney

|  Republican nominee for President of the United States
2016, 2020, 2024 | Most recent
Political offices
Preceded by

Barack Obama

|  President of the United States
2017–2021  | Succeeded by

Joe Biden

Preceded by

Joe Biden

|  President of the United States
2025–present  | Incumbent
U.S. order of precedence (ceremonial)
First |  Order of precedence of the United States
President | Succeeded by

JD Vance

as Vice President

Articles related to Donald Trump

* v
* t
* e

Presidents of the United States

Presidents and
presidencies|

1. George Washington (1789–1797)
2. John Adams (1797–1801)
3. Thomas Jefferson (1801–1809)
4. James Madison (1809–1817)
5. James Monroe (1817–1825)
6. John Quincy Adams (1825–1829)
7. Andrew Jackson (1829–1837)
8. Martin Van Buren (1837–1841)
9. William Henry Harrison (1841)
10. John Tyler (1841–1845)
11. James K. Polk (1845–1849)
12. Zachary Taylor (1849–1850)
13. Millard Fillmore (1850–1853)
14. Franklin Pierce (1853–1857)
15. James Buchanan (1857–1861)
16. Abraham Lincoln (1861–1865)
17. Andrew Johnson (1865–1869)
18. Ulysses S. Grant (1869–1877)
19. Rutherford B. Hayes (1877–1881)
20. James A. Garfield (1881)
21. Chester A. Arthur (1881–1885)
22. Grover Cleveland (1885–1889)
23. Benjamin Harrison (1889–1893)
24. Grover Cleveland (1893–1897)
25. William McKinley (1897–1901)
26. Theodore Roosevelt (1901–1909)
27. William Howard Taft (1909–1913)
28. Woodrow Wilson (1913–1921)
29. Warren G. Harding (1921–1923)
30. Calvin Coolidge (1923–1929)
31. Herbert Hoover (1929–1933)
32. Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933–1945)
33. Harry S. Truman (1945–1953)
34. Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953–1961)
35. John F. Kennedy (1961–1963)
36. Lyndon B. Johnson (1963–1969)
37. Richard Nixon (1969–1974)
38. Gerald Ford (1974–1977)
39. Jimmy Carter (1977–1981)
40. Ronald Reagan (1981–1989)
41. George H. W. Bush (1989–1993)
42. Bill Clinton (1993–2001)
43. George W. Bush (2001–2009)
44. Barack Obama (2009–2017)
45. Donald Trump (2017–2021)
46. Joe Biden (2021–2025)
47. Donald Trump (2025–present)

Presidency
timelines|

* Washington
* J. Adams
* McKinley
* T. Roosevelt
* Taft
* Wilson
* Harding
* Coolidge
* Hoover
* F. D. Roosevelt
* Truman
* Eisenhower
* Kennedy
* L. B. Johnson
* Nixon
* Ford
* Carter
* Reagan
* G. H. W. Bush
* Clinton
* G. W. Bush
* Obama
* Trump
* Biden

* Category
* List

* v
* t
* e

Unsuccessful major party candidates for President of the United States

1. Thomas Jefferson (1796)
2. John Adams (1800)
3. Charles C. Pinckney (1804, 1808)
4. DeWitt Clinton (1812)
5. Rufus King (1816)
6. Andrew Jackson (1824)
7. William H. Crawford (1824)
8. Henry Clay (1824, 1832, 1844)
9. John Quincy Adams (1828)
10. William Henry Harrison (1836)
11. Hugh Lawson White (1836)
12. Martin Van Buren (1840)
13. Lewis Cass (1848)
14. Winfield Scott (1852)
15. John C. Frémont (1856)
16. Stephen A. Douglas (1860)
17. George B. McClellan (1864)
18. Horatio Seymour (1868)
19. Horace Greeley (1872)
20. Samuel J. Tilden (1876)
21. Winfield Scott Hancock (1880)
22. James G. Blaine (1884)
23. Grover Cleveland (1888)
24. Benjamin Harrison (1892)
25. William J. Bryan (1896, 1900, 1908)
26. Alton B. Parker (1904)
27. William Howard Taft (1912)
28. Charles Evans Hughes (1916)
29. James M. Cox (1920)
30. John W. Davis (1924)
31. Al Smith (1928)
32. Herbert Hoover (1932)
33. Alf Landon (1936)
34. Wendell Willkie (1940)
35. Thomas E. Dewey (1944, 1948)
36. Adlai Stevenson (1952, 1956)
37. Richard Nixon (1960)
38. Barry Goldwater (1964)
39. Hubert Humphrey (1968)
40. George McGovern (1972)
41. Gerald Ford (1976)
42. Jimmy Carter (1980)
43. Walter Mondale (1984)
44. Michael Dukakis (1988)
45. George H. W. Bush (1992)
46. Bob Dole (1996)
47. Al Gore (2000)
48. John Kerry (2004)
49. John McCain (2008)
50. Mitt Romney (2012)
51. Hillary Clinton (2016)
52. Donald Trump (2020)
53. Kamala Harris (2024)

* All presidential candidates
* Presidents
* Third-party candidates

* v
* t
* e

Members of the Cabinet of the United States

Cabinet members|

Trump • Vance

* Bessent
* Bondi
* Burgum
* Chavez-DeRemer
* Collins
* Duffy
* Hegseth
* Kennedy
* Lutnick
* McMahon
* Noem
* Rollins
* Rubio
* Turner
* Wright

Cabinet-level members|

* Gabbard
* Greer
* Loeffler
* Ratcliffe
* Shea*
* Vought
* Wiles
* Zeldin

*acting
Cabinet of Donald Trump

* v
* t
* e

Leaders of the Group of Seven

* Canada: Carney
* France: Macron
* Germany: Merz
* Italy: Meloni
* Japan: Ishiba
* United Kingdom: Starmer
* United States: Trump
* European Union: Costa / Von der Leyen

* v
* t
* e

Leaders of NATO

* Secretary General: Rutte

* Albania: Rama
* Belgium: De Wever
* Bulgaria: Zhelyazkov
* Canada: Carney
* Croatia: Plenković
* Czech Republic: Fiala
* Denmark: Frederiksen
* Estonia: Michal
* Finland: Orpo
* France: Macron
* Germany: Merz
* Greece: Mitsotakis
* Hungary: Orbán
* Iceland: Kristrún
* Italy: Meloni
* Latvia: Siliņa
* Lithuania: Nausėda
* Luxembourg: Frieden
* Montenegro: Spajić
* Netherlands: Schoof
* North Macedonia: Mickoski
* Norway: Støre
* Poland: Tusk
* Portugal: Montenegro
* Romania: Dan
* Slovakia: Fico
* Slovenia: Golob
* Spain: Sánchez
* Sweden: Kristersson
* Turkey: Erdoğan
* United Kingdom: Starmer
* United States: Trump

* v
* t
* e

Leaders of the G20

* Lourenço / Youssouf
* Milei
* Albanese
* Lula
* Carney
* Xi
* Costa / von der Leyen
* Macron
* Merz
* Modi
* Prabowo
* Meloni
* Ishiba
* Sheinbaum
* Putin
* Salman
* Ramaphosa
* Lee
* Erdoğan
* Starmer
* Trump

* v
* t
* e

Leaders of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation

* Albanese
* Bolkiah
* Carney
* Boric
* Xi
* Lai (Envoy: Lin)1
* Lee
* Prabowo
* Ishiba
* Lee
* Anwar
* Sheinbaum
* Luxon
* Marape
* Boluarte
* Marcos
* Putin
* Wong
* Paetongtarn (suspended) / Phumtham (acting)
* Trump
* Cường

1 President is a non-participant; Taiwan is represented as Chinese Taipei.

* v
* t
* e

Second cabinet of President Donald Trump (2025–present)

Cabinet

Vice President|

* JD Vance (2025–present)

Secretary of State|

* Marco Rubio (2025–present)

Secretary of the Treasury|

* Scott Bessent (2025–present)

Secretary of Defense|

* Pete Hegseth (2025–present)

Attorney General|

* Pam Bondi (2025–present)

Secretary of the Interior|

* Doug Burgum (2025–present)

Secretary of Agriculture|

* Brooke Rollins (2025–present)

Secretary of Commerce|

* Howard Lutnick (2025–present)

Secretary of Labor|

* Lori Chavez-DeRemer (2025–present)

Secretary of Health and Human Services|

* Robert F. Kennedy Jr. (2025–present)

Secretary of Housing and Urban Development|

* Scott Turner (2025–present)

Secretary of Transportation|

* Sean Duffy (2025–present)

Secretary of Energy|

* Chris Wright (2025–present)

Secretary of Education|

* Linda McMahon (2025–present)

Secretary of Veterans Affairs|

* Doug Collins (2025–present)

Secretary of Homeland Security|

* Kristi Noem (2025–present)

Cabinet-level

Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency|

* Lee Zeldin (2025–present)

Director of the Office of Management and Budget|

* Russell Vought (2025–present)

Director of National Intelligence|

* Tulsi Gabbard (2025–present)

Director of the Central Intelligence Agency|

* John Ratcliffe (2025–present)

Trade Representative|

* Jamieson Greer (2025–present)

Ambassador to the United Nations|

* Mike Waltz*

Administrator of the Small Business Administration|

* Kelly Loeffler (2025–present)

White House Chief of Staff|

* Susie Wiles (2025–present)

See also: Political appointments of the second Trump administration

* v
* t
* e

First cabinet of President Donald Trump (2017–2021)

Cabinet

Vice President|

* Mike Pence (2017–2021)

Secretary of State|

* Rex Tillerson (2017–2018)
* Mike Pompeo (2018–2021)

Secretary of the Treasury|

* Steven Mnuchin (2017–2021)

Secretary of Defense|

* Jim Mattis (2017–2019)
* Mark Esper (2019–2020)
* Christopher C. Miller (acting) (2020–2021)

Attorney General|

* Jeff Sessions (2017–2018)
* William Barr (2019–2020)
* Jeffrey A. Rosen (acting) (2020–2021)

Secretary of the Interior|

* Ryan Zinke (2017–2019)
* David Bernhardt (2019–2021)

Secretary of Agriculture|

* Sonny Perdue (2017–2021)

Secretary of Commerce|

* Wilbur Ross (2017–2021)

Secretary of Labor|

* Alexander Acosta (2017–2019)
* Eugene Scalia (2019–2021)

Secretary of Health and Human Services|

* Tom Price (2017)
* Alex Azar (2018–2021)

Secretary of Housing and Urban Development|

* Ben Carson (2017–2021)

Secretary of Transportation|

* Elaine Chao (2017–2021)

Secretary of Energy|

* Rick Perry (2017–2019)
* Dan Brouillette (2019–2021)

Secretary of Education|

* Betsy DeVos (2017–2021)

Secretary of Veterans Affairs|

* David Shulkin (2017–2018)
* Robert Wilkie (2018–2021)

Secretary of Homeland Security|

* John F. Kelly (2017)
* Kirstjen Nielsen (2017–2019)
* Chad Wolf (acting) (2019–2021)

Cabinet-level

Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency|

* Scott Pruitt (2017–2018)
* Andrew R. Wheeler (2018–2021)

Director of the Office of Management and Budget|

* Mick Mulvaney (2017–2020)
* Russell Vought (2020–2021)

Director of National Intelligence|

* Dan Coats (2017–2019)
* John Ratcliffe (2020–2021)

Director of the Central Intelligence Agency|

* Mike Pompeo (2017–2018)
* Gina Haspel (2018–2021)

Trade Representative|

* Robert Lighthizer (2017–2021)

Ambassador to the United Nations|

* Nikki Haley (2017–2018)
* Kelly Craft (2019–2021)

Administrator of the Small Business Administration|

* Linda McMahon (2017–2019)
* Jovita Carranza (2020–2021)

White House Chief of Staff|

* Reince Priebus (2017)
* John F. Kelly (2017–2019)
* Mark Meadows (2020–2021)

See also: Political appointments of the first Trump administration

* v
* t
* e

Businesses of Donald Trump

* The Trump Organization
* Donald Trump Jr.
* Eric Trump
* Allen Weisselberg
* Personal and business legal affairs of Donald Trump
* List of things named after Donald Trump

NYC properties|

* The Trump Building (40 Wall Street)
* Trump Parc and Trump Parc East
* Trump Park Avenue
* Trump Tower
* Trump World Tower

Hotels and resorts|

* Trump International Hotel and Tower
* Chicago
* Las Vegas
* 2025 explosion
* New York City
* Mar-a-Lago

Golf courses|

| U.S.|

* Bedminster, NJ
* "Doral" Miami, FL
* Jupiter, FL
* Los Angeles, CA
* Pine Hill, NJ
* Washington, D.C.
* Westchester, NY
* West Palm Beach, FL

|

Europe|

* Balmedie, Scotland
* wind farm dispute
* Doonbeg, Ireland
* Turnberry, Scotland

Other current ventures|

* $Trump
* Cryptocurrency
* Never Surrender High-Top
* Trump Media & Technology Group
* Truth Social
* Trump Mobile
* Trump Winery

Name licensing|

* Trump Bay Street
* Trump Palace Condominiums
* Jersey City, NJ
* New Rochelle, NY
* New York City, NY
* Trump Tower
* Istanbul, Turkey
* Manila, Philippines
* Pune, India
* Punta del Este, Uruguay
* Sunny Isles Beach, FL

Former properties|

* GM Building
* Hyatt Grand Central New York
* JW Marriott Panama
* Ka Laʻi Waikiki Beach Hotel
* LSH Hotel (Brazil)
* Old Post Office (Washington, D.C.)
* Paradox Hotel Vancouver
* Park Tower Stamford
* Plaza Hotel
* The Dominick (Trump SoHo)
* The Plaza (West Palm Beach, FL)
* The St. Regis Toronto
* The Tower at City Place (White Plains, NY)

Cancelled real
estate projects|

* Russian projects
* Trump Tower Moscow
* Trump International Hotel and Tower
* Baku, Azerbaijan
* Dubai, UAE
* Fort Lauderdale, FL
* New Orleans, LA
* Phoenix, AZ
* Trump Ocean Resort Baja Mexico
* Trump Tower
* Brazil
* Germany
* Israel
* Tampa, FL
* Twin Towers 2

Former ventures|

* Central Park Carousel
* Donald Trump dolls
* Donald J. Trump Foundation
* GoTrump.com
* Lasker Rink
* Miss Universe
* Miss USA
* Miss Teen USA
* New Jersey Generals
* Paris Is Out!
* Tour de Trump
* Trump Home
* Trump Entertainment Resorts
* Trump's Castle / Trump Marina
* Trump Plaza Hotel and Casino
* Trump Taj Mahal
* Trump World's Fair
* Trump Casino Indiana
* Trump magazines
* Trump Model Management
* Trump Mortgage
* Trump Network
* Trump Place
* Trump Productions
* Trump Shuttle
* Trump Steaks
* Trump University
* Trump Vodka
* Trump Ice
* Trump Village
* Wollman Rink

* v
* t
* e

Media by and about Donald Trump

See also: Media career of Donald Trump – Donald Trump in popular culture – Trump Productions – List of things named after Donald Trump

Books|

| By
Trump|

* Trump: The Art of the Deal (1987)
* Trump: Surviving at the Top (1990)
* Trump: The Art of the Comeback (1997)
* The America We Deserve (2000)
* Trump: How to Get Rich (2004)
* The Way to the Top (2004)
* Trump 101 (2006)
* Why We Want You to Be Rich (2006)
* Think Big and Kick Ass (2007)
* Trump Tower (2011)
* Time to Get Tough (2011)
* Midas Touch (2011)
* Crippled America (2015)
* Our Journey Together (2021)
* Letters to Trump (2023)
* Save America (2024)

|

About
Trump|

* Point the Finger (1989)
* Trumped! (1991)
* TrumpNation (2005)
* Never Enough (2015)
* The Conservative Case for Trump (2016)
* The Day of the Donald (2016)
* The Making of Donald Trump (2016)
* The Plot to Hack America (2016)
* Trump Revealed (2016)
* In Trump We Trust (2016)
* The Beautiful Poetry of Donald Trump (2017)
* The Case for Impeachment (2017)
* Insane Clown President (2017)
* Understanding Trump (2017)
* The Dangerous Case of Donald Trump (2017)
* Devil's Bargain (2017)
* Raising Trump (2017)
* Let Trump Be Trump (2017)
* Fire and Fury (2018)
* Media Madness (2018)
* The Faith of Donald J. Trump (2018)
* A Higher Loyalty (2018)
* Liars, Leakers, and Liberals (2018)
* The Briefing: Politics, the Press, and the President (2018)
* Unhinged (2018)
* Resistance Is Futile! (2018)
* Fear: Trump in the White House (2018)
* The Fifth Risk (2018)
* Impeachment: An American History (2018)
* Whose Boat Is This Boat? (2018)
* Team of Vipers (2019)
* The Threat (2019)
* Siege: Trump Under Fire (2019)
* Triggered (2019)
* A Warning (2019)
* Trump and His Generals (2019)
* A Very Stable Genius (2020)
* Hiding in Plain Sight (2020)
* Front Row at the Trump Show (2020)
* The Room Where It Happened (2020)
* Too Much and Never Enough (2020)
* Melania and Me (2020)
* Hoax (2020)
* Compromised (2020)
* Rage (2020)
* Disloyal: A Memoir (2020)
* Speaking for Myself (2020)
* Landslide (2021)
* I Alone Can Fix It (2021)
* The Reckoning (2021)
* Peril (2021)
* I'll Take Your Questions Now (2021)
* Midnight in Washington (2021)
* Betrayal: The Final Act of the Trump Show (2021)
* A Sacred Oath (2022)
* Thank You for Your Servitude (2022)
* Breaking History (2022)
* Holding the Line (2022)
* Confidence Man: The Making of Donald Trump and the Breaking of America (2022)
* The Divider: Trump in the White House, 2017–2021 (2022)
* The Trump Tapes (2022)
* Enough (2023)
* Network of Lies (2023)
* Tired of Winning (2023)
* At War with Ourselves: My Tour of Duty in the Trump White House (2024)
* All in the Family: The Trumps and How We Got This Way (2024)
* Lucky Loser (2024)
* Melania (2024)

Radio,
TV and
film|

| By
Trump|

* The Apprentice franchise
* The Apprentice (U.S.) (2004–2010)
* The Celebrity Apprentice (2008–2017)
* The Ultimate Merger (2010–2011)
* Trumped! (2004–2008)
* Pageant Place (2007)

|

About
Trump|

* Trump: What's the Deal? (1991)
* Trump Unauthorized (2005)
* You've Been Trumped (2011)
* A Dangerous Game (2014)
* Michael Moore in TrumpLand (2016)
* Trumped (2017)
* Trump: The Kremlin Candidate? (2017)
* American Horror Story: Cult (2017)
* Dirty Money: The Confidence Man (2018)
* Trump: An American Dream (2018)
* The Fourth Estate (2018)
* Death of a Nation (2018)
* Fahrenheit 11/9 (2018)
* The Trump Prophecy (2018)
* America's Great Divide (2020)
* Trump Card (2020)
* The Choice 2020 (2020)
* The Comey Rule (2020)
* Totally Under Control (2020)
* The Curve (2020)
* Unprecedented (2022)
* The Apprentice (2024)
* Vindicating Trump (2024)

Satires|

* Pizza Man (1991)
* Bart to the Future (2000)
* Our Cartoon President
* The President Show
* The Queen's Corgi
* The Art of the Deal: The Movie (2016)
* Last Week Tonight
* February 28, 2016, episode
* Tracey Breaks the News
* Tracey Ullman's Show (2018)
* "Demise of the Planet of the Apes / The Celebrity Ape-rentice" (Mad)
* "The Thanksgiving Special" (Regular Show)
* Saturday Night Live
* Herbert Garrison (South Park)
* Spitting Image (2020)
* Borat Subsequent Moviefilm (2020)
* "Trump: The Rusical"
* Trump vs. Bernie
* You Got Trumped: The First 100 Days
* Harvey Birdman: Attorney General
* Sassy Justice
* Trump vs the Illuminati
* "Trump Guy"
* Biff Tannen

Music|

* "Donald Trump (Black Version)" (1990)
* "Las Vegas (In the Hills of Donegal)" (1991)
* "Country Grammar (Hot Shit)" (2000)
* "Donald Trump" (2011)
* Up Like Trump (2014)
* Make America Psycho Again (2015 album)
* "FDT" (2016)
* 1,000 Days, 1,000 Songs
* "Million Dollar Loan" (2016)
* "Campaign Speech" (2016)
* "We the People...." (2016)
* "Land of the Free" (2017)
* "Legendary" (2017)
* "The Heart Part 4" (2017)
* "I'm Not Racist" (2017)
* "Tiny Hands" (2017)
* Too Dumb for Suicide: Tim Heidecker's Trump Songs (2017)
* "Ye vs. the People" (2018)
* "Love It If We Made It" (2018)
* "Batuka" (2019)
* "Quick Escape" (2020)
* "Commander in Chief" (2020)
* "Justice for All" (2023)
* "You Missed" (2024)

Artwork|

* Colorado State Capitol portrait
* Crooked and Obscene
* Don Colossus
* The Donald J. Trump Enduring Flame
* Dump Trump
* The Emperor Has No Balls
* God Emperor Trump
* In Honor of a Lifetime of Sexual Assault
* Make Everything Great Again
* Portrait by Michael O'Brien
* Slovenia
* Trump Buddha
* The Visionary

Games|

* Trump: The Game
* Trump Castle
* II
* Who Wants to Beat Up a Millionaire
* Real Estate Tycoon
* The Political Machine
* 2012
* 2016
* 2020
* Trumped Up Cards
* Secret Hitler

Websites|

* r/The_Donald
* Truth Social

Related|

* Cultural depictions of Ivanka Trump
* Public image of Melania Trump
* Winning Team Publishing

Portals:

* Biography
* Law
* Politics
* United States
* New York City
* Florida
* 2010s
* 2020s

Donald Trump at Wikipedia's sister projects:

* Definitions from Wiktionary
* Media from Commons
* News from Wikinews
* Quotations from Wikiquote
* Texts from Wikisource
* Textbooks from Wikibooks
* Resources from Wikiversity
* Data from Wikidata

Authority control databases

International|

* ISNI
* VIAF
* FAST
* WorldCat

National|

* Germany
* United States
* France
* BnF data
* Japan
* Italy
* Australia
* Czech Republic
* Russia
* Spain
* Romania
* Portugal
* Netherlands
* Norway
* Taiwan
* Latvia
* Croatia
* Chile
* Greece
* Argentina
* Korea
* Sweden
* Poland
* Israel
* Catalonia
* Belgium

Academics|

* CiNii
* ORCID
* Scopus

Artists|

* ULAN
* MusicBrainz
* Emmy Awards

People|

* Trove
* Deutsche Biographie
* Deutsche Synchronkartei
* DDB

Other|

* IdRef
* NARA
* SNAC
* Te Papa (New Zealand)
* Yale LUX

*[m.]: married
*[div.]: divorced
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