Drancy internment camp

Internment camp for Jews in occupied France during World War II

Drancy

Transit camp

The accommodation block at Drancy with French policeman on guard

Location of Drancy within France

Location| Drancy, France
Operated by| French police (until 1943)
Nazi Germany
Commandant| Theodor Dannecker
Alois Brunner
Original use| Utopian urban community
Operational| 20 August 1941 – 17 August 1944
Inmates| French, Polish, Czechoslovak, and German Jews
Number of inmates| 67,400 deported; 1,542 remaining at liberation
Liberated by| French Resistance (indirectly Western Allies, mainly the United Kingdom and United States)
Notable inmates| Tristan Bernard, Eduard Bloch, René Blum, Max van Dam, Max Jacob, Charlotte Salomon, Simone Veil, Jean Wahl
Website| http://drancy.memorialdelashoah.org/en/

Drancy internment camp (French: Camp d'internement de Drancy) was an assembly and detention camp for confining Jews who were later deported to the extermination camps during the German occupation of France during World War II. Originally conceived and built as a modernist urban community under the name La Cité de la Muette, it was located in Drancy, a northeastern suburb of Paris, France.

Between 22 June 1942 and 31 July 1944, during its use as an internment camp, 67,400 French, Polish, and German Jews were deported from the camp in 64 rail operations,[1] which included 6,000 children. Only 1,542 prisoners remained alive at the camp when the German authorities in Drancy fled as Allied forces advanced and the Swedish Consul-General Raoul Nordling took control of the camp on 17 August 1944, before handing it over to the French Red Cross to care for the survivors.[2]

Drancy was under the control of the French police until 1943 when administration was taken over by the SS, which placed officer Alois Brunner in charge of the camp. In 2001, Brunner's case was brought before a French court by Nazi hunter Serge Klarsfeld, which sentenced Brunner in absentia to a life sentence for crimes against humanity.[3]

## Operational history

[edit]

Further information: Timeline of deportations of French Jews to death camps

After the 1940 defeat by Germany and 10 July 1940 vote of full powers to Marshal Philippe Pétain, the Republic was abolished and Vichy France was proclaimed. The Vichy government cooperated with Nazi Germany, hunting down foreign and French Jews and turning them over to the Gestapo for transport to the Third Reich's extermination camps.

The Drancy internment camp became identified by the northeastern suburb of Paris in which it was located. It was originally conceived by the noted architects Marcel Lods [fr] and Eugène Beaudouin [fr] as a striking, modernist urban community. The design was especially noteworthy for its integration of high-rise residential apartment towers, among the first of their kind in France. Poetically named La Cité de la Muette ("The Silent City") at its creation for its perceived peaceful ideals,[4] the name became twisted with bitterly ironic meaning. The entire complex was confiscated by Nazi authorities not long after the German occupation of France in 1940. It was used first as police barracks, then converted into the primary detention center in the Paris region for holding Jews and other people labeled as "undesirable" before deportation.

Map of Holocaust sites, with the Drancy camp and routes by Paris

On 20 August 1941, French police conducted raids throughout the 11th arrondissement of Paris and arrested more than 4,000 Jews, mainly foreign or stateless Jews. French authorities interned these Jews in Drancy, marking its official opening. French police enclosed the barracks and courtyard with barbed-wire fencing and provided guards for the camp. Drancy fell under the command of the Gestapo Office of Jewish Affairs in France and German SS Captain Theodor Dannecker. Five subcamps of Drancy were located throughout Paris (three of which were the Austerlitz, Lévitan and Bassano camps).[5] Following the Vel' d'Hiv Roundup on 16 and 17 July 1942, more than 4,900 of the 13,152 victims of the mass arrest were sent directly to the camp at Drancy before their deportation to Auschwitz.

Drancy was under the control of the French police until 3 July 1943 when Germany took direct control of the Drancy camp. SS officer Alois Brunner became camp commandant as part of the major stepping up at all facilities needed for mass extermination. The French police carried out additional roundups of Jews throughout the war. Some Drancy inmates died as hostage pawns. In December 1941, 40 prisoners from Drancy were executed in retaliation for a French attack on German police officers.[5]

In November 1943 around 350 inmates of the Borgo San Dalmazzo concentration camp in Italy were deported by train to Drancy and, soon after, on to Auschwitz. The inmates from Borgo, Jewish refugees from a number of European countries, had been arrested after the Italian surrender in September 1943, having mostly come to Italy from France in search for safety from Nazi prosecution.[6]

## Prisoners

[edit]

Jews at Drancy in 1941

The Drancy camp was designed to hold 700 people, but at its peak held more than 7,000. There is documented evidence and testimony recounting the brutality of the French guards in Drancy and the harsh conditions imposed on the inmates. For example, upon their arrival, small children were immediately separated from their parents for deportation to the death camps.[5]

On 6 April 1944, SS First Lieutenant Klaus Barbie raided a children's home in Izieu, France, where Jewish children had been hidden. Barbie arrested everyone present, all 44 children and 7 adult staff members. The next day, the Gestapo transported the arrestees to Drancy. From there, all the children and staff were deported to Auschwitz. None of the children survived.[5]

Weill, Théodore Valensi [fr], Azoulay, Albert Ulmo, Cremieux, Eduard Bloch and Pierre Massé held at Drancy in 1941

Many French Jewish intellectuals and artists were held in Drancy, including Max Jacob (who died there),[7] Tristan Bernard, and the choreographer René Blum. Of the 75,000 Jews whom French and German authorities deported from France, more than 67,000 were sent directly from Drancy to Auschwitz.[5] Jewish-Dutch painter Max van Dam, captured in France en route to Switzerland, was briefly incarcerated in Drancy where he was able to paint and create print work. He was among the 1008 deportees on Transport 53 which left Drancy, on 25 March 1943, with the final destination of Sobibor. Van Dam was spared upon arrival and survived for six months painting for the SS but was murdered in September 1943.[8] Jewish Austrian footballer Max Scheuer was sent to Drancy, and then on to Auschwitz concentration camp, where he was murdered in the early 1940s.[9][10]

There were also many non-French Jews captured in France and deported to Drancy to await final deportation to Auschwitz and other death camps. They included the noted German artist Charlotte Salomon, who had lived in the south of France after fleeing from the Nazis in Germany. By September 1943, Charlotte Salomon had married another German Jewish refugee, Alexander Nagler. The two of them were dragged from their house and transported by rail from Nice to Drancy. By now, Charlotte Salomon was five months pregnant. She was transported to Auschwitz on 7 October 1943 and was probably murdered by gas on the same day that she arrived there (10 October).

The prisoners dug a tunnel to escape, but it was discovered before completion.[11] A TV documentary was made about the attempt.[12]

As the Allies were approaching Paris in August 1944, the German officers fled, and the camp was liberated on 17 August when control of the camp was given over to the French Resistance and Swedish diplomat Raoul Nordling.[2]

## Present-day

[edit]

A railway wagon used to carry internees to Auschwitz and now displayed at Drancy

The camp was used after the war for the internment of collaborationists, then went back in 1946 to its original designation as low-income housing.[13] In 1977, the Memorial to the Deportation at Drancy was created by sculptor Shelomo Selinger to commemorate the French Jews imprisoned in the camp.

Receipt for French francs taken from Jewish inmate at Drancy, stating that "the Aeltestenrat [Council of Elders] at the new place of settlement is under obligation to (re)pay its countervalue in [Polish] zloty"

Charles de Gaulle among others, held the view that the Vichy Regime was illegal. This view was underlined by the July 1940 vote giving full powers to Marshal Pétain, who installed the "French State" and repudiated the Republic. With only the Vichy 80 refusing this vote, historians have argued it was anti-Constitutional, most notably because of pressure on parliamentarians from Pierre Laval. However, on 16 July 1995, president Jacques Chirac, in a speech, recognized the responsibility of the French State, and in particular of the French police which organized the Vel' d'Hiv Roundup (Rafle du Vel' d'Hiv) of July 1942, for seconding the "criminal folly of the occupying country".[14]

On 20 January 2005, arsonists set fire to some railroad freight cars in the former camp; a tract signed "Bin Laden" with an inverted swastika was found.[15]

On 11 April 2009, a swastika was painted on a train car used for the deportation of Jews, a permanent exhibit. This was condemned by the French Minister for the Interior, Michèle Alliot-Marie.[16][17]

## New museum

[edit]

A new Shoah memorial museum designed by Swiss architect Roger Diener was opened in September 2012[18] just opposite the sculpture memorial and railway wagon by the President of France, François Hollande. It provides details of the persecution of the Jews in France and many personal mementos of inmates before their deportation to Auschwitz and their death. They include messages written on the walls, many graffiti, aluminium drinking mugs and other personal belongings left by the prisoners, some of which are inscribed with the names of the owners.

The archive also includes the cards and letters written by the prisoners to their relatives before deportation, and they are a moving contribution to the memory of the camp, and the crime of their detention. The ground floor shows a changing exhibit of prisoners' faces and names, as a memorial to their imprisonment and murder by the Nazis, assisted by the gendarmerie of Occupied France.

## Documentary films

[edit]

* Drancy: A Concentration Camp in Paris 1941–1944, Worldview Pictures, 1994.
* Drancy Avenir, 1997.

## Literature

[edit]

Nicolas Grenier, Cité de la Muette (poem), in honor of Max Jacob, who died in the Drancy camp, 2011.

The concentration camp also featured in a part of Sebastian Faulks' 1999 novel Charlotte Gray. The character of Levade was an inmate here, as well as young brothers André and Jacob Duguay. Charlotte was staying at a small hotel nearby to try and pass on a message to Levade.

Journal d'Hélène Berr, Editions Tallandier, 2008, (English translation Journal Hélène Berr, MacLehose Press, 2008 and 2009). Berr was a young French Jewish graduate who kept a diary between April 1942 and February 1944. She was beaten to death, suffering typhus, five days before the camp was liberated. She worked in Paris to save Jewish children by escorting them to the Free Zone.

Andre Schwarz-Bart's The Last of the Just uses as reference De Drancy a Auschwitz, by Georges Wellers.

## See also

[edit]

* Convoy n° 77 of July 31, 1944

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "This Month in Holocaust History – December – Drancy". Yad Vashem. Retrieved 20 April 2010. The 61,000 deported to Auschwitz and remaining number to Sobibor were murdered.
2. ^ a b "Drancy". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved 19 November 2014.
3. ^ "Alois Brunner". Jewish Virtual Library.
4. ^ Fleming, Katherine (27 April 2016). Giaccaria, Paolo; Minca, Claudio (eds.). Hitler's Geographies: The Spatialities of the Third Reich. University of Chicago Press. p. 0 – via Silverchair.
5. ^ a b c d e United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. "Drancy". Holocaust Encyclopedia.
6. ^ "BORGO SAN DALMAZZO". ANED – National Association of Italian political deportees from Nazi concentration camps. Archived from the original on 28 August 2018. Retrieved 28 August 2018.
7. ^ "Drancy". Britannica.
8. ^ "Wim Scholtz (ed.) et al (1986) Max van Dam Joods Kunstenaar 1910–1943". www.vereniginghetmuseum.nl. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 2 April 2014.
9. ^ David Bolchover (2017). The Greatest Comeback: From Genocide To Football Glory; The Story of Béla Guttman via books.google.com
10. ^ Heffernan, Conor (20 November 2014). "Hakoah Wien and Muscular Judaism". Physical Culture Study.
11. ^ "The Drancy Camp | Sciences Po Mass Violence and Resistance – Research Network". www.sciencespo.fr. Sciences Po. 12 January 2016. Archived from the original on 18 November 2019.
12. ^ "Les évadés de Drancy". IMDb. 6 March 2017.
13. ^ "Ensemble de logements HBM, Cité de la Muette – Patrimoine – Atlas de l'architecture et du patrimoine". patrimoine.seinesaintdenis.fr. 15 April 2022.
14. ^ En 1995, la reconnaissance des « fautes commises par l'Etat » Archived 12 February 2010 at Archive-It, Le Monde, 25 January 2005 (in French)
15. ^ "Vandals target Paris mosque". 22 February 2005 – via The Guardian.
16. ^ Swastikas painted on French memorial. Jerusalem Post. 11 April 2009
17. ^ Des croix gammées tracées au Mémorial de la déportation à Drancy[permanent dead link]. Le Monde, 11 April 2009.
18. ^ "Shoah Memorial in Drancy". Fondation pour la Memoire de la Shoah.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Drake, David (2015). Paris at War, 1939-1944 (Hardcover). Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-50481-3.
* Dreyfus,Jean-Marc and Sarah Gensburger. Nazi Labour Camps in Paris: Austerlitz, Lévitan, Bassano, July 1943–August 1944 (New York: Berghahn, 2011).

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Drancy camp.

* le Conservatoire Historique du Camp de Drancy
* Drancy – Holocaust Encyclopedia
* Photos of the site today
* Drancy Archived 22 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine at the Holocaust in France exhibition at Yad Vashem website
* Description of the new Museum at Drancy

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See also
Antisemitism in France
Armée Juive
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History of the Jews in France
Occupied France
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* Museums and memorials
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* Free France Foundation [fr]

* Portal
* Categories: (French Resistance
* Films
* Members
* Networks and movements
* Righteous Among the Nations)

* v
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Liberation of France

* Belgium
* Italy
* Luxembourg
* Netherlands
* Norway

Forces|

* Army of Africa
* Commando Kieffer
* First Army
* Cavalry Corps
* 3rd Army Corps
* 4th
* 5th
* 1st Armored
* 32nd Infantry
* Francs-Tireurs et Partisans
* French Forces of the Interior
* French Liberation Army
* French Expeditionary Corps Divisions:
* 1st Free French
* 2nd Moroccan Infantry
* 3rd Algerian Infantry
* 4th Moroccan Mountain
* Second Army
* French Forces of the West

Leaders|

* Charles de Gaulle
* Jean Moulin
* Winston Churchill
* Bernard Montgomery
* Henri Giraud
* Dwight D. Eisenhower
* Raymond O. Barton
* George S. Patton
* Philippe Leclerc
* Jean de Lattre de Tassigny
* Philippe Kieffer

Administration|

* Empire Defense Council
* French Civil and Military High Command
* French National Committee
* French Committee of National Liberation
* Provisional Consultative Assembly
* Provisional Government

French
campaign|

| Nov 1940|

* Battle of Gabon

|

Jun 1941|

* Syria–Lebanon campaign

Dec 1941|

* Capture of Saint Pierre and Miquelon

Nov 1942|

* Operation Torch
* Tunisian campaign
* Battle of Réunion

Sept 1943|

* Liberation of Corsica

Jan 1944|

* Battle of Vercors
* Battle of Glières

March 1944|

* Liberation of Limousin

May 1944|

* Battle of Mont Mouchet

Jun 1944|

* Operation Overlord
* Battle of Carentan
* Battle of Cherbourg
* Battle for Caen
* Liberation of Limousin
* Tulle massacre
* Liberation of Guéret [fr]
* Oradour-sur-Glane massacre
* Maquis de Saint-Marcel
* Maquis de Saffré
* Battle of Ushant

July 1944|

* Liberation of Saint-Lô
* Battle of Mont Gargan [fr]
* Operation Cobra

Aug 1944|

* Battle for Brittany
* Rennes
* Saint-Malo
* Liberation of Brest
* Atlantic pockets:
* Lorient
* Saint-Nazaire
* Lioran [fr]
* Égletons [fr]
* Battle of Port Cros
* Battle of La Ciotat
* Provence landings
* Liberation of Toulon
* Liberation of Marseille
* Liberation of Paris
* Maillé massacre
* Liberation of Guéret [fr]
* Battle of Montélimar [fr]
* Liberation of Nice [fr]

Sept 1944|

* Battle of the Vosges
* Liberation of Nancy
* Operation Astonia
* Operation Undergo
* Atlantic pockets:
* La Rochelle
* Royan
* Dunkirk
* Battle of Arracourt
* Battle of Meximieux [fr]

Nov 1944 -
March 1945|

* Battle of the Vosges
* Battle of Alsace
* Liberation of Strasbourg
* Colmar Pocket
* Bitche [fr]
* Battle of the Vosges [fr]
* Battle of Bruyères [fr]

Apr 1945|

* Atlantic pockets:
* Royan

May 1945|

* Atlantic pockets:
* Dunkirk
* La Rochelle
* Lorient
* Saint-Nazaire

Aftermath|

* End of Vichy
* 1945 municipal elections
* Advance to the Rhine
* Invasion of Germany
* End of World War II in Europe
* Victory in Europe Day
* Victory Day
* Provisional Government
* Épuration légale
* Épuration sauvage
* Tripartisme
* 1946 legislative election
* Fourth Republic
* Trente Glorieuses
* Trial of Philippe Pétain
* Klaus Barbie trial

* WW II theatres:
* Atlantic
* Western Front
* Eastern Front
* Mediterranean and Middle East
* Pacific
* Sino Japanese

Authority control databases

International|

* VIAF

National|

* Germany
* United States
* Czech Republic
* Israel

Geographic|

* Mérimée

Other|

* Yale LUX

48°55′12″N 2°27′18″E﻿ / ﻿48.92000°N 2.45500°E﻿ / 48.92000; 2.45500
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