Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam

Political party in India

Indian political party

Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam

Abbreviation| DMK
President| M. K. Stalin
General Secretary| Duraimurugan
Parliamentary Chairperson| Kanimozhi Karunanidhi
Lok Sabha Leader| T. R. Baalu
Rajya Sabha Leader| Tiruchi Siva
Treasurer| T. R. Baalu
Founder| C. N. Annadurai
Founded| 17 September 1949 (75 years ago) (1949-09-17)
Split from| Dravidar Kazhagam
Preceded by| Justice Party (1917–1944)
Dravidar Kazhagam
(1944–1949)
Headquarters| Anna Arivalayam,
367–369, Anna Salai, Teynampet, Chennai - 600018, Tamil Nadu, India
Student wing| Maanavar Ani
Youth wing| Ilaignar Ani
Women's wing| Magalir Ani
Labour wing| Labour Progressive Federation (LPF)
Ideology|

* Dravidianism[1]
Tamil nationalism[2]
* Regionalism[3][4][5]
* Democratic socialism[6]
Progressivism[6]
* Secularism[7]
* Left-wing populism[8]
Factions:
Communism[8]

Political position| Left-wing[6][1][7][8]
ECI Status| State Party[9]
Alliance|

* National Alliance
INDIA (since 2023)
* Regional Alliances
SPA (Tamil Nadu and Puducherry)

Former Alliances

* UPA (2004–2023) (till dissolved)) (National)
* Democratic Progressive Alliance
(2006-2019)
* DMK-led Alliance (1967-2006) (till dissolved)) (Tamil Nadu)
* INC-DMK alliance ( 1971-1974; 1980-1983) (Tamil Nadu)
* Janata Alliance (1977-1980; 1984-1989) (Tamil Nadu)
* National Democratic Alliance
(1999-2003) (India)
* National Front
(1989-1991) (India)
* United Front
(1996-1998) (India)

Seats in Lok Sabha|

22 / 543

Seats in Rajya Sabha|

10 / 245

Seats in Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|

134 / 234

Seats in Puducherry Legislative Assembly|

6 / 30

Number of states and union territories in government|

1 / 31

Election symbol

(The rising sun)
Party flag
Website
www.dmk.in

* Politics of India
* Political parties
* Elections

This article is part of a series on the

Dravidian politics

Political parties

State parties

* All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
* Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam
* Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam

* * *

* Unrecognised parties

* Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam

Union cabinet ministers

* Cabinet ministers

* Sathiavani Muthu
* Aravinda Bala Pajanor
* Murasoli Maran
* T. G. Venkatraman
* Sedapatti R. Muthiah
* M. Thambidurai
* T. R. Baalu
* A. Raja
* Dayanidhi Maran
* M. K. Alagiri

* * *

* Ministers of state

* N. V. N. Somu
* T. R. Baalu
* R. K. Kumar
* Kadambur M. R. Janarthanan
* M. Kannappan
* Gingee N. Ramachandran
* A. Raja
* K. Venkatapathy
* Subbulakshmi Jagadeesan
* S. Regupathy
* S. S. Palanimanickam
* V. Radhika Selvi
* S. Jagathrakshakan
* S. Gandhiselvan
* D. Nepoleon

Chief ministers

* Chief ministers of Tamil Nadu

* C. N. Annadurai
* V. R. Nedunchezhiyan
* M. Karunanidhi
* M. G. Ramachandran
* V. N. Janaki Ramachandran
* J. Jayalalithaa
* O. Panneerselvam
* Edappadi K. Palaniswami
* M. K. Stalin

* * *

* Chief ministers of Puducherry

* M. O. H. Farook
* S. Ramassamy
* M. D. R. Ramachandran
* R. V. Janakiraman

* * *

* Deputy chief ministers of Tamil Nadu

* M. K. Stalin
* O. Panneerselvam
* Udhayanidhi Stalin

Speakers

* Deputy speakers of the Lok Sabha

* G. Lakshmanan
* M. Thambidurai

* * *

* Speaker of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly

* Si. Pa. Adithanar
* Pulavar K. Govindan
* K. A. Mathiazhagan
* Munu Adhi
* K. Rajaram
* P. H. Pandian
* M. Tamilkudimagan
* Sedapatti R. Muthiah
* P. T. R. Palanivel Rajan
* K. Kalimuthu
* R. Avudaiyappan
* D. Jayakumar
* P. Dhanapal
* M. Appavu

* * *

* Speaker of the Puducherry Legislative Assembly

* S. Perumal
* S. Pakkiam
* G. Palaniraja
* V. M. C. Sivakumar

* * *

* Deputy speakers of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly
* Pulavar K. Govindan
* G. R. Edmund
* P. Seenivasan
* N. Ganapathy
* Su. Thirunavukkarasar
* P. H. Pandian
* V. P. Balasubramanian
* V. P. Duraisamy
* K. Ponnusamy
* S. Gandhirajan
* Parithi Ilamvazhuthi
* A. Arunachalam
* P. Dhanapal
* Pollachi V. Jayaraman
* K. Pitchandi

Leaders of the opposition

* Leaders of the opposition in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly

* V. R. Nedunchezhiyan
* M. Karunanidhi
* J. Jayalalithaa
* S. R. Eradha
* K. Anbazhagan
* O. Panneerselvam
* Vijayakant
* M. K. Stalin
* Edappadi K. Palaniswami

* * *

* Leaders of the opposition in the Puducherry Legislative Assembly

* P. K. Loganathan
* V. M. C. V. Ganapathy
* R. V. Janakiraman
* A. M. H. Nazeem
* R. Siva

* * *

* Deputy leaders of the opposition in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly

* K. Anbazhagan
* Su. Thirunavukkarasar
* Duraimurugan
* K. A. Sengottaiyan
* O. Panneerselvam
* Panruti S. Ramachandran
* Alagaapuram R. Mohanraj
* R. B. Udhayakumar

Others

* Pioneers

* C. Iyothee Thass
* R. Srinivasan
* C. Natesan
* Maraimalai Adigal
* P. Theagarayar
* T. M. Nair
* E. V. Ramasami

* * *

* Various topics

* Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu
* Cinema in Dravidian politics
* Dravidar Kazhagam
* Dravidian movement
* Dravidianism
* Rise of Dravidian parties
* Self-Respect Movement

The Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (Tamil pronunciation: [t̪iɾaːʋiɖɐ munːeːtrɐk kɐɻɐɡɐm]; transl. Dravidian Progressive Federation;[10] abbr. DMK) is an Indian political party based in the state of Tamil Nadu, where it is currently the ruling party, and the union territory of Puducherry, where it is currently the main opposition.[11]

The DMK was founded on 17 September 1949 by C. N. Annadurai (Anna) as a breakaway faction from the Dravidar Kazhagam headed by Periyar.[12][13][14] DMK was headed by Annadurai as the general secretary from 1949 until his death on 4 February 1969.[15] He also served as the chief minister of Tamil Nadu from 1967 to 1969. Under Annadurai, in 1967, DMK became the first party, other than the Indian National Congress, to win the state-level elections with a clear majority on its own in any state in India. M. Karunanidhi (Kalaignar) followed Annadurai as the first president of the party from 1969 until his death on 7 August 2018.[16] He also served as the Chief Minister for five non-consecutive terms, in two of which he was dismissed by the Union government.[17] After Karunanidhi's death, his son and former deputy, M. K. Stalin, succeeded as the party president and as a chief minister of Tamil Nadu from May 2021.[18]

DMK is the fifth-largest party in the Lok Sabha.[19] It currently holds 126 seats in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly, where the DMK-led Secular Progressive Alliance holds 159 out of 234.[20]

## History

[edit]

### Origins and foundation

[edit]

Party flags in Madurai, Tamil Nadu

The DMK traces its roots to the South Indian Liberal Federation (Justice Party) founded by Dr. C. Natesa Mudaliar in 1916, in the presence of P. Theagaraya Chetty, P. T. Rajan, T. M. Nair, Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar and a few others in Victoria Public Hall Madras Presidency.[21] The Justice Party, whose objectives included social equality and justice, came to power in the first general elections to the Madras Presidency in 1920.[22] Communal division between Brahmins and non-Brahmins began in the presidency during the late-19th and early-20th century, mainly due to caste prejudices and disproportionate Brahminical representation in government jobs. The Justice Party's foundation marked the culmination of several efforts to establish an organization to represent the non-Brahmins in Madras and is seen as the start of the Dravidian movement.[23][24][25]

Periyar, a popular reformist leader at that time, had joined the Indian National Congress in 1919, to oppose what he considered the Brahminic leadership of the party.[26] Periyar's participation at the Vaikom Satyagraha led him to start the Self-Respect Movement in 1926 which was rationalistic and "anti-Brahministic".[27] He quit Congress and in 1935 he joined the Justice Party.

In the 1937 elections, the Justice Party lost and the Indian National Congress under C. Rajagopalachari (Rajaji) came to power in Madras Presidency. Rajaji's introduction of Hindi as a compulsory subject in schools led to the anti-Hindi agitations, led by Periyar and his associates.[28][better source needed]

In August 1944, Periyar created the 'Dravidar Kazhagam' out of the Justice Party and the Self-Respect Movement at the Salem Provincial Conference.[29] The DK, conceived as a movement and not a political party, insisted on an independent nation for Dravidians called Dravida Nadu consisting of areas that were covered under the Madras Presidency.[29]

The party at its inception retained the flag of the South Indian Liberal Federation, which had a picture of a traditional type of balance signifying the idea of equality.[30] Its central theme was to remove the degraded status imposed on Dravidians. To communicate this, the party adopted a black flag with a red circle inside it, with the black signifying their degradation and the red denoting the intention of the movement to uplift Dravidians.[31]

Over the years, many disagreements arose between Periyar and his followers. In 1949, several of his followers led by C. N. Annadurai decided to split from Dravidar Kazhagam, after Annadurai and part of the members decided to take part in electoral politics and Periyar had strong objection on it.[32][33]

The Dravidian philosophy culminated both politically and socially with DMK at the helm of administration. It was the first-ever subaltern movement in the history of sub-continent politics to have political representation from former lower-castes, and it was a marked move from generations of civic administrators from the upper-caste citizenry. This had a deep societal impact which resulted in increased political participation, which aided the representation of the emergent strata, enriched civic life, and subsequently strengthened the pluralist democracy.[34]

### C. N. Annadurai era (1949–1969)

[edit]

Dr. C.N. Annadurai
Founder of the party

The DMK's first foray into electoral politics, in the 1957 legislative assembly elections, was mixed. While it won 15 seats, many prominent leaders such as Annadurai and V. R. Nedunchezhiyan were defeated. It fared somewhat better in 1962, winning 50 seats and becoming the main opposition.[35]

#### Anti-Hindi Imposition agitations

[edit]

See also: Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu

The DMK, which split from the Dravidar Kazhagam in 1949, inherited the anti-Hindi imposition policies of its parent organization. Founder C.N. Annadurai had earlier participated in the anti-Hindi imposition agitations during 1938–40 and throughout the 1940s.

In July 1953, the DMK launched an agitation against the Union government's proposed name-change of Kallakudi to Dalmiapuram. They claimed that the town's proposed new name (after Ramkrishna Dalmia) symbolized the exploitation of South India by the North.[36][37] On 15 July, M. Karunanidhi (later Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu) and other DMK members removed the Hindi name from Dalmiapuram railway station's name board and protested on the tracks. In the altercation with the police that followed the protests, two DMK members lost their lives, and several others, including Karunanidhi and Kannadasan, were arrested.[38]

The DMK continued its anti-Hindi Imposition policies throughout the 1950s, along with the secessionist demand for Dravida Nadu, in which it was originally more radical than the Dravida Kazhagam.[39] On 28 January 1956, Annadurai, along with Periyar and Rajaji, signed a resolution passed by the Academy of Tamil Culture endorsing the continuation of English as the official language.[40][41] On 21 September 1957, the DMK convened an anti-Hindi Conference to protest against the imposition of Hindi. It observed 13 October 1957 as "anti-Hindi Day".[42][43]

On 31 July 1960, another open-air anti-Hindi conference was held in Kodambakkam, Madras.[44] In November 1963, DMK dropped its secessionist demand in the wake of the Sino-Indian War and the passage of the anti-secessionist 16th Amendment to the Indian Constitution. However, the anti-Hindi stance remained and hardened with the passage of Official Languages Act of 1963.[45] The DMK's view on Hindi's eligibility for official language status were reflected in Annadurai's response to the "numerical superiority of Hindi" argument: "If we had to accept the principle of numerical superiority while selecting our national bird, the choice would have fallen not on the peacock but on the common crow."[46]

#### Formation of state government

[edit]

In 1967, DMK came to power in the Madras State 18 years after its formation and 10 years after it had first entered electoral politics. This began the Dravidian era in the Madras province, which later became Tamil Nadu. In 1967, the Congress lost nine states to opposition parties, but it was only in Madras that a single non-Congress Party (namely, the DMK) won a majority.[47] The electoral victory of 1967 is also reputed to be an electoral fusion among the non-Congress parties to avoid a split in the Opposition votes. Rajagopalachari, a former senior leader of the Congress Party, had by then left the Congress and launched the right-wing Swatantra Party. He played a vital role in bringing about the electoral fusion amongst the opposition parties to align against the Congress.[48] At that time, his cabinet was the youngest in the country.[49]

#### Other achievements

[edit]

Annadurai legalized self-respect marriages for the first time in the country. Such marriages did not involve priests presiding over the ceremonies, and thus a Brahmin was not needed to carry out the wedding.[50] Self-respect marriages were a brainchild of Periyar, who regarded the then conventional marriages as mere financial arrangements which often led to great debt through dowry. Self-respect marriages, according to him, encouraged inter-caste marriages and caused arranged marriages to be replaced by love marriages.[51]

Annadurai was also the first to promise to subsidize the price of rice in order to campaign for his election. He promised one rupee a measure of rice, which he initially implemented once in government, but had to withdraw later. Subsidizing rice costs are still used as an election promise in Tamil Nadu.[52]

It was Annadurai's government that renamed Madras State to Tamil Nadu, its present-day name. The name change itself was first presented in the upper house (Rajya Sabha) of the Parliament of India by Bhupesh Gupta, a communist MP from West Bengal, but was then defeated.[53] With Annadurai as chief minister, the state assembly succeeded in passing the bill renaming the state. Another major achievement of Annadurai's government was to introduce a two-language policy[which?] over the then popular three language formula. The three-language formula, which was implemented in the neighboring states of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Kerala, entitled students to study three languages: the regional language, English and Hindi.[54]

### M. Karunanidhi era (1969–2018)

[edit]

Dr. M. Karunanidhi
Former President of the party

In 1969, Annadurai unexpectedly died. M.Karunanidhi was elected as his successor, defeating rival candidate V. R. Nedunchezhiyan. Karunanidhi would continue to head the DMK until his own death in 2018.[16]

In the 1970s, M. G. Ramachandran (M.G.R.), a popular actor and the party treasurer, had a political feud with the party president Karunanidhi. In 1972, M.G.R. called for a boycott of the party's General Council. The crisis led to a call for a corruption probe by M.G.R. where he was a treasurer, and he was eventually suspended from the General Council by the high-power committee of DMK. He then created the new party named All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK).[55]

Indira Gandhi dismissed the Karunanidhi government in 1976 based on charges of possible secession and corruption. The DMK government has been indicted by the Sarkaria commission for corruption in allotting tenders for the Veeranam drainage project.[56]

The interim report of the Justice Jain Commission, which oversaw the investigation into Rajiv Gandhi's assassination, indicted Karunanidhi for abetting the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE).[57] The interim report recommended that Tamil Nadu Chief Minister M. Karunanidhi and the DMK party be held responsible for abetting Rajiv Gandhi's murderers. The final report contained no such allegations.[58]

Karunanidhi's nephew, Murasoli Maran, was a Union Minister; however, it has been pointed out that he was in politics long before Karunanidhi became the Chief Minister in 1969.[59] Many political opponents and DMK party senior leaders have been critical of the rise of M. K. Stalin in the party. He was appointed as Mayor and later as Deputy CM of TN. But some of the party men have pointed out that Stalin has come up on his own.[60] Karunanidhi's daughter Kanimozhi has been appointed as the Rajya Sabha MP twice in 2007 and 2013.[61][62] Karunanidhi's nephew's son Dayanidhi Maran has been appointed as the central Minister.[63] Karunanidhi's grandson, son of Stalin Udhayanidhi Stalin, has been elected as the MLA of TN assembly.[64] Karunanidhi has been accused of helping Murasoli Maran's son Kalanithi Maran, who runs Sun TV Network, India's second largest television network. According to Forbes, Kalanidhi is among India's richest 20, with $2.9 billion.[65] It has been pointed out that Karunanidhi has hesitated to take action against his erring family members.[66] Karunanidhi is also accused of allowing Azhagiri to function as an extraconstitutional authority in Madurai.[67] The Dinakaran newspaper case was handed over to the CBI. But the District and Sessions court acquitted all the 17 accused in that case.[68]

#### Elections under Karunanidhi's presidency

[edit]

* In 1977, DMK lost the Assembly elections to M.G.R.'s AIADMK, and stayed out of power in the state until 1989.[69] After MGR's death in December 1987, AIADMK split into two factions between Janaki (MGR's wife) and Jayalalithaa. DMK returned to power in the 1989 State assembly elections and for the 3rd time, Karunanidhi took over as the chief minister in January 1989.
* The 1991 election was held with the backdrop of DMK government having dissolved within two years of formation due to pressure from ex-Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi leading an alliance with Samajwadi Janata Party. In the same year, Rajiv Gandhi was killed by a suicide bomber during the election campaign, and due to DMK's pro-Tamil stance and the dismissal of the state government mid-campaign by Rajiv, attitudes were against DMK and instead in favor of the AIADMK–Congress alliance, causing the DMK to be deprived of any seats in the Parliament.
* In the 1996 state elections, DMK came to power on strength of corruption charges against J.Jayalalithaa and the alliance with Tamil Maanila Congress (TMC), headed by G.K. Moopanar.
* However, in 2001, the AIADMK, on strength of a strong alliance and the incumbency factor against DMK, came back to power in the state assembly elections.
* In the 2004 general election, DMK formed an alliance with Congress, the Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (MDMK) and the Pattali Makkal Katchi (PMK) and swept a grand victory. The alliance won all 40 seats including Puducherry. This enabled DMK to hold 7 ministerial posts in the central government and gave influential power to DMK.
* Two years later in 2006, the same alliance won in the state assembly elections and the DMK, for the first time, formed a minority government in the state with help from Congress. M Karunanidhi became the Chief Minister of the state for the fifth time. The DMK-Congress alliance was also successful in the 2009 general elections.
* In the 2011 Assembly elections, held in the wake of the 2G case and allegations of nepotism, the DMK won only 23 seats, 127 seats less than earlier.
* In the 2014 general election, DMK failed to win any seats; however, by vote percentage, it was second only to AIADMK.
* The 2016 state assembly elections gave DMK 89 MLAs. This was the most number for an opposition party in the history of the Tamil Nadu legislative assembly.

### M. K. Stalin era (2018–present)

[edit]

Karunanidhi died on 7 August 2018, leaving the party in the hands of his son, M. K. Stalin. Stalin had been appointed as the working president in January 2017 when his father's health started declining and had previously been named heir apparent by his father. Stalin thus became the second DMK president since the party's inception.[70] On 3 February 2020, M. K. Stalin announced that Prashant Kishor was signed up as a party strategist for the upcoming 2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election.[71]

On 25 March 2018, the DMK held a statewide conference in Erode and M. K. Stalin released five slogans at the conference. They were:[72][73][74]

1. Let us keep an eye on the Kalaignar's command
2. Let us grow and admire Tamil
3. Let us crush the power pile
4. Let us protect humanity from extremism
5. Let us grow a prosperous Tamil Nadu

M.K. Stalin formed the Secular Progressive Alliance in Tamil Nadu and led the alliance in the 2019 general election.[75][76] M.K. Stalin and his alliance in Tamil Nadu won 39 out of 40 seats in the parliament and 12 out of 21 in the Assembly with a 52% vote share.[77][78] The DMK-led alliance won the 2019 Tamil Nadu local body elections under the Secular Progressive alliance.[79][80]

The DMK-led Secular Progressive Alliance won the 2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election. The alliance won 159 seats out of 234 seats with 46% vote share.[citation needed]

## Party ideology

[edit]

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Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam follows the principle of Duty, Dignity, and Discipline, as instructed by C. N. Annadurai. This involves protecting democratic rights in politics, establishing a non-dominant society, and carrying out reform work based on rationality to promote the revival of Dravidian ideology. The party aims to overcome poverty in the economic sphere and provide means for the well-being of all on an equitable basis. The party also aims to develop and promote the respective state languages without allowing other languages to dominate. The party believes in promoting the decentralization of powers from the Union government and creating autonomy in the states and federalism at the center.[81]

### Dravidian nationalism

[edit]

The anti-Hindi Imposition agitations of 1965 forced the central government to abandon its efforts to use Hindi as the only official language of the country.

### State autonomy

[edit]

After The Emergency invoked by Indira Gandhi, more state powers like education and medical care were moved from state control to national control. At the state conference in Trichy after the death of C.N. Annadurai, M. Karunanidhi announced the adoption of the "state autonomy" principle to advocate for state self-governance. In April 1974, the DMK government brought in a resolution in the House urging the centre to accept the Rajamannar Committee recommendations on state autonomy and amend the Constitution of India to pave the way for a truly federal system.[1]

### Social justice

[edit]

DMK claims they are the successors of Justice Party.[82] DMK played a crucial role alongside Periyar in the protest for the first constitutional amendment ensuring the provision legalizing OBC reservation.[83][84] DMK's one of the core ideology is OBC welfare [85] and has implemented reservation related policies in favour of OBCs [86] and SCs.[87]

DMK reconstituted the disabled persons welfare board to Differently Abled Persons Departments and the changed official terms for transgender individuals to more respectful terms like Thirunangai and Thirunambi.[88]

## Party symbol

[edit]

The party's election symbol is the "sun rising from between two mountains", with a black and red flag often pictured. The symbol was inspired by the leader and scriptwriter M. Karunanidhi's 1950s play Udaya Suryan and is intended to signify the "rising" spirit of the Dravidian people.[89]

In the 1957 poll, the DMK was not recognized by the Election Commission. The party was grouped as independents and was not united by its rising sun symbol and was forced to contest under the rooster symbol.[90]

## Electoral history

[edit]

### Lok Sabha Elections

[edit]

Year  | Party leader  | Seats won  | Change in seats  | Percentage of votes  | Popular vote  | Outcome

|
|
|
|
|
|

1962 | C. N. Annadurai |

7 / 41

|  5  | 18.64%  | 2,315,610  | Opposition
1967 |

25 / 25

|  18  | 51.79%  | 7,996,264
1971 | M. Karunanidhi |

23 / 23

|  2  | 55.61%  | 8,869,095  | Government
1977 |

1 / 19

|  22  | 37.84%  | 6,758,517  | Opposition
1980 |

16 / 16

|  15  | 55.89%  | 10,290,515  | Government
1984 |

2 / 28

|  14  | 37.04%  | 8,006,513  | Opposition
1989 |

0 / 32

|  2  | 33.78%  | 8,918,905  | Lost
1991 |

0 / 29

|  | 27.64%  | 6,823,581
1996 |

17 / 18

|  17  | 54.96%  | 14,940,474  | Government
1998 |

6 / 18

|  11  | 42.72%  | 10,937,809  | Opposition
1999 |

12 / 18

|  6  | 46.41%  | 12,638,602  | Government
2004 |

16 / 16

|  4  | 57.40%  | 16,483,390
2009 |

18 / 21

|  2  | 42.54%  | 12,929,043
2014 |

0 / 34

|  18  | 23.16%  | 10,243,767  | Lost
2019 | M. K. Stalin |

24 / 24

|  24  | 32.76%  | 14,363,332  | Opposition
2024 |

22 / 22

|  2  | 26.93%  | 11,689,879  | Opposition

### Legislative Assembly elections

[edit]

Year  | Party leader  | Seats won  | Change in seats  | Percentage of votes  | Popular vote  | Outcome

|
|
|
|
|
|

Tamil Nadu
1962 | C. N. Annadurai |

50 / 205

|  37  | 27.10%  | 3,435,633  | Opposition
1967 |

137 / 234

|  87  | 40.69%  | 6,230,556  | Government
1971 | M. Karunanidhi |

184 / 234

|  47  | 48.58%  | 7,654,935
1977 |

48 / 234

|  136  | 24.89%  | 4,258,771  | Opposition
1980 |

37 / 234

|  11  | 22.1%  | 4,164,389
1984 |

24 / 234

|  13  | 29.3%  | 6,362,770  | Others
1989 |

150 / 234

|  116  | 37.89%  | 9,135,220  | Government
1991 |

2 / 234

|  148  | 22.5%  | 5,535,668  | Others
1996 |

173 / 234

|  171  | 53.77%  | 14,600,748  | Government
2001 |

31 / 234

|  142  | 30.90%  | 8,669,864  | Opposition
2006 |

96 / 234

|  65  | 26.50%  | 8,728,716  | Government
2011 |

23 / 234

|  73  | 22.40%  | 8,249,991  | Others
2016 |

89 / 234

|  66  | 31.39%  | 13,670,511  | Opposition
2021 | M. K. Stalin |

133 / 234

|  44  | 37.7%  | 17,430,179  | Government
Puducherry
1974 | M. Karunanidhi |

2 / 30

|  2  |  | 47,823  | Opposition
1977 |

3 / 30

|  1  |  | 30,441
1980 |

14 / 30

|  11  |  | 68,030  | Government
1985 |

5 / 30

|  9  |  | 87,754  | Others
1990 |

9 / 30

|  4  |  | 101,127  | Government
1991 |

4 / 30

|  5  |  | 96,607  | Opposition
1996 |

7 / 30

|  3  |  | 105,392  | Government
2001 |

7 / 30

|  |  | 83,679  | Opposition
2006 |

7 / 30

|  |  |  | Government
2011 |

3 / 30

|  4  | 10.68%  | 74,552  | Opposition
2016 |

2 / 30

|  1  | 8.9%  | 70,836  | Government
2021 | M. K. Stalin |

6 / 30

|  4  | 18.51%  | 154,858  | Opposition
Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Elections  Year  | Assembly  | Party leader  | Seats contested  | Seats won  | Change in seats  | Percentage of votes  | Vote swing  | Popular vote  | Outcome

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

1972 | 5th  | M. Karunanidhi | 3  |

0 / 287

|  | 0.26%  |  | 36,466  | Lost
1978 | 6th  | 2  |

0 / 294

|  | 0.03%  |  0.23%  | 6,547
Karnataka Legislative Assembly Elections  Year  | Assembly  | Party leader  | Seats contested  | Seats won  | Change in seats  | Percentage of votes  | Vote swing  | Popular vote  | Outcome

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

1978 | 6th  | M. Karunanidhi | 3  |

0 / 224

|  | 0.13%  |  | 16,437  | Lost
Kerala Legislative Assembly Elections  Year  | Assembly  | Party leader  | Seats contested  | Seats won  | Change in seats  | Percentage of votes  | Vote swing  | Popular vote  | Outcome

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

1970 | 4th  | M. Karunanidhi | 1  |

0 / 133

|  | 0.02%  |  | 1,682  | Lost

## Current office bearers and prominent members

[edit]

Member  | Position in Government  | Party Position

|
|

M. K. Stalin |

* Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu
* Member of the Legislative Assembly from Kolathur
* Former Deputy Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu

| President
Duraimurugan |

* Minister for Water Resources of Tamil Nadu
* Member of the Legislative Assembly from Katpadi
* Leader of the House in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly

| General Secretary
T. R. Baalu |

* Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha from Sriperumbudur
* Former Minister of Shipping of the Republic of India
* Former Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha

| Treasurer and Lok Sabha Leader
K. N. Nehru |

* Minister for Municipal Administration
* Member of the Legislative Assembly from Tiruchirappalli West

| Party Principal Secretary
I. Periyasamy |

* Minister for Rural Administration
* MLA from Aathoor

| Deputy General Secretary
Tiruchi Siva[91][92] |

* Leader of Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam in Rajya Sabha
* Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha

| Deputy General Secretary
A. Raja |

* Member of Parliament (LS) from Nilgiris
* Former Union Minister for Information Technology

| Deputy General Secretary
Anthiyur P. Selvaraj |

* Member of Rajya Sabha,
* Former State Minister for Handlooms and Textile

| Deputy General Secretary
Kanimozhi Karunanidhi |

* Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha from Thoothukkudi
* Former Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha

* Deputy General Secretary and
* Parliamentary Chairperson

R. S. Bharathi[93] |

* Former Member of Parliament (RS)
* Former Chairman of Alandur Municipality

| Organization Secretary
T. K. S. Elangovan[94] |

* Former Member of Parliament (RS)

| Official Spokesperson
Udhayanidhi Stalin |

* Deputy Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu
* Minister for Planning and Development
* Minister for Youth Welfare and Sports Development of Tamil Nadu
* Member of Legislative Assembly from Chepauk-Thiruvallikeni

| Youth Wing Secretary
Dr. T R B Rajaa |

* Minister for Industries,Investments and Commerce
* Member of Legislative Assembly from Mannargudi

| Information Technology Wing Secretary
Helena Davidson  |

* Former Member of Parliament (LS) from Kanniyakumari

| Women's Wing Secretary
CVMP Ezhilarasan |

* Member of Legislative Assembly from Kancheepuram

| Students' Wing Secretary
Dayanidhi Maran |

* Member of Parliament (LS) from Central Chennai
* Former Union Minister for Information Technology

| Sports Wing Secretary
Palanivel Thiagarajan |

* Minister for Information Technology and Digital Services
* Member of Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly from Madurai Central

| Assets Committee Secretary
Dr Ezhilan Naganathan |

* Member of Legislative Assembly from Thousand Lights

| Medical Wing Secretary
M M Abdulla  |

* Member of Parliament (RS)

| NRI Wing Secretary

## List of party leaders

[edit]

### Presidents

[edit]

No.  | Portrait  | Name
(Birth–Death) | Term in office

|
|
|

Assumed office  | Left office  | Time in office
1  |  | M. Karunanidhi
(1924–2018) | 27 July 1969  | 3 January 2017  | 47 years, 160 days
Working  |  | M. K. Stalin
(born in 1953) | 4 January 2017  | 27 August 2018  | 8 years, 198 days
2  | 28 August 2018  | Incumbent

### General Secretaries

[edit]

No.  | Portrait  | Name
(Birth–Death) | Term in office

|
|
|

Assumed office  | Left office  | Time in office
1  |  | C. N. Annadurai
(1909–1969) | 17 September 1949  | 24 April 1955  | 13 years, 350 days
25 September 1960  | 3 February 1969
2  |  | V. R. Nedunchezhiyan
(1920–2000) | 24 April 1955  | 24 September 1960  | 13 years, 254 days
4 February 1969  | 16 May 1977
3  |  | K. Anbazhagan
(1922–2020) | 17 May 1977  | 7 March 2020  | 42 years, 295 days
4  |  | Duraimurugan
(born in 1938) | 9 September 2020  | Incumbent | 4 years, 315 days

## List of chief ministers

[edit]

### Chief Minister of Madras State

[edit]

No.  | Portrait  | Name
(Birth–Death) | Term in office  | Assembly
(Election) | Elected constituency  | Ministry

|
|
|
|
|
|

Assumed office  | Left office  | Time in office
1  |  | C. N. Annadurai
(1909–1969) | 6 March 1967  | 13 January 1969  | 1 year, 313 days  | 4th
(1967) | Member of the Legislative Council | Annadurai

### Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu

[edit]

Further information: List of chief ministers of Tamil Nadu

No.  | Portrait  | Name
(Birth–Death) | Term in office  | Ministry  | Constituency  | Assembly
Election

|
|
|
|
|
|

Start  | End  | Duration
in days
1  |  | C. N. Annadurai
(1909–1969) | 14 January 1969  | 3 February 1969  | 20 days | Annadurai | Tamil Nadu Legislative Council | 4th
(1967)
Acting  |  | V. R. Nedunchezhiyan
(1910–1988) | 3 February 1969  | 10 February 1969  | 7 days | Nedunchezhiyan I | Triplicane | 4th
(1967)
2  |  | M. Karunanidhi
(1924–2018) | 10 February 1969  | 14 March 1971  | 2 years, 32 days | Karunanidhi I | Saidapet | 4th
(1967)
15 March 1971  | 31 January 1976  | 4 years, 322 days | Karunanidhi II | 5th
(1971)
27 January 1989  | 30 January 1991  | 2 years, 3 days | Karunanidhi III | Harbour | 11th
(1989)
13 May 1996  | 13 May 2001  | 5 years, 0 days | Karunanidhi IV | Chepauk | 11th
(1996)
13 May 2006  | 15 May 2011  | 5 years, 2 days | Karunanidhi V | 13th
(2006)
3  |  | M. K. Stalin[95][96]
(born 1953) | 7 May 2021  | Incumbent  | 4 years, 75 days | Stalin | Kolathur | 16th
(2021)

### Chief Ministers of Pondicherry

[edit]

Further information: List of chief ministers of Puducherry

No.  | Portrait  | Name

(Birth–Death)

| Elected constituency | Term of office  | (Assembly)
(Election) | Appointed by
(Lieutenant
Governor)

|
|
|
|
|
|

Assumed office  | Left office  | Time in office
1  |  | M. O. H. Farook
(1937–2012) | Kalapet | 17 March 1969  | 2 January 1974  | 4 years, 291 days  | 3rd
(1969
election) | B. D. Jatti
2  |  | M. D. R. Ramachandran
(Unknown) | Mannadipet | 16 January 1980  | 23 June 1983  | 3 years, 158 days  | 6th
(1980
election) | B. T. Kulkarni
3  | 8 March 1990  | 2 March 1991  | 359 days  | 8th
(1990
election) | Chandrawati
4  |  | R. V. Janakiraman
(1941–2019) | Nellithope | 26 May 1996  | 21 March 2000  | 3 years, 300 days  | 10th
(1996
election) | Rajendra Kumari Bajpai

### List of deputy chief ministers

[edit]

#### Deputy Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu

[edit]

Further information: List of deputy chief ministers of Tamil Nadu

No.  | Portrait  | Name
(Birth–Death) | Term in office  | Assembly
(Election) | Elected constituency  | Chief Minister

|
|
|
|
|
|

Assumed office  | Left office  | Time in office
1  |  | M. K. Stalin
(1953–) | 29 May 2009  | 15 May 2011  | 1 year, 351 days  | 13th
(2006) | Thousand Lights |
M. Karunanidhi
2  |  | Udhayanidhi Stalin
(1977–) | 28 September 2024  | Incumbent | 296 days  | 16th
(2021) | Chepauk-Thiruvallikeni |
M. K. Stalin

## List of Leaders of the Opposition

[edit]

### Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly

[edit]

No.  | Portrait  | Name

(Birth–Death)

| Elected constituency | Term of office  | Assembly
(Election) | Appointed by
(Governor)

|
|
|
|
|
|

Assumed office  | Left office  | Time in office
1  |  | V. R. Nedunchezhiyan
(1920–2000) | Triplicane | 29 March 1962  | 28 February 1967  | 4 years, 336 days  | 3rd
(1962) | S. Chellapandian
2  |  | M. Karunanidhi
(1924–2018) | Anna Nagar | 25 July 1977  | 17 February 1980  | 5 years, 259 days  | 6th
(1977) | Munu Adhi
27 June 1980  | 18 August 1983  | 7th
(1980) | K. Rajaram
3  |  | K. Anbazhagan
(1922–2020) | Harbour | 24 May 2001  | 14 April 2006  | 4 years, 325 days  | 12th
(2001) | K. Kalimuthu
4  |  | M. K. Stalin
(born 1953) | Kolathur | 4 June 2016  | 3 May 2021  | 4 years, 333 days  | 15th
(2016) | P. Dhanapal

### Pondicherry/Puducherry Legislative Assembly

[edit]

No.  | Portrait  | Name

(Birth–Death)

| Elected constituency | Term of office  | Assembly
((election))

|
|
|
|
|

Assumed office  | Left office  | Time in office
1  |  | R.V. Janakiraman | Nellithope | 22 March 2000  | 15 May 2001  | 1 year, 54 days | 10th
(1996 election)
16 May 2001  | 11 May 2006  | 4 years, 360 days | 11th
(2001 election)
2  |  | A. M. H. Nazeem | Karaikal  | 29 May 2006  | May 2011  | 5 years, 0 days | 12th
(2006 election)
3  |  | R. Siva | Villianur | 8 May 2021[97] | Incumbent | 4 years, 74 days | 15th
(2021 election)

### Madras State Legislative Assembly

[edit]

Leader of the Opposition  | Term Start  | Term End  | Duration

|
|
|

V. R. Nedunchezhiyan | 29 March 1962 | 28 February 1967 | 4 years, 337 days

## List of Speakers & Deputy Speakers of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly

[edit]

No.  | Name  | Deputy
Speaker  | Took
office  | Left
office  | Duration

|
|
|
|
|

1  | Pulavar K. Govindan | G. R. Edmund | 22 February
1969  | 14 March
1971  | 2 years, 20 days
N. Ganapathy | 3 August
1973  | 3 July
1977  | 3 years, 334 days
2  | K. A. Mathiazagan | P. Seenivasan | 24 March
1971  | 2 December
1972  | 1 year, 253 days
Acting | P. Seenivasan
(Acting Speaker) | 2 December
1972  | 3 August
1973  | 1 year, 172 days
3  | M. Tamilkudimagan | V. P. Duraisamy | 8 February
1989  | 30 June
1991  | 2 years, 172 days
4  | P. T. R. Palanivel Rajan | Parithi Ilamvazhuthi | 23 May
1996  | 21 May
2001  | 4 years, 363 days
5  | R. Avudaiappan | V. P. Duraisamy | 19 May
2006  | 15 May
2011  | 4 years, 361 days
6  | M. Appavu | K. Pitchandi | 12 May
2021  | Incumbent | 4 years, 70 days

## List of union cabinet ministers

[edit]

### V. P. Singh ministry (1989–90)

[edit]

Further information: V. P. Singh ministry

#  | Portrait  | Minister
(Birth-Death)
Constituency | Term of office  | Portfolio  | Ministry  | Prime Minister

|
|
|
|
|
|

From  | To  | Period
1  |  |  | Murasoli Maran
(1934–2003)
MP for Chennai South | 2 December
1989  | 10 November
1990  | 343 days | Minister of Urban Development | Vishwanath | V. P. Singh

### H.D Devegowda Ministry (1996–97)

[edit]

Further information: Deve Gowda ministry

No.  | Portrait  | Portfolio  | Name
(Birth–Death) | Term in office  | Constituency
(House) | Prime Minister

|
|
|
|
|
|

Assumed office  | Left office  | Time in office
1  |  | Minister of Industry | Murasoli Maran
(1934–2003) | 1 June
1996  | 21 April
1997  | 324 days | Chennai Central
(Lok Sabha) | H. D. Deve Gowda |
2  |  | Minister of Surface Transport | T. G. Venkatraman
(1931–2013) | 1 June
1996  | 21 April
1997  | 324 days | Tindivanam
(Lok Sabha)
3  |  | Minister of Defence
(MoS) | N. V. N. Somu
(–) | 6 July
1996  | 21 April
1997  | 289 days | Chennai North
(Lok Sabha)
4  |  | Minister of Petroleum & Natural Gas
(MoS) | T. R. Baalu
(born 1941) | 6 July
1996  | 21 April
1997  | 289 days | Chennai South
(Lok Sabha)

### I.K Gujral Ministry (1997–98)

[edit]

Further information: Gujral ministry

No.  | Portrait  | Portfolio  | Name
(Birth–Death) | Term in office  | Constituency
(House) | Prime Minister

|
|
|
|
|
|

Assumed office  | Left office  | Time in office
1  |  | Minister of Industry | Murasoli Maran
(1934–2003) | 21 April
1997  | 19 March
1998  | 332 days | Chennai Central
(Lok Sabha) | I. K. Gujral |
2  |  | Minister of Surface Transport | T. G. Venkatraman
(1931–2013) | 21 April
1997  | 19 March
1998  | 332 days | Tindivanam
(Lok Sabha)
Minister of Urban Affairs & Employment | 14 November
1997  | 12 December
1997  | 28 days
3  |  | Minister of Petroleum & Natural Gas
(MoS) | T. R. Baalu
(born 1941) | 21 April
1997  | 19 March
1998  | 332 days | Chennai South
(Lok Sabha)
Minister of Non-Conventional Energy Sources
(MoS) | 11 January
1998  | 19 March
1998  | 67 days
4  |  | Minister of Defence
(MoS) | N. V. N. Somu
(–) | 21 April
1997  | 14 November
1997
(died in office) | 207 days | Chennai North
(Lok Sabha)

### Third Atal Bihari Vajpayee Ministry (1999–2004)

[edit]

Further information: Third Vajpayee ministry

No.  | Portrait  | Portfolio  | Name
(Birth–Death) | Term in office  | Constituency
(House) | Prime Minister

|
|
|
|
|
|

Assumed office  | Left office  | Time in office
1  |  | Minister of Commerce & Industry | Murasoli Maran
(1934–2003) | 13 October
1999  | 9 November
2002  | 3 years, 27 days | Chennai Central
(Lok Sabha) | Atal Bihari Vajpayee |
Minister without portfolio | 9 November
2002  | 23 November
2003  | 1 year, 14 days
2  |  | Minister of Environment & Forests | T. R. Baalu
(born 1941) | 13 October
1999  | 21 December
2003  | 4 years, 69 days | Chennai South
(Lok Sabha)
3  |  | Minister of Rural Development
(MoS) | A. Raja
(born 1963) | 13 October
1999  | 30 September
2001  | 1 year, 352 days | Perambalur
(Lok Sabha)
Minister of Health & Family Welfare
(MoS) | 30 September
2000  | 21 December
2003  | 3 years, 82 days

### First Manmohan Singh Ministry (2004–2009)

[edit]

Further information: First Manmohan Singh ministry

No.  | Portrait  | Portfolio  | Name
(Birth–Death) | Term in office  | Constituency
(House) | Prime Minister

|
|
|
|
|
|

Assumed office  | Left office  | Time in office
1  |  | Minister of Environment and Forests | A. Raja
(born 1963) | 23 May
2004  | 15 May
2007  | 2 years, 357 days | Perambalur
(Lok Sabha) | Manmohan Singh |
Minister of Communications & Information Technology | 15 May
2007  | 22 May
2009  | 2 years, 7 days
2  |  | Minister of Communications & Information Technology | Dayanidhi Maran
(born 1966) | 23 May
2004  | 15 May
2007  | 2 years, 357 days | Chennai Central
(Lok Sabha)
3  |  | Minister of Road Transport and Highways | T. R. Baalu
(born 1941) | 23 May
2004  | 22 May
2009  | 4 years, 364 days | Chennai South
(Lok Sabha)
Minister of Shipping | 25 May
2004  | 2 September
2004[a] | 100 days
4  |  | Minister of Law and Justice
(MoS) | K. Venkatapathy
(born 1946) | 23 May
2004  | 22 May
2009  | 4 years, 364 days | Cuddalore
(Lok Sabha)
5  |  | Minister of Home Affairs
(MoS) | S. Regupathy
(born 1950) | 23 May
2004  | 15 May
2007  | 2 years, 357 days | Pudukkottai
(Lok Sabha)
Minister of Environment and Forests
(MoS) | 15 May
2007  | 22 May
2009  | 2 years, 7 days
6  |  | Minister of Commerce and Industry
(MoS) | S. S. Palanimanickam
(born 1950) | 23 May
2004  | 25 May
2004  | 2 days | Thanjavur
(Lok Sabha)
Minister of Finance
(Revenue, from 29 January 2006)
(MoS) | 25 May
2004  | 22 May
2009  | 4 years, 362 days
7  |  | Minister of Social Justice and Empowerment
(MoS) | Subbulakshmi Jagadeesan
(born 1947) | 23 May
2004  | 22 May
2009  | 4 years, 364 days | Tiruchengode
(Lok Sabha)
8  |  | Minister of Home Affairs
(MoS) | V. Radhika Selvi
(born 1976) | 18 May
2007  | 22 May
2009  | 2 years, 4 days | Tiruchendur
(Lok Sabha)

### Second Manmohan Singh Ministry (2009–2014)

[edit]

Further information: Second Manmohan Singh ministry

No.  | Portrait  | Portfolio  | Name
(Birth–Death) | Term in office  | Constituency
(House) | Prime Minister

|
|
|
|
|
|

Assumed office  | Left office  | Time in office
1  |  | Minister of Communications & Information Technology | A. Raja
(born 1963) | 28 May
2009  | 15 November
2010
[98][99][100] | 1 year, 171 days | Nilgiris
(Lok Sabha) | Manmohan Singh |
2  |  | Minister of Textiles | Dayanidhi Maran
(born 1966) | 28 May
2009  | 12 July
2011
[101][102] | 2 years, 45 days | Chennai Central
(Lok Sabha)
3  |  | Minister of Chemicals & Fertilizers | M. K. Alagiri
(born 1951) | 28 May
2009  | 21 March
2013[103] | 3 years, 297 days | Madurai
(Lok Sabha)
4  |  | Minister of Social Justice and Empowerment
(MoS) | D. Napoleon
(born 1963) | Perambalur
(Lok Sabha)
5  |  | Minister of Health & Family Welfare
(MoS) | S. Gandhiselvan
(born 1963) | Namakkal
(Lok Sabha)
6  |  | Minister of Finance
(Revenue)
(MoS) | S. S. Palanimanickam
(born 1950) | Thanjavur
(Lok Sabha)
7  |  | Minister of Information & Broadcasting
(MoS) | S. Jagathrakshakan
(born 1950) | 28 May
2009  | 28 October
2012  | 3 years, 153 days | Arakkonam
(Lok Sabha)
Minister of New & Renewable Energy
(MoS) | 28 October
2012  | 2 November
2012  | 5 days
Minister of Commerce & Industry
(MoS) | 2 November
2012  | 21 March
2013[104] | 139 days

## List of Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha

[edit]

Further information: Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha

Portrait  | Name
(Birth–Death) | Elected constituency  | Lok Sabha
(Election) | Speaker  | Assumed office  | Left office  | Time in office  | Prime Minister

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

| G. Lakshmanan
(1924–2001) | Chennai North | 7th
(1980) | Balram Jakhar
(INC) | 1 December 1980  | 31 December 1984  | 4 years, 30 days  | Indira Gandhi

## Splits and offshoots

[edit]

There are two major parties that have been formed as a result of splits from the DMK, which are

* All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK), founded on 17 October 1972 by the former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu M. G. Ramachandran (M.G.R.).
* Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (MDMK), founded on 6 May 1994 by Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha Vaiko.

### Political lineage and offsprings of DMK

[edit]

| | | | | | Justice Party
1917| | | | |

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

| | | | | | | | | | | | | Self-respect movement
1925|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | | Dravidar Kazhagam
1944| | | | Justice Party (PTR)|
| |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
1949| |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Tamil National Party
1962| | | | | | | |
| | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Merger with Indian National Congress
1964| | | | | |
| | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | All India Anna
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
17 October 1972| | | | | | |
| | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Thazhthapattor Munnetra Kazhagam
1974| | |
| | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Makkal Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
1977| | |
| |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Merger with
AIADMK
1977| | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | M.G.R.'s death
on 24 December 1987| | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | AIADMK
Jayalalithaa faction| | AIADMK
Janaki faction| | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | Thamizhaga Munnetra Munnani
1988| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | Merger with Janata Dal
1989| | | | AIADMK unifies again
Janaki's faction dissolved
and merged with
Jayalalithaa's faction
1989| | | | | | | |

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Marumalarchi
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
1994| | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | MGR Kazhagam
1995| | | | | | | | | | |

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | MGR Anna
DMK
1996| | | | | | | | | | |
| | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | Merger with
Bharatiya Janata Party
2002| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Major Dravidian parties
that are currently active| | | Dravidar Kazhagam| | | | | | All India Anna
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam| | Marumalarchi
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam| | Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|

## Media

[edit]

Tmt. Kanimozhi Karunanidhi
Deputy General Secretary of the party

Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam party runs two newspapers, one in English and one in Tamil, namely The Rising Sun (weekly journal) and Murasoli (daily journal), respectively.[105]

Kalaignar TV is a channel started on 15 September 2007 and managed by Kanimozhi Karunanidhi and Dayalu Ammal, the daughter and wife of Karunanidhi. The sister channels of Kalaignar are Kalaignar Isai Aruvi (24×7 Tamil music channel), Kalaignar Seithigal (24×7 Tamil news channel), Kalaignar Sirippoli (24×7 Tamil comedy channel), Kalaignar Chithiram (24×7 Tamil cartoon channel), Kalaignar Murasu(24×7 Tamil movie channel) and Kalaignar Asia.[106]

## See also

[edit]

* 2G spectrum case
* Granite scam in Tamil Nadu
* Controversy of arrests in Tamil Nadu about construction of flyovers
* Dinakaran attack
* Leelavathi murder
* Kallakudi demonstration
* Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi
* Politics of India
* List of political parties in India
* Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance

## References

[edit]

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6. ^ a b c
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## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ The ministry's competences were transferred to the Ministry of Shipping, Road Transport and Highways in September 2004.

### Publications

[edit]

* Ahuja, M. L. (1998). Electoral politics and general elections in India, 1952–1998. New Delhi: Mittal Publication. ISBN 978-81-7099-711-5.
* Chakrabarty, Bidyut (2008). Indian Politics and Society Since Independence. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-40868-4.
* Copley, Antony R. H. (1978). The political career of C. Rajagopalachari, 1937–1954: a moralist in politics. Macmillan.
* Dirks, Nicholas B. (2001). Castes of Mind: Colonialism and the Making of Modern India. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-08895-2.
* Fishman, Joshua; Garcia, Ofelia (2010). Handbook of Language and Ethnic Identity:The Success-Failure Continuum in Language and Ethnic Identity Efforts (Volume 2): The Success-Failure Continuum in Language and Ethnic Identity Efforts. Oxford University Press, USA. pp. 230–. ISBN 978-0-19-539245-6. Retrieved 7 July 2016.
* Hardgrave, Robert L. (1 August 1965). "The Riots in Tamilnad: Problems and Prospects of India's Language Crisis". Asian Survey. 5 (8): 399–407\. doi:10.2307/2642412. ISSN 0004-4687. JSTOR 2642412.
* Hardgrave, Robert L. (1 March 1973). "Politics and the Film in Tamilnadu: The Stars and the DMK". Asian Survey. 13 (3): 288–305\. doi:10.2307/2643038. hdl:2152/34387. ISSN 0004-4687. JSTOR 2643038.
* Hodges, Sara (2005). "Revolutionary family life and the Self Respect movement in Tamil south India". Contributions to Indian Sociology. 39 (2): 251–277\. doi:10.1177/006996670503900203. S2CID 144419547.
* Jaffrelot, Christophe (2003). India's silent revolution: the rise of the low castes in North Indian politics. C. Hurst & Co. ISBN 1-85065-398-4.
* Krishnan, Rajan Kurai; Sriramachandran, Ravindran; Subagunarajan, V. M. S. (2022). Rule of the Commoner: DMK and Formations of the Political in Tamil Nadu, 1949–1967. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-009-19717-5.
* Mills, James H.; Sen, Satadru (2004). Confronting the body: the politics of physicality in colonial and post-colonial India. Anthem Press. ISBN 978-1-84331-033-4.
* Murali, Geetha Kamalakshi (2007). Tracing the Signs: Voter Mobilization and the Functionality of Ideas in Tamil Nadu. CA: University of California, Berkeley. ISBN 9780549737612.
* Omvedt, Gail (2006). Dalit Visions: The Anti-caste Movement and the Construction on an Indian Identity. Orient Longman. ISBN 978-81-250-2895-6.
* Palanithurai, Ganapathy (1997). Polyethnicity in India and Canada: Possibilities for Exploration. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. ISBN 978-8-175-33039-9.
* Radhan, O.P. (2002). "A Time-Bound Plan for Muslim India". Encyclopaedia of Political Parties. Anmol Publications. ISBN 978-81-7488-865-5.
* Rajagopalan, Swarna (2001). State and nation in south Asia. Lynne Rienner Publishers. ISBN 978-1-55587-967-9.
* Ram, N. (1977). Barnett, Marguerite Ross (ed.). "Pre-History and History of the DMK". Social Scientist. 6 (5): 59–91\. doi:10.2307/3520089. ISSN 0970-0293. JSTOR 3520089.
* Ramaswamy, Sumathi (20 November 1997). "5.29 The Warrior Devotee". Passions of the Tongue: Language Devotion in Tamil India, 1891–1970. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-20805-6.
* Rana, Mahendra Singh (2006). India votes: Lok Sabha & Vidhan Sabha elections 2001–2005. New Delhi: Sarup & Sons. ISBN 978-81-7625-647-6.
* Rubinoff, Arthur G. (1997). "General Elections, 1996: Local Issues Dominate in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu". Economic and Political Weekly. 32 (43): 2829–2835\. ISSN 0012-9976. JSTOR 4406016.
* Subramanian, Narendra (1 November 2002). "Identity Politics and Social Pluralism: Political Sociology and Political Change in Tamil Nadu". Commonwealth & Comparative Politics. 40 (3): 125–139\. doi:10.1080/713999599. S2CID 153856033.
* Swaminathan, S. (1974). Karunanidhi: man of destiny. Affiliated East-West Press. ISBN 9780333902127.
* Venu, E.Es. (1979). Why South opposes Hindi. Justice Publications.
* "Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Quadrennial Review 1957–62" (PDF). Fort St. George, Madras: Legislative Assembly Department. June 1962.
* "Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Quadrennial Review 1962–67" (PDF). Fort St. George, Madras: Legislative Assembly Department. June 1967.
* "Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Quadrennial Review 1967–70" (PDF). Fort St. George, Madras: Legislative Assembly Department. June 1971. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 December 2013.
* "Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Quadrennial Review 1971–76" (PDF). Fort St. George, Madras: Legislative Assembly Department. June 1976.
* "Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Quadrennial Review 1977–80" (PDF). Fort St. George, Madras: Legislative Assembly Department. 1980.
* "Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly elections 1984" (PDF). New Delhi: Election Commission of India. 1984.
* "Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly elections 2001" (PDF). New Delhi: Election Commission of India. 2001.
* "Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly elections 2011" (PDF). New Delhi: Election Commission of India. 2011.
* "Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly general elections 1980" (PDF). New Delhi: Election Commission of India. 1980.
* "Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly general elections 1989" (PDF). New Delhi: Election Commission of India. 1989.
* "Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly general elections 1991" (PDF). New Delhi: Election Commission of India. 1991.
* "Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly general elections 1996" (PDF). New Delhi: Election Commission of India. 1996. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 October 2010.
* "Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly general elections 2006" (PDF). New Delhi: Election Commission of India. 2006.*"General Election Results 2024". Election Results. 2024.

## External links

[edit]

* Official website
* Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam — entry at Encyclopædia Britannica

* v
* t
* e

Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam

Founder: C. N. Annadurai

Presidents|

* M. Karunanidhi (1969–2018)
* M. K. Stalin (2018–Incumbent)

General secretaries|

* C. N. Annadurai (1949–1957; 1963–1969)
* V. R. Nedunchezhiyan (1957–1962; 1969–1977)
* K. Anbazhagan (1977–2020)
* Duraimurugan (2020–Incumbent)

Chief ministers|

* C. N. Annadurai
* V. R. Nedunchezhiyan
* M. Karunanidhi
* M. O. H. Farook
* M. D. R. Ramachandran
* R. V. Janakiraman
* M. K. Stalin

Deputy chief ministers|

* M. K. Stalin
* Udhayanidhi Stalin

Leaders of the opposition|

* V. R. Nedunchezhiyan
* M. Karunanidhi
* R. V. Janakiraman
* K. Anbazhagan
* A. M. H. Nazeem
* M. K. Stalin
* R. Siva

Deputy leaders of the opposition|

* K. Anbazhagan
* Duraimurugan

Others|

* Dravidianism

Headquarters: Anna Arivalayam, 367–369, Anna Salai, Teynampet, Chennai – 600018, Tamil Nadu, India.

* v
* t
* e

Dravidian politics

Political parties|

* Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
* All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
* Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
* Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam

Union cabinet ministers|

* Sathiavani Muthu
* Aravinda Bala Pajanor
* Murasoli Maran
* T. G. Venkatraman
* Sedapatti R. Muthiah
* M. Thambidurai
* T. R. Baalu
* A. Raja
* Dayanidhi Maran
* M. K. Alagiri

Chief ministers|

* C. N. Annadurai
* V. R. Nedunchezhiyan
* M. Karunanidhi
* M. O. H. Farook
* S. Ramassamy
* M. G. Ramachandran
* M. D. R. Ramachandran
* V. N. Janaki Ramachandran
* J. Jayalalithaa
* R. V. Janakiraman
* O. Panneerselvam
* Edappadi K. Palaniswami
* M. K. Stalin

Deputy chief ministers|

* M. K. Stalin
* O. Panneerselvam
* Udhayanidhi Stalin

Deputy speakers of the Lok Sabha|

* G. Lakshmanan
* M. Thambidurai

Union ministers of state|

* N. V. N. Somu
* T. R. Baalu
* R. K. Kumar
* Kadambur M. R. Janarthanan
* M. Kannappan
* Gingee N. Ramachandran
* A. Raja
* K. Venkatapathy
* Subbulakshmi Jagadeesan
* S. Regupathy
* S. S. Palanimanickam
* V. Radhika Selvi
* S. Jagathrakshakan
* S. Gandhiselvan
* D. Nepoleon

Speakers of the legislative assembly|

* Si. Pa. Adithanar
* Pulavar K. Govindan
* S. Perumal
* K. A. Mathiazhagan
* S. Pakkiam
* Munu Adhi
* K. Rajaram
* P. H. Pandian
* M. Tamilkudimagan
* G. Palaniraja
* Sedapatti R. Muthiah
* P. T. R. Palanivel Rajan
* V. M. C. Sivakumar
* K. Kalimuthu
* R. Avudaiyappan
* D. Jayakumar
* P. Dhanapal
* M. Appavu

Deputy speakers of the legislative assembly|

* Pulavar K. Govindan
* G. R. Edmund
* P. Seenivasan
* N. Ganapathy
* Su. Thirunavukkarasar
* P. H. Pandian
* V. P. Balasubramanian
* V. P. Duraisamy
* K. Ponnusamy
* S. Gandhirajan
* Parithi Ilamvazhuthi
* A. Arunachalam
* P. Dhanapal
* Pollachi V. Jayaraman
* K. Pitchandi

Leaders of the house|

* V. R. Nedunchezhiyan
* M. Karunanidhi
* M. O. H. Farook
* S. Ramassamy
* Nanjil K. Manoharan
* M. D. R. Ramachandran
* R. M. Veerappan
* K. Anbazhagan
* R. V. Janakiraman
* C. Ponnaiyan
* O. Panneerselvam
* Natham R. Viswanathan
* K. A. Sengottaiyan
* Duraimurugan

Leaders of the opposition|

* V. R. Nedunchezhiyan
* M. Karunanidhi
* P. K. Loganathan
* J. Jayalalithaa
* S. R. Eradha
* V. M. C. V. Ganapathy
* R. V. Janakiraman
* K. Anbazhagan
* O. Panneerselvam
* A. M. H. Nazeem
* Vijayakant
* M. K. Stalin
* R. Siva
* Edappadi K. Palaniswami

Deputy leaders of the opposition|

* M. Karunanidhi
* K. Anbazhagan
* Su. Thirunavukkarasar
* K. A. Sengottaiyan
* Duraimurugan
* O. Panneerselvam
* Panruti S. Ramachandran
* Alagaapuram R. Mohanraj
* R. B. Udhayakumar

Others|

* Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu
* Cinema in Dravidian politics
* Dravidar Kazhagam
* Dravidian movement
* Dravidianism
* Rise of Dravidian parties
* Self-Respect Movement

* v
* t
* e

Political parties in India

National parties|

* Aam Aadmi Party
* Bahujan Samaj Party
* Bharatiya Janata Party
* Communist Party of India (Marxist)
* Indian National Congress
* National People's Party

State parties|

* AJSU Party
* All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
* All India Forward Bloc
* All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
* All India N.R. Congress
* All India United Democratic Front
* Apna Dal (Soneylal)
* Asom Gana Parishad
* Bharat Rashtra Samithi
* Biju Janata Dal
* Bodoland People's Front
* Communist Party of India
* Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation
* Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam
* Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
* Goa Forward Party
* Hill State People's Democratic Party
* Indian National Lok Dal
* Indian Union Muslim League
* Indigenous People's Front of Tripura
* Jammu and Kashmir National Conference
* Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party
* Janasena Party
* Janata Dal (Secular)
* Janata Dal (United)
* Jannayak Janta Party
* Janta Congress Chhattisgarh (J)
* Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
* Kerala Congress (M)
* Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)
* Maharashtra Navnirman Sena
* Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party
* Mizo National Front
* Naam Tamilar Katchi
* Naga People's Front
* Nationalist Congress Party
* Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar
* Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party
* People's Party of Arunachal
* People's Democratic Front
* Rashtriya Janata Dal
* Rashtriya Lok Janshakti Party
* Rashtriya Lok Samta Party
* Rashtriya Loktantrik Party
* Revolutionary Goans Party
* Revolutionary Socialist Party
* Samajwadi Party
* Shiromani Akali Dal
* Shiv Sena
* Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)
* Sikkim Democratic Front
* Sikkim Krantikari Morcha
* Telugu Desam Party
* Tipra Motha Party
* Trinamool Congress
* United Democratic Party
* United People's Party, Liberal
* Voice of the People Party
* Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi
* Yuvajana Sramika Rythu Congress Party
* Zoram Nationalist Party
* Zoram People's Movement

Unrecognized
parties|

* Ahila India Naadalum Makkal Katchi
* All India Rajakulathor Peravai
* Akali Dal (Waris Punjab De)
* Ambedkarite Party of India
* Amma Makkal Munnettra Kazagam
* Gana Suraksha Party
* Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
* Apna Dal
* Azad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)
* Bahujan Mukti Party
* Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh
* Bharatiya Tribal Party
* Communist Marxist Party
* Congress (Secular)
* Democratic Azad Party
* Democratic Socialist Party (Prabodh Chandra)
* Desiya Makkal Sakthi Katchi
* Goa Vikas Party
* Gondwana Ganatantra Party
* Gorkha Janmukti Morcha
* Hamro Sikkim Party
* Hindustan Janta Party
* Hindustani Awam Morcha
* Ikkjutt Jammu
* Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi
* Indian National League
* Jammu and Kashmir Apni Party
* Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference
* Jammu and Kashmir Workers Party
* Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)
* Jannayak Janta Party
* Jansatta Dal (Loktantrik)
* Jharkhand Party
* Karnataka Pragnyavantha Janatha Party
* Khun Hynniewtrep National Awakening Movement
* Kerala Congress (Balakrishna Pillai)
* Kerala Congress (Jacob)
* Kerala Congress (Thomas)
* Kongunadu Makkal Desia Katchi
* Lok Insaaf Party
* Loktantrik Janata Dal
* Mahan Dal
* Makkal Needhi Maiam
* Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
* Marxist Co-ordination Committee
* National Secular Conference
* NISHAD Party
* Pattali Makkal Katchi
* Puratchi Bharatham Katchi
* Puthiya Needhi Katchi
* Puthiya Tamilagam
* Raijor Dal
* Rashtriya Lok Morcha
* Rashtriya Samaj Paksha
* Republican Party of India (Athawale)
* Revolutionary Socialist Party of Kerala (Bolshevik)
* Revolutionary Socialist Party (Leninist)
* Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)
* Shiv Sangram
* Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)
* Sikkim National People's Party
* Social Democratic Party of India
* Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
* Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party
* Swabhimani Paksha
* Swatantra Bharat Paksh
* Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)
* Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam
* Tamizhaga Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam
* Tamizhaga Murpokku Makkal Katchi
* Telangana Jana Samithi
* Tipraha Indigenous Progressive Regional Alliance
* United Goans Democratic Party
* Uttarakhand Kranti Dal
* Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi
* Vikassheel Insaan Party
* Welfare Party of India

* v
* t
* e

Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance

Members|

| National parties|

* Communist Party of India (Marxist)
* Indian National Congress

|

State parties|

* All India Trinamool Congress
* Bharat Adivasi Party
* Communist Party of India
* Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation
* Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
* Indian Union Muslim League
* Jammu & Kashmir National Conference
* Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party
* Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
* Kerala Congress (Joseph)
* Kerala Congress (M)
* Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)
* Rashtriya Loktantrik Party
* Rashtriya Janata Dal
* Revolutionary Socialist Party
* Peasants and Workers Party of India
* Samajwadi Party
* Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)
* Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi

Unrecognised parties|

* All India Forward Bloc
* Anchalik Gana Morcha
* Assam Jatiya Parishad
* Goa Forward Party
* Kongunadu Makkal Desia Katchi
* Makkal Needhi Maiam
* Manithaneya Makkal Katchi
* Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
* Raijor Dal
* Vikassheel Insaan Party

Leaders|

* Mallikarjun Kharge
* Sonia Gandhi
* Rahul Gandhi
* Akhilesh Yadav
* Lalu Prasad Yadav
* Sharad Pawar
* Arvind Kejriwal
* Mamata Banerjee
* Uddhav Thackeray
* Hemant Soren
* M. K. Stalin
* Vaiko
* Hanuman Beniwal
* Dipankar Bhattacharya
* K. M. Kader Mohideen
* Farooq Abdullah
* Mehbooba Mufti
* Rajkumar Roat
* P. J. Joseph
* Doraisamy Raja
* Jose K. Mani
* Jayant Prabhakar Patil
* G. Devarajan
* Manoj Bhattacharya
* Sitaram Yechury
* Akhil Gogoi
* Thol. Thirumavalavan
* Krishna Patel
* E. R. Eswaran
* Vijai Sardesai
* Lurinjyoti Gogoi
* M. H. Jawahirullah
* Ajit Kumar Bhuyan
* Mukesh Sahni
* Kamal Haasan

Member fronts|

* Maha Vikas Aghadi
* Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)
* Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)
* Secular Progressive Alliance
* United Democratic Front

Candidates by election|

2024
*[transl.]: translation
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*[MoS]: Minister of State