Drug policy of China

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The People's Republic of China has a zero-tolerance policy on drugs, and uses various methods to carry out nationwide anti-drug publicity and education and popularize anti-drug attitudes. The main purpose is to increase citizens' pharmacophobia towards illegal drugs and awareness of drug-related harm. Other policy goals include educating the public security bureau to combat drug-related crimes, building an effective mechanism for the whole society to prevent drug abuse, and minimising the proportion of new drug addicts. Rehabilitating people addicted to drugs is a stated policy goal, but current rehabilitative strategies are often ineffective, with drug use relapse as high at 80-95%.[1]

China's staunch anti-drug stance is heavily influenced by the Opium War.[citation needed] Criticism of China's anti-drug policies is that they prevent medical research into the therapeutic uses of drugs. Drugs with accepted medical indications elsewhere (e.g., MDMA, amphetamine) may be completely banned in China and not subjected to medical research.

## Policies

[edit]

### Eliminate drugs at their source

[edit]

The Chinese government has made banning the cultivation of original drug plants a priority, and the National Narcotics Control Commission (Chinese: 国家麻醉品管制委员会) deploys nationwide efforts to eradicate drugs every year. Local governments in key mountainous and forested areas organize personnel to investigate and monitor the illegal cultivation of original drug plants in mountainous and forested areas every year. In 2008, a total of 62,000 drug crime cases were solved, 74,000 suspects were arrested, and 4.4 tons of heroin, 6.2 tons of methamphetamine and tablets, 1.078 million ecstasy pills, 5.3 tons of ketamine, 2.2 tons of marijuana, 1.4 tons of opium, and 0.8 tons of cocaine were seized. 3.779 million poppy plants and 308,000 marijuana plants were eradicated.[2]

### Prevent the entry of foreign drugs

[edit]

China Customs cooperates with overseas law enforcement agencies to strictly prevent foreign drugs from entering China. Since 2022, China Customs has opened and investigated 1,037 drug smuggling cases, and seized 5.3 tons of various drugs such as cocaine and methamphetamine.[3]

Between 2013 and 2023, the China Coast Guard confiscated a total of 9.875 tonnes of drugs.[4]

Cocaine

China actively supports and promotes sub-regional anti-drug cooperation activities initiated by the United Nations. China continues to strengthen bilateral and multilateral international anti-drug cooperation with foreign countries. Over the years, China has carried out various forms of anti-drug intelligence exchange, training and law enforcement cooperation with the United States, Canada, Japan, France, Australia, Thailand, Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia and other countries.[5] Since 1996, China has also successively established a liaison officer system for anti-drug law enforcement cooperation in border areas with Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam, Russia and other countries. The police forces of China and the United States, Canada, Japan, South Korea and other countries have jointly cracked down on drug trafficking cases on many occasions through international anti-drug intelligence exchanges and judicial assistance, effectively combating transnational drug criminal activities.[6]

Chinese Customs has arrested drug smuggling cases over the years  | 2018  | 2019  | 2020  | 2022-2023.5

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Number of cases caught(pieces)  | 596 | 735 | 610 | 1037
Total weight of drugs seized (tons)  | 4.61 | 2.77 | 1.6 | 5.3

## Education

[edit]

Anti-drug publicity and education have been described as the fundamental solution to the anti-drug work.[7] China actively engages various societal sectors in its anti-drug initiatives. This includes collaboration between education, civil affairs, industry, commerce, trade unions, the Communist Youth League, and the Women's Federation. These groups work with anti-drug and publicity departments at all levels to conduct a range of activities, such as knowledge competitions, lectures, photo exhibitions, and public campaigns to raise awareness about drug abuse.

The second is to promote anti-drug education in classrooms and families. Some local schools have incorporated anti-drug education into the legal education system, arranging corresponding class hours each semester, combining knowledge of chemistry, biology and other subjects, and using modern information methods to teach, so that students can master the knowledge of the dangers of drugs.[8]

The Chinese government believes that schools are an important place for drug prevention education and one of the most effective factors for reducing drug use among young people. Drug abuse prevention education in schools aims to improve students' ability to identify and refuse drugs. School students who have used drugs face discrimination and may be barred from entering schools. Chinese state propaganda states that schools should make "anti-drug education" an important part of students' moral education in teaching courses, and should implement drug prevention theme education for primary and secondary school students.[9]

There are numerous criticisms of China's anti-drug education policies. "Anti-drug education" has been criticised for ignoring evidence-based strategies in favour of ideological approaches. The use of fear-based approaches can erode trust if participants encounter evidence that contradicts these exaggerated claims, leading them to dismiss all information provided and contributing to less healthy drug-taking practices. The use of the "gateway drug" theory, that using "soft" drugs like cannabis inevitably leads to harder drugs like heroin or cocaine has been widely criticised as overly simplistic and not supported by evidence. By portraying drug users negatively, anti-drug programs may perpetuate stigma, making it harder for people to seek help for addiction or related issues. Anti-drug education often takes a moralistic approach, implying that drug use is inherently immoral rather than addressing social, psychological, or medical factors that contribute to drug use. Many programs present drugs in binary terms, labelling them as universally bad and failing to address the complexity of drug use, including potential medical benefits of some substances.

## Macro perspectives

[edit]

The effective management of drug crimes is related to national security. For a long time, China has adopted an anti-drug criminal policy of heavy penalties and severe penalties. In the context of the high cost and heavy burden of anti-drug justice, the current anti-drug criminal policy of severe punishment has failed to fully maximize the performance of drug crime governance: On the one hand, although the number of drug crime cases has been declining in recent years; the total number is still large; on the other hand, although the growth rate of drug addicts has slowed down, the number is still very large.[10]

### Economic perspective

[edit]

* Low criminalization standards excessively occupy judicial resources

According to Article 347 of the "Criminal Law" of the People's Republic of China, Smuggling, selling, transporting, and manufacturing drugs, regardless of the quantity, should be investigated for criminal responsibility and given criminal penalties.[11] Therefore, many minor drug cases consume a lot of judicial resources of the anti-drug judicial organs.

### Social and humanistic perspective

[edit]

Understanding the essential characteristics of drug addicts and the phenomenon of drug abuse. In traditional concepts, drug addicts are often positioned as "bad guys" and "lawbreakers" and are ostracized by the entire society and punished by the law. After the promulgation of the Anti-Drug Law, drug addicts were given the triple role status of "offender", "patient" and "victim".[12]

In China, police officers at drug rehabilitation centers have developed comprehensive drug rehabilitation education content for drug addicts, including classroom teaching, physical rehabilitation training, psychological crisis intervention, vocational and technical training, auxiliary education activities, etc. It allows drug addicts to not only get rid of drug addiction, rebuild their confidence in a positive and healthy life, but also learn vocational skills to lay a solid foundation for returning to society.[13]

### Legal perspective

[edit]

China has formulated a criminal policy to combat drug crimes with criminal law as the core. Be very tough on drug manufacturers and traffickers. Anyone with more than 1 kilogram of opium or 50 grams of heroin will be sentenced to death.[14]

## See also

[edit]

* Cannabis in China
* Illegal drug trade in China
* Shanghai Drug Abuse Treatment Centre

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Ruan, Songli; Wang, Xin; Zhao, Chengjia; Li, Qian; Li, Wing Ming; Zhang, Guohua; Pan, Jianshe; Yang, Xue (2024-01-04). "Psychosocial Correlates of Motivation for Abstinence Among People Who Used Drugs After Community Rehabilitation Treatment in China: A Structural Equation Modelling". Psychology Research and Behavior Management. 17: 39–50\. doi:10.2147/PRBM.S440876. PMC 10773245. PMID 38192274.
2. ^ 潘, 娟; 邹, 舟 (2010). "我国禁毒政策的沿革与发展" [The evolution and development of my country's anti-drug policy]. 云南省政法干部学校云南大学法学院. 25 (3): 16–22\. "2008年共破获毒品犯罪案件6.2万起，抓获犯罪嫌疑人7.4万名，缴获海洛因4.4吨、冰毒及片剂6.2吨、摇头丸 107.8万粒、氯胺酮5.3 吨、大麻2.2吨、鸦片1.4吨、可卡因0.8吨，铲除罂粟 377.9万株、大麻30.8万株。"
3. ^ "筑牢国门防线 海关缉毒取得新成效--经济·科技--人民网" [Building a solid defense line at the national border and customs anti-narcotics achieved new results--Economy·Technology--People's Daily Online]. finance.people.com.cn. Retrieved 2023-10-11. "2022年以来，共立案侦办走私毒品犯罪案件1037起，查获可卡因、冰毒等各类毒品5.3吨。"
4. ^ He, Linping; Lin, Zuoer (2023-07-17). Liu, Yang (ed.). "献身使命的新时代海疆卫士——追记广东汕尾海警局执法员汪晓龙烈士". Xinhua News Agency.
5. ^ Zhuang, Shengchun. "中美等24国联手打击跨国毒品犯罪 国际合作不断推进" [24 countries including China and the United States join forces to combat transnational drug crimes, and international cooperation continues to advance]. china.cnr.cn. Retrieved 2023-10-30. "近年来，我国不断深化与其他国家的国际禁毒合作工作。中国国家禁毒委员会办公室有关负责人近日与来自美国、日本、阿富汗等23个国家的驻华使馆警务联络官和外交官在京联合召开会议，宣布正式启动"合力-2012"打击跨国毒品犯罪联合行动。"
6. ^ "《中国的禁毒》白皮书" ["China's Anti-Drug" White Paper]. www.cctv.com. Retrieved 2023-10-30.
7. ^ Li, Caizao (2021). "禁毒宣传教育在宣传方面存在的问题及对策" [Problems and Countermeasures in Propaganda of Anti-drug Publicity and Education]. 休闲 (27): 1. "我国运用各种方式进行全民禁毒宣传教育,普及毒品预防知识,其主要目的就是加强公民的禁毒意识,提升公民自觉禁止毒品危害的水平。进行全面禁毒宣传教育都一项主要任务就是普及毒品预防知识,揭破吸毒对个人、家庭、社会的严重危害,加强全民特别是青少年的禁毒意识,教育公安局与毒品违法犯罪行为作斗争,构建全社会预防毒品侵害的有效机制。把新增吸毒人员的比例减到最低。能够讲,以预防教育为主要任务的禁毒宣传教育工作是禁毒工作的治本之策,其效果一举两得。"
8. ^ 倪, 彤 (2012). "中美青少年禁毒教育模式浅探及比较思考" [A brief exploration and comparative reflection on anti-drug education models for adolescents in China and the United States]. 教育教学论坛. "我国目前采取的措施主要有如下几种 ：一是动员全
社会 力量参与 。我 国充分发挥 教育 、民政 、工商 、工会 、共青团、妇联等社会成员单位的合力作用 ，以知识竞赛 、专题讲座 、图片展览、街头宣传等形式多样的活动，积极配合各级禁毒部门和宣传部门定期开展宣传活动。二是推进禁毒教育进课堂、进家庭 。一些地方学校把禁毒教育纳入法制教育体系，每学期安排相应课时，结合化学、生物等学科知识，使用现代化信息手段进行教学授课 ，从而使学 生掌握毒 品危 害的知识 ，进一步 了学中，很多教师重视结论 ，轻视过程 ，走的是一条形而上的捷径，把推导知识的形成过程变成了刻板的背诵条文 ，在强调死记 硬背的过程中忽视 了对 于学生智力的开发。强调过程，就是强调学生要在探索未知的经历中获得新知识的体验过程。它能够让学生在探究的过程 中培养各方 面的能力 ，这样得 到 的数学知识也会更加牢固。诚然 ，在探索新知的过程 中最需要注意 的就是要把握好时间，切忌那种大撒手式的探究方式 ，学生花费了时间不说，还没有有效结果的产生。"
9. ^ "国际禁毒日 | 小心！有"毒"勿沾！" [International Day Against Drug Abuse | Beware! Don't touch it if it's "poisonous"! _The Paper·Government Affairs_The Paper News-The Paper]. www.thepaper.cn. Retrieved 2023-12-18. "中国认为学校是毒品预防教育的重要场所，是控制青少年新吸毒人员滋生的最有效防线之一。
学校的吸毒预防教育，旨在培养学生抵抗毒品侵袭的心理素质，提高学生识别毒品、拒绝毒品的能力。学校要在教学课程中把"禁毒教育"作为学生德育教育的重要内容，要把中小学生毒品预防主题教育落到实处，常抓不懈，警钟长鸣，使学生时时处处自觉地加以防范。进一步建立良好的校风、校纪，使学生在优良传统、优良秩序、优雅环境和优质教育中健康成长。"
10. ^ 苏, 青 (2022年). "我国毒品问题治理政策的回顾与展望——以毒品治理现代化为基点" [Review and Prospect of my country's Drug Problem Governance Policies—Based on the Modernization of Drug Governance]. 《郑州轻工业大学学报（社会科学版）》 Journal of Zhengzhou University of Light Industry (Social Science Edition)" (第1期). "毒品犯罪治理的有效管理关系到国家安全。长期以来，中国采取了重罚严惩的禁毒刑事政策。在禁毒司法成本高、负担重的背景下，当前的严厉处罚的禁毒刑事政策未能充分发挥毒品犯罪治理的绩效：一方面，尽管近年来毒品犯罪案件数量有所下降，但总量仍然很大；另一方面，尽管吸毒人员的增长率有所放缓，但数量依然非常庞大。"
11. ^ 王, 尚新. "关于刑法情节显著轻微规定的思考" [Thoughts on the obviously minor provisions of criminal law] (PDF). 法学研究. 第5期 (2001年). "根据《中华人民共和国刑法》第三百四十七条规定，走私、贩卖、运输、制造毒品，无论数量多少，都应当追究刑事责任，予以刑事处罚。According to Article 347 of the "Criminal Law" of the People's Republic of China, smuggling, selling, transporting, and manufacturing drugs, regardless of the quantity, should be investigated for criminal responsibility and given criminal penalties."
12. ^ Lin, Mengchang (2014). "四川省推行"戒毒者生活导师计划"研究" [Research on the implementation of the "Life Mentor Program for Drug Rehabilitation" in Sichuan Province]. 犯罪与改造研究 (2): 4. "对吸毒者本质特征和吸毒现象的认识 在传统的观念中,吸毒者往往被定位于"坏人"和"违法者"的角色,受到整个社会的排斥和法律的惩戒.《禁毒法》颁布后,吸毒者被重新赋予"违法者"、"病人"、"受害者"的三重角色身份."
13. ^ "女子戒毒所里的技能培训：为回归社会攒下信心-中新网" [Skills training in women's drug rehabilitation centers: Building confidence for returning to society-China News]. www.chinanews.com.cn. Retrieved 2023-12-18. "戒毒所的民警为她们制定了全方位的戒毒教育内容，包含课堂化教学、体能康复训练、心理危机干预、职业技术培训、辅助教育主题活动等等。让戒毒人员既戒除毒瘾，重塑积极健康的生活信心，还能学会职业技能，为回归社会打好基础。"
14. ^ "【国际禁毒日】最高判死刑！关于毒品的这些题你都会答吗？" [[International Anti-Drug Day] The maximum penalty is death! Can you answer these questions about drugs? _The Paper·Government Affairs_The Paper News-The Paper]. www.thepaper.cn. Retrieved 2023-12-18. "非法持有鸦片一千克以上、海洛因或者甲基苯丙胺五十克以上或者其他毒品数量大的，处七年以上有期徒刑或者无期徒刑，并处罚金"

* v
* t
* e

Recreational drug use

Major recreational drugs

| Depressants|

* Barbiturates
* Benzodiazepines
* Carbamates
* Ethanol (alcohol)
* Alcoholic beverage
* Beer
* Wine
* Gabapentinoids
* GHB
* Inhalants
* Medical
* Nitrous oxide (recreational use)
* Hazardous solvents
* contact adhesives
* Gasoline
* nail polish remover
* Paint thinner
* Other
* Freon
* Kava
* Nonbenzodiazepines
* Quinazolinones
* Quaaludes

|

Opioids|

* Buprenorphine
* Suboxone
* Subutex
* Codeine
* Lean
* Desomorphine
* Krokodil
* Dextropropoxyphene
* Darvocet
* Darvon
* Fentanyl
* Diamorphine
* Heroin
* Hydrocodone
* Hydromorphone
* Dilaudid
* Methadone
* Mitragyna speciosa
* Kratom
* Morphine
* Opium
* Oxycodone
* /paracetamol
* Tramadol

Stimulants|

* Amphetamine
* Arecoline
* Areca
* Betel
* Caffeine
* Coffee
* Energy drinks
* Tea
* Cathinone
* Khat
* Cocaine
* Coca
* Cocaine paste
* Crack
* Ephedrine
* Ephedra
* MDPV
* Mephedrone
* Methamphetamine
* Methylone
* Methylphenidate
* Modafinil
* Nicotine
* Polacrilex
* Salt
* Tobacco
* Theobromine
* Cocoa
* Chocolate

Entactogens|

* 2C series
* 6-APB
* Benzofury
* AMT
* MDA
* MDMA
* Ecstasy
* Molly

Hallucinogens|

| Psychedelics|

* 2C-B
* 25I-NBOMe
* 4-AcO-DMT
* 5-MeO-DMT
* Psychoactive toads
* Bufotenin
* Vilca
* Yopo
* DMT
* Ayahuasca
* LSA and iso-LSA
* Morning glory
* Ergot
* LSD
* Mescaline
* Peruvian torch
* Peyote
* San Pedro
* Psilocybin and psilocin
* Psilocybin mushrooms

|

Dissociatives|

* DXM (recreational use)
* Inhalants
* Nitrous oxide (recreational use)
* Ketamine
* MXE
* PCP

Deliriants|

* Atropine and Scopolamine
* Atropa belladonna
* Datura
* Hyoscyamus niger
* Mandragora officinarum
* Dimenhydrinate
* Diphenhydramine

Cannabinoids|

* THC
* Cannabis (Marijuana)
* Hashish
* Hash oil
* Synthetic cannabinoids
* JWH-018
* APICA
* APINACA
* Spice

Others|

* Ibogaine
* Tabernanthe iboga
* Muscimol
* Amanita muscaria
* Oneirogens
* Calea zacatechichi
* Silene capensis
* Salvinorin A
* Salvia divinorum

Drug culture

| Cannabis culture|

* 420
* Cannabis consumption
* Cannabis cultivation
* Cannabis edible
* Cannabis rights
* Cannabis rights leaders
* List of cannabis rights organizations
* Cannabis smoking
* Cannabis Social Club
* Cannabis tea
* Cannabis vaping
* Head shop
* Legal history of cannabis in the United States
* Legality of cannabis
* Marijuana Policy Project
* Medical cannabis
* NORML
* Cannabis and religion
* Stoner film

|

Coffee culture|

* Coffee break
* Coffeehouse
* Latte art
* Teahouse

Drinking culture|

* Bartending
* Beer culture
* Beer festival
* Binge drinking
* Diethyl ether
* Drinking games
* Drinking song
* Happy hour
* Hip flask
* Nightclub
* Oktoberfest
* Pub
* Pub crawl
* Sommelier
* Sports bar
* Tailgate party
* Wine bar
* Wine tasting

Psychedelia|

* Psychonautics
* Art
* Drug
* Era
* Experience
* Literature
* Music
* Microdosing
* Smart shop
* Therapy
* Trip report

Smoking culture|

* Cigarette card
* Fashion cigarettes
* Cloud-chasing
* Loosie
* Smokeasy
* Smoking fetishism
* Tobacco smoking

Other|

* Chasing the dragon
* Club drug
* Counterculture of the 1960s
* Dance party
* Drug paraphernalia
* Drug tourism
* Entheogen
* Hippie
* Needle sharing
* Nootropic
* Party and play
* Poly drug use
* Rave
* Religion and drugs
* Self-medication
* Sex and drugs
* Urban legends about drugs
* Whoonga

Legality of drug use

| International|

* International drug control conventions
* 1961 Narcotic Drugs
* 1971 Psychotropic Substances
* 1988 Drug Trafficking
* Other treaties addressing drugs
* Law of the Sea Convention
* Convention Against Doping
* Council of the European Union decisions on designer drugs

|

State level|

* Drug policy
* Decriminalization
* Legalization
* Prohibition
* Regulation
* Supply reduction
* Policy reform
* Demand reduction
* Drug Policy Alliance
* Harm reduction
* Law Enforcement Action Partnership
* Liberalization
* Latin America
* Students for Sensible Drug Policy

Drug policy
by country|

* Australia
* Canada
* China
* Czech Republic
* Germany
* India
* Laos
* Netherlands
* Philippines
* Poland
* Portugal
* Romania
* Slovakia
* South Korea
* Soviet Union
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* United States
* Just Say No
* Office of National Drug Control Policy
* School district drug policies
* California
* Colorado
* Maryland
* Oregon
* Virginia
* United Kingdom

Drug legality|

* Alcohol legality
* Anabolic steroid legality
* Cannabis legality
* Cocaine legality
* Methamphetamine legality
* Psilocybin decriminalization in the U.S.
* Psilocybin mushrooms legality
* Salvia legality

Other|

* Arguments for and against drug prohibition
* Cannabis rights
* Capital punishment for drug trafficking
* Cognitive liberty
* Designer drug
* Drug court
* Drug possession
* Drug test
* Narc
* Politics of drug abuse
* War on drugs
* Mexican drug war
* Plan Colombia
* Philippine drug war
* Zero tolerance

Other

| Drug
production
and trade|

| Drug
production|

* Coca production in Colombia
* Drug precursors
* Opium production in Afghanistan
* Rolling meth lab

|

Drug trade|

* Illegal drug trade
* Afghanistan
* Aruba
* Australia
* Bangladesh
* Belize
* Benin
* Bhutan
* Bolivia
* Brazil
* Burma
* Cambodia
* Chile
* China
* Colombia
* Costa Rica
* Cuba
* Cyprus
* Dominican Republic
* El Salvador
* Estonia
* Finland
* Germany
* Haiti
* Honduras
* India
* Indian Ocean region
* Iran
* Italy
* Japan
* Kenya
* Kosovo
* Kyrgyzstan
* Laos
* Latin America
* Latvia
* Malaysia
* Mauritius
* Moldova
* Nigeria
* Norway
* Oman
* Panama
* Papua New Guinea
* Paraguay
* Philippines
* Poland
* Portugal
* Puerto Rico
* Russia
* Saint Kitts and Nevis
* Seychelles
* Slovakia
* South Africa
* South Korea
* Spain
* Suriname
* Switzerland
* Taiwan
* Thailand
* Turkey
* Turks and Caicos Islands
* United Arab Emirates
* United States
* Venezuela
* Darknet market
* Pharmaceutical distribution
* Beer shop
* Cannabis shop
* Liquor store
* Liquor license

Issues with
drug use|

* Abuse
* Addiction
* Date rape drug
* Dependence
* Driving impaired
* Drug harmfulness
* Effects of cannabis
* Drug-related crime
* Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
* Long-term effects of cannabis
* Neurotoxicity
* Overdose
* Passive smoking
* of tobacco or other substances

Harm reduction|

* Drug checking
* Drug legalization
* Drug rehabilitation
* Needle and syringe programmes
* Opioid replacement therapy
* Pharmacovigilance
* Reagent testing
* Regulation of therapeutic goods
* Responsible drug use
* Substance abuse prevention
* Supervised injection site
* Trip killer

Countries by
drug use|

* Alcohol consumption
* Cocaine use
* Cannabis
* Annual use
* Lifetime use
* Opiates use
* Tobacco consumption

* v
* t
* e

Drug laws, policies, and regulations

Aspects|

* Amnesty bin
* Drug checking
* Drug education
* Drug policy
* Drug prohibition
* Harm reduction
* Drug liberalization
* Latin America
* Get Your Drugs Tested
* Needle and syringe programmes
* Reagent testing
* Regulation of therapeutic goods
* Supervised injection site
* War on drugs

International law|

* Drug control treaties
* 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs
* changes in cannabis scheduling
* 1971 Vienna Convention on Psychotropic Substances
* 1988 UN Convention on Illicit Trafficking
* Other treaties addressing drugs
* Law of the Sea Convention
* Convention Against Doping
* Convention on the Rights of the Child

By country|

| Africa|

* Nigeria

|

Asia|

* Bangladesh
* China
* India
* Laos
* Philippines
* South Korea

Europe|

* Cannabis in Malta
* Czech Republic
* Germany
* Netherlands
* Poland
* Portugal
* Romania
* Slovakia
* Soviet Union
* Sweden
* United Kingdom

North America|

* Canada (cannabis)
* United States (alcohol, cannabis, harm reduction, psilocybin)
* Mexico (cannabis)

Listings by country|

* Drug and precursor laws by country or territory
* Alcohol (absinthe, consumption, moonshine)
* Anabolic steroid
* Areca nut
* Ayahuasca
* Benzodiazepine
* Caffeine
* Cannabis
* Cocaine
* DMT
* Ibogaine
* Kava
* Khat
* LSD
* MDMA
* Mephedrone
* MDPV
* Methylone
* Methamphetamine
* Mitragyna speciosa (also known as kratom)
* Opium
* Psilocybin
* Psychoactive Amanita
* Psychoactive cacti
* Salvia divinorum
* Tobacco

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