Drug policy of India

Overview of the drug policy of India

The major drug laws of India are the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act (1985) and the Prevention of Illicit Trafficking in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act (1988).

## Legal Background

[edit]

### Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act

[edit]

Main article: Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act (India)

The Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act of 1985 was introduced in the Lok Sabha on 23 August 1985. It was passed by both the Houses of Parliament and received presidential assent on 16 September 1985. It came into force on 14 November 1985 as the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985 (shortened to NDPS Act). Under the NDPS Act, it is illegal for a person to produce/manufacture/cultivate, possess, sell, purchase, transport, store, and/or consume any narcotic drug or psychotropic substance.

Under one of the provisions of the act, the Narcotics Control Bureau was set up with effect from March 1986. The Act is designed to fulfill India's treaty obligations under the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, Convention on Psychotropic Substances, and United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances. The Act has been amended three times - in 1988, 2001, and most recently in 2014.

The 2014 Amendment recognizes the need for pain relief as an important obligation of the government. It creates a class of medicines called Essential Narcotic Drugs (ENDs). Power for legislation on ENDs has been shifted from the state governments to the central governments so that the whole country now can have a uniform law covering these medicines which are needed for pain relief.[1][2][3]

Subsequently, NDPS rules which would be applicable to all states and union territories has been announced by the government of India in May 2015.[4] It also has included 6 drugs namely Morphine, Fentanyl, Methadone, Oxycodone, Codeine and Hydrocodone.[5] According to these rules, there is a single agency - the state drug controller - who can approve recognised medical institutions (RMI) for stocking and dispensing ENDs, without the need for any other licences. The RMIs are obliged to ensure proper documentation and to submit annual consumption statistics to the drug controller of the state.

The Act extends to the whole of India and it applies also to all Indian citizens outside India and to all persons on ships and aircraft registered in India.

A proposal to amend the NDPS Act via a Private Member's Bill was announced by Dr. Dharamvira Gandhi MP in November 2016. Dr. Gandhi's bill would legalise marijuana and opium.[6]

### Prevention of Illicit Trafficking in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act

[edit]

The Prevention of Illicit Trafficking in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act is a drug control law passed in 1988 by the Parliament of India. It was established to enable the full implementation and enforcement of the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act of 1985.

## Enforcement

[edit]

The Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB) serves as the apex coordinating agency for drug law enforcement in India, focusing primarily on inter-state and international drug trafficking. At the local level, state police departments act as the primary enforcement bodies, while state excise departments, sometimes referred to as prohibition enforcement departments, concentrate on regulating the production, distribution, and sale of controlled substances. The Narco-Coordination Centre (NCORD), under Ministry of Home Affairs facilitates essential coordination among these diverse agencies, enhancing the efficacy of India's overall drug control strategy.

### Narcotics Control Bureau

[edit]

Main article: Narcotics Control Bureau

The Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB) is the chief law enforcement and intelligence agency of India responsible for fighting drug trafficking and the abuse of illegal substances.[7][8] It was created on 17 March 1986 to enable the full implementation of the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act (1985) and fight its violation through the Prevention of Illicit Trafficking in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act (1988).[8] Federal agencies, including the Border Security Force (BSF), Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP), Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB), and Assam Rifles, Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) are responsible for combating illicit drug trafficking across India's borders, seaport and airports. The Railway Protection Force (RPF) targets drug trafficking via railways, while the Indian Coast Guard and Customs Department play vital roles in intercepting contraband at sea and through ports of entry.

## Punishment

[edit]

Anyone who contravenes the NDPS Act will face punishment based on the quantity of the banned substance.

* where the contravention involves small quantity (<1 kg), with rigorous imprisonment for a term which may extend to 6 months, or with fine which may extend to ₹10,000 or with both;
* where the contravention involves quantity lesser than commercial quantity but greater than small quantity, with rigorous imprisonment for a term which may extend to 10 years and with fine which may extend to ₹1 lakh;
* where the contravention involves commercial quantity, with rigorous imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than 10 years but which may extend to 20 years and shall also be liable to fine which shall not be less than ₹1 lakh but which may extend to ₹2 lakh.

## Controlled substances

[edit]

The following list mentions the names of all substances banned or controlled in India under the NDPS Act. The list uses the International Nonproprietary Name (INN) of the drugs but in some cases mentions drugs by their chemical name. Widely known drugs such as ganja, cocaine, heroin etc. are mentioned by those names.

Cultivation/production/manufacture, possession, sale, purchase, transport, storage, consumption or distribution of any of the following substances, except for medical and scientific purposes and as per the rules or orders and conditions of licences that may be issued, is illegal.[9]

### List of controlled substances

[edit]

1. Acetorphine
2. Acetyl-alpha-methylfentanyl
3. Acetyldihydrocodeine
4. Acetylmethadol
5. Alfentanil
6. Allobarbital
7. Allylprodine
8. Alpha-Methyl-4-methylthiophenethylamine
9. Alphacetylmethadol
10. Alphameprodine
11. Alphamethadol
12. Alpha-methylfentanyl
13. Alpha-methylthiofentanyl
14. Alphaprodine
15. Alprazolam
16. Amfepramone
17. Aminorex
18. Amobarbital
19. Anileridine
20. Benzethidine
21. Benzyl morphine
22. Betacetylmethadol
23. Beta-hydroxyfentanyl
24. Beta-hydroxy-3-methylfentanyl
25. Betameprodine
26. Betamethadol
27. Betaprodine
28. Bezitramide
29. Cannabis and cannabis resin (includes Hashish and Charas)
30. Clonitazene
31. Coca derivatives
32. Coca leaf
33. Cocaine
34. Codeine
35. Codoxime
36. Concentrate of poppy straw
37. Desomorphine
38. Dextromoramide
39. Dextropropoxyphene
40. Diampromide
41. Diethylthiambutene
42. Difenoxin
43. Dihydrocodeine
44. Dihydromorphine
45. Dihydroxydihydromorphinone
46. Dimenoxadol
47. Dimepheptanol
48. Dimethylthiambutene
49. Dioxaphetyl butyrate
50. Diphenoxylate
51. Dipipanone
52. Drotebanol
53. Ecgonine
54. Ethylmethylthiambutene
55. Ethylmorphine
56. Etonitazene
57. Etorphine
58. Etoxeridine
59. Fentanyl
60. Furethidine
61. Ganja
62. Heroin
63. Hydrocodone
64. Hydromorphinol
65. Hydromorphone
66. Hydroxypethidine
67. Isomethadone
68. Ketobemidone
69. Levomethorphan
70. Levomoramide
71. Levophenacylmorphan
72. Levorphanol
73. Metazocine
74. Methadone
75. Methadone intermediate
76. Methyldihydromorphine
77. Methyldihydromorphine
78. 3-Methylfentanyl
79. 3-Methylthiofentanyl
80. Metopon
81. Moramide intermediate
82. Morpheridine
83. Morphine
84. Morphine methobromide
85. Morphine-N-oxide
86. MPPP
87. Myrophine
88. N-cyclopropyl methyl-7,8-dihydro-7-(1-hydroxy-1 methyl-ethyl) O-methyl-6,14-endoethanonormorphine
89. Nicocodine
90. Nicodicodine
91. Nicomorphine
92. Noracymethadol
93. Norcodeine
94. Norlevorphanol
95. Normethadone
96. Normorphine
97. Norpipanone
98. Opium
99. Opium derivatives
100. Oxycodone
101. Oxymorphone
102. Para-fluorofentanyl
103. PEPAP
104. Pethidine
105. Pethidine intermediate A
106. Pethidine intermediate B
107. Pethidine intermediate C
108. Phenadoxone
109. Phenampromide
110. Phenazocine
111. Phenomorphan
112. Phenoperidine
113. Pholcodine
114. Piminodine
115. Piritramide
116. Poppy straw
117. Preparations made from the extract or tincture of Indian hemp
118. Proheptazine
119. Properidine
120. Propiram
121. Racemethorphan
122. Racemoramide
123. Racemorphan
124. Sufentanil
125. Thebacon
126. Thebaine
127. Thiofentanyl
128. Tilidine
129. Tobacco
130. Trimeperidine
131. Brolamfetamine
132. Cathinone
133. 3-[2-(diethylamino)ethyl]indole (N,N-Diethyltryptamine)
134. (+)-2,5-dimethoxy-alpha-methylphenethylamine
135. 3-(1,2-dimethylheptyl)-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-6,6,9-trimethyl-6H-dibenzo(b,d)pyran-1-ol
136. 3-[2-(dimethylamino) ethyl] indole (N,N-Dimethyltryptamine)
137. (+)-4-ethyl-1,5-dimethoxy-alpha-phenethylamine
138. Eticyclidine
139. Etryptamine
140. (+)-Lysergide
141. (+)-N,alpha-dimethyl-3,4-(methylenedioxy)phenethylamine
142. 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine
143. Methcathinone
144. (+)-cis-2-amino-4-methyl-5-phenyl-2-oxazoline
145. 2-methoxy-alpha-methyl-4,5-phenethylamine
146. (±)-N-ethyl-alpha-methyl-3,4-(methylenedioxy)phenethylamine
147. (±)-N-(alpha-methyl-3,4-(methylenedioxy)phenethyl) hydroxylamine
148. 3-hexy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-6,6,9-trimethyl-6H-dibenzo(b,d)pyran-1-ol
149. p-methoxy-alpha-methylphenethylamine
150. 3-(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)indol-4-ol
151. Psilocybine
152. Rolicyclidine
153. 2,5-dimethoxy-alpha,4-dimethylphenethylamine
154. Tenamfetamine
155. Tenocyclidine
156. (+)-3,4,5-trimethoxy-alpha-methyphenethylamine
157. 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphen Dexamfetamine
158. Fenetylline
159. Levamfetamine
160. (x)-N,alpha-dimethylphenethylamine
161. Mecloqualone
162. Metamfetamine
163. Metamfetamine (racemate)
164. Methaqualone
165. Methylphenidate
166. Phencyclidine
167. Phenmetrazine
168. Secobarbital
169. Dronabinol
170. Zipeprol
171. Buprenorphine
172. Butalbital
173. Cathine
174. Cyclobarbital
175. Flunitrazepam
176. Glutethimide
177. Pentazocine
178. Pentobarbital
179. Benzfetamine
180. Bromazepam
181. 5-butyl-5ric acid
182. Brotizolam
183. Camazepam
184. Chlordiazepoxide
185. Clobazam
186. Clonazepam
187. Clorazepate
188. Clotiazepam
189. Cloxazolam
190. Delorazepam
191. Diazepam
192. Estazolam
193. Ethchlorvynol
194. Ethinamate
195. Ethylloflazepate
196. Etilamfetamine
197. Fencamfamin
198. Fenproporex
199. Fludiazepam
200. Flurazepam
201. gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid
202. Halazepam
203. Haloxazolam
204. Ketazolam
205. Lefetamine
206. Loprazolam
207. Lorazepam
208. Lormetazepam
209. Mazindol
210. Medazepam
211. Mefenorex
212. Meprobamate
213. Mesocarb
214. Methylphenobarbital
215. Methyprylon
216. Midazolam
217. Nimetazepam
218. Nitrazepam
219. Nordazepam
220. Oxazepam
221. Oxazolam
222. Pemoline
223. Phendimetrazine
224. Phenobarbital
225. Phentermine
226. Pinazepam
227. Pipradrol
228. Prazepam
229. Pyrovalerone
230. Secbutabarbital
231. Temazepam
232. Tetrazepam
233. Triazolam
234. Vinylbital
235. Zolpidem
236. Ketamine
237. Tramadol[10]

* Any mixture or preparation that of with or without a neutral material, of any of the above drugs.
* The following isomers and their stereochemical variants:

* 7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-6,6,9-trimethyl-3-pentyl-6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyran-1-ol (9R,10aR)-8,9,10,10a-trtrahydro-6,6,9-trimethyl-3-pentyl-6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyan-1-ol
* (6aR,9R,10aR)-6a,9,10,10-a- tetrahydro-6,6,9-tremthyl-3-penthyl-6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyran-1-ol
* (6aR,10aR)-6a,7,10,10a- tetrahydro-6,6,9-tremthyl-3-penthyl-6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyran-1-ol
* 6a,7,8,9-tetrahydro-6,6,9-trimethyl-3-pentyl-6h-dibenzo[b,d]pyran-1-ol
* (6aR,10aR)-6a,7,8,9,10,10a-hexahydro-6, 6-dimethyl-9-methylene 3-pentyl-6H-dibenxo[b,d]pyran-1-ol

Source: Narcotics Control Bureau

## See also

[edit]

* Legal opium production in India
* Cannabis in India
* Bhang
* Schedule X
* Schedule H
* Temperance movement in India
* Drug addiction in Jammu and Kashmir

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "Acts & Rules". Central Bureau of Narcotics. Retrieved 6 March 2017.
2. ^ "NDPS Amendment Act 2014" (PDF). Central Bureau of Narcotics. Retrieved 6 March 2017.
3. ^ "Department of Revenue Gazette Notification: NDPS Rules" (PDF). Central Bureau of Narcotics. Retrieved 6 March 2017.
4. ^ "Department of Revenue Gazette Notification: NDPS Rules 2015" (PDF). Central Bureau of Narcotics. Retrieved 6 March 2017.
5. ^ "Department of Revenue Gazette Notification: Essential Narcotic Drugs" (PDF). Central Bureau of Narcotics. Retrieved 6 March 2017.
6. ^ "Bill for legalised supply of opium, marijuana cleared for parliament". The Hindustan Times. 2 November 2016. Retrieved 5 November 2016.
7. ^ "Narcotics Control Bureau". National Informatics Center. Archived from the original on 10 April 2009. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
8. ^ a b Narcotics Control Bureau - Ministry of Finance (PDF) (Report). National Informatics Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
9. ^ "drug-laws" (PDF). Retrieved 1 November 2017.
10. ^ The Gazette of India, 26 April 2018.

## External links

[edit]

* Homepage of Narcotics Control Bureau
* Homepage of Central Bureau of Narcotics

* v
* t
* e

Recreational drug use

Major recreational drugs

| Depressants|

* Barbiturates
* Benzodiazepines
* Carbamates
* Ethanol (alcohol)
* Alcoholic beverage
* Beer
* Wine
* Gabapentinoids
* GHB
* Inhalants
* Medical
* Nitrous oxide (recreational use)
* Hazardous solvents
* contact adhesives
* Gasoline
* nail polish remover
* Paint thinner
* Other
* Freon
* Kava
* Nonbenzodiazepines
* Quinazolinones
* Quaaludes

|

Opioids|

* Buprenorphine
* Suboxone
* Subutex
* Codeine
* Lean
* Desomorphine
* Krokodil
* Dextropropoxyphene
* Darvocet
* Darvon
* Fentanyl
* Diamorphine
* Heroin
* Hydrocodone
* Hydromorphone
* Dilaudid
* Methadone
* Mitragyna speciosa
* Kratom
* Morphine
* Opium
* Oxycodone
* /paracetamol
* Tramadol

Stimulants|

* Amphetamine
* Arecoline
* Areca
* Betel
* Caffeine
* Coffee
* Energy drinks
* Tea
* Cathinone
* Khat
* Cocaine
* Coca
* Crack
* Ephedrine
* Ephedra
* MDPV
* Mephedrone
* Methamphetamine
* Methylone
* Methylphenidate
* Modafinil
* Nicotine
* Polacrilex
* Salt
* Tobacco
* Theobromine
* Cocoa
* Chocolate

Entactogens|

* 2C series
* 6-APB
* Benzofury
* AMT
* MDA
* MDMA
* Ecstasy
* Molly

Hallucinogens|

| Psychedelics|

* 2C-B
* 25I-NBOMe
* 4-AcO-DMT
* 5-MeO-DMT
* Psychoactive toads
* Bufotenin
* Vilca
* Yopo
* DMT
* Ayahuasca
* LSA and iso-LSA
* Morning glory
* Ergot
* LSD
* Mescaline
* Peruvian torch
* Peyote
* San Pedro
* Psilocybin and psilocin
* Psilocybin mushrooms

|

Dissociatives|

* DXM (recreational use)
* Inhalants
* Nitrous oxide (recreational use)
* Ketamine
* MXE
* PCP

Deliriants|

* Atropine and Scopolamine
* Atropa belladonna
* Datura
* Hyoscyamus niger
* Mandragora officinarum
* Dimenhydrinate
* Diphenhydramine

Cannabinoids|

* THC
* Cannabis (Marijuana)
* Hashish
* Hash oil
* Synthetic cannabinoids
* JWH-018
* APICA
* APINACA
* Spice

Others|

* Ibogaine
* Tabernanthe iboga
* Muscimol
* Amanita muscaria
* Oneirogens
* Calea zacatechichi
* Silene capensis
* Salvinorin A
* Salvia divinorum

Drug culture

| Cannabis culture|

* 420
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* Cannabis smoking
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* Marijuana Policy Project
* Medical cannabis
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* Cannabis and religion
* Stoner film

|

Coffee culture|

* Coffee break
* Coffeehouse
* Latte art
* Teahouse

Drinking culture|

* Bartending
* Beer culture
* Beer festival
* Binge drinking
* Diethyl ether
* Drinking games
* Drinking song
* Happy hour
* Hip flask
* Nightclub
* Oktoberfest
* Pub
* Pub crawl
* Sommelier
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Psychedelia|

* Psychonautics
* Art
* Drug
* Era
* Experience
* Literature
* Music
* Microdosing
* Smart shop
* Therapy
* Trip report

Smoking culture|

* Cigarette card
* Fashion cigarettes
* Cloud-chasing
* Loosie
* Smokeasy
* Smoking fetishism
* Tobacco smoking

Other|

* Chasing the dragon
* Club drug
* Counterculture of the 1960s
* Dance party
* Drug paraphernalia
* Drug tourism
* Entheogen
* Hippie
* Needle sharing
* Nootropic
* Party and play
* Poly drug use
* Rave
* Religion and drugs
* Self-medication
* Sex and drugs
* Urban legends about drugs
* Whoonga

Legality of drug use

| International|

* International drug control conventions
* 1961 Narcotic Drugs
* 1971 Psychotropic Substances
* 1988 Drug Trafficking
* Other treaties addressing drugs
* Law of the Sea Convention
* Convention Against Doping
* Council of the European Union decisions on designer drugs

|

State level|

* Drug policy
* Decriminalization
* Legalization
* Prohibition
* Regulation
* Supply reduction
* Policy reform
* Demand reduction
* Drug Policy Alliance
* Harm reduction
* Law Enforcement Action Partnership
* Liberalization
* Latin America
* Students for Sensible Drug Policy
* Transform Drug Policy Foundation

Drug policy
by country|

* Australia
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* Germany
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* Laos
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* Soviet Union
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* Switzerland
* United States
* Just Say No
* Office of National Drug Control Policy
* School district drug policies
* California
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* Virginia
* United Kingdom

Drug legality|

* Alcohol legality
* Anabolic steroid legality
* Cannabis legality
* Cocaine legality
* Methamphetamine legality
* Psilocybin decriminalization in the U.S.
* Psilocybin mushrooms legality
* Salvia legality

Other|

* Arguments for and against drug prohibition
* Cannabis rights
* Capital punishment for drug trafficking
* Cognitive liberty
* Designer drug
* Drug court
* Drug possession
* Drug test
* Narc
* Politics of drug abuse
* War on drugs
* Mexican drug war
* Plan Colombia
* Philippine drug war
* Zero tolerance

Other

| Drug
production
and trade|

| Drug
production|

* Coca production in Colombia
* Drug precursors
* Opium production in Afghanistan
* Rolling meth lab

|

Drug trade|

* Illegal drug trade
* Afghanistan
* Aruba
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* United Arab Emirates
* United States
* Venezuela
* Darknet market
* Pharmaceutical distribution
* Beer shop
* Cannabis shop
* Liquor store
* Liquor license

Issues with
drug use|

* Abuse
* Addiction
* Date rape drug
* Dependence
* Driving impaired
* Drug harmfulness
* Effects of cannabis
* Drug-related crime
* Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
* Long-term effects of cannabis
* Neurotoxicity
* Overdose
* Passive smoking
* of tobacco or other substances

Harm reduction|

* Drug checking
* Drug legalization
* Drug rehabilitation
* Needle and syringe programmes
* Opioid replacement therapy
* Pharmacovigilance
* Reagent testing
* Regulation of therapeutic goods
* Responsible drug use
* Substance abuse prevention
* Supervised injection site
* Trip killer

Countries by
drug use|

* Alcohol consumption
* Cocaine use
* Cannabis
* Annual use
* Lifetime use
* Opiates use
* Tobacco consumption

* v
* t
* e

Drug laws, policies, and regulations

Aspects|

* Amnesty bin
* Drug checking
* Drug education
* Drug policy
* Drug prohibition
* Harm reduction
* Drug liberalization
* Latin America
* Get Your Drugs Tested
* Needle and syringe programmes
* Reagent testing
* Regulation of therapeutic goods
* Supervised injection site
* War on drugs

International law|

* Drug control treaties
* 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs
* changes in cannabis scheduling
* 1971 Vienna Convention on Psychotropic Substances
* 1988 UN Convention on Illicit Trafficking
* Other treaties addressing drugs
* Law of the Sea Convention
* Convention Against Doping
* Convention on the Rights of the Child

By country|

| Africa|

* Nigeria

|

Asia|

* Bangladesh
* China
* India
* Laos
* Philippines
* South Korea

Europe|

* Cannabis in Malta
* Czech Republic
* Germany
* Netherlands
* Poland
* Portugal
* Romania
* Slovakia
* Soviet Union
* Sweden
* United Kingdom

North America|

* Canada (cannabis)
* United States (alcohol, cannabis, harm reduction, psilocybin)
* Mexico (cannabis)

Listings by country|

* Drug and precursor laws by country or territory
* Alcohol (absinthe, consumption, moonshine)
* Anabolic steroid
* Areca nut
* Ayahuasca
* Benzodiazepine
* Caffeine
* Cannabis
* Cocaine
* DMT
* Ibogaine
* Kava
* Khat
* LSD
* MDMA
* Mephedrone
* MDPV
* Methylone
* Methamphetamine
* Mitragyna speciosa (also known as kratom)
* Opium
* Psilocybin
* Psychoactive Amanita
* Psychoactive cacti
* Salvia divinorum
* Tobacco

* v
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Policies of India

* Drug
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* Exploration licensing
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