Dublin

Capital and largest city of Ireland

This article is about the capital of Ireland. For other uses, see Dublin (disambiguation).

Capital city in Leinster, Ireland

Dublin

Baile Átha Cliath (Irish)

Capital city

Dublin city skyline

Samuel Beckett Bridge

Convention Centre

Trinity College

O'Connell Bridge

The Custom House

Dublin Castle

Flag

Coat of arms

Nickname:

The Fair City

Motto(s):

Obedientia Civium Urbis Felicitas
"The obedience of the citizens produces a happy city"[1][2]
Alternatively translated as
"An obedient citizenry produces a happy city"[3]

Dublin

Location within Ireland

Show map of Ireland

Dublin

Location within Europe

Show map of Europe

Coordinates: 53°21′00″N 06°15′37″W﻿ / ﻿53.35000°N 6.26028°W﻿ / 53.35000; -6.26028
Country| Ireland
Province| Leinster
Region| Eastern and Midland
County| Dublin
Founded| Unknown[10]
Government

• Local authority| Dublin City Council
• Headquarters| Dublin City Hall
• Lord Mayor| Ray McAdam (Fine Gael)
• Dáil constituencies|

* Dublin Central
* Dublin Bay North
* Dublin North-West
* Dublin South-Central
* Dublin Bay South

• EP constituency| Dublin
Area

[4][5]

• Capital city

| 117.8 km2 (45.5 sq mi)
• Urban

| 345 km2 (133 sq mi)
Population

(2022)

• Capital city

| 592,713[6]
• Density| 5,032/km2 (13,030/sq mi)
• Urban

0(2024)

| 1,534,900[7]
• Urban density| 4,449/km2 (11,520/sq mi)
• Ethnicity[a]
(2022 census)[8]

Ethnic groups

* 76.82% White
* 64.24% White Irish
* 12.19% White Other
* 0.39% Irish Traveller
*   * 5.11% Asian / Asian Irish
*   * 1.58% Black / Black Irish
*   * 3.50% Other /
Mixed background
*   * 12.98% Not stated

Demonyms| Dubliner, Dub
GDP (Nominal, 2023)

[9]

• Urban| €248.323 billion
• Per capita| €165,405
Time zone| UTC+00:00 (GMT)
• Summer (DST)| UTC+01:00 (IST)
Eircode|

D01 to D18, D20, D22, D24 & D6W

Area code| 01 (+3531)
ISO 3166 code| IE-D
Website| Official website

Dublin[A] is the capital and largest city of Ireland.[12][13] Situated on Dublin Bay at the mouth of the River Liffey, it is in the province of Leinster, and is bordered on the south by the Dublin Mountains, part of the Wicklow Mountains range. Dublin is the largest city by population on the island of Ireland; at the 2022 census, the city council area had a population of 592,713, while the city including suburbs had a population of 1,263,219, County Dublin had a population of 1,501,500.[6][14][15] Various definitions of a metropolitan Greater Dublin Area exist.

A settlement was established in the area by the Gaels during or before the 7th century,[16] followed by the Vikings. As the Kingdom of Dublin grew, it became Ireland's principal settlement by the 12th century Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland.[16] The city expanded rapidly from the 17th century and was briefly the second largest in the British Empire and sixth largest in Western Europe after the Acts of Union in 1800.[17] Following independence in 1922, Dublin became the capital of the Irish Free State, renamed Ireland in 1937. As of 2018[update], the city was listed by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network (GaWC) as a global city, with a ranking of "Alpha minus", which placed it among the top thirty cities in the world.[18][19]

## Etymology

[edit]

See also: Other names of Dublin

The name Dublin comes from the Middle Irish Du(i)blind (literally "Blackpool"),[20] from dubh [d̪ˠuβˠ] "black, dark" and linn [l̠ʲin̠ʲ(dʲ)] "pool". This evolved into the Early Modern Irish form Du(i)bhlinn,[20] which was pronounced "Duílinn" [ˈd̪ˠiːlʲin̠ʲ] in the local dialect. The name refers to a dark tidal pool on the site of the castle gardens at the rear of Dublin Castle, where the River Poddle entered the Liffey.

The Middle Irish pronunciation is preserved in the names for the city in other languages such as Old English Difelin, Old Norse Dyflin, modern Icelandic Dyflinn and modern Manx Divlyn as well as Welsh Dulyn and Breton Dulenn. Other localities in Ireland also bear the name Duibhlinn, variously anglicised as Devlin,[21] Divlin[22] and Difflin.[23] Variations on the name are also found in traditionally Gaelic-speaking areas of Scotland, such as An Linne Dhubh ("the black pool"), which is part of Loch Linnhe.

It is now thought that the Viking settlement was preceded by a Christian ecclesiastical settlement known as Duibhlinn, from which Dyflin took its name.[24] Beginning in the 9th and 10th centuries, there were two settlements where the modern city stands. The Viking settlement of about 841, Dyflin, and a Gaelic settlement, Áth Cliath ("ford of hurdles")[25] further up the river, at the present-day Father Mathew Bridge (also known as Dublin Bridge), at the bottom of Church Street.

Baile Átha Cliath, meaning "town of the hurdled ford", is the common name for the city in Modern Irish, which is often contracted to Bleá Cliath or Blea Cliath when spoken.[26] Áth Cliath is a place name referring to a fording point of the River Liffey near Father Mathew Bridge. Baile Átha Cliath was an early Christian monastery, believed to have been in the area of Aungier Street, currently occupied by Whitefriar Street Carmelite Church.

## History

[edit]

Main article: History of Dublin

For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Dublin.

The area of Dublin Bay has been inhabited by humans since prehistoric times; fish traps discovered from excavations during the construction of the Convention Centre Dublin indicate human habitation as far back as 6,000 years ago. Further traps were discovered closer to the old settlement of the city of Dublin on the south quays near St. James's Gate which also indicate mesolithic human activity.[27][28]

Ptolemy's map of Ireland, of about 140 AD, provides possibly the earliest reference to a settlement near Dublin. Ptolemy, the Greco-Roman astronomer and cartographer, called it Eblana polis (Ancient Greek: Ἔβλανα πόλις).[29]

A statue of a Viking on a longship in Dublin Father Mathew Bridge, also known as Dublin Bridge

Dublin celebrated its 'official' millennium in 1988, meaning the Irish government recognised 988 as the year in which the city was settled and that this first settlement would later become the city of Dublin.[30]

It is now thought[31] the Viking settlement of about 841 was preceded by a Christian ecclesiastical settlement known as Duibhlinn, from which Dyflin took its name. Evidence indicating that Anglo-Saxons occupied Dublin before the Vikings arrived in 841 has been found in an archaeological dig in Temple Bar.[32]

Beginning in the 9th and 10th centuries, there were two settlements which later became modern Dublin. The subsequent Scandinavian settlement centred on the River Poddle, a tributary of the Liffey in an area now known as Wood Quay. The Dubhlinn was a pool on the lowest stretch of the Poddle, where ships used to moor. This pool was finally fully infilled during the early 18th century, as the city grew. The Dubhlinn lay where the Castle Garden is now located, opposite the Chester Beatty Library within Dublin Castle. Táin Bó Cuailgne ("The Cattle Raid of Cooley") refers to Dublind rissa ratter Áth Cliath, meaning "Dublin, which is called Ath Cliath".

### Middle Ages

[edit]

In 841, the Vikings established a fortified base in Dublin.[33] The town grew into a substantial commercial center under Olaf Guthfrithson in the mid-to-late 10th century[34] and, despite a number of attacks by the native Irish, it remained largely under Viking control until the Norman invasion of Ireland was launched from Wales in 1169.[35][36] The hinterland of Dublin in the Norse period was named in Old Norse: Dyflinnar skíði, lit. 'Dublinshire'.[37]: 24 It was upon the death of Muirchertach Mac Lochlainn in early 1166 that Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair, King of Connacht, proceeded to Dublin and was inaugurated King of Ireland without opposition.

According to some historians, part of the city's early economic growth is attributed to a trade in slaves.[38] Slavery in Ireland and Dublin reached its pinnacle in the 9th and 10th centuries.[39] Prisoners from slave raids and kidnappings, which captured men, women and children, brought revenue to the Gaelic Irish Sea raiders, as well as to the Vikings who had initiated the practice.[40] The victims came from Wales, England, Normandy and beyond.[38]

The King of Leinster, Diarmait Mac Murchada, after his exile by Ruaidhrí, enlisted the help of Strongbow, the Earl of Pembroke, to conquer Dublin. Following Mac Murchada's death, Strongbow declared himself King of Leinster after gaining control of the city. In response to Strongbow's successful invasion, Henry II of England affirmed his ultimate sovereignty by mounting a larger invasion in 1171 and pronounced himself Lord of Ireland.[41] Around this time, the county of the City of Dublin was established along with certain liberties adjacent to the city proper. This continued down to 1840 when the barony of Dublin City was separated from the barony of Dublin. Since 2001, both baronies have been redesignated as the City of Dublin.

Dublin Castle, with its 13th-century tower, was the fortified seat of British rule in Ireland until 1922.

Dublin Castle, which became the centre of Anglo-Norman power in Ireland, was founded in 1204 as a major defensive work on the orders of King John of England.[42] Following the appointment of the first Lord Mayor of Dublin in 1229, the city expanded and had a population of 8,000 by the end of the 13th century. Dublin prospered as a trade centre, despite an attempt by King Robert the Bruce of Scotland to capture the city in 1317.[41] It remained a relatively small walled medieval town during the 14th century and was under constant threat from the surrounding native clans. In 1348, the Black Death, a lethal plague which had ravaged Europe, took hold in Dublin and killed thousands over the following decade.[43][44]

Dubline, 1610; a contemporary map by John Speed (1896 reprint)

Dublin was the heart of the area known as the Pale, a narrow strip of English settlement along the eastern coast, under the control of the English Crown. The Tudor conquest of Ireland in the 16th century spelt a new era for Dublin, with the city enjoying a renewed prominence as the centre of administrative rule in Ireland where English control and settlement had become much more extensive. Determined to make Dublin a Protestant city, Queen Elizabeth I established Trinity College in 1592 as a solely Protestant university and ordered that the Catholic St. Patrick's and Christ Church cathedrals be converted to the Protestant church. The earliest map of the city of Dublin is John Speed's Map of Dublin (1610).[45]

The city had a population of 21,000 in 1640 before a plague from 1649 to 1651 wiped out almost half of the inhabitants. However, the city prospered again soon after as a result of the wool and linen trade with England and reached a population of over 50,000 in 1700.[46] By 1698 the manufacture of wool employed 12,000 people.[47]

### Early modern

[edit]

Henrietta Street, developed in the 1720s, is the earliest Georgian street in Dublin.

As the city continued to prosper during the 18th century, Georgian Dublin became, for a short period, the second-largest city of the British Empire and the fifth largest city in Europe, with the population exceeding 130,000. While some medieval streets and layouts (including the areas around Temple Bar, Aungier Street, Capel Street and Thomas Street) were less affected by the wave of Georgian reconstruction, much of Dublin's architecture and layout dates from this period.[48][49][50]

Dublin grew even more dramatically during the 18th century, with the construction of many new districts and buildings, such as Merrion Square, Parliament House and the Royal Exchange. The Wide Streets Commission was established in 1757 at the request of Dublin Corporation to govern architectural standards on the layout of streets, bridges and buildings.[51] In 1759, the Guinness brewery was founded, and would eventually grow to become the largest brewery in the world and the largest employer in Dublin.[52][53] During the 1700s, linen was not subject to the same trade restrictions with England as wool, and became the most important Irish export. Over 1.5 million yards of linen was exported from Ireland in 1710, rising to almost 19 million yards by 1779.[54]

### Late modern and contemporary

[edit]

The GPO on O'Connell Street was at the centre of the 1916 Easter Rising.

Dublin suffered a period of political and economic decline during the 19th century following the Acts of Union 1800, under which the seat of government was transferred to the Westminster Parliament in London. The city played no major role in the Industrial Revolution, but remained the centre of administration and a transport hub for most of the island. Ireland had no significant sources of coal, the fuel of the time, and Dublin was not a centre of ship manufacturing, the other main driver of industrial development in Britain and Ireland.[35] Belfast developed faster than Dublin during this period on a mixture of international trade, factory-based linen cloth production and shipbuilding.[55] By 1814, the population of Dublin was 175,319 as counted under the Population Act, making the population of Dublin higher than any town in England except London.[56]

Damage in Dublin city centre following the 1916 Easter Rising with the ruins of the GPO to the left

The Easter Rising of 1916, the Irish War of Independence, and the subsequent Irish Civil War resulted in a significant amount of physical destruction in central Dublin. The Government of the Irish Free State rebuilt the city centre and located the new parliament, the Oireachtas, in Leinster House. Since the beginning of Norman rule in the 12th century, the city has functioned as the capital in varying geopolitical entities: Lordship of Ireland (1171–1541), Kingdom of Ireland (1541–1800), as part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1801–1922), and the Irish Republic (1919–1922). Following the partition of Ireland in 1922, it became the capital of the Irish Free State (1922–1937) and now is the capital of Ireland. One of the memorials to commemorate that time is the Garden of Remembrance.

Dublin was also a victim of the Northern Irish Troubles, although during this 30-year conflict, violence mainly occurred within Northern Ireland. A Loyalist paramilitary group, the Ulster Volunteer Force, bombed the city during this time – notably in an atrocity known as the Dublin and Monaghan bombings in which 34 people died, mainly in central Dublin.

Large parts of Georgian Dublin were demolished or substantially redeveloped in the mid-20th century during a boom in office building. After this boom, the recessions of the 1970s and 1980s slowed down the pace of building. Cumulatively, this led to a large decline in the number of people living in the centre of the city, and by 1985 the city had approximately 150 acres of derelict land which had been earmarked for development and 10 million square feet (900 thousand square metres) of office space.[57]

Since 1997, the landscape of Dublin has changed. The city was at the forefront of Ireland's economic expansion during the Celtic Tiger period, with private sector and state development of housing, transport and business. Following an economic decline during the Great Recession, Dublin has rebounded and as of 2017[update] has close to full employment,[58] but has a significant problem with housing supply in both the city and surrounds.[59]

## Government

[edit]

### Local

[edit]

Further information: Local government in Dublin

Civic Offices of Dublin City Council

Dublin City Council is a unicameral assembly of 63 members elected every five years from local electoral areas.[60] It is presided over by the Lord Mayor, who is elected for a yearly term and resides in Dublin's Mansion House. Council meetings occur at Dublin City Hall, while most of its administrative activities are based in the Civic Offices on Wood Quay. The party or coalition of parties with the majority of seats assigns committee members, introduces policies, and proposes the Lord Mayor. The Council passes an annual budget for spending on areas such as housing, traffic management, refuse, drainage, and planning. The Dublin City Manager is responsible for implementing City Council decisions but also has considerable executive power. Neighbouring local authorities in the traditional County Dublin are South Dublin County Council, Fingal County Council and Dun Laoghaire-Rathdown County Council, and parts of the wider city lie in the functional areas of all three.[61]

### National

[edit]

Leinster House on Kildare Street houses the Oireachtas.

As the capital city, Dublin is the seat of the national parliament of Ireland, the Oireachtas. It is composed of the President of Ireland, Dáil Éireann as the house of representatives, and Seanad Éireann as the upper house. The President resides in Áras an Uachtaráin in Phoenix Park, while both houses of the Oireachtas meet in Leinster House, a former ducal residence on Kildare Street. It has been the home of the Irish parliament since the foundation of the Irish Free State in 1922. The old Irish Houses of Parliament of the Kingdom of Ireland, which dissolved in 1801, are located in College Green.

Government Buildings house the Department of the Taoiseach, the Council Chamber, the Department of Finance and the Office of the Attorney General. It consists of a main building (completed 1911) with two wings (completed 1921). It was designed by Thomas Manley Dean and Sir Aston Webb as the Royal College of Science. The First Dáil originally met in the Mansion House in 1919. The Irish Free State government took over the two wings of the building to serve as a temporary home for some ministries, while the central building became the College of Technology until 1989.[62] Although both it and Leinster House were intended to be temporary locations, they became the permanent homes of parliament from then on.

For elections to Dáil Éireann, there are five constituencies that are wholly or predominantly in the Dublin City area: Dublin Central (4 seats), Dublin Bay North (5 seats), Dublin North-West (3 seats), Dublin South-Central (4 seats) and Dublin Bay South (4 seats). Twenty TDs are elected in total.[63] The constituency of Dublin West (4 seats) is partially in Dublin City, but predominantly in Fingal.

At the 2024 general election, the Dublin city area elected 5 Sinn Féin, 4 Fianna Fáil, 4 Social Democrats, 3 Fine Gael, 2 Labour and 2 Independents.[64]

## Geography

[edit]

### Landscape

[edit]

Satellite image showing the River Liffey entering the Irish Sea as it divides Dublin into the Northside and the Southside

Dublin is situated at the mouth of the River Liffey and its urban area encompasses approximately 345 square kilometres (133 sq mi) in east-central Ireland. It is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range and sub range of the Wicklow Mountains, to the south and surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west.[65]

#### Watercourses

[edit]

See also: List of rivers of County Dublin

The River Liffey divides the city in two, between the Northside and the Southside. The Liffey bends at Leixlip from a northeasterly route to a predominantly eastward direction, and this point also marks the transition to urban development from more agricultural land usage.[66] The city itself was founded where the River Poddle met the Liffey, and the early Viking settlement was also facilitated by the small Steine or Steyne River, the larger Camac[67] and the Bradogue,[68] in particular.

Two secondary rivers further divide the city: the River Tolka, running southeast into Dublin Bay, and the River Dodder running northeast to near the mouth of the Liffey, and these and the Liffey have multiple tributaries. A number of lesser rivers and streams also flow to the sea within the suburban parts of the city.[69]

Two canals – the Grand Canal on the southside and the Royal Canal on the northside – ring the inner city on their way from the west, both connecting with the River Shannon.

### Climate

[edit]

Similar to much of the rest of northwestern Europe, Dublin experiences a maritime climate (Cfb) with mild-warm summers, cool winters, and a lack of temperature extremes. At Merrion Square, the coldest month is February, with an average minimum temperature of 4.1 °C (39.4 °F), and the warmest month is July, with an average maximum temperature of 20.1 °C (68.2 °F). Due to the urban heat island effect, Dublin city has the warmest summertime nights in Ireland. The average minimum temperature at Merrion Square in July is 13.5 °C (56.3 °F), and the lowest July temperature ever recorded at the station was 7.8 °C (46.0 °F) on 3 July 1974.[70]

The highest temperature officially recorded in Dublin is 33.1 °C (91.6 °F) on 18 July 2022, at the Phoenix Park. A non-official record of 33.5 °C (92.3 °F) was also recorded at Phoenix Park in July 1876.[71]

Dublin's sheltered location on the east coast makes it the driest place in Ireland, receiving only about half the rainfall of the west coast. Ringsend in the south of the city records the lowest rainfall in the country, with an average annual precipitation of 683 mm (27 in),[72] with the average annual precipitation in the city centre being 726 mm (29 in). At Merrion Square, the wettest year and driest year on record occurred within 5 years of each other, with 1953 receiving just 463.1 mm (18.23 in) of rainfall, while 1958 recorded 1,022.5 mm (40.26 in).[70] The main precipitation in winter is rain; however snow showers do occur between November and March. Hail is more common than snow. Strong Atlantic winds are most common in autumn. These winds can affect Dublin, but due to its easterly location, it is least affected compared to other parts of the country. However, in winter, easterly winds render the city colder and more prone to snow showers.

The city experiences long summer days and short winter days. Based on satellite observations, Met Éireann estimates that Dublin's coastal areas typically receive over 1,600 hours of sunshine per year,[73] with the climate getting progressively duller inland. Dublin airport, located north of city and about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) from the coast, records an average of 1,485 hours of sunshine per year. The station at Dublin airport has been maintaining climate records since November 1941. The sunniest year on record was 1,740 hours in 1959, and the dullest year was 1987 with 1,240 hours of sunshine. The lowest amount of monthly sunshine on record was 16.4 hours in January 1996, while the highest was 305.9 hours in July 1955.[74]

In the 20th century, smog and air-pollution were an issue in the city, precipitating a ban on bituminous fuels across Dublin.[75][76] The ban was implemented in 1990 to address black smoke concentrations, that had been linked to cardiovascular and respiratory deaths in residents. Since the ban, non-trauma death rates, respiratory death rates and cardiovascular death rates have declined – by an estimated 350 deaths annually.[77][76]

Climate data for Dublin Airport (DUB),[b] 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1881–present[c]

Month  | Jan  | Feb  | Mar  | Apr  | May  | Jun  | Jul  | Aug  | Sep  | Oct  | Nov  | Dec  | Year
Record high °C (°F)  | 18.5
(65.3)  | 18.1
(64.6)  | 23.6
(74.5)  | 22.7
(72.9)  | 26.8
(80.2)  | 32.3
(90.1)  | 33.0
(91.4)  | 30.6
(87.1)  | 27.6
(81.7)  | 24.2
(75.6)  | 19.4
(66.9)  | 18.1
(64.6)  | 33.0
(91.4)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)  | 8.0
(46.4)  | 8.5
(47.3)  | 10.1
(50.2)  | 12.3
(54.1)  | 14.8
(58.6)  | 17.7
(63.9)  | 19.5
(67.1)  | 19.1
(66.4)  | 16.9
(62.4)  | 13.6
(56.5)  | 10.3
(50.5)  | 8.3
(46.9)  | 13.3
(55.9)
Daily mean °C (°F)  | 5.2
(41.4)  | 5.3
(41.5)  | 6.6
(43.9)  | 8.2
(46.8)  | 10.7
(51.3)  | 13.3
(55.9)  | 15.4
(59.7)  | 15.1
(59.2)  | 13.2
(55.8)  | 10.4
(50.7)  | 7.3
(45.1)  | 5.5
(41.9)  | 9.7
(49.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)  | 2.3
(36.1)  | 2.2
(36.0)  | 3.0
(37.4)  | 4.0
(39.2)  | 6.6
(43.9)  | 9.0
(48.2)  | 11.3
(52.3)  | 11.2
(52.2)  | 9.5
(49.1)  | 7.1
(44.8)  | 4.3
(39.7)  | 2.6
(36.7)  | 6.1
(43.0)
Record low °C (°F)  | −15.6
(3.9)  | −13.4
(7.9)  | −9.8
(14.4)  | −7.2
(19.0)  | −5.6
(21.9)  | −0.7
(30.7)  | 1.8
(35.2)  | 0.6
(33.1)  | −1.7
(28.9)  | −5.6
(21.9)  | −9.3
(15.3)  | −15.7
(3.7)  | −15.7
(3.7)
Average precipitation mm (inches)  | 61.8
(2.43)  | 52.4
(2.06)  | 51.4
(2.02)  | 55.0
(2.17)  | 57.0
(2.24)  | 64.0
(2.52)  | 61.0
(2.40)  | 73.4
(2.89)  | 63.3
(2.49)  | 78.4
(3.09)  | 82.7
(3.26)  | 72.1
(2.84)  | 772.5
(30.41)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 12.5  | 11.0  | 10.7  | 11.1  | 10.5  | 9.8  | 11.6  | 11.8  | 10.7  | 11.6  | 12.5  | 13.3  | 137.1
Average snowy days  | 3.2  | 3.2  | 2.4  | 0.7  | 0.1  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.6  | 2.3  | 12.5
Average relative humidity (%) (at 15:00 UTC) | 81.6  | 76.9  | 71.6  | 68.7  | 67.8  | 67.7  | 69.0  | 69.8  | 71.9  | 75.8  | 81.6  | 83.9  | 73.9
Average dew point °C (°F)  | 3.2
(37.8)  | 3.0
(37.4)  | 3.6
(38.5)  | 4.8
(40.6)  | 7.1
(44.8)  | 9.7
(49.5)  | 11.6
(52.9)  | 11.6
(52.9)  | 10.2
(50.4)  | 7.8
(46.0)  | 5.5
(41.9)  | 3.8
(38.8)  | 6.8
(44.3)
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 60.2  | 81.8  | 121.0  | 165.9  | 197.3  | 180.1  | 158.3  | 155.4  | 129.4  | 105.9  | 73.5  | 56.6  | 1,485.4
Mean daily daylight hours | 8.2  | 9.9  | 11.9  | 14.0  | 15.9  | 16.9  | 16.4  | 14.7  | 12.7  | 10.5  | 8.6  | 7.6  | 12.3
Average ultraviolet index | 0  | 1  | 2  | 4  | 5  | 6  | 6  | 5  | 4  | 2  | 1  | 0  | 3
Source 1: Met Éireann[78][79][80][81][82]
Source 2: NOAA(dew point)[83] WeatherAtlas (Daylight hours and UV Index)[84]

1. ^ Ethnicity within the Dublin City Council local authority
2. ^ Weather station is located 8.2 kilometres (5.1 mi) from the Dublin city centre.
3. ^ Extremes are recorded at multiple stations near Dublin, including Dublin Airport, Casement, Phoenix Park, Merrion Square, Glasnevin, Peamount and Trinity College.

Climate data for Merrion Square, Dublin, (1991–2020), elevation: 13 m (43 ft)

Month  | Jan  | Feb  | Mar  | Apr  | May  | Jun  | Jul  | Aug  | Sep  | Oct  | Nov  | Dec  | Year
Record high °C (°F)  | 17.5
(63.5)  | 17.2
(63.0)  | 19.6
(67.3)  | 22.7
(72.9)  | 24.1
(75.4)  | 27.7
(81.9)  | 29.1
(84.4)  | 30.0
(86.0)  | 26.2
(79.2)  | 22.5
(72.5)  | 18.6
(65.5)  | 16.6
(61.9)  | 30.0
(86.0)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)  | 8.8
(47.8)  | 9.1
(48.4)  | 10.7
(51.3)  | 12.6
(54.7)  | 15.4
(59.7)  | 18.1
(64.6)  | 20.1
(68.2)  | 19.6
(67.3)  | 17.4
(63.3)  | 14.2
(57.6)  | 11.1
(52.0)  | 9.2
(48.6)  | 13.9
(57.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)  | 4.1
(39.4)  | 4.2
(39.6)  | 5.1
(41.2)  | 6.6
(43.9)  | 9.1
(48.4)  | 11.7
(53.1)  | 13.5
(56.3)  | 13.3
(55.9)  | 11.3
(52.3)  | 8.9
(48.0)  | 6.1
(43.0)  | 4.4
(39.9)  | 8.2
(46.8)
Record low °C (°F)  | −8.1
(17.4)  | −4.6
(23.7)  | −4.2
(24.4)  | −2.5
(27.5)  | 0.4
(32.7)  | 4.2
(39.6)  | 7.8
(46.0)  | 6.4
(43.5)  | 3.6
(38.5)  | 0.1
(32.2)  | −5.1
(22.8)  | −7.6
(18.3)  | −8.1
(17.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches)  | 61.2
(2.41)  | 49.0
(1.93)  | 50.0
(1.97)  | 48.5
(1.91)  | 53.6
(2.11)  | 60.4
(2.38)  | 57.9
(2.28)  | 64.1
(2.52)  | 60.6
(2.39)  | 75.0
(2.95)  | 80.6
(3.17)  | 65.5
(2.58)  | 726.4
(28.6)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) | 12.0  | 9.9  | 9.0  | 9.9  | 9.6  | 8.8  | 10.5  | 9.7  | 9.5  | 11.0  | 11.6  | 11.8  | 123.3
Source 1: Met Éireann[70]
Source 2: European Climate Assessment & Dataset[85]

## Cityscape

[edit]

### Areas

[edit]

#### City centre

[edit]

The historic city centre of Dublin is encircled by the Royal Canal and Grand Canal, bounded to the west by Heuston railway station and Phoenix Park, and to the east by the IFSC and the Docklands. O'Connell Street is the main thoroughfare of the inner city and many Dublin Bus routes, as well as the Green line of the Luas, have a stop at O'Connell Street. The main shopping streets of the inner city include Henry Street on the Northside, and Grafton Street on the Southside.[86][87]

Victorian-era buildings, such as the George's Street Arcade, are common in the south inner city.

In some tourism and real-estate marketing contexts, inner Dublin is sometimes divided into a number of quarters.[88][89] These include the Medieval Quarter (in the area of Dublin Castle, Christ Church and St Patrick's Cathedral and the old city walls),[90] the Georgian Quarter (including the area around St Stephen's Green, Trinity College, and Merrion Square), the Docklands Quarter (around the Dublin Docklands and Silicon Docks), the Cultural Quarter (around Temple Bar), and Creative Quarter (between South William Street and George's Street).[91]

#### Suburbs

[edit]

High density apartments in Sandyford

Dublin has dozens of suburbs; northside suburbs include Blanchardstown, Finglas, Ballymun, Clontarf, Raheny, Malahide and Howth, while southside suburbs include Tallaght, Sandyford, Templeogue, Drimnagh, Rathmines, Dún Laoghaire and Dalkey.

Starting in the late 2010s, there was a significant amount of high density residential developments in the suburbs of Dublin,[92] with mid to high-rise apartments being built in Sandyford,[93] Ashtown,[94] and Tallaght.[95]

Molly Malone statue

### Cultural divide

[edit]

A north–south division once, to some extent, traditionally existed, with the River Liffey as the divider.[96] The southside was, in recent times, generally seen as being more affluent and genteel than the northside.[96] There have also been some social divisions evident between the coastal suburbs in the east of the city, and the newer developments further to the west.[97][98]

### Landmarks

[edit]

Further information: List of public art in Dublin

Dublin has many landmarks and monuments dating back hundreds of years. One of the oldest is Dublin Castle, which was first founded as a major defensive work on the orders of England's King John in 1204, shortly after the Norman invasion of Ireland in 1169, when it was commanded that a castle be built with strong walls and good ditches for the defence of the city, the administration of justice, and the protection of the King's treasure.[99] Largely complete by 1230, the castle was of typical Norman courtyard design, with a central square without a keep, bounded on all sides by tall defensive walls and protected at each corner by a circular tower. Sited to the south-east of Norman Dublin, the castle formed one corner of the outer perimeter of the city, using the River Poddle as a natural means of defence.

One of Dublin's most prominent landmarks is the Spire of Dublin, officially entitled the "Monument of Light".[100] It is a 121.2-metre (398 ft) conical spire made of stainless steel, completed in 2003 and located on O'Connell Street, where it meets Henry Street and North Earl Street. It replaced Nelson's Pillar and is intended to mark Dublin's place in the 21st century. The spire was designed by Ian Ritchie Architects,[101] who sought an "Elegant and dynamic simplicity bridging art and technology". The base of the monument is lit and the top is illuminated to provide a beacon in the night sky across the city.

The Old Library of Trinity College Dublin, holding the Book of Kells, is one of the city's most visited sites.[102] The Book of Kells is an illustrated manuscript created by Irish monks circa 800 AD. The Ha'penny Bridge, an iron footbridge over the River Liffey, is one of the most photographed sights in Dublin and is considered to be one of Dublin's most iconic landmarks.[103]

The Spire of Dublin rises behind the statue of Jim Larkin.

Other landmarks and monuments include Christ Church Cathedral and St Patrick's Cathedral, the Mansion House, the Molly Malone statue, the complex of buildings around Leinster House, including part of the National Museum of Ireland and the National Library of Ireland, The Custom House and Áras an Uachtaráin. Other sights include the Anna Livia monument. The Poolbeg Towers are also landmark features of Dublin, and visible from various spots around the city.

### Parks

[edit]

Aerial view of St Stephen's Green

There are 302 parks and 66 green spaces within the Dublin City Council area as of 2018,[citation needed] with the council managing over 1,500 hectares (3,700 acres) of parks.[104] Public parks include the Phoenix Park, Herbert Park, St Stephen's Green, Saint Anne's Park and Bull Island. The Phoenix Park is about 3 km (2 miles) west of the city centre, north of the River Liffey. Its 16-kilometre (10 mi) perimeter wall encloses 707 hectares (1,750 acres), making it one of the largest walled city parks in Europe.[105] It includes large areas of grassland and tree-lined avenues, and since the 17th century has been home to a herd of wild fallow deer. The residence of the President of Ireland (Áras an Uachtaráin), which was built in 1751,[106] is located in the park. The park is also home to Dublin Zoo, Ashtown Castle, and the official residence of the United States Ambassador. Music concerts are also sometimes held in the park.

St Stephen's Green is adjacent to one of Dublin's main shopping streets, Grafton Street, and to a shopping centre named after it, while on its surrounding streets are the offices of a number of public bodies.

Saint Anne's Park is a public park and recreational facility, shared between Raheny and Clontarf, both suburbs on the Northside. The park, the second largest municipal park in Dublin, is part of a former 2-square-kilometre (0.8 sq mi; 500-acre) estate assembled by members of the Guinness family, beginning with Benjamin Lee Guinness in 1835. The largest municipal park is adjacent (North) Bull Island, also shared between Clontarf and Raheny, featuring a 5 km beach, Dollymount Strand.

### City boundaries

[edit]

From 1842, the boundaries of the city were comprehended by the baronies of Dublin City and the barony of Dublin. Over time, the city has absorbed area previously administered as part of County Dublin (now the three counties of Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown, Fingal and South Dublin), with a change in 1985 also returning areas to the county.

Changes to city boundaries  Year  | Changes

|

1900  | Transfer of former urban districts of Clontarf, Drumcondra, Clonliffe and Glasnevin, and New Kilmainham from County Dublin[107]
1930  | Transfer of former urban districts of Pembroke and Rathmines and Rathgar from County Dublin[108]
1931  | Transfer of Drumcondra, Glasnevin, Donnybrook and Terenure from County Dublin[109]
1941  | Transfer of Crumlin from County Dublin[110]
1942  | Transfer of former urban district of Howth from County Dublin[111]
1953  | Transfer of Finglas, Coolock and Ballyfermot from County Dublin.[112]
1985  | Transfer of Santry and Phoenix Park from County Dublin;

transfer of Howth, Sutton and parts of Kilbarrack including Bayside to County Dublin[113]

1994  | Alterations to western boundaries in the vicinities of Ballyfermot and Cabra on establishment of new counties[114]

## Economy

[edit]

Main article: Economy of Dublin

See also: Economy of County Dublin

Ulster Bank on George's Quay Plaza

The Dublin region is the economic centre of Ireland, and was at the forefront of the country's economic expansion during the Celtic Tiger period. In 2009, Dublin was listed as the fourth richest city in the world by purchasing power and 10th richest by personal income.[115][116] According to Mercer's 2011 Worldwide Cost of Living Survey, Dublin was the 13th most expensive city in the European Union (down from 10th in 2010) and the 58th most expensive place to live in the world (down from 42nd in 2010).[117] As of 2017[update], approximately 874,400 people were employed in the Greater Dublin Area. Around 60% of people who are employed in Ireland's financial, ICT, and professional sectors are located in this area.[118]

A number of Dublin's traditional industries, such as food processing, textile manufacturing, brewing, and distilling have gradually declined, although Guinness has been brewed at the St. James's Gate Brewery since 1759. Economic improvements in the 1990s attracted a number of global pharmaceutical, information and communications technology companies to the city and Greater Dublin Area. Companies such as Microsoft, Google, Amazon, eBay, PayPal, Yahoo!, Facebook, X, Accenture, TikTok and Pfizer now have European headquarters or operational bases in the city with several located in enterprise clusters like the Digital Hub and Silicon Docks. The presence of these companies has driven economic expansion in the city and led to Dublin sometimes being referred to as the "Tech Capital of Europe".[58]

Financial services have also become important to the city since the establishment of Dublin's International Financial Services Centre in 1987. More than 500 operations are approved to trade under the IFSC programme. The centre is host to half of the world's top 50 banks and to half of the top 20 insurance companies.[119] Many international firms have established major headquarters in the city, such as Citibank. The Irish Stock Exchange (ISEQ), Internet Neutral Exchange (INEX) and Irish Enterprise Exchange (IEX) are also located in Dublin. Dublin has been positioned as one of the main cities vying to host Financial Services companies hoping to retain access to the Eurozone after Brexit. The Celtic Tiger also led to a temporary boom in construction, with large redevelopment projects in the Dublin Docklands and Spencer Dock. Completed projects include the Convention Centre, the 3Arena, and the Bord Gáis Energy Theatre.

In the second quarter of 2018, Dublin touched its lowest unemployment rate in a decade, when it fell down to 5.7% as reported by the Dublin Economic Monitor.[120][121] In November 2022, Dublin was ranked as one of the worst cities in the world for travel, health and cost of living.[122] On 24 September 2022, thousands took to the streets in protest against the cost of living crisis.[123]

As of 2024, the Gross Domestic Product of Dublin is €253.6 billion, meaning it has one of the biggest city economies in the European Union.

## Transport

[edit]

Main article: Transport in Dublin

### Road

[edit]

The M50 motorway surrounding Dublin

The road network in Ireland is primarily focused on Dublin. The M50 motorway, a semi-ring road which runs around the south, west and north of the city, connects important national primary routes to the rest of the country. In 2008, the West-Link toll bridge was replaced by the eFlow barrier-free tolling system, with a three-tiered charge system based on electronic tags and car pre-registration.[124]

The first phase of a proposed eastern bypass for the city is the Dublin Port Tunnel, which officially opened in 2006 to mainly cater for heavy vehicles. The tunnel connects Dublin Port and the M1 motorway close to Dublin Airport. The city is also surrounded by an inner and outer orbital route. The inner orbital route runs approximately around the heart of the Georgian city and the outer orbital route runs primarily along the natural circle formed by Dublin's two canals, the Grand Canal and the Royal Canal, as well as the North and South Circular Roads.

The 2016 TomTom Traffic Index ranked Dublin the 15th most congested city in the world and the 7th most congested in Europe.[125][126]

#### Bus

[edit]

Dublin is served by a network of nearly 200 bus routes which cover the city and suburbs. The majority of these are provided by Dublin Bus, with a modest number having been transferred to Go Ahead Ireland since 2018. A number of smaller companies also operate. Fares are generally calculated on a stage system based on distance travelled. There are several different levels of fares, which apply on most services. A "Real Time Passenger Information" system was introduced at Dublin Bus bus stops in 2012 in which signs relay display the projected time of the next buses' arrival based on its GPS position. The National Transport Authority is responsible for integration of bus and rail services in Dublin and has been involved in introducing a pre-paid smart card, called a TFI Leap Card, which can be used on all of Dublin's public transport services.[127]

The BusConnects programme includes a number of proposed improvements to Dublin's bus network, including new spine and orbital routes. The spine routes are intended to increase the frequency of buses along major corridors, and the orbital routes aim to "provide connections between suburbs and town centres, without having to travel into the City Centre".[128] In 2022, Dublin Bus began the process of electrifying its fleet with new battery-powered buses, with plans for 85% of Dublin buses to be zero-emission by 2032.[129]

#### Cycling

[edit]

Dublinbikes terminal in the Docklands

The 2011 census indicated that 5.9% of commuters in Dublin cycled. A 2013 report by Dublin City Council on traffic flows crossing the canals in and out of the city found that just under 10% of all traffic was made up of cyclists, representing an increase of 14.1% over 2012 and an 87.2% increase over 2006 levels. The increase was attributed to measures such as the Dublinbikes bike rental scheme, the provision of cycle lanes, public awareness campaigns to promote cycling and the introduction of the 30 km/h city centre speed limit.[130]

Dublin City Council began installing cycle lanes and tracks throughout the city in the 1990s, and as of 2012[update] the city had over 200 kilometres (120 miles) of specific on- and off-road tracks for cyclists.[131] In 2011, the city was ranked 9th of major world cities on the Copenhagenize Index of Bicycle-Friendly Cities.[132] The same index showed a fall to 15th in 2015,[133] and Dublin was outside the top 20 in 2017.[134]

Dublinbikes is a self-service bicycle rental scheme which has been in operation in Dublin since 2009. Sponsored by JCDecaux and Just Eat, the scheme consists of hundreds of unisex bicycles stationed at 44 terminals throughout the city centre. Users must make a subscription for either an annual Long Term Hire Card or purchase a three-day ticket.[135] As of 2018[update], Dublinbikes had over 66,000 long-term subscribers making over 2 million journeys per year.[136][137]

### Rail

[edit]

Luas trams at the Tallaght terminus

Heuston and Connolly stations are the two main railway termini in Dublin. Operated by Iarnród Éireann, the Dublin Suburban Rail network consists of five railway lines serving the Greater Dublin Area and commuter towns such as Drogheda and Dundalk in County Louth, Gorey in County Wexford, and extending as far as Portlaoise in County Laois, and once a day to Newry. One of the five lines is the electrified Dublin Area Rapid Transit (DART) line, which runs primarily along the coast of Dublin, comprising 31 stations, from Malahide and Howth southwards as far as Bray and Greystones in County Wicklow.[138] Commuter rail operates on the other four lines using Irish Rail diesel multiple units. In 2013, passengers for DART and Dublin Suburban lines were 16 million and 11.7 million, respectively (around 75% of all Irish Rail passengers).[139]

Dublin once had an extensive system of trams but this was largely phased out by 1949. A new light rail system, often described as a tram system, the Luas, was launched in 2004, and is run by Transdev Ireland (under contract from Transport Infrastructure Ireland), carrying over 34 million passengers annually.[140] The network consists of two interconnecting lines; the Red Line links the Docklands and city centre with the south-western suburbs of Tallaght and Saggart, while the Green Line connects northern inner city suburbs and the main city centre with suburbs to the south of the city including Sandyford and Brides Glen, mostly along the former route of the Harcourt Street railway line. Together these lines comprise a total 67 stops and 44.5 kilometres (27.7 mi) of track.[140] Construction of a 6 km extension to the Green Line, bringing it into the north of the city, commenced in June 2013 and was opened for passenger travel on 9 December 2017.[141]

A metro service is proposed under the name of Metrolink, and planned to run from Dublin's northside to Charlemont via Dublin Airport and St. Stephen's Green.[142]

### Rail and ferry

[edit]

Dublin Connolly is connected by bus to Dublin Port and ferries run by Irish Ferries and Stena Line to Holyhead for connecting trains on the North Wales Coast Line to Chester, Crewe and London Euston. Dublin Connolly to Dublin Port can be reached via Amiens Street, Dublin into Store Street or by Luas via Busáras where Dublin Bus operates route 53 to the Irish Ferries Terminal.[143]

### Air

[edit]

#### Dublin Airport

[edit]

Dublin Airport

Dublin Airport (owned and operated by DAA) is located north of Dublin city, near Swords in the administrative county of Fingal. The headquarters of Ireland's flag carrier Aer Lingus and regional airline CityJet are located there, and those of low-cost carrier Ryanair nearby. The airport offers a short and medium-haul network, domestic services to regional airports in Ireland, and long-haul services to the United States, Canada, and the Middle East. Dublin Airport is the 11th busiest in the European Union,[144] and by far the busiest airport on the island of Ireland.

In 2015 and 2016, transatlantic traffic grew, with 158 summer flights a week to North America, making it the sixth largest European hub for that route over the year.[145] Transatlantic traffic was also the fastest-growing segment of the market for the airport in 2016, in which a 16% increase from 2015 brought the yearly number of passengers travelling between Dublin and North America to 2.9 million.[146]

From 2010 to 2016, Dublin Airport saw an increase of nearly 9.5 million passengers in its annual traffic,[146] as the number of commercial aircraft movements has similarly followed a growth trend from 163,703 in 2013 to 191,233 in 2015.[147]

In 2019, Dublin Airport was the 12th busiest airport in Europe, with almost 33 million passengers passing through the airport.

#### Other air transport

[edit]

Dublin is also served by Weston Airport and other small facilities, by a range of helicopter operators, and the military and some State services use Casement Aerodrome nearby.

## Education

[edit]

Dublin is the largest centre of education in Ireland, and is home to four universities and a number of other higher education institutions. It was the European Capital of Science in 2012.[148][149]

Trinity College The Old Library at Trinity College

The University of Dublin is the oldest university in Ireland, dating from the 16th century, and is located in the city centre. Its sole constituent college, Trinity College (TCD), was established by Royal Charter in 1592 under Elizabeth I. It was closed to Roman Catholics until 1793, and the Catholic hierarchy then banned Roman Catholics from attending until 1970.[150] It is situated in the city centre, on College Green, and has over 18,000 students.[151]

The National University of Ireland (NUI) has its seat in Dublin, which is also the location of the associated constituent university of University College Dublin (UCD), which has over 30,000 students. Founded in 1854, it is now the largest university in Ireland. UCD's main campus is at Belfield, about 5 km (3 mi) from the city centre, in the southeastern suburbs.

As of 2019, Dublin's principal, and Ireland's largest, institution for technological education and research, Dublin Institute of Technology (DIT), with origins in 1887, has merged with two major suburban third level institutions, Institute of Technology, Tallaght and Institute of Technology, Blanchardstown, to form Technological University Dublin, Ireland's second largest university by student population. The new university offers a wide range of courses in areas include engineering, architecture, the sciences, health, journalism, digital media, hospitality, business, art and design, music and the humanities programmes, and has three long-term campuses, at Grangegorman, Tallaght and Blanchardstown.

Dublin City University (DCU), formerly the National Institute for Higher Education (NIHE) Dublin, offers courses in business, engineering, science, communication courses, languages and primary education. It has around 16,000 students, and its main campus is located about 7 km (4 mi) from the city centre, in the northern suburbs. Aside from the main Glasnevin Campus, the Drumcondra campuses includes the former St. Patrick's College of Education, Drumcondra now also hosting students from the nearby Mater Dei Institute of Education and students from the Church of Ireland College of Education at the DCU Campus at All Hallows College.[152]

The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI) conducts a medical school which is both a university (since 2019) and a recognised college of the NUI, and is situated at St. Stephen's Green in the city centre; there are also large medical schools within UCD and Trinity College. The National College of Art and Design (NCAD) provides education and research in art, design and media. The National College of Ireland (NCI) is also based in Dublin, as well as the Economic and Social Research Institute, a social science research institute, on Sir John Rogerson's Quay, and the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.

The Institute of International and European Affairs is also in Dublin. Dublin Business School (DBS) is Ireland's largest private third level institution with over 9,000 students located on Aungier Street, and Griffith College Dublin has its main facility in Portobello. There are also smaller specialised colleges, including The Gaiety School of Acting. The Irish public administration and management training centre has its base in Dublin, the Institute of Public Administration provides a range of undergraduate and post graduate awards via the National University of Ireland and in some instances, Queen's University Belfast.

Dublin is also home to the Royal Irish Academy, membership of which is considered Ireland's highest academic honour.[153][independent source needed]

The suburban town of Dún Laoghaire is home to the Dún Laoghaire Institute of Art, Design and Technology (IADT), which supports training and research in art, design, business, psychology and media technology. Dublin joined the UNESCO Global Network of Learning Cities in 2019.[154]

## Demographics

[edit]

See also: Demographics of County Dublin

Dublin (city) population pyramid in 2022 Main immigrant groups in Dublin City and suburbs (2016)[155] Nationality  | Population

|

Poland  | 33,751[156]
UK  | 19,196[157]
Romania  | 16,808[158]
Lithuania  | 9,869[159]
Brazil  | 8,903[160]
Italy  | 6,834[161]
India  | 6,546[162]
Spain  | 6,341[163]
Latvia  | 5,771[164]
Mainland China  | 5,748[165]
France  | 5,576[166]
United States  | 4,042[167]
Nigeria  | 2,563[168]
Pakistan  | 2,515[169]
Philippines  | 2,204[170]

The City of Dublin is the area administered by Dublin City Council. The traditional County Dublin includes the city and the administrative counties of Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown, Fingal and South Dublin. The Greater Dublin Area includes County Dublin and the adjoining counties, County Kildare, County Meath and County Wicklow.

In the 2022 census, the population of the City of Dublin was 592,713,[6] while the population of Dublin city and suburbs was 1,263,219.[14] County Dublin had a population of 1,458,154,[171] and the population of the Greater Dublin Area was 2,082,605.[172][173]

Of the population of Dublin city and its suburbs, 62.9% (794,925) were born in Dublin, 26.6% (336,021) were born outside of Ireland, while the remaining 10.5% (132,273) were born in a county other than Dublin.[174]

After World War II, Italians were by far the largest immigrant group in both Dublin and Ireland and became synonymous with the catering and restaurant landscape.[175][176] Since the late 1990s, Dublin has experienced a significant level of net immigration, with the greatest numbers coming from the European Union, especially the United Kingdom, Poland and Lithuania.[177] There is also immigration from outside Europe, including from Pakistan, Brazil, the Philippines, China, India and Nigeria. Dublin is home to a greater proportion of newer arrivals than any other part of the country. Sixty percent of Ireland's Asian population lives in Dublin.[178]

The capital attracts the largest proportion of non-Catholic migrants from other countries. Increased secularisation in Ireland has prompted a drop in regular Catholic church attendance in Dublin from over 90 percent in the mid-1970s down to 14 percent according to a 2011 survey and less than 2% in some areas[179][180] As of the 2016 census, 68.2% of Dublin's population identified as Catholic, 12.7% as other stated religions, with 19.1% having no religion or no religion stated.[181]

According to the 2022 census, the population of County Dublin self-identified as 80.4% white (68.0% white Irish, 12.0% other white and 0.4% Irish traveller), 5.8% Asian, 3.0% mixed backgrounds, 2.2% Black and 8.5% not stated.[182] In the same census, the ethnic makeup of Dublin city was 76.81% white (including 64.23% white Irish and 12.19% other white people), 12.98% not stated, 5.11% Asian, 3.50% other and 1.58% black.[183]

As of December 2024, there were 1,467 families living in emergency accommodation in the Dublin region. This is a decrease of 57 on the November 2024 number, and an increase of 67 when compared with December 2023 when there were 1,400 families in emergency accommodation.[184]

## Culture

[edit]

National Museum of Ireland

### The arts

[edit]

Dublin has a significant literary history, and produced many literary figures, including Nobel laureates William Butler Yeats, George Bernard Shaw and Samuel Beckett. Other influential writers and playwrights include Oscar Wilde, Jonathan Swift and the creator of Dracula, Bram Stoker. It is also the location of key and notable works of James Joyce, including Ulysses, which is set in Dublin and includes much topical detail. Dubliners is a collection of short stories by Joyce about incidents and typical characters of the city during the early 20th century. Other renowned writers include J. M. Synge, Seán O'Casey, Brendan Behan, Maeve Binchy, John Banville and Roddy Doyle. Ireland's biggest libraries and literary museums are found in Dublin, including the National Print Museum of Ireland and National Library of Ireland. In July 2010, Dublin was named as a UNESCO City of Literature, joining Edinburgh, Melbourne and Iowa City with the permanent title.[185]

Book of Kells

Handel's oratorio Messiah was first performed at Neal's Music Hall, in Fishamble Street, on 13 April 1742.

There are several theatres within the city centre, and various well-known actors have emerged from the Dublin theatrical scene, including Noel Purcell, Michael Gambon, Brendan Gleeson, Stephen Rea, Colin Farrell, Colm Meaney and Gabriel Byrne. The best known theatres include the Gaiety, Abbey, Olympia, Gate, and Grand Canal. The Gaiety specialises in musical and operatic productions, and also opens its doors after the evening theatre production to host a variety of live music, dancing, and films. The Abbey was founded in 1904 by a group that included Yeats with the aim of promoting indigenous literary talent. It went on to provide a breakthrough for some of the city's most famous writers, such as Synge, Yeats himself and George Bernard Shaw. The Gate was founded in 1928 to promote European and American Avant Garde works. The Grand Canal Theatre is a newer 2,111 capacity theatre which opened in 2010 in the Grand Canal Dock area.

Apart from being the focus of the country's literature and theatre, Dublin is also the focal point for much of Irish art and the Irish artistic scene. The Book of Kells, a world-famous manuscript produced by Celtic monks in AD 800 and an example of Insular art, is on display in Trinity College. The Chester Beatty Library houses a collection of manuscripts, miniature paintings, prints, drawings, rare books and decorative arts assembled by American mining millionaire (and honorary Irish citizen) Sir Alfred Chester Beatty (1875–1968). The collections date from 2700 BCE onwards and are drawn from Asia, the Middle East, North Africa and Europe.

Mosaic of the coat of arms of Dublin on the floor of City Hall

In addition public art galleries are found across the city and are free to visit, including the Irish Museum of Modern Art, the National Gallery, the Hugh Lane Municipal Gallery, the Douglas Hyde Gallery, the Project Arts Centre and the exhibition space of the Royal Hibernian Academy. Private galleries in Dublin include Green on Red Gallery, Kerlin Gallery, Kevin Kavanagh Gallery and Mother's Tankstation.[186]

Three branches of the National Museum of Ireland are located in Dublin: Archaeology in Kildare Street, Decorative Arts and History in Collins Barracks and Natural History in Merrion Street.[187] Dublin is home to the National College of Art and Design, which dates from 1746, and Dublin Institute of Design, founded in 1991. Dublinia is a living history attraction showcasing the Viking and Medieval history of the city.

Dublin has long had an 'underground' arts scene, with Temple Bar hosting artists in the 1980s, and spaces such as the Project Arts Centre acting as a hub for collectives and new exhibitions. The Guardian noted that Dublin's independent and underground arts flourished during the economic recession of c. 2010.[188] Dublin also has many dramatic, musical and operatic companies, including Festival Productions, Lyric Opera Productions, the Pioneers' Musical & Dramatic Society, Rathmines and Rathgar Musical Society, the Glasnevin Musical Society, Third Day Chorale, Second Age Theatre Company, Irish National Opera.

Dublin was shortlisted to be World Design Capital 2014.[189] Taoiseach Enda Kenny was quoted to say that Dublin "would be an ideal candidate to host the World Design Capital in 2014".[190]

In October 2021, Dublin was shortlisted for the European Commission's 2022 European Capital of Smart Tourism award along with Bordeaux, Copenhagen, Florence, Ljubljana, Palma de Mallorca and Valencia.[191]

### Entertainment

[edit]

Dublin has a vibrant nightlife and is reputedly one of Europe's most youthful cities; in 2009 it was estimated that 50% of its citizens were younger than 25.[192][193] There are many pubs across the city centre, with the area around St. Stephen's Green and Grafton Street, especially Harcourt Street, Camden Street, Wexford Street and Leeson Street, the location of many nightclubs and pubs.

Temple Bar

The best known area for nightlife is Temple Bar, south of the River Liffey. The area has become popular among tourists, including stag and hen parties from the UK.[194] It was developed as Dublin's cultural quarter and does retain this spirit as a centre for small arts productions, photographic and artists' studios, and in the form of street performers and small music venues; however, it has been criticised as overpriced, false and dirty by Lonely Planet.[195] The areas around Leeson Street, Harcourt Street, South William Street and Camden/George's Street are popular nightlife spots for locals.

### Music

[edit]

Statue of Luke Kelly, member of The Dubliners, on South King Street

Live music is played on streets and at venues throughout Dublin, and the city has produced several musicians and groups of international success, including the Dubliners, Thin Lizzy, the Boomtown Rats, U2, the Script, Sinéad O'Connor, Boyzone, Kodaline, Fontaines D.C. and Westlife. Dublin has several mid-range venues that host live music throughout the week, including Whelans and Vicar Street.[196][197] The 3Arena venue in the Dublin Docklands plays host to visiting global performers.

### Shopping

[edit]

Moore Street Market Grafton Street

Dublin city centre is a popular shopping destination for both locals and tourists. The city has numerous shopping districts, particularly around Grafton Street and Henry Street. The city centre is also the location of large department stores, including Arnotts, Brown Thomas and (prior to its 2015 closure) Clerys.

While the city has seen the loss of some traditional market sites, Moore Street remains one of the city's oldest trading districts.[198] There has also been some growth in local farmers' markets and other markets.[199][200] In 2007, Dublin Food Co-op relocated to a warehouse in The Liberties area, where it is home to market and community events.[201][202] Suburban Dublin has several modern retail centres, including Dundrum Town Centre, Blanchardstown Centre, the Square in Tallaght, Liffey Valley Shopping Centre in Clondalkin, Omni Shopping Centre in Santry, Nutgrove Shopping Centre in Rathfarnham, Northside Shopping Centre in Coolock and Swords Pavilions in Swords.

### Media

[edit]

Dublin is the centre of both media and communications in Ireland, with many newspapers, radio stations, television stations and telephone companies based there. RTÉ is Ireland's national state broadcaster, and is based in Donnybrook. Fair City is RTÉ's soap opera, located in the fictional Dublin suburb of Carraigstown.

Virgin Media Television, eir Sport, MTV Ireland and Sky News are also based in the city. The headquarters of An Post and telecommunications companies such as Eir, as well as mobile operators Vodafone and 3 are all located there. Dublin is also the headquarters of national newspapers such as The Irish Times and Irish Independent, as well as local newspapers such as The Evening Herald.

As well as being home to RTÉ Radio, Dublin also hosts the national radio networks Today FM and Newstalk, and local stations. Commercial radio stations based in the city include 4fm (94.9 MHz), Dublin's 98FM (98.1 MHz), Radio Nova 100FM (100.3 MHz), Q102 (102.2 MHz), SPIN 1038 (103.8 MHz), FM104 (104.4 MHz), Sunshine 106.8 (106.8 MHz). There are also numerous community and special interest stations, including Dublin City FM (103.2 MHz), Dublin South FM (93.9 MHz), Liffey Sound FM (96.4 MHz), Near FM (90.3 MHz), and Raidió Na Life (106.4 MHz).

### Sport

[edit]

#### GAA

[edit]

Croke Park

Croke Park is the largest sport stadium in Ireland. The headquarters of the Gaelic Athletic Association, it has a capacity of 82,300. It is the third-largest stadium in Europe after Nou Camp in Barcelona and Wembley Stadium in London.[203] It hosts the premier Gaelic football and hurling games, international rules football and irregularly other sporting and non-sporting events including concerts. Muhammad Ali fought there in 1972 and it played host to the opening and closing ceremonies of the 2003 Special Olympics. It also has conference and banqueting facilities. There is a GAA Museum there and tours of the stadium are offered, including a rooftop walk of the stadium. During the redevelopment of Lansdowne Road, Croke Park played host to the Irish Rugby Union Team and Republic of Ireland national football team as well as hosting the Heineken Cup rugby 2008–09 semi-final between Munster and Leinster, which set a world record attendance for a club rugby match.[204] The Dublin GAA team plays most of their home league hurling games at Parnell Park.

#### Rugby Union

[edit]

Aviva Stadium

IRFU Stadium Lansdowne Road was laid out in 1874. This was the venue for home games of both the Irish Rugby Union Team and the Republic of Ireland national football team. A joint venture between the Irish Rugby Football Union, the FAI and the Government, saw it redeveloped into a new state-of-the-art 50,000 seat Aviva Stadium, which opened in May 2010.[205] Lansdowne Road/Aviva Stadium hosted the Heineken Cup final in 1999, 2003, 2013, and 2023. Rugby union team Leinster Rugby play their competitive home games in the RDS Arena and the Aviva Stadium, while Donnybrook Stadium hosts their friendlies and A games, Ireland A and Women, Leinster Schools and Youths and the home club games of All Ireland League clubs Old Wesley and Bective Rangers. County Dublin is home for 13 of the senior rugby union clubs in Ireland including 5 of the 10 sides in the top division 1A.[206]

#### Association football

[edit]

Dublin is home to five League of Ireland association football clubs: Bohemian, Shamrock Rovers, Shelbourne, St Patrick's Athletic and University College Dublin. The first Irish side to reach the group stages of a European competition (2011–12 UEFA Europa League group stage) are Shamrock Rovers, who play at Tallaght Stadium in South Dublin. Bohemian F.C play at Dalymount Park, the oldest football stadium in the country, and home ground for the Ireland football team from 1904 to the 1970s. St Patrick's Athletic play at Richmond Park; University College Dublin at the UCD Bowl in Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown; and Shelbourne at Tolka Park. Tolka Park, Dalymount Park, UCD Bowl and Tallaght Stadium, along with the Carlisle Grounds in Bray, hosted all Group 3 games in the intermediary round of the 2011 UEFA Regions' Cup. The Aviva Stadium hosted the 2011 UEFA Europa League final and the 2024 UEFA Europa League final.[207]

#### Cricket

[edit]

Dublin has two ODI cricket grounds in Castle Avenue (Clontarf Cricket Club) and Malahide Cricket Club Ground. College Park has Test status and played host to Ireland's first Test cricket match, a women's match against Pakistan in 2000.[208] The men's Irish cricket team also played their first Test match against Pakistan at Malahide Cricket Club Ground during 2018.[209] Leinster Lightning play their home inter-provincial matches in Dublin at College Park.[210]

#### Other

[edit]

The Dublin Marathon has been run since 1980 at the end of October. The Women's Mini Marathon has been run since 1983 on the first Monday in June, which is also a bank holiday in Ireland. It is said to be the largest all female event of its kind in the world.[211] The Great Ireland Run takes place in Dublin's Phoenix Park in mid-April.[212]

Two Dublin baseball clubs compete in the Irish Baseball League.[213] The Dublin Spartans and the Dublin Bay Hurricanes are both based at The O'Malley Fields at Corkagh Park. The Portmarnock Red Rox, from outside the city, competes in the Baseball Ireland B League.[214]

The Dublin area hosts greyhound racing at Shelbourne Park and horse racing at Leopardstown. The Dublin Horse Show takes place at the RDS, which hosted the Show Jumping World Championships in 1982. The national boxing arena is located in The National Stadium on the South Circular Road. The National Basketball Arena is located in Tallaght, is the home of the Irish basketball team, the venue for the basketball league finals, and has also hosted boxing and wrestling events. The National Aquatic Centre in Blanchardstown is Ireland's largest indoor water leisure facility. There are also Gaelic Handball, hockey and athletics stadia, most notably Morton Stadium in Santry, which held the athletics events of the 2003 Special Olympics.

### Cuisine

[edit]

As of the 2024 Michelin Guide, seven Dublin restaurants shared ten Michelin stars – including Restaurant Patrick Guilbaud, Liath and Chapter One with two.[215] Irish-born Kevin Thornton was awarded two Michelin stars in 2001 – though his restaurant, Thornton's, closed in 2016.[216] The Dublin Institute of Technology commenced a bachelor's degree in culinary skills in 1999.[217]

Historically, Irish coffee houses and cafes were associated with those working in media.[218] Since the beginning of the 21st century, with the growth of apartment living in the city, Dublin's cafés attracted younger patrons looking for an informal gathering place and an ad hoc office.[218] Cafés became more popular in the city, and Irish-owned coffee chains like Java Republic, Insomnia, and O'Brien's Sandwich Bars now compete internationally. In 2008, Irish barista Stephen Morrissey won the title of World Barista Champion.[219]

Immigrant groups, such as Chinese, Japanese and Italian émigrés, have also opened restaurants around Dublin.[175][220] A number of South-East Asians immigrated from places such as Hong Kong, Malaysia and Mainland China to Dublin during the 1960s and opened restaurants featuring their cuisines.[221] Modern Irish adaptions of Chinese cuisine include the Spice bag, a takeaway dish consisting of mainly chicken, chips and vegetables.[222][223] In 2020, it was voted 'Ireland's Favourite Takeaway Dish' in the Just Eat National Takeaway Awards.[224]

## English and Irish languages

[edit]

Dublin was traditionally a city of two languages, English and Irish, a situation found also in the area around it, the Pale. The Irish of County Dublin represented the easternmost extension of a broad central dialect area which stretched between Leinster and Connacht, but had its own local characteristics. It may also have been influenced by the east Ulster dialect of County Meath and County Louth to the north.[225]

In the words of a 16th-century English administrator, William Gerard (1518–1581): "All Englishe, and the most part with delight, even in Dublin, speak Irishe".[226] The Old English historian Richard Stanihurst (1547–1618) wrote as follows: "When their posteritie became not altogither so warie in keeping, as their ancestors were valiant in conquering, the Irish language was free dennized in the English Pale: this canker tooke such deep root, as the bodie that before was whole and sound, was by little and little festered, and in manner wholly putrified".[227]

English authorities of the Cromwellian period accepted the fact that Irish was widely spoken in the city and its surrounds. In 1655 several local dignitaries were ordered to oversee a lecture in Irish to be given in Dublin. In March 1656 a converted Catholic priest, Séamas Corcy, was appointed to preach in Irish at Bride's parish every Sunday, and was also ordered to preach at Drogheda and Athy.[228] In 1657 the English colonists in Dublin presented a petition to the Municipal Council complaining that in Dublin itself "there is Irish commonly and usually spoken".[229]

In early 18th century Dublin, Irish was the language of a group of poets and scribes led by Seán and Tadhg Ó Neachtain.[230] Scribal activity in Irish persisted in Dublin right through the 18th century.[231] There were still native Irish speakers in County Dublin at the time of the 1851 census.[232]

Though the number of Irish speakers declined throughout Ireland in the 19th century, the end of the century saw a Gaelic revival, centred in Dublin and accompanied by renewed literary activity.[233] This was the harbinger of a steady renewal of urban Irish, though with new characteristics of its own.[234][235]

### Current era

[edit]

The native language of most Dubliners today is English, and several local dialects are subsumed under the label Dublin English. Dublin also has many thousands of habitual Irish speakers, with the 2016 census showing that daily speakers (outside the education system) numbered 14,903. They form part of an urban Irish-speaking cohort which is generally better-educated than monoglot English speakers.[236]

The Dublin Irish-speaking cohort is supported by a number of Irish-medium schools. There are 12,950 students in the Dublin region attending 34 gaelscoileanna (Irish-language primary schools) and 10 gaelcholáistí (Irish-language secondary schools).[237]

Two Irish language radio stations, Raidió Na Life and RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta, have studios in the city, and the online station Raidió Rí-Rá broadcasts from studios in the city. A number of Irish language agencies are also located in the capital. Conradh na Gaeilge offers language classes and is used as a meeting place for different groups.[citation needed] The closest Gaeltacht to Dublin is the County Meath Gaeltacht of Ráth Cairn and Baile Ghib which is 55 km (34 mi) away.

## International relations

[edit]

Dublin city council has an International Relations Unit, established in 2007. It works on hosting of international delegations, staff exchanges, international promotion of the city, twinning and partnerships, work with multi-city organisations such as Eurocities, economic partnerships and advice to other Council units.[238]

### Twin and partner cities

[edit]

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in the Republic of Ireland

Dublin is twinned with five places:[65][239][240]

City  | Nation  | Since

|
|

San Jose | United States[241] | 1986
Liverpool | United Kingdom[242] | 1997
Barcelona | Spain[243][244] | 1998
Beijing | China[245][246] | 2011
Ramallah | Palestine[247] | 2023

The city also has "friendship" or "co-operation agreements" with a number of other cities: Moscow (since 2009) and St Petersburg (since 2010) in Russia and Guadalajara in Mexico (since 2013),[248][239] and has previously proposed an agreement with Rio de Janeiro also.[249][250] Previous agreements have included those with Mexico City (2014−2018), Tbilisi in Georgia (2014−2017) and Wuhan in China (2016−2019).

## Notable people

[edit]

Main article: List of people from Dublin

## See also

[edit]

* Ireland portal

* Dublin English
* List of people from Dublin
* List of subdivisions of County Dublin

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ /ˈdʌblɪn/ ⓘ DUB-lin; Irish: Baile Átha Cliath,[11] pronounced [ˈbˠalʲə aːhə ˈclʲiə] or [ˌbʲlʲaː ˈclʲiə]. See § Etymology.

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[edit]

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Sources

* Maxwell, Constantia (1997). Dublin Under the Georges. Lambay Books. ISBN 0-7089-4497-3.

## Further reading

[edit]

See also: Bibliography of the history of Dublin

* John Flynn and Jerry Kelleher, Dublin Journeys in America (High Table Publishing, 2003), ISBN 0-9544694-1-0
* Pat Liddy, Dublin A Celebration: From the 1st to the 21st century (Dublin City Council, 2000), ISBN 0-946841-50-0
* Maurice Craig, The Architecture of Ireland from the Earliest Times to 1880 (Batsford, Paperback edition 1989), ISBN 0-7134-2587-3
* Frank McDonald, Saving the City: How to Halt the Destruction of Dublin (Tomar Publishing, 1989), ISBN 1-871793-03-3
* Edward McParland, Public Architecture in Ireland 1680–1760 (Yale University Press, 2001), ISBN 0-300-09064-1

## External links

[edit]

Dublin at Wikipedia's sister projects

* Definitions from Wiktionary
* Media from Commons
* News from Wikinews
* Quotations from Wikiquote
* Texts from Wikisource
* Textbooks from Wikibooks
* Resources from Wikiversity
* Travel information from Wikivoyage

* Dublin City Council – Official website of the local authority for Dublin
* Dublin Tourist Board – Official tourism site
* Dublin UNESCO City of Literature official site
* Dublin Historic Maps, Boundaries & an OSM Miscellany

* v
* t
* e

Dublin City

Culture|

| Events|

* City Spectacular
* Darklight Film Festival
* Dublin City Soul Festival
* Dublin Feminist Film Festival
* Dublin Fringe Festival
* Dublin Gay Theatre Festival
* Dublin International Film Festival
* Dublin Live Art Festival
* Dublin Pride
* Fingal Film Festival
* Gaze
* Longitude Festival

|

Venues|

* 3Arena
* The Academy
* Bord Gáis Energy Theatre
* Civic Theatre
* The Helix
* National Stadium
* Olympia Theatre
* The Button Factory
* Vicar Street
* The Village

*   * The Coat of Arms of Dublin City

Education|

| Third level|

* American College Dublin
* Ballyfermot College of Further Education
* Beaumont Hospital
* Coláiste na hÉireann
* Dublin Business School
* Dublin City University
* Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies
* Griffith College Dublin
* Independent College Dublin
* Inchicore College of Further Education
* Institute of Public Administration
* Kilroy's College
* King's Inns
* Liberties College
* Marino Institute of Education
* Mater Misericordiae University Hospital
* National College of Art and Design
* National College of Ireland
* National Performing Arts School
* Ringsend Technical Institute
* Royal College of Science
* Royal College of Surgeons
* Royal Victoria Eye and Ear Hospital
* Technological University Dublin
* Trinity College Dublin

|

Secondary|

* Alexandra College
* Ardscoil La Salle, Raheny
* Ardscoil Rís, Dublin
* Belvedere College
* Catholic University School
* Chanel College, Dublin
* Coláiste Mhuire, Dublin
* Coláiste Moibhí
* Drimnagh Castle Secondary School
* Gaelcholáiste Reachrann
* The High School, Dublin
* Hillcourt
* Holy Faith Secondary School, Clontarf
* Institute of Education
* Kylemore College
* Loreto College, St Stephen's Green
* Manor House School, Raheny
* Marian College (Dublin)
* Mount Temple Comprehensive School
* Muckross Park College
* Notre Dame School, Dublin
* O'Connell School
* St Aidan's C.B.S.
* St Conleth's College
* St Declan's College
* St John's College De La Salle
* St Joseph's, Fairview
* St Mary's College, Dublin
* St Michael's College, Dublin
* St Paul's College, Raheny
* St. Vincent's C.B.S.
* Sandford Park School
* Sandymount High School
* St Louis High School, Rathmines
* Stratford College
* Synge Street CBS

Health|

* Beaumont Hospital
* Bon Secours Hospital
* Cappagh National Orthopaedic Hospital
* Cherry Orchard Hospital
* Children's Health Ireland at Crumlin
* Children's Health Ireland at Temple Street
* Coombe Women & Infants University Hospital
* Dublin Dental University Hospital
* Mater Misericordiae University Hospital
* Mater Private Hospital, Eccles Street
* National Maternity Hospital
* Rotunda Hospital
* Royal Victoria Eye and Ear Hospital
* St. James's Hospital
* St. Patrick's Mental Health Services
* St. Brendan's Hospital
* St. Joseph's Hospital
* St. Luke's Hospital, Rathgar
* St Bricin's Military Hospital
* St. Vincent's Hospital, Fairview
* St. Vincent's Private Hospital
* St. Vincent's University Hospital

History|

* History of Dublin
* Timeline of Dublin

Media|

| Print|

* The Echo
* Liffey Champion
* Northside People
* Southside People

|

Radio|

* 98FM
* Dublin City FM
* Dublin South FM
* FM104
* Liffey Sound FM
* Near FM
* Phoenix FM
* Dublin's Q102
* Raidió na Life
* Radio Nova
* SPIN 1038
* Sunshine 106.8

Television|

* Dublin Community Television

Parks and
recreational areas|

* Albert College Park
* Belcamp Park
* Bull Island
* Bushy Park
* Cabbage Garden
* Chancery House
* Corkagh Park
* Croppies' Acre
* Dodder Park
* Ellenfield Park
* Fairview Park
* Father Collins Park
* Garden of Remembrance
* Grattan Crescent Park
* Griffith Park, Dublin
* Herbert Park
* Herzog Park
* Irish National War Memorial Gardens
* Irishtown Nature Park
* Iveagh Gardens
* Lansdowne Valley Park
* Merrion Square
* Mountjoy Square
* Our Lady's Park, Drumcondra
* Peace Park, Dublin
* Phoenix Park
* Saint Anne's Park
* St Stephen's Green
* St. Anne's Road Pocket Park
* Stardust Memorial Park
* Tolka Valley Park
* Phoenix Park

Sports|

| Professional teams|

* Bohemian F.C.
* Leinster Rugby
* Shelbourne F.C.
* Shamrock Rovers F.C.
* St Patrick's Athletic F.C.
* University College Dublin A.F.C.

|

Venues|

* Anglesea Road Cricket Ground
* Aviva Stadium
* Castle Avenue cricket ground
* Claremont Road Cricket Ground
* College Park, Dublin
* Croke Park
* Dalymount Park
* Donnybrook Stadium
* Eircom Park
* Elm Park Golf Club
* Fitzwilliam Lawn Tennis Club
* Irishtown Stadium
* Iveagh Grounds
* Malahide Cricket Club Ground
* National Handball Centre
* National Stadium
* Observatory Lane
* Park Avenue
* Parnell Park
* RDS Arena
* Richmond Park
* The Royal Dublin Golf Club
* Shelbourne Park
* Sydney Parade
* Tolka Park
* The Vineyard
* Whitehall Stadium

Streets|

* List of streets and squares in Dublin

Water bodies|

* River Camac
* River Dodder
* River Liffey
* River Poddle
* River Tolka
* Santry River

Other buildings
and structures|

| Railway stations|

* Dublin Broadstone railway station
* Connolly station
* Docklands railway station
* Harcourt Street station
* Heuston station
* Dublin Pearse railway station

|

Italics indicate proposed developments. Smaller font-size indicates locations or organizations that no longer exist.

* v
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* e

History of Dublin

Timeline and general|

* Timeline of Dublin
* Timeline of the Troubles in Dublin
* Development and preservation in Dublin
* Dublin Corporation
* Irish Social Season
* Local government in Dublin
* Lord Mayor of Dublin
* List of monastic houses in County Dublin
* Sheriff of Dublin City
* Streets and squares in Dublin
* Dublin street corners
* Historical maps of Dublin
* List of songs about Dublin

Early Dublin|

* Steine of Dublin
* Hoggen Green
* Dublin slave market
* Bridge of Dublin
* Early Scandinavian Dublin
* History of Dublin to 795
* Kingdom of Dublin (c. 853-1170)
* Battle of Islandbridge (919)
* Burning of Caill Tomair (1000)
* Battle of Clontarf (1014)

Middle Ages|

* Black Monday (1209)
* The Pale
* Dublin Castle
* Donnybrook Fair
* Gates of Dublin
* St Patrick's Cathedral
* Christ Church Cathedral
* Rathborne Candles
* St. Audoen's Church
* St. Mary's Abbey
* St. Michan's Church
* The Tholsel

Early modern|

* Escape of Hugh Roe O'Donnell et al. from Dublin Castle (1592)
* Trinity College Dublin (est. 1592)
* Dublin gunpowder explosion (1597)
* Massacre of Baldongan Church (1642)
* Battle of Rathmines (1649)
* Siege of Dublin (1649)
* Smithfield Market (mid-1600s)
* The Brazen Head (est. 1661)
* Disappearance of the Ouzel Galley (1695)
* Dick's Coffee House (1698-1780)
* Georgian Architecture in Dublin (1700s)
* The Great South Wall (1700s) and Bull Wall (1820s)
* Dublin election riot (1713)
* Assassination of Henry Luttrell (1717)
* Drapier's Letters (1724-5)
* Linenhall (1728-1916)
* Hell Fire Club (1735-1741)
* Premiere of Handel's Messiah (1742)
* Daly's Club (1750-1823)
* Wide Streets Commission (1758-1851)
* Guinness Brewery (est. 1759)
* Royal Exchange (1779)
* Kildare Street Club (est. 1782)
* Richard Crosbie's balloon ascent (1785)
* The Grand Canal and Royal Canal (Early 1800s)
* Dublin quays (1800s)
* Irish Rebellion of 1803 (1803)
* Execution of Robert Emmet (1803)
* Construction of Martello Towers (1803-08)
* Sinking of Rochdale and Prince of Wales (1807)
* Military Road (1809)
* Dublin and Kingstown Railway (1834-56)
* Dublin Metropolitan Police (1836-1925)
* Sinking of the PS Queen Victoria (1838)
* Dún Laoghaire Harbour (1842)
* Hamilton's eureka moment at Broom Bridge (1843)
* Sinking of the Longford on the Royal Canal (1845)
* Great Industrial Exhibition (1853)
* Sinking of the RMS Tayleur (1854)
* Monto (red light district) (1860s-1950s)
* Wellington Monument (1861)
* Dublin Fire Brigade (est. 1862)
* International Exhibition of Arts and Manufactures (1865)
* Dublin tramways (1872-1959)
* Dublin whiskey fire (1875)
* Dublin Artisans' Dwellings Company (1876-1979)
* Phoenix Park Murders (1882)
* Dublin Castle scandal (1884)
* Kingstown lifeboat disaster (1895)

Late modern|

* Hill of Howth Tramway (1901-59)
* Irish International Exhibition (1907)
* Theft of the Irish Crown Jewels (1907)
* Dublin Lock-out (1913-14)
* Bachelor's Walk massacre (1914)
* Howth gun-running (1914)
* Easter Rising (1916)
* Introduction of Dublin Postal Districts (1917)
* Sinking of the RMS Leinster (1918)
* The First Dáil (1919-21)
* Bloody Sunday (1920)
* Cairo Gang (1920s)
* Burning of the Custom House (1921)
* Drumcondra ambush (1921)
* Battle of Dublin (1922)
* Hosting of the Tailteann Games (1924, 1928, 1932)
* Assassination of Kevin O'Higgins (1927)
* The O'Connell Bridge photographer (1930s-1985)
* Saint Patrick's Day parade (est. 1931)
* 1932 Eucharistic Congress
* 1933 Dublin riot
* Pearse Street fire (1936)
* Bombing of Dublin in World War II (1941)
* Baggotonia (1950s)
* Bloomsday commemorations (est. 1954)
* Dublin Housing Action Committee (1960s-1970s)
* Demolition of houses along Dublin's Georgian mile (1965)
* Destruction of Nelson's Pillar (1966)
* RTÉ Studio bombing (1969)
* Dublin fires (1970)
* Contraceptive Train (1971)
* Hosting of the Eurovision Song Contest (1971, 1981, 1988, 1994, 1995, 1997)
* Poolbeg Chimneys (1971)
* Burning of the British Embassy in Dublin (1972)
* Dublin bombings (1972-73)
* Mountjoy Prison helicopter escape (1973)
* Dublin and Monaghan Bombings (1974)
* Dublin Airport bombing (1975)
* "Save Wood Quay" (1978-79)
* Stardust fire (1981)
* "GUBU" (Malcolm MacArthur) (1982)
* Dublin Area Rapid Transit (1984)
* Hurricane Charley flooding (1986)
* Self Aid (1986)
* Students Against the Destruction of Dublin (1987-91)
* Dublin Millennium celebrations (1988)
* European Capital of Culture (1991)
* Local Government (Dublin) Act 1993 (1993)
* Lansdowne Road football riot (1995)
* Assassination of Veronica Guerin (1996)

Contemporary|

* Crumlin-Drimnagh feud (2000-2016)
* Hosting of the Special Olympics (2003)
* Spire of Dublin (2003)
* Luas (2004)
* May Day protests (2004)
* Dublin riots (2006)
* Dublin Port Tunnel (2006)
* Anti-austerity demonstrations (2008-15)
* 2008 floods (2008)
* Dublinbikes (est. 2009)
* Bank of Ireland robbery (2009)
* M50 motorway (2010)
* Slovak Police training explosives incident (2010)
* UNESCO City of Literature (2010)
* Silicon Docks (est. 2011)
* Occupy Dame Street (2011-12)
* Hutch–Kinahan feud (2015-to date)
* Occupation of Apollo House (2017)
* Dublin Tech Summit (est. 2017)
* The Beast from the East (2018)
* Coolock feud (2019-20)
* COVID-19 pandemic (2020-2023)
* Dublin riots (2021)
* Irish anti-immigration protests (2022-to date)
* Dublin mass stabbing & riot (2023)

Annual sporting events|

* Dublin Horse Show (est. 1864)
* Hosting of the All-Ireland Football Final (est. 1888)
* Leopardstown Racecourse (est. 1888)
* Phoenix Park Racecourse (1902-1990)
* Hosting of the All-Ireland Hurling Final (est. 1912)
* Liffey Swim (est. 1920)
* Dublin–Limerick hurling rivalry (1923 - to date)
* Liffey Descent canoe race (est. 1960)
* Dublin Marathon (est. 1980)
* Women's Mini Marathon (est. 1983)
* Great Ireland Run (est. 2003)
* Art O'Neill Challenge (est. 2009)
* Dublin City Half Marathon (est. 2025)

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Landmarks of Dublin

Structures|

* Development and conservation
* Georgian Dublin
* Georgian mile
* Bridges and tunnels
* Dublin quays

Culture|

* Monuments
* Monastic houses
* Public art
* Dublin city gates
* Martello towers

Places|

* Streets and squares
* Street corners
* Pubs
* Hills and mountains
* Rivers

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Parks in County Dublin

North of River Liffey
(Northside)|

* Albert College Park
* Ardgillan Castle and Demesne
* Ardmore Park
* Ashington Park
* Balgriffin Park
* Beaumont Woods
* Belcamp Park
* Beresford Park
* Blessington Street Basin
* Bram Stoker Park
* Bull Island
* Charlie Moore Memorial Park
* Chancery Park
* Clontarf Promenade
* Coolock Lane Park
* Corduff Park
* Crescent Park
* Croppies' Acre
* Darndale Park
* Donahies Field
* Edenmore Park
* Eileen McLoughlin Park
* Ellenfield Park
* Fairview Park
* Farmleigh Estate Gardens
* Father Collins Park
* Garden of Remembrance
* Griffith Park
* Hartstown Park
* Hazelbury Park
* Johnstown Park
* Kildonan Park
* King's Inns Park
* Lady's Well Park
* Lanesborough Park
* Littlepace Park
* Malahide Castle and Demesne
* Mayfield Park
* Mellowes Park
* Mount Bernard Park
* Mountjoy Square
* Botanic Gardens
* Newbridge Park
* Oscar Traynor Park
* Our Lady's Park
* Phoenix Park
* Pope John-Paul II Park
* Poppintree Park
* Portrane Park
* Rivervalley Park
* Rockfield Park
* Royal Canal Park
* Saint Anne's Park
* St. Anne's Road Pocket Park
* St. Catherine's Park
* St. Michan’s Park
* Santry Park
* Seabury Park
* Seagrange Park
* Spencer Dock Park
* Stardust Memorial Park
* Tolka Valley Park
* Tyrrelstown Park
* Waterville Park
* Wolfe Tone Square

South of River Liffey
(Southside)|

* Ballawley Park
* Bancroft Park
* Belgrave Square
* Blackrock Park
* Brickfield Park
* Bridgefoot Street Park
* Bushy Park
* Cabbage Garden
* Cabinteely Park
* Carysfort Park
* Corkagh Park
* Dartmouth Square
* Deerpark
* Dillon's Park
* Dodder Park
* Éamonn Ceannt Park
* Eaton Square Park
* Fernhill Park and Gardens
* Fitzsimon's Wood
* Fitzwilliam Square
* Grattan Crescent Park
* Griffeen Valley Park
* Herbert Park
* Hermitage Park
* Herzog Park
* Irish National War Memorial Gardens
* Irishtown Nature Park
* Iveagh Gardens
* Jim Mitchell Park
* Kenilworth Square
* Killbogget Park
* Killiney Hill Park
* Kiltalown Park
* Lansdowne Valley Park
* Loreto Park
* Markievicz Park
* Marlay Park
* Merrion Square
* Moran Park
* Mount Pleasant Square
* Oscar Square
* Palmerston Park
* Peace Park
* Pearse Park
* Pearse Square
* People's Park
* St. Audoen's Park
* Saint Enda's Park
* St Kevin's Park
* St Patrick’s Cathedral Park
* Saint Stephen's Green
* Sandymount Green (park)
* Shanganagh Park
* Sorrento Park
* Thomastown Park
* Tranquila Park
* Turvey Park
* Tymon Park
* Waterstown Park
* Weaver Park
* Willsbrook Park
* Wilton Park

* v
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Regions of County Dublin

* County seats: Dublin
* Dún Laoghaire
* Tallaght
* Swords

Cities|

* Dublin

County Dublin in Ireland

Towns and villages|

* List of towns and villages in County Dublin

Counties|

* Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown
* Fingal
* South Dublin

Other regions|

* Northside
* Southside
* Greater Dublin Area
* County Dublin

Civil sub-divisions|

* List of subdivisions of County Dublin
* List of townlands of County Dublin
* List of Dublin postal districts

Baronies of Dublin|

* Balrothery East
* Balrothery West
* Castleknock
* Coolock
* Dublin
* Dublin City
* Nethercross
* Newcastle
* Rathdown
* Uppercross

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Residential areas of County Dublin

North of River Liffey
(Northside)|

* Abbotstown
* Applewood
* Arbour Hill
* Artane
* Ashtown
* Baldoyle
* Balgriffin
* Ballybough
* Ballyboughal
* Ballygall
* Ballymun
* Balrothery
* Bayside
* Beaumont
* Blanchardstown
* Brackenstown
* Broadstone
* Cabra
* Carpenterstown
* Castleknock
* Chapelizod
* Clonee
* Clongriffin
* Clonliffe
* Clonsilla
* Clontarf
* Coolock
* Coolmine
* Corduff
* Damastown
* Darndale
* Dollymount
* Donabate
* Donaghmede
* Donnycarney
* Drumcondra
* East Wall
* Fairview
* Finglas
* Garristown
* Glasnevin
* Grangegorman
* Harmonstown
* Holywell
* Howth
* Huntstown
* Kilmore
* Kilbarrack
* Killester
* Kinsealy
* Knocksedan
* Littlepace
* Loughshinny
* Lusk
* Malahide
* Man of War
* Marino
* Mulhuddart
* Naul
* North Strand
* North Wall
* Oldtown
* Ongar
* Oxmantown
* Palmerstown
* Phibsborough
* Poppintree
* Portmarnock
* Portrane
* Point Village
* Priorswood
* Raheny
* Rathbeale
* Rolestown
* Rush
* Santry
* Sheriff Street
* Skerries
* Smithfield
* Spencer Dock
* Stoneybatter
* Strawberry Beds
* Summerhill
* Sutton
* Swords
* Tyrrelstown
* Waterville
* Whitehall

South of River Liffey
(Southside)|

* Adamstown
* Back of the Pipes
* Balally
* Ballinteer
* Ballsbridge
* Ballyboden
* Ballybrack
* Ballyfermot
* Ballymount
* Ballyogan
* Ballyroan
* Barnacullia
* Belfield
* Blackrock
* Bluebell
* Booterstown
* Brittas
* Cabinteely
* Carrickmines
* Chapelizod
* Cherrywood
* Churchtown
* Citywest
* Clondalkin
* Clonskeagh
* The Coombe
* Cornelscourt
* Crumlin
* Dalkey
* Dartry
* Deansgrange
* Dolphin's Barn
* Donnybrook
* Drimnagh
* Dundrum
* Dún Laoghaire
* Edmondstown
* Firhouse
* Foxrock
* Glasthule
* Glenageary
* Glenasmole
* Glencullen
* Glenview
* Goatstown
* Grand Canal Dock
* Greenhills
* Harold's Cross
* Inchicore
* Irishtown
* Islandbridge
* Jobstown
* Johnstown
* Killiney
* Kill of the Grange
* Kilmacud
* Kilmainham
* Kilnamanagh
* Kiltalown
* Kilternan
* Kimmage
* Knocklyon
* Leopardstown
* Liberties
* Loughlinstown
* Lucan
* Milltown
* Monkstown
* Mount Merrion
* Newcastle
* Oldbawn
* Palmerstown
* Perrystown
* Pimlico
* Poolbeg
* Portobello
* Ranelagh
* Rathcoole
* Rathfarnham
* Rathgar
* Rathmichael
* Rathmines
* Rialto
* Ringsend
* Rockbrook
* Saggart
* Sallynoggin
* Sandycove
* Sandyford
* Sandymount
* Shankill
* South Lotts, Ringsend
* Stepaside
* Stillorgan
* Tallaght
* Templeogue
* Terenure
* Walkinstown
* Whitechurch
* Windy Arbour

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* e

Streets in Dublin city (List)

North of River Liffey
(Northside)|

* Abbey Street
* Amiens Street
* Arbour Hill
* Bachelors Walk
* Benburb Street
* Beresford Place
* Blackhall Place
* Bloom Lane
* Buckingham Street
* Capel Street
* Cathal Brugha Street
* Cathedral Street
* Church Street
* Clonliffe Road
* Dominick Street
* Dorset Street
* East Wall Road
* Eccles Street
* Eden Quay
* Foley Street
* Gardiner Street
* Great Denmark Street
* Henrietta Street
* Henry Street
* Home Farm Road
* James Joyce Street
* Jervis Street
* Liffey Street
* Linenhall Street
* Marino Crescent
* Marlborough Street
* Mary Street
* Moore Street
* North Brunswick Street
* North Circular Road
* North Earl Street
* North Frederick Street
* North Great George's Street
* North Strand Road
* O'Connell Street
* Parnell Street
* Queen Street
* Seán McDermott Street
* Sheriff Street
* Store Street
* Summerhill Parade
* Talbot Street

South of River Liffey
(Southside)|

* Ailesbury Road
* Anglesea Road
* Anglesea Street
* Aungier Street
* Baggot Street
* Bow Lane West
* Boyne Street
* Bride Street
* Britain Quay
* Bull Alley Street
* Camden Street
* Christchurch Place
* Clanbrassil Street
* Clare Street
* Clyde Road
* College Green
* College Street
* The Coombe
* Coppinger Row
* Cook Street
* Cope Street
* Cork Street
* Crampton Court
* Cuffe Street
* Dame Lane
* Dame Street
* Dawson Street
* D'Olier Street
* Drury Street
* Earlsfort Terrace
* Ely Place
* Eustace Street
* Fenian Street
* Fishamble Street
* Fleet Street
* Foster Place
* Fownes Street
* Fumbally Lane
* Georges Quay
* Golden Lane
* Grafton Street
* Harcourt Street
* Harcourt Terrace
* Hawkins Street
* Herbert Park
* Herbert Road
* Heytesbury Street
* High Street
* Hume Street
* James's Street
* Keyser's Lane
* Kildare Street
* Lansdowne Road
* Leeson Street
* Lincoln Place
* Marrowbone Lane
* Merrion Road
* Merrion Street
* Misery Hill
* Molesworth Street
* Morehampton Road
* Mount Street Lower
* Nassau Street
* Northumberland Road
* Newbridge Avenue
* New Bride Street
* Park Avenue
* Parliament Street
* Patrick Street
* Pearse Street
* Raglan Road
* Sandymount Avenue
* Shelbourne Road
* Ship Street Little
* Shrewsbury Road
* Sir John Rogerson's Quay
* South Circular Road
* South Great George's Street
* South William Street
* St Andrew's Street
* Steeven's Lane
* Stephen Street
* Sydney Parade Avenue
* Tara Street
* Thomas Street
* Tritonville Road
* Werburgh Street
* Westland Row
* Westmoreland Street
* Wexford Street
* Wicklow Street
* Winetavern Street
* Wood Quay
* York Street

Other articles related to Dublin

* v
* t
* e

Cities in Ireland

Republic of Ireland|

| City Councils|

* Dublin
* Cork
* Galway

|

Metropolitan District
within City and County Council|

* Limerick
* Waterford

Municipal District
within County Council|

Kilkenny

Northern Ireland|

* Belfast
* Bangor
* Derry
* Lisburn
* Newry
* Armagh

* v
* t
* e

European Capitals of Culture

1985
Athens
1986
Florence
1987
Amsterdam
1988
West Berlin
1989
Paris
1990
Glasgow
1991
Dublin
1992
Madrid
1993
Antwerp
1994
Lisbon
1995
Luxembourg City
1996
Copenhagen
1997
Thessaloniki
1998
Stockholm
1999
Weimar
2000
Reykjavík
Bergen
Helsinki
Brussels
Prague
Kraków
Santiago de Compostela
Avignon
Bologna
2001
Rotterdam
Porto
2002
Bruges
Salamanca
2003
Graz
Plovdiv
2004
Genoa
Lille
2005
Cork
2006
Patras
2007
Luxembourg City
Sibiu
2008
Liverpool
Stavanger
2009
Linz
Vilnius
2010
Essen
Istanbul
Pécs
2011
Turku
Tallinn
2012
Maribor
Guimarães
2013
Košice
Marseille
2014
Umeå
Riga
2015
Mons
Plzeň
2016
San Sebastián
Wrocław
2017
Aarhus
Paphos
2018
Valletta
Leeuwarden
2019
Plovdiv
Matera
2020-April 2021
Rijeka
Galway
2022
Kaunas
Esch-sur-Alzette
Novi Sad
2023
Veszprém
Timișoara
Elefsina
2024
Tartu
Bad Ischl
Bodø
2025
Nova Gorica / Gorizia
Chemnitz
2026
Oulu
Trenčín
2027
Liepāja

* v
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* e

Capitals of Europe

Capitals of dependent territories and states whose sovereignty is disputed shown in italics.

Sovereign states|

* Amsterdam, Netherlands1
* Andorra la Vella, Andorra
* Ankara, Turkey2
* Astana, Kazakhstan2
* Athens, Greece
* Baku, Azerbaijan2
* Belgrade, Serbia
* Berlin, Germany
* Bern, Switzerland
* Bratislava, Slovakia
* Brussels, Belgium3
* Bucharest, Romania
* Budapest, Hungary
* Chișinău, Moldova
* Copenhagen, Denmark
* Dublin, Ireland
* Helsinki, Finland
* Kyiv, Ukraine
* Lisbon, Portugal
* Ljubljana, Slovenia
* London, United Kingdom
* Luxembourg, Luxembourg
* Madrid, Spain
* Minsk, Belarus
* Monaco5
* Moscow, Russia
* Nicosia, Cyprus2
* Oslo, Norway
* Paris, France
* Podgorica, Montenegro
* Prague, Czech Republic
* Reykjavík, Iceland
* Riga, Latvia
* Rome, Italy
* San Marino, San Marino
* Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Skopje, North Macedonia
* Sofia, Bulgaria
* Stockholm, Sweden
* Tallinn, Estonia
* Tbilisi, Georgia2
* Tirana, Albania
* Vaduz, Liechtenstein
* Valletta, Malta
* Vatican City4
* Vienna, Austria
* Vilnius, Lithuania
* Warsaw, Poland
* Yerevan, Armenia2
* Zagreb, Croatia

States with
limited recognition|

* North Nicosia, Northern Cyprus2
* Pristina, Kosovo
* Sokhumi, Abkhazia2
* Tiraspol, Transnistria
* Tskhinvali, South Ossetia2

Dependencies|

| United Kingdom|

| Constituent countries|

* London, England
* Edinburgh, Scotland
* Cardiff, Wales
* Belfast, Northern Ireland

|

Crown Dependencies and
Overseas Territories|

* Douglas, Isle of Man
* Episkopi Cantonment, Akrotiri and Dhekelia
* Gibraltar, Gibraltar
* St Helier, Jersey
* Saint Peter Port, Guernsey

Other|

* Longyearbyen, Svalbard (Norway)
* Tórshavn, Faroe Islands (Denmark)

Federal states|

| Austria|

* Bregenz, Vorarlberg
* Eisenstadt, Burgenland
* Graz, Styria
* Innsbruck, Tyrol
* Klagenfurt, Carinthia
* Linz, Upper Austria
* Salzburg, Salzburg
* Sankt Pölten, Lower Austria
* Vienna, Vienna

|

Belgium|

| Communities|

* Brussels, Flemish Community and French Community
* Eupen, German-speaking Community

|

Regions|

* Brussels, Brussels-Capital Region and Flanders
* Namur, Wallonia

Bosnia and Herzegovina|

* Banja Luka (de facto), Republika Srpska
* Brčko, Brčko District
* Sarajevo, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Germany|

* Berlin, Berlin
* Bremen, Bremen
* Dresden, Saxony
* Düsseldorf, North Rhine-Westphalia
* Erfurt, Thuringia
* Hamburg, Hamburg
* Hanover, Lower Saxony
* Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein
* Magdeburg, Saxony-Anhalt
* Mainz, Rhineland-Palatinate
* Munich, Bavaria
* Potsdam, Brandenburg
* Saarbrücken, Saarland
* Schwerin, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
* Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg
* Wiesbaden, Hesse

Russia|

| Republics|

* Cheboksary, Chuvashia
* Cherkessk, Karachay-Cherkessia
* Elista, Kalmykia
* Grozny, Chechnya
* Izhevsk, Udmurtia
* Kazan, Tatarstan
* Magas, Ingushetia
* Makhachkala, Dagestan
* Maykop, Adygea
* Nalchik, Kabardino-Balkaria
* Petrozavodsk, Karelia
* Saransk, Mordovia
* Simferopol, Crimea (disputed)
* Syktyvkar, Komi
* Ufa, Bashkortostan
* Vladikavkaz, North Ossetia–Alania
* Yoshkar-Ola, Mari El

|

Autonomous okrugs|

* Naryan-Mar, Nenets

Krais|

* Krasnodar, Krasnodar Krai
* Perm, Perm Krai
* Stavropol, Stavropol Krai

Oblasts|

* Arkhangelsk, Arkhangelsk Oblast
* Astrakhan, Astrakhan Oblast
* Belgorod, Belgorod Oblast
* Bryansk, Bryansk Oblast
* Ivanovo, Ivanovo Oblast
* Kaliningrad, Kaliningrad Oblast
* Kaluga, Kaluga Oblast
* Kirov, Kirov Oblast
* Kostroma, Kostroma Oblast
* Krasnogorsk and Moscow, Moscow Oblast (de facto)
* Kursk, Kursk Oblast
* Lipetsk, Lipetsk Oblast
* Murmansk, Murmansk Oblast
* Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
* Orenburg, Orenburg Oblast
* Oryol, Oryol Oblast
* Penza, Penza Oblast
* Pskov, Pskov Oblast
* Rostov-on-Don, Rostov Oblast
* Ryazan, Ryazan Oblast
* Gatchina, Leningrad Oblast
* Samara, Samara Oblast
* Saratov, Saratov Oblast
* Smolensk, Smolensk Oblast
* Tambov, Tambov Oblast
* Tula, Tula Oblast
* Tver, Tver Oblast
* Ulyanovsk, Ulyanovsk Oblast
* Veliky Novgorod, Novgorod Oblast
* Vladimir, Vladimir Oblast
* Volgograd, Volgograd Oblast
* Vologda, Vologda Oblast
* Voronezh, Voronezh Oblast
* Yaroslavl, Yaroslavl Oblast

Federal cities|

* Moscow
* Saint Petersburg
* Sevastopol (disputed)

Switzerland|

* Aarau, Aargau
* Altdorf, Uri
* Appenzell, Appenzell Innerrhoden
* Basel, Basel-Stadt
* Bellinzona, Ticino
* Chur, Grisons
* Delémont, Jura
* Frauenfeld, Thurgau
* Fribourg, Canton of Fribourg
* Geneva, Canton of Geneva
* Herisau, Appenzell Ausserrhoden
* Lausanne, Vaud
* Liestal, Basel-Landschaft
* Lucerne, Canton of Lucerne
* Neuchâtel, Canton of Neuchâtel
* Sarnen, Obwalden
* Schaffhausen, Canton of Schaffhausen
* Schwyz, Canton of Schwyz
* Sion, Valais
* Solothurn, Canton of Solothurn
* Stans, Nidwalden
* St. Gallen, Canton of St. Gallen
* Glarus, Canton of Glarus
* Zug, Canton of Zug
* Zurich, Canton of Zürich

Autonomous
entities|

| Italy|

| Autonomous regions|

* Cagliari, Sardinia
* Palermo, Sicily
* Trento, Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol
* Aosta, Aosta Valley
* Trieste, Friuli Venezia Giulia

|

Portugal|

| Autonomous regions|

* Ponta Delgada, Angra do Heroísmo, & Horta, Azores
* Funchal, Madeira

|

Spain|

* Barcelona, Catalonia
* Las Palmas & Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands
* Logroño, La Rioja
* Madrid, Community of Madrid
* Mérida, Extremadura
* Murcia, Region of Murcia
* Oviedo, Asturias
* Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands
* Pamplona, Navarre
* Santander, Cantabria
* Santiago de Compostela, Galicia
* Seville, Andalusia
* Toledo, Castilla–La Mancha (de facto)
* Valencia, Valencian Community
* Valladolid, Castile and León (de facto)
* Vitoria-Gasteiz, Basque Country (de facto)
* Zaragoza, Aragon

Other|

* Ajaccio, Corsica Collectivité (France)
* Batumi, Adjara (Georgia)
* Comrat, Gagauzia (Moldova)
* Karyes, Mount Athos (Greece)
* Mariehamn, Åland Islands (Finland)
* Nakhchivan, Nakhchivan (Azerbaijan)
* Novi Sad, Vojvodina (Serbia)
* Simferopol, Crimea (Ukraine)

* 1 Also the capital of the Kingdom of the Netherlands
* 2 Continental placement may vary depending on geographic convention being followed
* 3 Also the seat of the European Union, see Institutional seats of the European Union and Brussels and the European Union
* 4 A city-state

* v
* t
* e

European Capitals of Sport

* 2001 Madrid
* 2002 Stockholm
* 2003 Glasgow
* 2004 Alicante
* 2005 Rotterdam
* 2006 Copenhagen
* 2007 Stuttgart
* 2008 Warsaw
* 2009 Milan
* 2010 Dublin
* 2011 Valencia
* 2012 Istanbul
* 2013 Antwerp
* 2014 Cardiff
* 2015 Turin
* 2016 Prague
* 2017 Marseille
* 2018 Sofia
* 2019 Budapest
* 2020 Málaga
* 2021 Lisbon
* 2022 The Hague
* 2023 Glasgow
* 2024 Genoa
* 2025 Tallinn

Authority control databases

International|

* ISNI
* VIAF
* FAST
* WorldCat

National|

* Germany
* United States
* France
* BnF data
* Czech Republic
* Spain
* Sweden
* Israel

Geographic|

* MusicBrainz area

Other|

* IdRef
* NARA
* Yale LUX

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