Duchy of Masovia

Polish Vassal

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Duchy of Masovia

Księstwo Mazowieckie (Polish)
Ducatus Mazouie (Latin)

1138–1275
1294–1310
1370–1381
1495–1526

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Masovian lands

Status| Fiefdom of Kingdom of Poland (1025–1385)
Fiefdom of Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)
Capital| Płock
Czersk (from 1262)
Warsaw (from 1413)
Religion

| Roman Catholic
Government| District principality
Dukes|

• 1138-1173

| Bolesław the Curly

• 1194-1247

| Konrad I

• 1248-1262

| Siemowit I

• 1503-1526

| Janusz III (last)
Historical era| Middle Ages

• Established

| 1138

• Split off Kuyavia

| 1233

• Partitioned

| 1313

• Vassalized by the Polish Crown

| 1351

• Second partition

| 1381

• Incorporated by Poland

| 1526

Preceded by | Succeeded by

|

|  | Kingdom of Poland

|

| Duchy of Płock
| Duchy of Warsaw
| Duchy of Czersk
| Duchy of Rawa
| Kingdom of Poland |

|

Duchy of Kuyavia |
Duchy of Dobrzyń |
Duchy of Płock |
Duchy of Warsaw |
Duchy of Wizna |
Duchy of Czersk |
Duchy of Belz |
Duchy of Rawa |

The Duchy of Masovia[a] was a district principality and a fiefdom of the Kingdom of Poland, existing during the Middle Ages.[1][2] The state was centered in Mazovia in the northeastern Kingdom of Poland, and during its existence, its capital was located in the Płock, Czersk and Warsaw. It was formed in 1138 from the territories of the Kingdom of Poland, following its fragmentation, that was started by the testament of Bolesław III Wrymouth. The country existed in the years: 1138–1275, 1294–1310, 1370–1381, and 1495–1526, between that time, going through fragmentations of its territory into smaller duchies and its unification. The states formed during its fragmentation were duchies of Kuyavia, Dobrzyń, Czersk, Płock, Warsaw, Rawa and Belz. In 1526, the country was incorporated into the Kingdom of Poland.[3][4]

## History

[edit]

The lands of the Masovians east of the Vistula river had been conquered by the Piast duke Mieszko I of Poland (960-992) and formed a constituent part of his Civitas Schinesghe. The Masovian Diocese of Płock was established in 1075.

Fragmentation of Poland in 1138:

Duchy of Masovia of Bolesław IV composed of Masovia and Eastern Kuyavia

Following the death of Duke Bolesław III Wrymouth in 1138, as specified by his testament, the Masovian province was governed by his second son Bolesław IV the Curly, who, after he had expelled his elder half-brother Władysław II, in 1146 became Duke of Poland. His Masovian realm also comprised the adjacent lands of Kujawy (Kuyavia) on the west bank of the Vistula.

Among the Piast Dukes of Masovia, Bolesław's IV nephew Konrad I was Polish high duke from 1229 to 1232 and again from 1241 to 1243; he was the ruler who in 1226 called the Teutonic Order for help against the pagan Old Prussians threatening the northern borders of his territory. In turn he ceded the Prussian Chełmno Land (Kulmerland) to the knights in 1230; according to the Golden Bull of Rimini (dated 1226), issued by the Hohenstaufen emperor Frederick II, these lands became the nucleus of the Order State. In 1233 Konrad gave Kujawy to his second son Casimir I, while Masovia passed to the first-born Bolesław I upon his death in 1247, succeeded by the youngest brother Siemowit I the next year.

While Siemowit's son Duke Konrad II (1264-1294) moved his residence to Czersk he and his brother Bolesław II entered into a long-term conflict over the Polish seniorate with their Kujawy relatives and the Silesian Piasts, which estranged them from the Piast monarchy. When the kingdom was finally restored in 1295 by the coronation of Duke Przemysł II of Greater Poland, the Duchy of Masovia remained independent.

1313 partition:

Duchy of Płock under Wenceslaus

Duchy of Rawa under Siemowit II

Duchy of Czersk under Trojden I

Upon the death of Duke Boleslaus II in 1313, Masovia was divided among his sons:

* Siemowit II became Duke at Rawa (until 1345)
* Trojden I became Duke at Czersk (until 1341)
* Wenceslaus became Duke at Płock (until 1336), followed by his son Bolesław III (until 1351)

As neither Siemowit II nor Bolesław III of Płock left any heirs, Trojden's son Duke Siemowit III (1341-1381) was able to re-unite most of the Masovian lands under his rule; in 1351 he and his brother Casimir became vassals of the Polish kings, while the Bishopric of Płock had always been part of the Polish Archdiocese of Gniezno. Upon Siemowit's III death in 1381 however, Masovia was again partitioned between his sons:

* Janusz I, ruled as duke at Czersk until 1413, when he moved his residence to Warsaw, followed by his grandson Duke Boleslaus IV (1429-1454)
* Siemowit IV, Duke at Rawa and Płock (until 1426), also Duke of Belz from 1388

Since the Polish-Lithuanian Union of 1385, Masovia was localized between the joined Jagiellonian states. The Dukes of Masovia also ruled the Duchy of Belz until 1462.

After the establishment of the Rawa and Płock Voivodeships, in 1495 the last surviving son of Boleslaus IV, Duke Konrad III Rudy, once again united the remaining Masovian lands under his rule. However, the male line of the Masovian Piasts became extinct upon the death of his son Duke Janusz III in 1526, whereafter the duchy as a reverted fief became the Masovian Voivodeship of the Polish Crown.

Parts of the southern region of neighboring East Prussia received settlers and Protestant religious refugees who became known as the Mazurs. By the 18th century the portion of East Prussia in which they settled was sometimes referred to as Masuria (Masuren), and inhabited by a Protestant population of Germans and Poles.

## Partitions of Masovia

[edit]

The Duchy went through various border changes in the coming years, sometimes losing and sometimes gaining territory.

1138–1275  | Duchy of Masovia

|

1275–1294  | Duchy of Czersk | Duchy of Płock
1294–1310  | Duchy of Masovia
1310–1313  | Duchy of Czersk | Duchy of Masovia
1313–1345  | Duchy of Warsaw | Duchy of Rawa | Duchy of Płock
1345–1349  | Duchy of Warsaw-Rawa
1349–1351  | Duchy of Warsaw | Duchy of Rawa
1351–1355  | Annexed to Poland
1355–1370  | Duchy of Warsaw-Rawa
1370–1381  | Duchy of Masovia
1381–1434  | Duchy of Warsaw | Duchy of Płock-Rawa
1434–1442/59  | Duchy of Rawa | Duchy of Płock | Duchy of Bełz
1442/59–1462  | Duchy of Płock-Rawa
1462–1471  | Duchy of Masovia
1471–1488  | Duchy of Czersk | Duchy of Warsaw | Duchy of Płock
1488–1495  | Duchy of Czersk-Warsaw
1495–1526  | Duchy of Masovia

## See also

[edit]

* Duke of Masovia

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Polish: Księstwo Mazowieckie; Latin: Ducatus Mazouie

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Rutkowski, Henryk (2018). "A Few Comments on the Historical Borders in Poland". Studia Geohistorica (6): 124–135. ISSN 2300-2875.
2. ^ M., I. A. (1952). "Review of Eighth Miscellany Volume". The English Historical Review. 67 (264): 435–437. ISSN 0013-8266. JSTOR 554895.
3. ^ Minakowski, Marek Jerzy; Smoczynski, Rafal (2019-08-01). "Mapping Homogamy of Noble Descendants in Poland. A Case Study of the Genealogy of Descendants of the Great Sejm". Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Social Analysis. 9 (1): 29–52. doi:10.2478/aussoc-2019-0003. S2CID 201728710.
4. ^ Ptaszyński, Maciej (2015-01-01). The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-30162-7.

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Fiefdoms of Poland

Medieval district principalities|

| Lesser Poland|

* Seniorate Province
* Kraków
* Sandomierz
* Wiślica

|

Greater Poland|

* Greater Poland
* Poznań
* Gniezno
* Kalisz
* Wieluń

Masovia|

* Masovia
* Czersk
* Płock
* Warsaw
* Rawa
* Belz
* Wizna

Kuyavia|

* Kuyavia
* Brześć Kujawski
* Inowrocław
* Bydgoszcz and Wyszogród
* Gniewkowo
* Dobrzyń

Łęczyca-Sieradz Land|

* Łęczyca
* Sieradz

Silesia and Lubusz Land|

* Silesia
* Opole
* Racibórz
* Głogów
* Lubusz
* Legnica
* Jawor
* Żagań
* Bytom
* Lwówek
* Cieszyn
* Brzeg
* Siewierz
* Oleśnica
* Oświęcim

Pomerania|

* Pomerania
* Pomerania-Stargard
* Pomerania-Słupsk
* Pomerelia
* Lębork and Bytów

Other medieval fiefs|

* Kopanica
* Spisz
* Chełm
* Volodymyr
* Podolia
* Moldavia
* Wallachia
* Caffa
* Prince-Bishopric of Warmia
* State of the Teutonic Order

Early modern fiefs of the
Crown of the Kingdom of Poland|

* Duchy of Masovia
* Duchy of Prussia
* Duchy of Siewierz
* Duchy of Oświęcim
* Duchy of Zator
* Duchy of Troppau
* Lębork and Bytów

| With the Grand Duchy of Lithuania|

Duchy of Courland and Semigallia

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