Duke of Masovia

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Dukes of Masovia in 1450

Duke of Masovia (Polish: Książę Mazowsza) was a title borne by the sons and descendants of the Polish Duke Bolesław III Wrymouth.[1] In accordance with the last will and testament of Bolesław, upon his death his lands were divided into four to five hereditary provinces distributed among his sons, and a royal province of Kraków reserved for the eldest, who was to be High Duke of all Poland. This was known as the fragmentation of Poland. Subsequent developments lead to further splintering of the duchies.

The following is a list of all rulers of the Duchy of Masovia and its parts. Although not all incumbents listed here had titular rights to the title of Duke of Masovia, they are all listed as such for simplicity's sake.

Also take note that some of the dates are merely approximate and the ownership of certain lands might be disputed. Finally, this table does not include lands ruled by dukes of other parts of partitioned Poland or Wenceslaus II and Wenceslaus III.

## Dukes of Masovia and Kuyavia

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### Piast dynasty

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#### Partitions of Masovia and Kuyavia under Piast dynasty

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The Duchy went through various border changes in the coming years, sometimes losing and sometimes gaining territory.

Duchy of Masovia
(1st creation)
(1138-1275)  |
Duchy of
Łęczyca
(1267-1351)  |  | Duchy of
Dobrzyń[2]
(1267-1327)  | Duchy of
Kuyavia[3]
(1247-1333)
Duchy of
Czersk
(1st creation)
(1275-1294)  | Duchy of Płock
(1st creation)
(1275-1294)
Duchy of
Gniewkow
(1287-1364)  | Duchy of
Inowrocław
(1267-1333)
Duchy of
Warsaw
(1st creation)
(1313-1495)  | Duchy of
Rawa
(1st creation)
(1313-1355)  |  | Annexed
to Poland | Annexed
to Poland
Annexed
to Poland
(1355-1370)
| Annexed
to Poland

Duchy of
Rawa
(2nd creation)
(1426-1459)[4] | Duchy of
Płock
(2nd creation)
(1381-1462)
Duchy of
Czersk
(2nd creation)
(1471-1495)  |  | Duchy of
Płock
(3rd creation)
(1471-1495)
Duchy of Masovia
(Czersk line; 2nd creation)
(1495-1526)

#### Table of rulers

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Ruler | Born | Reign | Ruling Part | Consort | Death | Notes

|
|
|
|
|
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Salomea of Berg |  | 1093
Ehingen
Daughter of Henry, Count of Berg and Adelaide of Mochental | 28 October 1138 – 27 July 1144 | Duchy of Masovia
(at Łęczyca) | Boleslaus III of Poland
March-July 1115
eleven children  | 27 July 1144
Łęczyca
aged 50-51 | Heirs of Boleslaus III of Poland, Salomea received a widower seat located in Masovia, while her son inherited the main duchy.
Boleslaus (IV) the Curly |  | 1122
Third son of Boleslaus III of Poland and Salomea of Berg | 28 October 1138 – 5 January 1173 | Duchy of Masovia | Viacheslava Vsevolodovna of Novgorod
1137
three children

Maria
c.1170
no children  | 5 January 1173
aged 50-51
Regency of Casimir II of Poland (1173-1176) | Died with no heirs. The duchy passed to his uncle and prior regent.
Leszek I |  | 1162
Son of Boleslaus IV of Poland and Viacheslava Vsevolodovna of Novgorod | 5 January 1173 – 1186 | Duchy of Masovia | Unmarried | 1186
aged 23-24
Casimir (II) the Just |  | 28 October 1138
Sixth son of Boleslaus III of Poland and Salomea of Berg | 1186 – 5 May 1194 | Duchy of Masovia | Helen of Znojmo
1163
seven children  | 5 May 1194
Kraków
aged 55 | Regent of the previous. Also monarch of Poland.
Regency of Helen of Znojmo (1194-1200) | Children of Casimir II of Poland, inherited Masovia jointly, at least until 1200, when Leszek abdicated to pursue a more relevant political career at Kraków. Both were, in fact, and at different moments, monarchs of Poland.
Leszek II the White |  | 1184
First son of Casimir II of Poland and Helen of Znojmo | 5 May 1194 – 1200  | Duchy of Masovia | Grimislava Ingvarevna of Lutsk
between 1208 and 1211
three children  | 24 November 1227
Gąsawa
aged 42-43
Conrad I |  | 1187
Second son of Casimir II of Poland and Helen of Znojmo | 5 May 1194 – 31 August 1247 | Agafia Yaroslavna of Peremyshl
between 1207 and 1210
ten children  | 31 August 1247
aged 59-60
Boleslaus I |  | 1208
First son of Conrad I and Agafia Yaroslavna of Peremyshl | 31 August 1247 – 25 February 1248 | Duchy of Masovia | Gertrude of Wrocław
1232
no children

Anastasia Alexandrovna of Belz
1245/47
no children  | 25 February 1248
aged 39-40 | Children of Conrad I, divided their inheritance. As Boleslaus left no children, his younger brother Siemowit inherited his lands, reunifying two thirds of the main duchy. Siemowit was, however, killed in a battle against the Lithuanians, who also took his heir prisoner.
Casimir I |  | 1211
Second son of Conrad I and Agafia Yaroslavna of Peremyshl | 31 August 1247 – 14 December 1267 | Duchy of Kuyavia[5] | Hedwig of Greater Poland
(d.c.1235)
1230
no children

Constance of Wrocław
1239
Wrocław
two children

Euphrosyne of Opole
1257/59
four children  | 14 December 1267
Inowrocław
aged 55-56
Siemowit I |  | c.1220?
Third son of Conrad I and Agafia Yaroslavna of Peremyshl | 31 August 1247 – 23 June 1262 | Duchy of Masovia
(at Czersk until 1248) | Pereyaslava Danilovna of Halych
1248
three children  | 23 June 1262
aged 41-42
Regencies of Pereyaslava Danilovna of Halych and Boleslaus, Duke of Greater Poland (1262-1264) | Children of Siemowit I, divided their inheritance. Conrad was the heir in captivity by the Lithuanians, but was released two years later. Conrad left no children and his brother inherited his part.
Conrad II |  | 1250
First son of Siemowit I and Pereyaslava Danilovna of Galicia-Volhynia | 23 June 1262 –21 December 1294 | Duchy of Czersk | Hedwig of Legnica
1265/70
one child  | 21 December 1294
aged 43-44
Boleslaus II |  | 1253
Second son of Siemowit I and Pereyaslava Danilovna of Galicia-Volhynia | 23 June 1262 – 20 April 1313 | Duchy of Płock | Gaudemantė Sophia of Lithuania
1279
three children

Kunigunde of Bohemia
1291
(divorced 1302)
two children  | 20 April 1313
aged 59-60
Leszek I the Black |  | 1241
Brześć Kujawski
First son of Casimir I and Constance of Wrocław | 14 December 1267 – 30 September 1288 | Duchy of Łęczyca | Agrippine Rostislavna of Halych
1265
no children  | 30 September 1288
Kraków
aged 46-47 | Children of Casimir I, divided and exchanged their inheritances. The younger brothers were minors and remained under regency until 1275. Leaving no descendants, Leszek left Leczyca to his haçf-brother Casimir. Of all these brothers, Leszek and Ladislaus ruled also as dukes of Poland in different moments, but was this last one that became King of Poland in 1320. The ascension motivated more exchanges between the newly founded kingdom and this branch of the family, and a faster annexation of its domains.
Siemomysł |  | 1245
Second son of Casimir I and Constance of Wrocław | 14 December 1267 – 24 December 1287 | Duchy of Inowrocław | Salomea of Pomerelia
1268
six children  | 24 December 1287
aged 46-47
Regency of Euphrosyne of Opole (1267-1275)
Ladislaus I the Elbow-high |  | 1260
First son of Casimir I and Euphrosyne of Opole | 14 December 1267 – 2 March 1333 | Duchy of Brześć Kujawski
(Kuyavia proper; within the Kingdom of Poland since 1320) | Hedwig of Kalisz
6 January 1293
six children  | 2 March 1333
Kraków
aged 46-47
Casimir II |  | 1261
Second son of Casimir I and Euphrosyne of Opole | 14 December 1267 – 10 June 1294 | Duchy of Łęczyca
(in co-rulership in Brześć Kujawski until 1288) | Unmarried | 10 June 1294
aged 46-47
Siemowit |  | 1262
Third son of Casimir I and Euphrosyne of Opole | 14 December 1267 – 1312 | Duchy of Dobrzyń | Anastasia Lvovna of Galicia–Volhynia
1296/1300
three children  | 1312
aged 49-50
Leczyca briefly annexed to Brześć Kujawski (1294-1300) and Bohemia (1300-1306),and then joined Dobrzyń
Brześć Kujawski annexed to Poland
Regency of Salomea of Pomerelia (1287-1294) | Children of Siemomysl, divided their inheritance. In 1324, Leszek abdicated unexpectedly of all his inheritance to his brother Premislaus.
Leszek II |  | 1275
First son of Siemomysł and Salomea of Pomerelia | 24 December 1287 – 1314 | Duchy of Inowrocław
(at Inowroclaw proper) | Unmarried | 1340
aged 64-65
Premislaus |  | 1278
Second son of Siemomysł and Salomea of Pomerelia | 24 December 1287 – 16 February 1339 | Duchy of Inowrocław
(in Wyszogród until 1327; in Inowroclaw 1314-27; in Sieradz from 1327)[6] | 16 February 1339
aged 46-47
Casimir III |  | 1280
Third son of Siemomysł and Salomea of Pomerelia | 24 December 1287 – 13 May 1350 | Duchy of Gniewków | Unknown
at least children  | 13 May 1350
aged 69-70
Wyszogród, Inowroclaw and Sieradz annexed to Poland
Regency of Ladislaus I, Duke of Kuyavia and Anastasia Lvovna of Galicia–Volhynia (1312-1316) | Children of Siemowit, ruled jointly. As none of them left children, their possessions were inherited by Poland.
Leszek III |  | c.1300
First son of Siemowit and Anastasia Lvovna of Galicia–Volhynia | 1312 – July 1316  | Duchy of Dobrzyń
(in Dobrzyń nad Wisłą until 1327; at Łęczyca since 1327) | Unmarried | July 1316
aged 15-16
Ladislaus II the Hunchback |  | 1303
Second son of Siemowit and Anastasia Lvovna of Galicia–Volhynia | 1312 – April 1352 | Anna
(d. September 1349)
no children  | April 1352
aged 48-49
Boleslaus |  | c.1305
Third son of Siemowit and Anastasia Lvovna of Galicia–Volhynia | 1312 – 1328 | Unmarried | 1328
aged 22-23
Dobrzyń and Łęczyca annexed to Poland
Siemowit II |  | 1283
First son of Boleslaus II and Gaudemantė Sophia of Lithuania | 20 April 1313 – 18 February 1345 | Duchy of Rawa | Unmarried | 18 February 1345
Sochaczew
aged 61-62 | Children of Boleslaus II, divided their inheritance. Siemowit left no descendants and left his county to his nephews. Trojden apparently already retained Czersk during his father's lifetime, but he inherited Warsaw after his death. Trojden also put his own son in the throne of Galicia-Volhynia, in virtue of his marriage.
Trojden I |  | 1284
Second son of Boleslaus II and Gaudemantė Sophia of Lithuania | 20 April 1313 – 13 March 1341 | Duchy of Warsaw | Maria Yurievna of Galicia-Volhynia
1309/10
four children  | 13 March 1341
Warka
aged 56-57
Wenceslaus |  | 1293
Son of Boleslaus II and Kunigunde of Bohemia | 20 April 1313 – 23 May 1336 | Duchy of Płock | Dannila Elisabeth of Lithuania
1316
two children  | 23 May 1336
Płock
aged 42-43
Regencies of Dannila Elisabeth of Lithuania, Siemowit II, Duke of Rawa and Trojden I, Duke of Warsaw (1336-1340) |
Boleslaus III |  | 1322
Son of Wenceslaus and Dannila Elisabeth of Lithuania | 23 May 1336 – 20 August 1351 | Duchy of Płock | Unmarried | 20 August 1351
Mělník
aged 28-29
Płock was temporarily annexed to the Kingdom of Poland (1351-1370), and then to Warsaw
Siemowit III |  | 1314
First son of Trojden I and Maria Yurievna of Galicia-Volhynia | 13 March 1341 – 16 June 1381 | Duchy of Warsaw | Euphemia of Opava
1335
five children

Anna of Ziębice
c.1360
three children  | 16 June 1381
aged 66-67 | Children of Trojden I, first ruled jointly, and, after their uncle Siemowit II's death (1345), divided their inheritance, made official in 1349. Between 1355 and 1370, Warsaw reunited the Masovian territories, but they were again divided after Siemowit III's death.
Casimir I |  | 1329
Second son of Trojden I and Maria Yurievna of Galicia-Volhynia | 13 March 1341 – 5 December 1355 | Duchy of Rawa
(at Warsaw until 1345) | Unmarried | 5 December 1355
aged 25-26
Rawa annexed to Warsaw
Ladislaus III the White |  | 1327
Son of Casimir III | 13 May 1350 – 5 April 1364 | Duchy of Gniewków | Elisabeth of Strzelce
1359
no children  | 29 February 1388
Strasbourg
aged 60-61 | In 1364 sold his possessions to Poland, but raised himself as candidate to the Kingdom of Poland after the death of Casimir III the Great. In 1377, resigned all his claims.
Gniewków annexed to Poland
Janusz I the Elder |  | 1347
First son of Siemowit III and Euphemia of Opava | 16 June 1381 – 8 December 1429 | Duchy of Warsaw | Danutė Anna of Lithuania
1371/3
four children  | 8 December 1429
Czersk
aged 81-82 | Children of Siemowit III, divided their inheritance. Janusz was, after 1391, Duke of Podlasie. Siemowit lost much of his domain to the Teutonic Order in 1382 (Wizna, Zawkrze, Płońsk), but gained Bełz from Poland.
Siemowit IV the Younger |  | 1353
Second son of Siemowit III and Euphemia of Opava | 16 June 1381 – 21 January 1426 | Duchy of Płock | Alexandra of Lithuania
1387
thirteen children  | 21 January 1426
Gostynin
aged 72-73
Siemowit V |  | 1389
First son of Siemowit IV and Alexandra of Lithuania | 21 January 1426 – 17 February 1442 | Duchy of Rawa | Margareta of Racibórz
1434/37
one child  | 17 February 1442
Rawa Mazowiecka
aged 52-53 | Sons of Siemowit IV, divided their inheritance. The death of Siemowit and Casimir in 1442, both without descendants, allowed Ladislaus to reunite the inheritance of his father (all but Gostynin, town that remained under Siemowit V's widow's control).
Casimir II |  | 1401
Second son of Siemowit IV and Alexandra of Lithuania | 21 January 1426 – 15 September 1442 | Duchy of Płock
(in Bełz) | Margareta of Szamotuł
26 June 1442
Turobin
no children  | 15 September 1442
Miączyn
aged 40-41
Trojden II |  | 1403
Third son of Siemowit IV and Alexandra of Lithuania | 21 January 1426 – 25 July 1427  | Duchy of Płock
(in Płock proper) | Unmarried | 25 July 1427
aged 23-24
Ladislaus I |  | 1406
Fourth son of Siemowit IV and Alexandra of Lithuania | 21 January 1426 – 12 December 1455 | Anna of Oleśnica
1444
two children  | 12 December 1455
aged 50-51
Rawa (with exceptions) was annexed to Płock
Belz remerged in Płock
Regency of Danutė Anna of Lithuania (1429-1436) |
Boleslaus IV |  | 1421
Son of Janusz I and Danutė Anna of Lithuania | 8 December 1429 – 10 September 1454 | Duchy of Warsaw | Barbara Olelkovna of Slutsk-Kapy
1440/5
ten children  | 10 September 1454
Opinogóra Górna
aged 32-33
Margareta of Racibórz |  | 1410
Daughter of John II, Duke of Racibórz and Helena of Lithuania | 17 February 1442 – 5 July 1459 | Duchy of Rawa
(at Gostynin) | Siemowit V
1434/37
one child  | 5 July 1459
Gostynin (?)
aged 48-49 | Received Gostynin as her husband's inheritance. After her death her part rejoined Płock.
Gostynin was annexed to Płock
Anna of Oleśnica |  | c.1425
Daughter of Conrad V, Duke of Oleśnica and Margareta | 12 December 1455 – August 1482 | Duchy of Płock
(in Sochaczew until 1476; in Koło and Mszczonów from 1476) | Ladislaus I
1444
two children  | August 1482
aged 56-57 | Sons of Ladislaus I, ruled jointly. In 1459 inherited Gostynin from their aunt Margareta. After their deaths, Masovia was again reunited by the sons of Boleslaus IV. Their mother Anna, besides the regency of her sons, had also an independent seat in Sochaczew (1455–76). When this land was annexed to Poland, she received Koło and Mszczonów as compensation (1476–82).
Regencies of Anna of Oleśnica and Paul Giżycki, Bishop of Płock (1455-1459 and 1462)
Siemowit VI |  | 2 January 1446
First son of Ladislaus I and Anna of Oleśnica | 12 December 1455 – 1 January 1462  | Duchy of Płock
(in Płock proper) | Unmarried | 1 January 1462
aged 15
Ladislaus II |  | November 1448
Second son of Ladislaus I and Anna of Oleśnica | 12 December 1455 – 27 February 1462  | 27 February 1462
aged 13
Płock, Koło and Mszczonów were annexed to Warsaw; Sochazew was annexed to Poland
Regencies of Barbara Olelkovna of Slutsk-Kapy and Paul Giżycki, Bishop of Płock (1454-1462) | Children of Boleslaus IV, ruled firstly jointly ruled jointly under regency. In 1462 they inherited the rest of Masovia, reuniting the Duchy. In 1471, they divided the inheritance. In 1495, as the last surviving brother in power, Conrad III reunited all Masovia definitely.
Conrad III the Red |  | 1447
Third son of Boleslaus IV and Barbara Olelkovna of Slutsk-Kapy | 10 September 1454 – 28 October 1503 | Duchy of Masovia
(in Czersk until 1495) | Magdalena Stawrot
1468/70
(morganatic)
no children

Unknown
bef. 20 July 1477
(morganatic, divorced 1493?)
no children

Anna Radziwiłł
1496/7
four children  | 28 October 1503
Osieck
aged 55-56
Casimir III |  | 10 June 1448
Fifth son of Boleslaus IV and Barbara Olelkovna of Slutsk-Kapy | 10 September 1454 – 1475 | Duchy of Płock
(in Duchy of Warsaw until 1462) | Unmarried | 9 June 1480
Pułtusk
aged 31
Boleslaus V |  | 1453
Seventh son of Boleslaus IV and Barbara Olelkovna of Slutsk-Kapy | 10 September 1454 – 27 April 1488 | Duchy of Warsaw
(at Warsaw proper) | Anna Radzanów
20 July 1477
(morganatic, annulled 1480)
no children  | 27 April 1488
Łomża
aged 34-35
Janusz II |  | 1455
Eighth son of Boleslaus IV and Barbara Olelkovna of Slutsk-Kapy | 10 September 1454 – 16 February 1495 | Duchy of Warsaw
(at Ciechanów and Łomża) | Unmarried | 16 February 1495
Płock
aged 39-40
Regency of Anna Radziwiłł (1503-1518) | Sons of Conrad III, ruled jointly.
Stanisław |  | 17 May 1501
First son of Conrad III and Anna Radziwiłł | 28 October 1503 – 8 August 1524  | Duchy of Masovia | Unmarried | 8 August 1524
aged 23
Janusz III |  | 27 September 1502
Second son of Conrad III and Anna Radziwiłł | 28 October 1503 – 10 March 1526  | 10 March 1526
aged 24
Anna |  | c.1498
Daughter of Conrad III and Anna Radziwiłł | 10 March 1526 – 1537 | Duchy of Masovia | Stanisław Odrowąż
1536
one child  | January 1557
Jarosław
aged 58-59 | The last Masovian Piast. Anna was elected duchess by the nobles to maintain the independence of the Duchy. She forfeited her rights to Poland in 1537.

## See also

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dukes of Masovia.

* Piast dynasty
* List of Polish monarchs
* Duchy of Masovia

## References

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1. ^ "Bolesław III Wrymouth". Geni.com. 11 November 2022.
2. ^ Dobrzyń was left to Poland, in exchange with Leczyca, which survived as independent a few more years.
3. ^ The duke of Kuyavia became, 1320, King of Poland, which motivated more exchanges and interventions of the Polish kingdom in the Kuyavian land.
4. ^ Rawa was annexed to Płock in 1442, but Gostynin, part of Rawa, survived as independent until 1459.
5. ^ In fact, Casimir was already ruling in parts of Kuyavia since 1233.
6. ^ Initially ruler of Wyszogród. Also inherited Inowroclaw from his brother, which he exchanged with Poland in return for Sieradz