Duncan I of Scotland

King of Scots from 1034 to 1040

"Duncan I" redirects here. For the later Scottish nobleman, see Donnchad I, Earl of Fife.

Duncan I

King of Scots
Reign| 25 November 1034 – 14 August 1040
Predecessor| Malcolm II
Successor| Macbeth

Born| c. 1001
Atholl
Died| 14 August 1040 (aged around 38)
Pitgaveny, near Elgin
Burial|

Elgin, later relocated to Iona

Spouse| Suthen
Issue|

* Malcolm III, King of Alba
* Donald III, King of Alba
* Máel Muire, Earl of Atholl

House| Dunkeld
Father| Crínán of Dunkeld
Mother| Bethóc

Donnchad mac Crinain (Scottish Gaelic: Donnchadh mac Crìonain;[1] anglicised as Duncan I, and nicknamed An t-Ilgarach, "the Diseased" or "the Sick";[2] c. 1001 – 14 August 1040)[3] was king of Scotland (Alba) from 1034 to 1040. He is the historical basis of the "King Duncan" in Shakespeare's play Macbeth.

## Life[edit]

The ancestry of King Duncan is not certain. In modern texts he is the son of Crínán, hereditary lay abbot of Dunkeld, and Bethóc, daughter of King Malcolm II. However, in the late 17th century the historian Frederic Van Bossen, after collecting historical accounts throughout Europe, identified King Duncan as the first son of Abonarhl ap crinan (the grandson of Crinan) and Princess Beatrice, the eldest daughter to King Malcom, the 2nd, and Gunora who was the daughter of the "2nd Duke of Normandy".[4][5]

Unlike the "King Duncan" of Shakespeare's Macbeth, the historical Duncan appears to have been a young man. He followed his grandfather Malcolm as king after the latter's death on 25 November 1034, without apparent opposition. He may have been Malcolm's acknowledged successor or Tànaiste as the succession appears to have been uneventful.[6] Earlier histories, following John of Fordun, supposed that Duncan had been king of Strathclyde in his grandfather's lifetime, between 1018 and 1034, ruling the former Kingdom of Strathclyde as an appanage. Modern historians discount this idea,[7] although it is supported by the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.[8]

An earlier source, a variant of the Chronicle of the Kings of Alba (CK-I), gives Duncan's wife the Gaelic name Suthen,[9] and John of Fordun suggests that she may have been a relative of Siward, Earl of Northumbria.[10] This differs from the review by Frederic van Bossen who wrote in 1688 that King Duncan was twice married, his first wife being Wonfrida (Unfrida) the daughter of Gigurt (Earl Siward?) the Earl of Northumberland and Huntingtoun and "By them was espoused two sons Malcome and Donald". Then, after her decease, he married Astrida the daughter of "Sigfrid, the "King of Dubline".[11]

Whatever his wife's name and family connections may have been, Duncan had at least two sons. The eldest, Malcolm III (Máel Coluim mac Donnchada) was king from 1058 to 1093 after assassinating and usurping Lulach, Macbeth's stepson. The second son Donald III (Domnall Bán, or "Donalbane") was king afterwards. Máel Muire, Earl of Atholl is a possible third son of Duncan, although this is uncertain.[12]

The early period of Duncan's reign was apparently uneventful, perhaps a consequence of his youth. Macbeth (Mac Bethad mac Findláich) is recorded as having been his dux, today rendered as "duke" and meaning nothing more than the rank between prince and marquess, but then still having the Roman meaning of "war leader". In context—"dukes of Francia" had half a century before replaced the Carolingian kings of the Franks and in England the over-mighty Godwin of Wessex was called a dux—this suggests that Macbeth may have been the power behind the throne.[13]

In 1039, Duncan led a large Scots army south to besiege Durham, but the expedition ended in disaster. Duncan survived, but the following year he led an army north into Moray, Macbeth's domain, apparently on a punitive expedition against Moray.[14] There he was killed in action, at the battle of Bothnagowan, now Pitgaveny, near Elgin, by the men of Moray led by Macbeth, probably on 14 August 1040.[15] He is thought to have been buried at Elgin[16] before later relocation to the island of Iona.

## Family[edit]

The 14th-century chronicler John of Fordun would write that Duncan's wife was a kinswoman of the Anglo-Danish Siward, Earl of Northumbria, who would help restore her son Malcolm to the throne. However, this is seemingly belied by a kings list that gives Malcolm's mother the Gaelic name Suthen.[17] Duncan had three sons:

* Malcolm III of Scotland, also known as Máel Coluim mac Donnchada and Malcolm Canmore, died 1093
* Donald III of Scotland, also known as Domnall mac Donnchada and Donalbain, died 1099
* Máel Muire, Earl of Atholl, also known as Melmare

## Depictions in fiction[edit]

An oil painting by Jacob Jacobsz de Wet II

Duncan is depicted as an elderly king in the play Macbeth (1606) by William Shakespeare. He is killed in his sleep by the protagonist, Macbeth.

In the historical novel Macbeth the King (1978) by Nigel Tranter, Duncan is portrayed as a schemer who is fearful of Macbeth as a possible rival for the throne. He tries to assassinate Macbeth by poisoning and then when this fails, attacks his home with an army. In self-defence Macbeth meets him in battle and wounds him, and he dies of bleeding, for he is bad-blooded, or haemophiliac.

In the animated television series Gargoyles he is depicted as a weak and conniving king who assassinates those who he believes threaten his rule.[18] He even tries to assassinate Macbeth, forcing Demona to ally with the Moray nobleman, with Duncan's resulting death coming from attempting to strike an enchanted orb of energy that one of the Weird Sisters gave to Macbeth to take Duncan down.

## Notes[edit]

1. ^ Donnchad mac Crínáin is the Mediaeval Gaelic form.
2. ^ Skene, William Forbes (1867). Chronicles of the Picts, Chronicles of the Scots, and Other Early Memorials of Scottish History. Edinburgh: H.M. Register House. pp. 101, 467.
3. ^ Broun, "Duncan I (d. 1040)".
4. ^ Van Bossen, Frederic (1688). The Royall Cedar.
5. ^ Cunningham, Derek (2022). The Lost Queens of Scotland: Extracts from Frederic van Bossen's The Royal Cedar.
6. ^ Duncan, Kingship of the Scots, p. 33.
7. ^ Duncan, Kingship of the Scots, p. 40.
8. ^ Broun, D. 'Duncan I [Donnchad ua Maíl Choluim]', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/8209
9. ^ Duncan, Kingship of the Scots, p. 37.
10. ^ Marshall, Rosalind K. (2019), Scottish Queens 1034–1714, Birlinn, p. 1
11. ^ Cunningham, Derek (2021). Scotland & Shakespeare's Third Prophecy: King Edition. p. 13.
12. ^ Oram, David I, p. 233, n. 26: the identification is from the Orkneyinga saga but Máel Muire's grandson Máel Coluim, Earl of Atholl is known to have married Donald III's granddaughter Hextilda.
13. ^ Duncan, Kingship of the Scots, pp. 33–34.
14. ^ G. W. S. Barrow, Kingship and Unity: Scotland 1000–1306, Edinburgh University Press, 1981, p. 26.
15. ^ Broun, "Duncan I (d. 1040)"; the date is from Marianus Scotus and the killing is recorded by the Annals of Tigernach.
16. ^ "I Never Knew That About Scotland", Christopher Winn, p. 165.
17. ^ Duncan, Kingship of the Scots, p. 37.
18. ^ Bishansky, Greg (13 March 2013). "Station Eight : Gargoyles : Ask Greg Archive : Duncan". S8.org. Retrieved 18 April 2017. "Duncan: This guy was a jerk. I mean, really. A paranoid tyrant who thought the world was out to get him. Well, not the world so much as his cousin, Macbeth. I suppose I can understand seeing Macbeth as a threat to the throne, but he just seemed to go out of his way to make Macbeth miserable. He reveled in it. When he died, we were all happy to see him bite it."

## References[edit]

* Anderson, Alan Orr, Early Sources of Scottish History AD 500 to 1286, volume one. Republished with corrections, Paul Watkins, Stamford, 1990. ISBN 1-871615-03-8
* Broun, Dauvit, "Duncan I (d. 1040)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 accessed 15 May 2007
* Duncan, A. A. M., The Kingship of the Scots 842–1292: Succession and Independence. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, 2002. ISBN 0-7486-1626-8
* Oram, Richard, David I: The King Who Made Scotland. Tempus, Stroud, 2004. ISBN 0-7524-2825-X

## External links[edit]

* Duncan I at the official website of the British monarchy

Duncan I of Scotland

House of Dunkeld

Born: unknown 14 August

Regnal titles
Preceded by

Malcolm II

|  King of Scots
1034–1040  | Succeeded by

Macbeth

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Pictish and Scottish monarchs

Monarchs of the Picts
(traditional)|

* Drest I
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* Drest III
* Drest IV
* Gartnait I
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* Drest V
* Galam Cennalath
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Monarchs of the Scots
(traditional)|

* Kenneth I MacAlpin
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* Áed
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* Constantine II (III)
* Malcolm I
* Indulf
* Dub
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* Kenneth II
* Constantine III (IV)
* Kenneth III
* Malcolm II
* Duncan I
* Macbeth
* Lulach
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* 1 also monarch of England and Ireland.

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English, Scottish and British monarchs

| Monarchs of England until 1603| Monarchs of Scotland until 1603

|

* Alfred the Great
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* British monarchs after the Acts of Union 1707

* Anne
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* William IV
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* Edward VII
* George V
* Edward VIII
* George VI
* Elizabeth II
* Charles III

* Debated or disputed rulers are in italics.

* v
* t
* e

William Shakespeare's Macbeth

Characters|

* Macbeth
* Lady Macbeth
* Banquo
* Macduff
* King Duncan
* Malcolm
* Donalbain
* Three Witches
* Fleance
* Lady Macduff
* Macduff's son
* Third Murderer
* Young Siward

Inspirations|

* Macbeth, King of Scotland
* Gruoch of Scotland
* Duncan I of Scotland
* Malcolm III of Scotland
* Donald III of Scotland
* Siward, Earl of Northumbria
* King James VI and I

Sources|

* Daemonologie (1597)
* The Witch (play)
* Holinshed's Chronicles
* Darraðarljóð

Film|

* 1908
* 1909 (French)
* 1909 (Italian)
* 1911
* 1913
* 1915
* 1916
* 1922
* 1948
* Unfinished
* 1971
* 2006
* 2015
* 2021
* accolades

Television|

* 1954
* 1960 US TV
* 1960 Australian TV
* 1961
* 1979
* 1982
* 1983
* 1992
* 2010

TV / film adaptations|

* The Real Thing at Last (1916)
* Marmayogi (1951)
* Joe MacBeth (1955)
* Throne of Blood (1957)
* Marmayogi (1964)
* Macbeth (Verdi opera) (1987)
* Men of Respect (1990)
* Scotland, PA (2001)
* Makibefo (2001)
* Maqbool (2003)
* 2005
* The Last King of Scotland (2006)
* Shakespeare Must Die (2012)
* Thane of East County (2015)
* Veeram (2016)
* Joji (2021)

Plays|

* Khwab-e-Hasti (1909)
* Voodoo Macbeth (1936)
* MacBird! (1967)
* uMabatha (1970)
* Macbett (1972)
* Cahoot's Macbeth (1979)
* MacHomer (1995)
* Just Macbeth! (2008)
* Sleep No More (2009)
* Dunsinane (2010)
* Sleep No More (2011)

Operas|

* Macbeth (1847, Verdi)
* discography
* Macbeth (1910, Bloch)

Literary adaptations|

* Wyrd Sisters (1988)
* The Last King of Scotland (1998)
* Macbeth (2018)

Albums|

* Music from Macbeth (1972)
* Macbeth (1990)
* Thane to the Throne (2000)
* Shakespeare's Macbeth – A Tragedy in Steel (2003)
* Lady Macbeth (2005)

Art|

* Pity (1795)
* The Night of Enitharmon's Joy (1795)
* Lady Macbeth Seizing the Daggers (1812 painting)
* Ellen Terry as Lady Macbeth (1889)
* Lady Macbeth (1905 sculpture)

Scenes and speeches|

* "On the Knocking at the Gate in Macbeth" (1823)
* Sleepwalking Scene (5.1)
* "Tomorrow and tomorrow and tomorrow"

Words and phrases|

* "What's done is done"
* "Crack of doom"
* The Scottish play
* Thane of Cawdor

In popular culture|

| Novels, film and theatre|

* We Work Again
* Light Thickens
* The Deadly Affair
* Mécanisme de la physionomie humaine
* The Scottish Play
* Burke & Hare

|

Television|

* "A Witch's Tangled Hare" (1959, Looney Tunes)
* "The Bellero Shield" (1964, The Outer Limits)
* "The Movies" (1975, The Goodies)
* "Sense and Senility" (1987, Blackadder the Third)
* "Sleeping with the Enemy" (2004, The Simpsons)
* "The Coup" (2006, The Office)
* "Dial 'N' for Nerder" (2008, The Simpsons)
* "Four Great Women and a Manicure" (2009, The Simpsons)
* "The Shower Principle" (2012, 30 Rock)
* "The Understudy" (2014, Inside No. 9)

Other|

* Macbeth (Johann Strauss)
* The Scottish Play
* Piano Trios, Op. 70 (Ludwig van Beethoven)
* The Ruins of Cawdor
* House of Cards (UK, 1990)
* House of Cards (US, 2013–2018)
* Something Wicked This Way Comes (Ray Bradbury)

Authority control databases

International|

* VIAF

National|

* Germany

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