Dungeon

Room or cell in which prisoners were held, usually during the Middle Ages and Renaissance

"Oubliette" redirects here. For other uses, see Oubliette (disambiguation).

This article is about places of imprisonment. For other uses, see Dungeon (disambiguation).

The dungeons of Blarney Castle, Ireland

A dungeon is a room or cell in which prisoners are held, especially underground. Dungeons are generally associated with medieval castles, though their association with torture probably derives more from the Renaissance period.[citation needed] An oubliette (from the French oublier, meaning 'to forget') or bottle dungeon is a basement room which is accessible only from a hatch or hole (an angstloch) in a high ceiling.

## Etymology

[edit]

The word dungeon comes from French donjon (also spelled dongeon), which means "keep", the main tower of a castle. The first recorded instance of the word in English was near the beginning of the 14th century when it held the same meaning as donjon. The earlier meaning of "keep" is still in use for academics, although in popular culture, it has come to mean a cell or "oubliette".[citation needed] Though it is uncertain, both dungeon and donjon are thought to derive from the Middle Latin word dominus, meaning "lord" or "master".[1]

In French, the term donjon still refers to a "keep", and the English term "dungeon" refers mostly to oubliette in French. Donjon is therefore a false friend to dungeon (although the game Dungeons & Dragons is titled Donjons et Dragons in its French editions).

An oubliette (same origin as the French oublier, meaning "to forget"[2]) is a basement room which is accessible only from a hatch or hole (an angstloch) in a high ceiling.

The use of "donjons" evolved over time, sometimes to include prison cells, which could explain why the meaning of "dungeon" in English evolved over time from being a prison within the tallest, most secure tower of the castle into meaning a cell, and by extension, in popular use, an oubliette or even a torture chamber.

The earliest use of oubliette in French dates back to 1374, but its earliest adoption in English is Walter Scott's Ivanhoe in 1819: "The place was utterly dark—the oubliette, as I suppose, of their accursed convent."[3]

## History

[edit]

Few Norman keeps in English castles originally contained prisons, which were more common in Scotland. Imprisonment was not a usual punishment in the Middle Ages, with most prisoners awaiting an imminent trial, sentence or a political solution. Noble prisoners were not generally held in dungeons, but lived in some comfort in castle apartments. The Tower of London is famous for housing political prisoners, and Pontefract Castle at various times held Thomas of Lancaster (1322), Richard II (1400), Earl Rivers (1483), Richard Scrope, Archbishop of York (1405), James I of Scotland (1405–1424) and Charles, Duke of Orléans (1417–1430). Purpose-built prison chambers in castles became more common after the 12th century, when they were built into gatehouses or mural towers. Some castles had larger provision for prisoners, such as the prison tower at Caernarfon Castle.[4]

## Features

[edit]

Diagram of an alleged oubliette found in the Bastille prison in Paris, from Viollet-le-Duc (1854–1868)[5][6] the commentary [by le Duc?] speculates that the structure depicted, may actually have been a cold-storage chamber built to keep ice. If so, whether or not it was known to also have been used as an oubliette is not clear.

Although many real dungeons are simply a single plain room with a heavy door or with access only from a hatchway or trapdoor in the floor of the room above, the use of dungeons for torture, along with their association to common human fears of being trapped underground, have made dungeons a powerful metaphor in a variety of contexts. Dungeons, as a whole, have become associated with underground complexes of cells and torture chambers. As a result, the number of true dungeons in castles is often exaggerated to interest tourists. Many chambers described as dungeons or oubliettes were in fact water-cisterns or even latrines.[7]

An example of what might be popularly termed an "oubliette" is the particularly claustrophobic cell in the dungeon of Warwick Castle's Caesar's Tower, in central England. The access hatch consists of an iron grille. Even turning around (or moving at all) would be nearly impossible in this tiny chamber.[8]

However, the tiny chamber that is described as the oubliette, is in reality a short shaft which opens up into a larger chamber with a latrine shaft entering it from above. This suggests that the chamber is in fact a partially back-filled drain. The positioning of the supposed oubliette within the larger dungeon, situated in a small alcove, is typical of garderobe arrangement within medieval buildings. These factors perhaps point to this feature being the remnants of a latrine rather than a cell for holding prisoners. Footage of the inside of this chamber can be seen in episode 3 of the first series of Secrets of Great British Castles.

A dungeon door in the Zrinski Castle in Čakovec, Croatia

A "bottle dungeon" is sometimes simply another term for an oubliette.[9] It has a narrow entrance at the top and sometimes the room below is even so narrow that it would be impossible to lie down but in other designs the actual cell is larger.[10][11]

The identification of dungeons and rooms used to hold prisoners is not always a straightforward task. Alnwick Castle and Cockermouth Castle, both near England's border with Scotland, had chambers in their gatehouses which have often been interpreted as oubliettes.[4] However, this has been challenged. These underground rooms (accessed by a door in the ceiling) were built without latrines, and since the gatehouses at Alnwick and Cockermouth provided accommodation it is unlikely that the rooms would have been used to hold prisoners. An alternative explanation was proposed, suggesting that these were strong-rooms where valuables were stored.[12] Folklore often has it that one mode of use for oubliettes in the Borders, which would obviate latrines anyway, was to throw attackers into the oubliette, close the latch, and leave them to die. It seems likely that this gruesome act was threatened more often than it was carried out in practice, with the real aim being deterrence of potential attackers via the notoriety of the rumor that such a fate was entirely possible, and (plausibly) perhaps not unlikely, for anyone who might dare to attack.[citation needed]

## In fiction

[edit]

Oubliettes and dungeons were a favorite topic of nineteenth century gothic novels or historical novels, where they appeared as symbols of hidden cruelty and tyrannical power. Usually found under medieval castles or abbeys, they are used in the narrative by (a) villainous character(s) to persecute blameless characters. For example, in Alexandre Dumas's La Reine Margot, Catherine de Medici is portrayed gloating over a victim in the oubliettes of the Louvre.[13]

A "dungeon" map created for a tabletop roleplaying game

Dungeons are common elements in modern fantasy literature, related tabletop, and video games. The most famous examples are the various Dungeons & Dragons media. In this context, the word "dungeon" has come to be used broadly to describe any labyrinthine complex (castle, cave system, etc.) rather than a prison cell or torture chamber specifically. A role-playing game largely consisting of dungeon exploration is called a dungeon crawl.

Near the beginning of Jack Vance's high-fantasy Lyonesse Trilogy (1983–1989), King Casmir of Lyonesse commits Prince Aillas of Troicinet, who he believes to be a vagabond, to an oubliette for the crime of having seduced his daughter. After some months, the resourceful prince fashions a ladder from the bones of earlier prisoners and the rope by which he had been lowered, and escapes.[citation needed]

In the musical fantasy film Labyrinth, director Jim Henson includes a scene in which the heroine Sarah is freed from an oubliette by the dwarf Hoggle, who defines it for her as "a place you put people ... to forget about 'em!"[14]

In the Thomas Harris novel The Silence of the Lambs, Clarice makes a descent into Gumb's basement dungeon labyrinth in the narrative's climactic scene, where the killer is described as having an oubliette.[15]

In the Robert A. Heinlein novel Stranger in a Strange Land, the term "oubliette" is used to refer to a trash disposal, much like the "memory holes" in Nineteen Eighty-Four.

## See also

[edit]

* Immurement
* Keep

## References

[edit]

1. ^ The Merriam-Webster new book of word histories. Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster. 1991. p. 152. ISBN 9780877796039.
2. ^ Harper, Douglas. "oubliette". Online Etymology Dictionary.
3. ^ Oxford English Dictionary
4. ^ a b Bottomley, Frank, The Castle Explorer's Guide, Kaye & Ward, London, 1979 ISBN 0-7182-1216-9 pp 143–145
5. ^ Viollet-le-Duc, E. (1854–1868). Dictionnaire raisonné de l’architecture française du XIe au XVIe siècle [Reasoned Dictionary of French Architecture from the 11th to the 16th Century] (in French). Paris, FR: Bance Morel Edition (Balthazar Bance) - via wikisource.org.
Alternate source: "Dictionnaire raisonné de l'architecture ..." Project Gutenberg (gutenberg.org) (in French).
6. ^ Viollet-le-Duc, E. (1919). Rational Dictionary of French Architecture from 11th to 16th Century (1814–1879). Translated by Ricker, Nathan Clifford. Paris, FR / Champaign, IL: Henri Sabine / University of Illinois Press.
7. ^ Bottomley, Frank (1979). The Castle Explorer's Guide. London, UK: Kaye & Ward. p. 145\. ISBN 0-7182-1216-9.
8. ^ Hull, Lise (2005). The Great Castles of Britain & Ireland. UK: New Holland Publishers. p. 34.
9. ^ Hull, Lise (2016). Understanding the Castle Ruins of England and Wales: How to interpret the history and meaning of masonry and earthworks. McFarland. ISBN 9781476665979.
10. ^ Hull, Lise (2006). Britain's Medieval Castles. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-2759-8414-4.
11. ^ "The Keep". alnwickcastle.com. Alnwick Castle. Alnwick, Northumberland, UK: Alnick Castle. Archived from the original on 2 April 2016.
12. ^ Brears, Peter (2011). "The administrative role of gatehouses in fourteenth-century north-country castles". In Airs, M.; Barnwell, P.S. (eds.). The Medieval Great House. Rewley House Studies in the Historic Environment. pp. 204–208.
13. ^ Dumas, A.; Maquet, A. (1845). "XIII Oreste et Pylade". La Reine Margot.
14. ^ Carroll, Shiloh (Fall 2009). "The heart of the Labyrinth: Reading Jim Henson's Labyrinth as a modern dream vision". Mythlore. 28 (1–2): 109. ISSN 0146-9339.1–2&rft.pages=109&rft.date=2009&rft.issn=0146-9339&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=Shiloh&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Dungeon" class="Z3988">
15. ^ Messent, Peter (December 2000). "American gothic: Liminality in Thomas Harris's Hannibal Lecter novels". Journal of American and Comparative Cultures. 23 (4): 23–35\. doi:10.1111/j.1537-4726.2000.2304_23.x. ISSN 1540-594X.

## Further reading

[edit]

Look up dungeon or oubliette in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dungeons.

* Berti, Paolo; De Vincentis, Stefania; de Seta, Gabriele, eds. (2023). "Megadungeon [special issue]". Magazén: International Journal for Digital and Public Humanities. 4 (2). doi:10.30687/mag/2724-3923/2023/02. ISSN 2724-3923.
* Nevell, Richard (2014–15). "Castles as prisons". The Castle Studies Group Journal. 28: 203–224\. hdl:10871/128699.

* v
* t
* e

Man-made and man-related subterranea

Natural features|

* Cave
* Cenote
* Grotto
* Sinkhole

Civilian features|

* Bank vault
* Basement
* Burial vault (tomb)
* Borehole
* Catacombs
* Dungeon
* Dugout (shelter)
* Dry well
* Earth shelter
* Erdstall
* Fogou
* Hypogeum
* Manhole
* Rapid transit
* Rock-cut tomb
* Root cellar
* Tunnel
* Utility vault
* Underground city
* Well
* Wine cave
* Secret passage
* Semi-basement
* Stepwell
* Storm cellar
* Smuggling tunnel
* Ventilation shaft

Military features|

* Air raid shelter
* Bunker
* Blast shelter
* Casemate
* Fallout shelter
* Missile launch facility (silo)
* Scallywag bunker
* Underground base
* Underground hangar
* Spider hole

Mining, quarrying, and
underground construction|

* Rock-cut architecture
* Subsurface utility engineering
* Tunnel construction
* Underground mine ventilation
* Underground hard-rock mining
* Underground soft-rock mining

Related topics|

* Cave dweller
* Caves of Maastricht
* Civil defense
* Coober Pedy
* Houston tunnel system
* Kőbánya cellar system
* Tunnel warfare
* Tunnel network
* Trench warfare
* Underground living
* Underground City (Beijing)
* Underground City, Montreal
* Mine exploration
* Mines of Paris
* Mole people
* Naples underground geothermal zone
* Sapping
* Subterranean London
* Subterranean Toledo
* Subterranean warfare
* Subterranean fiction

Earth shelters US|

* Bill Gates' house
* Forestiere Underground Gardens
* Underground House Colorado
* Underground House Las Vegas
* Underground World Home

Earth shelters UK|

* Underhill, Holme
* Hockerton Housing Project
* Malator

Earth shelters Australia|

* Coober Pedy
* Lightning Ridge

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template