Dutch Caribbean

Caribbean territories of the Kingdom of the Netherlands

For the integral territories of the constituent country of the Netherlands, see Caribbean Netherlands.

Dutch Caribbean

Flag of the Kingdom of the Netherlands

Location of the Dutch Caribbean islands

Aruba

Curaçao

Sint Maarten

Caribbean Netherlands (from west to east):

* Bonaire
* Saba
* Sint Eustatius

Area| 980 km2 (380 sq mi)[1]
Population
(as of January 2019)| 337,617[1]
GDP (Nominal)| US$8.911 billion[2]
GDP per Capita (Nominal)| US$29,240[2]
Density| 343/km2 (890/sq mi)
Languages| Dutch, English, Papiamento
Government| 3 constituent countries
3 special municipalities

The Dutch Caribbean[a] (historically known as the Dutch West Indies) are the New World territories, colonies, and countries (former and current) of the Dutch Empire and the Kingdom of the Netherlands located in the Caribbean Sea, mainly the northern and southwestern regions of the Lesser Antilles archipelago.

The Dutch Caribbean comprises the constituent countries of Curaçao, Aruba and Sint Maarten (the 'CAS' islands) and the special municipalities of Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba (BES islands).[1] The term "Dutch Caribbean" is sometimes also used for the Caribbean Netherlands, an entity consisting of the three special municipalities forming part of the constituent country of the Netherlands since 2010.[3][4] The population of the Dutch Caribbean is 337,617 as of January 2019.[1]

## History

[edit]

Further information: Dutch colonization of the Americas and Dutch West India Company

Andrew Doria receives a salute from the Dutch fort at Sint Eustatius, 16 November 1776

The islands of the Dutch Caribbean were, formerly, part of Curaçao and Dependencies (1815–1828), or Sint Eustatius and Dependencies (1815–1828), which were merged with the colony of Suriname (not actually considered part of the "Dutch Caribbean", although it is located on the Caribbean coast of northeastern South America). They were governed from Paramaribo, Suriname, until 1845, when all the islands again became part of Curaçao and Dependencies.

In 1954, the islands became the land (Dutch for "country") of Netherlands Antilles, lasting until 2010. The autonomy of the Netherlands Antilles' island territories was stipulated in the Islands Regulation of the Netherlands Antilles. Initially, the Netherlands Antilles consisted of four island territories—Aruba, Bonaire, Curaçao and the SSS islands. The latter split into the Island Territories of Saba, Sint Eustatius and Sint Maarten, in 1983.

The island of Aruba seceded from the Netherlands Antilles in 1986 to become a separate constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, leaving five island territories within the Netherlands Antilles. This arrangement lasted until the complete dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles, as a unified political entity, in 2010; that year, Curaçao and Sint Maarten became autonomous constituent countries within the Kingdom (like Aruba). Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba became special municipalities of the Netherlands proper (located on the European mainland), a member state of the European Union.

## Geography

[edit]

Map of the Dutch Caribbean islands Those countries and special municipalities of the Kingdom of the Netherlands that are located in the Caribbean (blue background) form the Dutch Caribbean

Geographically, the six entities of the Dutch Caribbean are clustered into two vastly separated areas of the Caribbean:

* Three are at the far northern end of the Leeward Islands, thus, the far northern end of the Lesser Antilles. From north to south, these are Sint Maarten (occupying roughly the southern half of the island of Saint Martin), Saba, and Sint Eustatius.
* From west to east, Aruba, Curaçao and Bonaire are located just off of the Caribbean coastline of northern Venezuela, at the far western end of the Leeward Antilles (which extend west from the southern end of the Windward Islands—thus they are at the southwestern end of the Lesser Antilles).

Politically, each (six) entity of the Dutch Caribbean currently has one of two relationships with the Netherlands:

* Three have the status of being constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.
* Three have the status of being special municipalities of the Netherlands alone, as distinct from the Kingdom in its entirety.

### Constituent countries

[edit]

Three Caribbean polities are landen (Dutch for "countries") within the Kingdom of the Netherlands: Aruba, Curaçao, and Sint Maarten. The Netherlands is the fourth and largest constituent country in the Kingdom.

Sint Maarten comprises the southern half of the island of Saint Martin. The northern half of the island (the Collectivity of Saint Martin) is an overseas territory of France. Aruba and Curaçao are located in the far south of the Caribbean, roughly 30 kilometres and 65 kilometres from the coast of Venezuela, respectively.

### Special municipalities

[edit]

Main article: Caribbean Netherlands

Dutch Caribbean Coast Guard cutter

The three Caribbean islands that are special municipalities of the Netherlands alone are Bonaire, Sint Eustatius, and Saba. Abbreviated collectively, these are also known as the "BES islands", or the Caribbean Netherlands. Bonaire is located in the far south of the Caribbean, being about 80 kilometres north of the coast of Venezuela; Saba is located about 50 kilometres south of Sint Maarten, and boasts the highest mountain in the Netherlands, Mount Scenery, at 880 m (2,887') above sea level). Sint Eustatius is located directly north of Saint Kitts.

## Dutch Caribbean islands

[edit]

| Flag  | Coat of arms  | Name  | Island group  | Constitutional status  | Capital  | Area[1] | Population[1]
(January 2019)  | Density

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

|  | Aruba | Leeward Antilles | Constituent country of the
Kingdom of the Netherlands | Oranjestad | 180 km2 (69 sq mi)  | 112,309  | 624/km2 (1,620/sq mi)
|  | Bonaire | Leeward Antilles  | Special municipality of the Netherlands | Kralendijk | 294 km2 (114 sq mi)  | 20,104  | 69/km2 (180/sq mi)
|  | Curaçao | Leeward Antilles  | Constituent country of the
Kingdom of the Netherlands  | Willemstad | 444 km2 (171 sq mi)  | 158,665  | 358/km2 (930/sq mi)
|  | Saba | Leeward Islands | Special municipality of the Netherlands  | The Bottom | 13 km2 (5.0 sq mi)  | 1,915  | 148/km2 (380/sq mi)
|  | Sint Eustatius | Leeward Islands  | Special municipality of the Netherlands  | Oranjestad | 21 km2 (8.1 sq mi)  | 3,138  | 150/km2 (390/sq mi)
|  | Sint Maarten | Leeward Islands  | Constituent country of the
Kingdom of the Netherlands  | Philipsburg | 34 km2 (13 sq mi)  | 41,486  | 1,221/km2 (3,160/sq mi)
Total  | 986 km2 (381 sq mi)  | 337,617  | 343/km2 (890/sq mi)

### Photo gallery

[edit]

* Oranjestad, Aruba

* Bonaire

* Curacao

* Saba

* Sint Eustatius

* Sint Maarten

## Grouping of islands

[edit]

The islands have also been informally grouped in the following ways.

* Geographically, by location in the Lesser Antilles (in alphabetical order):
* ABC islands, for Aruba, Bonaire, and Curaçao (within the Leeward Antilles group)
* SSS islands, for Saba, Sint Eustatius, and Sint Maarten (within the Leeward Islands group)
* Politically, by constitutional status (in order of population size):
* CAS islands, for Curaçao, Aruba, and Sint Maarten (constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands)
* BES islands, for Bonaire, Sint Eustatius, and Saba (special municipalities of the Netherlands)

## Demographics

[edit]

### Ethnic groups

[edit]

The populations of the Dutch Caribbean descend from a diverse array of ethnic groups from Europe, Africa, South-America and Asia.[5] Aruba has more European and Amerindian ancestry on average,[6] while the other islands such as Curaçao have more African ancestry on average.[7]

The islands' populations have grown significantly in recent decades with a large percentage being foreign-born, mostly due to immigration to the islands from various countries and territories.[8]

### Languages

[edit]

Inhabitants of the Dutch Caribbean are multilingual, speaking 2 to 4 (or more) languages at varying although often high degrees of fluency.[9]

Papiamento, a Portuguese-based creole with influences from Spanish, Dutch, West-African and Amerindian languages,[10] is official and the predominant language on Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao.[11] There are 2 main dialects of the language, Papiamento (Aruba) and Papiamentu (Curaçao and Bonaire). There are also small minorities of Papiamento speakers on the SSS Islands.[12]

English is official and predominates on Sint Maarten, Saba and Sint Eustatius. Local varieties of Virgin Islands English Creole are also spoken.[13] English is also widely known and spoken on Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao (especially on Aruba).

Spanish is widely known and spoken on Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao due to proximity, historical and cultural connections to Venezuela and Colombia. Many Spanish-speaking immigrants from Latin-America also reside on the Dutch Caribbean islands, especially on the ABC Islands.

Dutch is an official language on all 6 Dutch Caribbean islands, however it is not the native or common language on any of the islands,[14] although most inhabitants do know and can speak Dutch to varying degrees. Dutch is primarily used in official, legal matters, jobs and in education on the islands.

Other languages such as Portuguese, Haitian Creole, French, Italian, Sranan Tongo, German, Chinese, Tagalog, Hindi are also spoken by smaller communities of speakers on the islands.

## See also

[edit]

* Dutch East Indies
* Central banks and currencies of the Caribbean
* Dutch navy in the Caribbean
* Curaçaoans in the Netherlands
* Arubans in the Netherlands
* Sint Maarteners in the Netherlands
* Dutch nationality law

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Dutch: Caribisch deel van het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden, lit. 'Caribbean part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands'; colloquially de CAS- en BES-eilanden, 'the CAS and BES islands'.

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b c d e f Zaken, Ministerie van Algemene (May 19, 2015). "Waaruit bestaat het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden?" (in Dutch). Rijksoverheid.nl.
2. ^ a b COUNTRY COMPARISON GDP, Central Intelligence Agency.
3. ^ "Rijksdienst Carbische Nederland (Rijksdienst Dutch Caribbean)". Government of the Netherlands. Archived from the original on 2 July 2015. Retrieved 4 June 2015.
4. ^ "Visa for the Dutch Caribbean". Netherlands Embassy in the United Kingdom. Archived from the original on 19 January 2014. Retrieved 4 June 2015.
5. ^ "The_Study_of_Ethnicity_in_the_Dutch_Caribbean".
6. ^ "The_People_of_Aruba_Continuity_and_Change.pdf" (PDF).
7. ^ "history-of-curacao-st-maarten-bonaire-st-eustatius-and-saba". 17 November 2022.
8. ^ "CBS Statline". opendata.cbs.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 2025-05-31.
9. ^ "Multilingualism in the Dutch Caribbean" (PDF).
10. ^ "Papiamentu". www.hawaii.edu. Retrieved 2025-06-02.
11. ^ "Language_and_education_in_Aruba_Bonaire_and_Curacao".
12. ^ "CBS Statline". opendata.cbs.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 2025-05-31.
13. ^ "Background – Virgin Islands Creole at York College – A Resource Site". Retrieved 2025-05-31.
14. ^ "The Dutch-speaking Caribbean (Die_niederlandischsprachige_Karibik)".

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dutch Caribbean.

* v
* t
* e

Island territories of the Netherlands Antilles

* Bonaire
* Curaçao
* Saba
* Sint Eustatius
* Sint Maarten
* Aruba (1951–1985)
* Windward Islands (1951–1982)

* v
* t
* e

Dutch colonial empire

Colonies and trading posts of the Dutch East India Company (1602–1798)

| Governorate General|

* Batavia

|

Governorates|

* Ambon
* Banda Islands
* Cape Colony
* Celebes
* Ceylon
* Coromandel
* Formosa
* Malacca
* Moluccas
* Northeast coast of Java

Directorates|

* Bengal
* Persia
* Suratte

Commandments|

* Bantam
* Malabar
* West coast of Sumatra

Residencies|

* Bantam
* Banjarmasin
* Batavia
* Cheribon
* Malang
* Palembang
* Preanger
* Pontianak

Opperhoofd settlements|

* Myanmar
* Canton
* Dejima
* Mauritius
* Siam
* Timor
* Tonkin
* Vietnam (1637–1643)

Colonies and trading posts of the Dutch West India Company (1621–1792)

| Colonies in the Americas|

* Berbice 1
* Brazil
* Cayenne
* Curaçao and Dependencies
* Demerara
* Essequibo
* New Netherland
* Pomeroon
* Sint Eustatius and Dependencies
* Surinam 2
* Tobago
* Virgin Islands

|

Trading posts in Africa|

* Arguin
* Gold Coast
* Loango-Angola
* Senegambia
* Slave Coast

* 1 Governed by the Society of Berbice
* 2 Governed by the Society of Suriname

Settlements of the Noordsche Compagnie (1614–1642)

| Settlements|

* Jan Mayen
* Smeerenburg

|

Colonies of the Kingdom of the Netherlands (1815–1962)

| Until 1825|

* Bengal
* Coromandel
* Malacca
* Suratte

|

Until 1853|

* Dejima

Until 1872|

* Gold Coast

Until 1949|

* Dutch East Indies

Until 1954|

* Curaçao and Dependencies 3
* Surinam 3

Until 1962|

* New Guinea

* 3 Became constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands; Suriname gained full independence in 1975, Curaçao and Dependencies was renamed to the Netherlands Antilles, which was eventually dissolved in 2010.

Kingdom of the Netherlands (1954–present)

| Constituent countries|

* Aruba
* Curaçao
* Netherlands
* Sint Maarten

|

Special municipalities of the Netherlands|

* Bonaire
* Saba
* Sint Eustatius

* v
* t
* e

Special municipalities of the Netherlands

* Bonaire
* Sint Eustatius
* Saba

*[lit.]: literal translation
*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template